Culture during the Renaissance

I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement.1. The long poem ______ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic.A. The Canterbury TalesB. Paradise LostC. The Song of BeowulfD. The Fairy Queen2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ______.A. RomanticismB. RenaissanceC. medieval periodD. Anglo-Saxon period3. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of____.A. Piers PlowmanB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. Confessio AmantisD. The Canterbury Tales4. _______ is regarded as the father of English poetry.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC. John MiltonD. W. Wordsworth5. It is _____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William ShakespeareD. John Gower6. One of Chaucer’s main contributions to English poetry is ______.A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetryB. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his countryC. he wrote in blank verseD. he was the first to write sonnet7. During the Renaissance, _______ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.A. ChaucerB. John DonneC. Thomas WyattD. Earl of Surrey8. During the Renaissance, _______ wrote the first English blank verse.A. ChaucerB. Edmund SpencerC. Thomas WyattD. Earl of Surrey9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement？A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman cultureB. The new discoveries in geography and astrologyC. The Glorious revolutionD. The religious reformation and the economic expansion10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event?A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B. England’s domestic restC. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries.A. 14th...mid-17thB. 14th...mid-18thC. 16th...mid-18thD. 16th...mid-17th12. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is_______.A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism13. _______ frequently applied conceits in his poems.A. Edmund SpenserB. John DonneC. William BlakeD. Thomas Gray14. _______ is known as “the poet’s poet”.A. William ShakespeareB. Christopher MarloweC. Edmund SpenserD. John Donne15. Romance，which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of____ adventures or other heroic deeds，is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. ChristianB. knightlyC. pilgrimsD. primitive16. ________ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism.A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher MarloweB. Thomas More, Christopher MarloweC. John Donne, Edmund SpenserD. John Milton, Thomas More17. Among the following plays which is not written by Christopher Marlowe?A. Dr. FaustusB. The Jew of MaltaC. TamburlaineD. The School for Scandal18. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are _______.A. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and MacbethB. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Romeo and JulietC. Hamlet, Coriolanus, King Lear and MacbethD. Hamlet, Julius caesar, Othel lo and Macbeth19. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the line of one of Shakespeare’s ________.A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnets20. “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” (Shakespeare, Sonnets 18) What does “this” refer to?A. LoverB. TimeC. SummerD. Poetry21. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18？A. The speaker eulogizes the power of NatureB. The speaker satirizes human vanityC. The speaker praises the power of artistic creationD. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation22. “Bassani Antonio，I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself；But life itself，my wife，and all the world，Are not with me esteem’d above thy life；I would lose all，ay，sacrifice them all，Here to the devil，to deliver you. Portia：Your wife would give you little thanks for that，ff she were by to hear you make the offer.” The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrateA. dramatic ironyB. personificationC. allegoryD. symbolism23. “The Fairy Queen” is the masterpiece written by____.A. John MiltonB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. Edmund SpenserD. Alexander Pope24. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write?A. Advancement of LearningB. Novum OrganumC. De AugmentisD. Areopagitica25. The greatest of pioneers of English drama in Renaissance is _______, one of whose drama is “Doctor Faustus”.A. William ShakespeareB. Christopher MarloweC. Oscar WildeD. R. Brinsley Sheridan26. “Euphues” was written by ________, the style of the novel was called “Euphuism”.A. John BunyanB. John LylyC. John DonneD. John Milton27. The most famous dramatist in the 18th century is ______, who is famous for “The School for Scandal”.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. Thomas GrayC. R. Brinsley SheridanD. G.eorge Bernard Shaw28. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was ______, who was a critic, poet, and playwright.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. T. G. Coleridge29. The representative of the “Metaphysical” poetry is ______, whose poems are famous for his use of fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperboles.A. John DonneB. John MiltonC. William BlakeD. Robert Burns30. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne’s poetry?A. reason and sentimentB. conceits and witsC. the euphuismD. writing in the rhymed couplet31. _____ is the successful religious allegory in the English language.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. The Canterbury TalesC. Paradise LostD. Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded32. The 18th century England is known as the ______ in the history.A. RenaissanceB. ClassicismC. EnlightenmentD. Romanticism33. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, who was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specially a “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its s tructure and style?A. Thomas GrayB. Richard Brinsley SheridanC. Johathan SwiftD. Henry Fielding34. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “_______________”, for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.A. Best writer of the English novelB. The father of English novelC. The most gifted writer of the English novelD. conventional writer of English novel35. Among the pioneers of the 18th century novelists were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry fielding and _______.A. Laurence SterneB. John DrydenC. Charles DickensD. Alexander Pope36. John Milton’s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of _____.A. rhymed stanzasB. blank verseC. alliterationD. sonnets37. Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out____，both in theory and practice，to write specifically a “ ______ in prose,” the first to giv e the modern novel its structure and style. (Refer to 19)A. tragic epicB. comic epicC. romanceD. lyric epic38. Besides Sheridan, another great playwright in the 18th century is ______.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. Thomas GrayC. T. G. SmolletD. Laurence Sterne39. She Stoops to Conquer was written by _____.A. Oliver GoldsmithB. R. Brinsley SheridanC. John DrydenD. George Bernard Shaw40. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literary form, that is the modern English ______, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.A. proseB. short storyC. novelD. tragicomedy41. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels are _____.A. horses that are endowed with reasonB. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC. giants that are superior in wisdomD. hairy，wild，low and despicable creatures，who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways42. The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence ona lonely island reflects ____.A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrats’ disillusionment of the harsh social reality43. Gothic novels are mostly stories of_____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles.A. love and marriageB. sea adventuresC. mystery and horrorD. saints and martyrs44. “The father of English novel” is __________.A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. Jonathan SwiftD. John Donne45. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ________.A. William WordsworthB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Thomas GrayD. Robert Burns46. _______ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.A. The Songs of InnocenceB. Reliques of Ancient English poetryC. Songs and SonnetsD. Kubla Khan47. The Rights of Man, a pamphlet, was written by ______, in which he advocated that politics was the business of the whole mass of common people and not only of a government oligarchy.A. John MiltonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Robert BurnsD. Thomas Paine48. William Wordsworth，a romantic poet，advocated all the following EXCEPT ___.A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech49. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn”？A. “I fall upon the tho rns of life！I bleed！”B. “They are both gone up to the church to pray.”C. “Earth has not anything to show more fair.”D. “Beauty is truth，truth beauty.”50. “If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind.” is an epigrammatic line by___.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley51. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the______ of art and the____ of human passion.A. glory，uglinessB. permanence, transienceC. transience，sordidnessD. glory，permanence52. One of the great essay writers of the early 19th century is ______.A. Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. Walter ScottD. George Eliot53. Tales form Shakespeare was written by _____.A. Charles LambB. William HazlittC. Charles Lamb and Mary LambD. Wordsworth and Coleridge54. Charles Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of _______ and pathos.A. humorB. satireC. passionD. metaphor55. In Chapter III of Oliver Twist, Oliver is punished for that “impious and profane offence of asking for more”. What did Oliver ask for more?A. More time to playB. More food to eatC. More books to readD. More money to spend56. In ____ ’s hands, “dramatic monologue” reaches its maturity and perfection.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. William ShakespeareD. George Eliot57. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing society, but also due to its introduction to the English novel the first ______ heroine.A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. governess58. The three trilogies of _____ ’s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century.A. John GalswortryB. Arnold BennettC. James JoyceD. H. G. Wells59. The Victorian Age was largely an age of________ eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. prose60. The title of Alfred Tennyson’s poem “Ulysses” reminds the reader of the following EXCEPT_________.A. the Trojan WarB. Homer’s OdysseyC. adventures over the seaD. religious quest61. The work ____ written by Alfred Tennyson was about the question of higher education of women.A. Crossing the BarB. The PrincessC. Break, Break, BreakD. Ulysses62. The bard of imperialism was ____, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his works.A. R. L. StevensonB. Rudyard KiplingC. H. G. WellsD. Daniel Defoe63. The Dynasts was a gigantic epic drama written by ______.A. George Bernard ShawB. Thomas HardyC. Oscar WildeD. John Galsworthy64. The major concern of____ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his character sand in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.A. D. H. Lawrence’sB. J. Galsworthy’sC. W. Thackeray’sD. T. Hardy’s65. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of_______, who never pays any attention to human feelings.A. propertyB. justiceC. moralityD. humor66. _____is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare，and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. George Bernard Shaw67. “Art for art’s sake” was put forth by ______.A. aestheticismB. naturalismC. realismD. neo-romanticism68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT________.A. DublinersB. Jude the ObscureC. A portrait of the Artist as a Young ManD. UlyssesII. Fill in the blanks with correct information1. Angles, ___, and ___ were the Teutonic tribes came from the northern continent.3. The long poem _________ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic.4. Grendel, a monster half-human, appeared in the story of ______.6. The literature of the Anglo-Saxon Period falls into two kinds—___ and ___.7. The 3182-line The Song of Beowulf can be divided into two parts with a(n) _____ between the two and the whole song is essentially ___ in spirit and matter.8. The songs and poems in the Anglo-Saxon period were written in the style of ______ as could be seen from The Song of Beowulf.10. The greatest influence made by the Normans in England is on ___ and ____.11. The most popular literary form in the Anglo-Norman period was _____, in which the central character was _____.12. Sir Gawain and Green Knight employs the form of ____________.13. The story of Sir Gawain and Green Knight is the culmination of the ___________.15. Apart from original poems, Chaucer translated various works of French authors; among them is the famous _______________ and The House of Fame.16. The one who propose the story-telling in The Canterbury Tales is the _____________.17. Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the “________” and is one of the greatest narrative poets of England.18. “The father of English poetry” is ______.20. The pilgrims described in The Canterbury Tales met at _____ in Southwark, a suburb of London.22. Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of ______ instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.23. A ballad is written in _________stanzas with the second and fourth lines rhymes.24. Most of English ballads were collected in the 18th century and one of the famous ballads is ___.26. The Canterbury Tales opens with a _________ where are told of a group of vivid sketches ofa company of pilgrims that gathered at _________ in Southwark, a suburb of London.29. One of the striking features of Renaissance is the keen interest in the life and activities of human. So the arose _____— which was the keynote of the Renaissance.31. The story of Utopia was written by in two books, in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings in the first book and put forward his ideal future happy society—_____ in the second book.32. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama is _________33. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama is _______.34. The difference of Earl of Surrey’s contribution to English poetry from that of Thomas Wyatt lies in that Surrey wrote the first English _________ while Thomas Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.35. English Renaissance period was an age of _________and _________.38. The title “poet’s poet” is given to Edmund Spencer.39. _________ wrote The Faerie Queene.41. The greatest epic poem of the 16th century was _____ written by ______.45. William Shakespeare is a poet, playwright and an actor.49. The Renaissance, which began in the _________century in Italy, was a great cultural and ideological movement that swept the whole of Europe. All in all, the chief characteristic of the Renaissance literature is the expression of secular values with men instead of God as the center of the universe.50. Francis Bacon was praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English Materialism”.51. William Shakespeare produced _________ plays, two _____, and 154 sonnets.52. Sonnet is a poem of 14 lines Iambic pentameter. It mainly has two types and the Shakespearean has three quatrains plus _________—often rhymed as _________.53 Shakespeare’s main tragedies were written during the second period of gloom and depression which dated from 1601 to 1608. His main tragedies are: “_________”, “_________”, “_________”, and “_________”. All of these plays show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the time, between justice and injustice.55. John Milton wrote his masterpieces _________, _________, and _________ after blindness.56. Paradise Lost presents the author’s views in the form of _____ and _____ and the poetic style of ____ and presents the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for _____.57. In Paradise Lost, _________ tempts Eve to eat an apple from the forbidden tree.60. _________ is a character in Paradise Lost with a strong desire for freedom.61. _________Poetry is characterized by fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperboles.62. “Conceit” is a term applied in particular to the _________.65. The Pilgrims Progress is the masterpiece of _____, written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of ____ and ____, in which the main character is ____.66. The Revolution period produced one of the most important poets in English literature, whose name is _________and an important prose wrier, _________.68. In The Pilgrims Progress, Christian makes his way to the Holy city with two objects: ____ and ___.72. John Dryden, critic, poet, and playwright, was the most distinguished literary figure in the Restoration.73. The Enlightenment was a progressive _________ movement, which first began in France and had a wide impact throughout Europe in the 18th century.74. People in the 18th century believed in reason.76. Jonathan Swift wrote the famous story _________ and the famous pamphlet “A Modest Proposal” on Ireland in the style of satire.86. Daniel Defoe’s famous navel was ________.87. The main literary stream of the 18th century was _________.92. In the last adventure, Gulliver came to a country where horses were possessed of reason while Yahoos were brute beasts.88. _________was considered as the “father of English novel”.89. _________ found its representative writers in the field of poetry, such as Thomas Gray, but it manifested itself chiefly in the novels of Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith.90. The appearance and development of sentimentalism marked the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, _________.95. Among his other contributions to the theory and practice of prosody, _____ made popular the so-called heroic couplets.97. Thomas Gray wrote the famous poem _________, which was considered “the best known poem in the English language”.100. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were William Blake and _________.103. “The poet of the peasants” is a title given to the great est Scottish poet _________.105. Robert Burns is famous for his poetry written in _________ dialect.111. The watchwords of the French Revolution are _________, ______, and________.112. The English Romanticism began with the publication of The Lyrical Ballads which was written in collaboration by _________and _________.113. Romanticism extended from 1798 when _________was published and in 1832 when _________ died.116. “The Lake Poets” include Wordsworth, _________ , Southey.120. In the revised version of _________, Wordsworth held that poetry is the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.10. William Makepeace Thackeray was another important writer in the 19th century, whose novels mainly contained a satirical portrayal of _______.14. In the novel _________, Dr. Manette is a typical bourgeois intellectual. He sympathizes with the poor and defends the oppressed people, but feels terrified before the fire of revolution.15. The two cities in A Tale of Two Cities written by _________ are London and Paris.18. The main female character in Vanity Fair written by ______ is Rebecca Sharp.19. The title of the novel Vanity Fair was borrowed by ____ from The Pilgrims Progress written by ____.20. The subtitle of Vanity Fair is _______.27. Both Jane Eyre by _____ and Wuthering Heights _____ brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion.28. Wuthering Heights deals with a story of love and violence.38. Robert Browning’s style was highly individual and often more intent on meaning than on form.44. The end of the 19th century is a period of struggle between realistic trend and anti-realistic trend in art and literature (, the latter reflected the crisis of bourgeois culture at the period of imperialism).49. The important writer who started as a poet and ended as a poet is _________51. _________believes that man’s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”, both inside and outside.52. The writer who figured his hometown—the Wessex country in his works is _____.55. “A Pure Woman(Faithfully Presented)” is the subtitle of the novel ______.III. Give answers to the following questions.1. How do you understand “To be, or not to be”? Give your evidence to support your ideas.2. Why did Hamlet delay in revenging for his father’s death? Give evidence to support your idea.3. What are Chaucer’s contributions to English literature?4. Analyze Shakespeare’s contributions to English literature.5. What is the theme o f “Paradise Lost”?6. What is the image of Satan in Paradise Lost?7. What are the characteristics of metaphysical poetry?8. Give an analysis of the significance of Preface to Lyrical Ballads?9. What does “She” (referring to Lucy) in “She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways” imply?10. What does “West Wind” mean in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind?11. Give an analysis of Keats and his works.12. What are Austen’s writing features Jane Austen?13. Why does William Makepeace Thackeray give one of his novels the title Vanity Fair and the subtitle “Novel without a Hero”? Why does William Makepeace Thackeray give one of his novels the title Vanity Fair and the subtitle “ Novel without a Hero”?14. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?15. What does the subtitle “A Pure Woman” of the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles mean?16. Give a brief analysis of the character—Tess.17. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists?18. What is Paul’s relation with three women in Sons and Lovers?。

近代印刷术的英语作文The Invention and Impact of Modern Printing Technology。

Introduction。

Modern printing technology has revolutionized the way information is disseminated and has played a crucial rolein shaping the world we live in today. From the inventionof the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century to the digital printing technologies of the 21st century, printing has undergone significant advancementsthat have had a profound impact on society, culture, and communication.The Invention of the Printing Press。

The printing press is widely regarded as one of themost important inventions in human history. In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor, introduced the first movable type printing press. This revolutionary technologyallowed for the mass production of books, pamphlets, and other printed materials, making information more accessible to a wider audience. The printing press played a key rolein the spread of knowledge, ideas, and culture during the Renaissance and Reformation periods, leading to a significant increase in literacy rates and the democratization of information.Impact of Modern Printing Technology。

传统文化的复兴英文作文标题英文回答：Title: The Renaissance of Traditional Culture.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in reviving traditional culture. People are becoming more aware of the importance of preserving and promoting our cultural heritage. This revival is not only happening in China but also in many other countries around the world. Traditional practices, arts, and customs are being rediscovered and celebrated, breathing new life into our rich cultural traditions.One of the main reasons for this resurgence is the recognition of the value that traditional culture brings to our lives. Traditional culture embodies the wisdom, values, and beliefs of our ancestors. It provides us with a sense of identity and belonging, connecting us to our roots. By embracing and preserving our traditional culture, we cangain a deeper understanding of our history and heritage.Moreover, the revival of traditional culture alsoserves as a counterbalance to the fast-paced, modern world we live in. In a society driven by technology and rapid change, traditional culture offers a sense of stability and continuity. It reminds us of the importance of slowing down, appreciating the beauty of simplicity, and finding meaningin the timeless traditions that have stood the test of time.Furthermore, the revival of traditional culture has significant economic and tourism benefits. Many traditional practices, such as calligraphy, tea ceremonies, and traditional medicine, have gained popularity both domestically and internationally. This has led to an increase in cultural tourism, attracting visitors who are eager to experience and learn about our traditional culture. This, in turn, stimulates local economies and creates job opportunities for those involved in preserving andpromoting traditional arts and crafts.In conclusion, the renaissance of traditional cultureis a positive trend that is gaining momentum worldwide. It not only preserves our cultural heritage but also brings numerous benefits to individuals and communities. By embracing our traditional culture, we can foster a sense of identity, find solace in tradition, and contribute to the economic growth of our society.中文回答：标题，传统文化的复兴。

The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。

Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and intellectual movement that took place during the 1920s and 1930s in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. Also known as the “New Negro Movement,” it was a period of great artistic and literary achievements by African Americans.Historical ContextThe Harlem Renaissance emerged as a response to the social, political, and economic conditions faced by African Americans in the early 20th century. The Great Migration, which saw millions of African Americans move from the rural South to urban centers in the North, including Harlem, created a unique opportunity for cultural expression andidentity formation.Artistic ExpressionLiteratureOne of the most significant aspects of the Harlem Renaissance was its literary output. Writers such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, and Countee Cullen emerged as prominent voices during this period. Their works explored themes of racial identity, discrimination, and the quest for equality. The writings of these authors not only captured the experiences of African Americans but also challenged societal norms and stereotypes.Visual ArtsThe visual arts played a crucial role in representing African American culture during the Harlem Renaissance. Artists like Aaron Douglas, Jacob Lawrence, and Augusta Savage used their artwork to depict black life and celebrate African heritage. Their paintings, sculptures, and murals showcased the richness and diversity of African American experiences.MusicJazz became synonymous with the Harlem Renaissance. Legendary musicians such as Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday rose to prominence during this period. Jazz clubs in Harlem became gathering places for artists, intellectuals, and members of thecommunity alike. The music reflected both joyous celebration and deep introspection.Intellectual MovementsThe Harlem Renaissance was not just about artistic expression; it also fostered intellectual movements that challenged prevailing ideas about race and society.Pan-AfricanismPan-Africanism, a philosophy that emphasized the unity and solidarity of people of African descent worldwide, gained significant traction during the Harlem Renaissance. Intellectuals like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey advocated for black pride, self-determination, and the liberation of African nations from colonial rule.Civil Rights MovementThe Harlem Renaissance laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement that would follow in later decades. The cultural and intellectual achievements of this period helped shape a collective consciousness among African Americans and inspired future activists to fight forracial equality.LegacyThe impact of the Harlem Renaissance is far-reaching and continues to influence American culture today.Cultural PrideThe movement instilled a sense of cultural pride among African Americans. It challenged negative stereotypes and provided a platform for black artists to celebrate their heritage through various art forms.Literary CanonMany works produced during the Harlem Renaissance are now considered classics in American literature. These writings have become an integral part of the literary canon, studied in schools and universities around the world.Artistic InfluenceThe artistic achievements of the Harlem Renaissance had a profound influence on subsequent generations. The movement paved the way for future African American artists, writers, musicians, and intellectuals to express themselves freely and contribute to the cultural landscape of America.In conclusion, the Harlem Renaissance was a transformative period in American history that witnessed an explosion of creativity within the African American community. Through literature, visual arts, and music, it challenged societal norms while fostering intellectual movements that continue to shape our understanding of race and identity today. The legacy of this vibrant era serves as a testament to the power of art in promoting social change and cultural pride.。

I. Multiple ChoicesDIVISION ONE: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.? _____A. Greek CultureB. Roman CultureC. Egyptian CultureD. Chinese Culture2. In _____ the Romans conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B.C.C. 146 B.C.D. the 5th century3. Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy? _____A. Oedipus the kingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone4. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Aeschylus? _____A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound5. Which of the following is NOT the play written by Sophocles? _____A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomenD. Oedipus the king6. Which of the following is the play written by Euripides? _____A. AntigoneB. PersiansC. ElectraD. Medea7. Which of the following is NOT one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece? _____A. AristophanesB. EuripidesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus8. Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”? _____A. PythagorasB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Aristotle9. Who was the founder of scientific mathematics? _____A. HeracleitueB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras10. Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”? _____A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”? _____A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. Marcus Tullius CiceroD. Virgil12. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things is _____.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13. Which of the following is not Roman architecture? _____A. The ColosseumB. The PantheonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14. Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”? ______A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. HoraceDIVISION TWO: The Bible and Christianity15. Which of the following is by far the most influential religion in the West? _____A. BuddhismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which re the first five books, called _____.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentateuch17. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments? _____A. Honor your father and your motherB. Do no commit suicideC. Do not desire your neighbor’s wifeD. Do not take the name of God in vain18. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practice their religion? _____A. in 169B.C. B. in the 4th centuryC. in 76 B.C.D. in the 6th century19. After the _____ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? _____A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? _____A. AugustusB. TheodosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _____.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _____ languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as _____.A. the Latin VulgateB. the AristeasC. the “Authorized”D. the Septuagint25. When printing was invented in the 1500’s the _____ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew26. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear?A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 1979DIVISION THREE: The Middle Ages27. In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing a large number of the half civilized Germanic tribes? _____A. the MongoliansB. the HunsC. the TurkishD. the Syrians28. The Middle Ages is also called the _____.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”29. According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _____A. to be loyal to his lordB. to fight for the churchC. to obey without question the orders of the abbotD. to respect women of noble birth30. In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service? _____A. Charles Martel, a Frankish rulerB. Charles I, a Turkish rulerC. Constantine I, a Frankish rulerD. St. Benedict, an Italian ruler31. When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church? _____A. after 1066B. after 1296C. after 1054D. after 47632. Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in western Europe is NOT true? _____A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.B. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.C. As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.D. At about fourteen, the page became a knight.33. When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in western Europe? _____A. At the age of 14B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.34. Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering the monastery according to the Benedictine Rule? _____A. They had to attend service six times during the day and once at midnight.B. They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.C. They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.D. They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.35. Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe? _____A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs36. By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control?A. 1279B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? _____A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. Kings James38. Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture?A. Charles IB. Constantine IC. Alfred the GreatD. Charles the Great39. Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic?A. EnglishB. GermanicC. HebrewD. French40. Who is the author of the Opus Maius?A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas AquinasDIVISION FOUR: Renaissance and Reformation41. Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _____A. in Greece and RomeB. in Florence and VeniceC. in Milan and FlorenceD. in Italy and Germany42. When did the Renaissance reach its height with its centre moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? _____A. in the 11 centuryB. in the 15th centuryC. in the 16th centuryD. in the 17th century43. Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _____A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses44. Which of the following works is NOT written by Petrarch? _____A. CanzoniersB. On SolitudeC. EcologuesD. Flight into Egypt45. Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? _____A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione46. Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _____A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo47. Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madonna (Virgin Mary)? _____A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael48. Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? _____A. Sacred and Profane LoveB. TempestaC. The Return of the HuntersD. Flight into Egypt49. Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? _____A. Jan HusB. John WycliffeC. Martin LutherD. John Calvin50. Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion? _____A. John WycliffeB. Jan HusC. John CalvinD. Erasmus51. In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal authorities take place? _____A. Elizabeth IB. William IC. Edward IIID. Henry VIII52. After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church? _____A. KingB. PopeC. BishopD. Archbishop53. Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of life and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _____ A. Gargantua and Pantagruel B. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia54. Whose motto put down in his essays, “What do I know” is world-famous? _____A. CervantesB. RabelaisC. MontaigneD. Shakespeare55. Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar? _____A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance56. Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _____A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne57. In 1516, who published the first Greek edition of the new Testament? _____A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58. “To be, or not to be, -- that is the question” from whose works? _____A. ChaucerB. DanteC. Roger BaconD. ShakespeareDIVISION FIVE: The Seventeenth Century59. Who ever said that “The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century”? _____A. CopernicusB. Francis BaconC. Bertrand RussellD. Leibniz60. The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _____?A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton61. Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects _____.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. then-thousand timesD. five-hundred times62. Which of the following statements about Newton’s contribution to the science is NOT true? _____A. He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.B. He invented calculusC. He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of spectrum.D. He discovered the law of relativity.63. Which of the following about Galileo is NOT true? _____A. He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.B. He discovered the law of inertia.C. He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.D. He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.64. The first major advance of modern science occurred in _____.A. anatomyB. astronomyC. printingD. geographically discoveries65. _____ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66. Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to? _____A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Essays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New System of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs67. Who ever said that “Knowledge is power”? _____A. ShakespeareB. Francis BaconC. Thomas HobbesD. John Locke68. Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? _____A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlanticsD. The Advancement of Learning69. Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _____A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes70. What kind of form of government is England after the Glorious Revolution and enactment of the Bill of Rights? _____A. constitutional monarchyB. republicC. anarchyD. absolute monarchy71. When did the Glorious Revolution in England bread out?A. 1660B. 1649C. 1688D. 168972. Which of the following woks is NOT written by John Milton? _____A. Paradise LostB. AreopagiticaC. Samson AgonistesD. Andromaque73. In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree reimposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose _____.A. AndromaqueB. ArepagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained74. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions? _____A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.75. Which of the following philosophers ever said “I think, therefore I am”? _____A. Francis BaconB. Pierre GassendiC. DescartesD. John Locke76. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille’s work? _____A. Le CidB. AndromaqueC. TartuffeD. Le Misanthrope77. Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe and certain principles and laws of physics is innate? _____A. John LockeB. Pierre GassendiC. Francis BaconD. Descartes78. “I walk, therefore I am” is whose slogan? _____A. John LockeB. Pierre GassendiC. DescartesD. Francis Bacon79. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax? _____A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini80. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe? _____A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini81. In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. Rubbes82. In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and most powerful in Europe? _____A. FlanderB. the NetherlandsC. EnglandD. FranceDIVISION SIX: The Age of Enlightenment83. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? _____A. John LockeB. RousseauC. MontesquieuD. V oltaire84. Which of the following works is the most famous of V oltaire’s novel? _____A. CandideB. The New HeloiseC. EmileD. Laocoon85. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” are whose most famous word? _____A. MontesquieuB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Diderot86. In which of Rousseau’s works, Rousseau argues that Man’s greatest ill are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power? _____A. The Origin of Human InequalityB. The New HeloiseC. Emile or On EducationD. The Social Contract87. Who ever said that “Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable”? _____A. DiderotB. V oltaireC. MontesquieuD. Rousseau88. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? _____A. Rameau’s NephewB. Philosophical ThoughtC. EncyclopedieD. Elements of Physiology89. Which of the Lessing’s works was his most brilliant dramatic work, a landmark in 18th century German drama—its first successful comedy and its first truly national drama? _____A. Nathan the WiseB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgieD. Minna Von Barnhelm90. Which of the following works is a classic of modern aesthetics? _____A. LaocoonB. FaustC. The RobberD. Wallenstein91. Which of the following works represents Schiller’s most powerful tragedy? _____A. Wilhelm TellB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. The Robber92. Which of the following philosophers first proposed the well-known “Nebular hypothesis”? _____A. KantB. DescartesC. LockeD. Hobbes93. Which play by Schiller is widely known in China? _____A. The RobberB. WallensteinC. Wilhelm TellD. Cabal and LoveDIVISION SEVEN: Romanticism94. Which of the following writers whose prose revealed an acid wit and a keen awareness of the social problems of his time and was a friend of Karl Marx, who admired his writings? _____ A. Goethe B. SchillerC. HeineD. Pushkin95. Which of the following two poets were called the “Lakers”? _____A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Goethe and SchillerC. Byron and KeatsD. Pushkin and Lermontov96. Who is the author of Prometheus Unbound? _____A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. ByronD. Aeschylus97. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? _____A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. PushkinD. Walter Scott98. Who is the author of Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables on which there have been many films based? _____A. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding99. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____A. George SandB. ChateaubriandC. Victor HugoD. Taylor Coleridge100. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is from the ending of which of the following works? _____A. Ode to a NightingaleB. Eugene OneginC. Ode to the West WindD. The French Revolution101. Which of the following writers is a female writer whose real name was Amandine Aurore Dupin? _____A. George SandB. WordsworthC. William BlakeD. John Keats102. Which of the following writers wrote Ode to a Nightingale and died very young? _____A. ByronB. KeatsC. ShellyD. Wordsworth103. Which of the following works was introduced to China at the end of the 19th century through Lin Shu’s translation, which bore the romantic title《撒克逊劫后英雄略》? _____A. The Heart of Mid-LothianB. Boris GodunovC. The BetrothedD. Ivanhoe104. Which of the following works was NOT written by Russian writer Pushkin? _____A. Ruslan and LiudmilaB. Boris GodunovC. A Hero of Our TimeD. Eugene Onegin105. In which of the following works did Pushkin create a character, Onegin, who was the first “Superfluous man” in Russian literature? _____A. Eugene OneginB. Boris GodunovC. Ruslan and LiudmilaD. A Hero of Our Time106. Which of the following writers is the greatest Polish writer during the Romanticism? _____ A. Lenmontov B. ChateaubriandC. LeopardiD. Mickiewicz107. Which of the following works was published as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature? _____A. Lyrical BalladsB. Ballads and RomancesC. Pan TadeuszD. Konrad Wallenrod108. Which of the following Mickiwicz’s works is his greatest epic poem, which the poet himself once compared with Scott’s historical novels? _____A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RomancesD. Pan Tadeusz109. Which of the following artists is NOT French? _____A. GoyaB. DavidC. DelacroixD. Gericault110. Which of the following artists was best known for his portraits of royalty and nobility? _____ A. David B. TurnerC. GoyaD. Constable111. Which of the following artists was an English landscape painter? _____A. DelacroixB. TurnerC. DavidD. Goya112. Whose symphony NO. 6 (Pastoral) marked the beginning of 19th-century program music? _____A. MozartB. SchumannC. BeethovenD. Schubert113. Which of the following musicians was NOT from Germany?A. MendelssohnB. BrahmsC. SchumannD. Chopin114. Who is the author of the famous Piano Music Waltzes? _____A. TchaikovskyB. BrahmsC. SchumannD. Schubert115. Which of the following musicians sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic? _____A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. Verdi116. Who introduced the symphonic poem and invented new piano techniques and became the greatest pianist of the middle of 19th century? _____A. LisztB. SchubertC. BeethovenD. BerliozMYTHOLOGY117. In Homer’s epic poem of the 9th century B. C., who is the god of earthquake? _____A. AresB. PoseidonC. DionysusD. Poseidon118. Who made the first beautiful woman that ever lived? And what was her name? _____A. Hephaestus; HelenB. Prometheus; HelenC. Hephaestus; PandoraD. Prometheus; Pandora119. Whose shield bears at its centre the head of the Gorgon? _____A. Zeus’s aegisB. Poseidon’s aegisC. Apollo’s aegisD. Hephaestus’s aegis120. In what book is faithful and wise Penelope a character, waiting for a score of years for herhusband’s return home? _____A. Aeschylus’s Prometheus BoundB. Aeschylus’s AgamemnonC. Homer’s IliadD. Homer’s The Odyssey121. Who was Achates? _____A. In Vergil’s Aeneid, the faithful companion and friend of AeneasB. In Vergil’s Aeneid, a Trojan princeC. In Vergil’s Aeneid, son of AphroditeD. In Vergil’s Aeneid, founder of Roman Empire122. In the Arthurian Romance, who were the parents of Sir Galahad, the purest knight of the Round Table who gained the Holy Grail? _____A. Arthur and GuinevereB. Arthur and ElaineC. Lancelot and ElaineD. Lancelot and Guinevere123. Whose head turned all beholders to stone? _____A. Stheno’sB. Medusa’sC. Euryale’sD. Ceto’s124. Who used a polished shield to behead the Gorgon Medusa? _____A. JupiterB. AcrisiusC. PolydectesD. Perseus125. For whom was Europe named? _____A. Europa, a Phoenician princessB. Eruopa, the Phoenician queen of TyreC. Europa, the daughter of ZeusD. Europa, an ancient Greek goddess126. What little girl was changed into gold by her father? _____A. MedusaB. CalthiaC. MarigoldD. Nereid127. What twins were abandoned as babies, suckled by a she-wolf and brought up by a shepherd? _____A. Castor and PolluxB. Amphion and ZethosC. Hypnos (Sleep) and ThanatosD. Romulus and Remus128. Who holds the Earth on his shoulders? _____A. MenoetiusB. AtlasC. EpimetheusD. Prometheus129. Who built the labyrinth for King Minos? _____A. DaedalusB. MinotaurC. ErichthoniusD.Icarus130. Who fell, consumed by flames, at Jason’s feet? _____A. MedeaB. CreonC. CreusaD. Glauce131. Who sleeps in perpetual dreamy slumber upon Mt. Latmos, visited by the moon-goddess every night? _____A. HypnosB. ZeusC. EndymionD. Selene132. Pygmalion and Galatea, his ivory statue which came to life, had a son. Who was he? _____ A. Paphos B. OvidC. PolluxD. Aphrodite133. What caused Orpheus to turn around, when he and his wife Euryidce were leaving Hell? _____A. Eurydice stumbled over a stone.B. Eurydice screamed because Cerberus (Kerberos) snarled.C. Orpheus felt Cerberus (Kerberos) after him.D. Orpheus heard Cerberus (Kerberos) snarling at them.134. What fleet goddess was so fascinated by three golden apples (of Aphrodite, dropped by Hippomenes, also called Melanion) in her path that she lost a race? _____A. ThemisB. AstraeaC. AtalantaD. Hippomenes135. Argus was a giant with 100 eyes. Where did his eyes go after his death? _____A. Turned into a stoneB. Turned into the peacock’s tailC. Transferred to Zeus’s aegisD. Transferred to the peacock’s tail136. For what had the left one of an Amazon’s breasts been cut off? _____A. For saving her lifeB. For the convenience of shooting arrowsC. For showing her loyalty to TroyD. For punishing her for her disloyalty137. Who was the most famous German siren? _____A. The LoreleiB. ArtemisC. ArethusaD. Alpheus138. What Roman woodland nymph was changed into a fountain? _____A. ArtemisB. CallistoC. ArethusaD. The Lorelei139. A hunter named Actaeon was changed by Diana into a _____ and was torn to pieces by his own hounds for having seen her bathing?A. rabbitB. stagC. lambD. antelope140. What daring kidnapping took place in Roman mythology? _____A. AthenaB. DemeterC. AstraeaD. Persephone141. What beautiful nymph was changed into a bear by the vengeful queen Hera? _____A. AlpheusB. ArethusaC. CallistoD. The Lorelei142. Who raped Alcmene disguised as her own husband? _____A. ZeusB. ElectryonC. PerseusD. Amphitryon143. Who was the Egyptian queen of the gods? _____A. JunoB. HeraC. IsisD. Aphrodite144. Who became Aeneas’ wife after his journeys? _____A. VenusB. AndromacheC. LaviniaD. Amata145. What lovely blooming nymph was saved by her river-god father by being changed into a tree? _____A. CallistoB. DaphneC. ArtemisD. Arethusa146. Who was the father of Odysseus? _____A. TelemachusB. SisyphusC. ArcesiusD. Laertes147. In classical mythology whose six sons and six daughters represent the twelve months? _____ A. Aeolus B. DionysusC. AresD. Achelous148. What was the wedding gift of Gaea to Hera?A. The gold ringB. The golden applesC. The crystal cupD. The ruby crown149. Who killed himself out of jealousy when Ulysses (Latin name for Odysseus) received the armor of Achilles? _____A. PhiloctetesB. ParisC. Great AjaxD. Lesser Ajax150. What kind of ears did King Midas have after he announced as judge in favor of Pan the god of woods who could make sweeter music than Apollo? _____A. rabbit’s earsB. stag’s earsC. dog’s earsD. ass’s ears151. What do Athena and Dionysus have in common? _____A. They share the same father, Zeus.B. Both of them were born from Zeu s’ forehead.C. They share the same mother, Metis.D. They share the same mortal mother, Semele.152. Who was the Greek god of war? _____A. PoseidonB. HephaestusC. AresD. Hades153. For what is the mythical creature Echidna well-known? _____A. Its tears were thought to heal wound.B. It was considered the protector of the divineC. It had the upper body of a bull and the lower body of a man.D. It gave birth to many monsters.154. What food had Persephone been tempted to taste during her stay in Hades? _____A. appleB. pomegranateC. pineappleD.guava155. Whose arrow pierced Achilles’ vulnerable heel and so slew him? _____A. Hector’sB. Helenus’sC. AeneasD. Paris’156. What was not shared by the three old sea goddesses called Graeae? ____A. one eyeB. one toothC. knowing the whereabouts of their sisters, the GorgonsD. red hair157. Leda and the Swan are well known in ancient mythology. Who was the Swan? _____A. ZeusB. Eros。

Unit 6 Culture During the RenaissanceI Translate the words and phrasesThe Renaissance，the bourgeoisie，feudal monarchy，national monarchies ,guild, monastic chapters , asceticism, Scholasticism,Bologna University, humanism, feudal obscurantism, ideological emancipation,fresco ,Sistine Chapel，The Divine Comedy，the Decameron，Boccaccio，Canterbury Tales，Gargantua and Pantagruel ，Michelangelo，Classicism,Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Mannerism,Baroque style , proto-renaissance, Calvinism，Hedonism , religious reformation, Copernican system(Copernican Heliocentrism) , experimental science ,mechanical materialism , modern metaphysics ,René Descartes, pantheistic doctrine ,Cartesianism文艺复兴，资产阶级，封建君主制，国家君主制,行会或协会, 教会或修道院管理处，苦行，禁欲主义, 经院哲学；博洛尼亚大学, 人道主义/人本主义/人文主义,封建蒙昧主义,思想解放, 壁画；湿壁画技法，西斯廷教堂，神曲，十日谈，薄伽丘，坎特伯雷故事集，巨人传，米开朗基罗，古典主义, 托斯卡纳风格,多立克风格,爱奥尼亚风格,科林斯风格, 风格主义, 巴洛克风格, 文艺复兴初期, 加尔文主义，享乐主义, 宗教改革，哥白尼体系/哥白尼日心说, 实验科学(by Francis Bacon)机械唯物主义(by Thomas Hobbes), 现代形而上学, 笛卡尔, 泛神论，笛卡尔主义/笛卡尔哲学II Fill in the blanks1.The Renaissance was first and foremost a kind of _______of mind，the seeking of_______.The achievements of it were seen principally in six areas, namely, __________and __________as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.2.The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.3. The Renaissance was the ____ stage of the Middle Ages before the modern epoch.4. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .5. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________ century.6. The Renaissance first emerged in the city of _______in Italy before it made its way to Milan，Venice and Naples. Then it spread to France，Spain，Germany and England.7. The Renaissance is characterised by seeking________, _______and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation.8. Humanism perhaps began in ______and its most famous predecessors were men like ______and Petrarch.9.The core idea of the Renaissance was _____.10.The major boost of Humanism is _______ .11. The Renaissance was to recover ancient _______ ; while the Religious Reformation was to recover ancient ________ .12. With far-reaching political, economic and social effects, the Reformation becamea basis for the founding of_______ , which emerged as one of the three major branches of Christianity.13. _______was the founder of experimental science and materialism.14. Martin Luther developed the idea of justification by faith and attacked the sale of indulgences by Tetzel from the Vatican Church by _______at Wittenberg15. Five dominant types of architecture during the Renaissance are__________, and Composite.16.Francis Bacon was the founder of _____ and _____.17._____ established mechanical materialism. .18. “I am thinking, therefore I exist” was spoken by _____. He also provided the mechanistic method of reasoning called _______. .1. emancipation, intellectual freedom, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama, religious reformation ;2. mass3. last4. Bologna5. 13th6. Florence7. ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom 8. Italy, Dante 9. Humanism10. the fall of Constantinople 11. culture and art, Christian theology 12. Protestantism 13. Francis Bacon 14. nailing his famous 95 theses on the church door15.Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian 16. experimental science, materialism17. Thomas Hobbes, 18. René Descartes,CartesianismIII Answer the questions:1. What factors contributed to the emergence of the Renaissance?the break-up of feudal structures; the strengthening of city-states in Italy; the emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England; the thrive of many different kinds of social structures; the rise of folk culture and popular literature in most European countries; changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities.2. What are the major features of the Renaissance ?Feature: The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The most striking feature of the Renaissance was doubtlessly the flourish of humanism.3. What are the reasons for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy?(1) Italy’s prosperous trade and production of handicraft, which furnished a material basis for cultural development(2) its rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities where manufacturing and commercial activities called for the vigorous development of cultural life(3) the wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome(4) the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society, which helped to retain a good memory of classical culture4. What are the main demands of humanism?a. literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans;b. science should produce benefits for mankind;c. education should develop individual personality and free human feelings and intelligence from divine bondage;d. man should become central in everything;e. human right should be against divine right, human nature against divine nature, and individuality against medieval religious bondage.4Please match the following artists and writers with their representative works.Please match the following scientists with their great achievement.5.Please introduce William Shakespeare, the most accomplished writer during the Renaissance, and his great works.William Shakespearewas an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre -eminent dramatist. He is often called England’s national poet and the “Bard of Avon”. His surviving work s, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into everymajor living language and are performed more often than those ofany other playwright.His writing career falls into three phases. His early phase coincided with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, marking the ascent of capitalist development. The major works he wrote in this period include A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream and Twelfth Night .The 2nd phase occurred in a period when political conflicts and contradictions were intensified between the feudal forces headed by the royal family on one side and the newly emerging capitalist forces and the ordinary people on the other. Most of his writings during the period were tragedies, embracing Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and Anthony and Cleopatra.The 3rd phase focused on the writing of plays related to myths, such as The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest. Shakespeare’s success came from his understanding of historical, social and intellectual circumstances of England, based on his humanist values and pursuit and represented by a large number of impressive characters with a strong sense of individual identity.6. Please analyze the features of classicism.a. Drama and other forms of arts tended to imitate and reflect those of the Graeco-Roman civilization.b. Literature of this period is termed neoclassical, because it sought beauty of form rather than the content.c. Culture in this period not only exhibited the productions of artistic works, but promoted the development of life styles, such as dress and speech.d. As commonly opposed to Romanticism, the 17th-century classicism in France implies a social ideal.e. Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms.IV True or False Questions.(1) Individualism was the foundation of social ideology during the Renaissance.(2) Dante’s most important works On Monarchy shows most of his humanist ideas over which he was meditating during years of exile.(3) Petrarch opposed the papal authority and other supreme authorities by exemplifying his attitudes towards Aristotle.(4) The Renaissance and humanism greatly contributed to the occurrence of Enlightenment and bourgeois revolution.(5) Humanism helped spark the Reformation, while the latter hindered thedevelopment of the former.（TFTTT）题源：1. The bourgeoisie was a result of ____ production in terms of wage-payment and profit.A. massB. agriculturalC. industrialD. Commercial2. The Renaissance was the ____ stage of the Middle Ages before the modern epoch.A. transitionalB. lastC. initialD. preparatory3. The earliest university in Europe was the one established in _______ .A. BerlinB. RomeC. BolognaD. Oxford4. The medieval civilization met its climax during the _________.A. 14th centuryB. 13th centuryC. 12th centuryD. 11th century5. Which of the following is not the inspiration for the Renaissance?A. The break-up of feudal structures.B. The emergence of national monarchies.C. The rise of folk culture and popular literature.D. The revival of religious beliefs.6.Which of the following is not the major principle of humanism?A. Literature should represent the feelings of ordinary humans.B. Science should produce benefits for mankind.C. Education should develop divine spirit and classical culture.D. Man should become central in everything.7.The Renaissance made its first appearance in the city of _______ .A. VeniceB. ParisC. FlorenceD. London8.The core idea of the Renaissance was _____A. rationalismB. realismC. humanismD. classicism9.The major boost of Humanism is _______ .A. the fall of ConstantinopleB. the prosperity of the city of FlorenceC. the prosperous trade and production of handicraftD. the rich variety of urban social life10.The most important reason for the emergence of the Renaissance in Italy is _______ .A. Italy’s prosperous tradeB. the variety of urban social lifeC. the use of Latin as a common languageD. that the newly emerging capitalists sought to oppose feudal and divine dominance of society文艺复兴时期各领域代表人物及其代表作Representatives and their representative works in the Renaissance高乃依拉辛莫里哀Fill in the blanks:1.______was considered to be the founder of Renaissance painting in Italy.2.Five dominant types of architecture during the Renaissance: ___________.3.Translate1)Mannerism 2) Polyphonic music 3) proto-renaissance4) Hedonism 5) Calvinism 6) The Theory of Predestination7) Pendulum 8) Copernican system 9) classicism。

艺术的形成发展英语作文The formation and development of art is a fascinating journey that spans across cultures, time periods, and disciplines. Art, in its myriad forms, has been an integral part of human expression since ancient times. This essay aims to explore the evolution of art in English.Art's origins can be traced back to the prehistoric era when early humans used cave walls as canvases to depicttheir surroundings, daily activities, and spiritual beliefs. These ancient cave paintings provide us with insights into the artistic inclinations of our ancestors and serve as a testament to the innate human desire for expression.As civilizations began to emerge and flourish, so toodid the diversity and sophistication of artistic endeavors. In ancient Egypt, art served a primarily religious and funerary purpose, with elaborate tomb paintings and sculptures honoring gods and pharaohs. The art of ancient Greece and Rome, on the other hand, celebrated the humanform and explored themes of beauty, mythology, and heroism through sculptures, pottery, and architecture.The Middle Ages saw the rise of Christian art, with intricate illuminated manuscripts, majestic cathedrals, and religious paintings dominating the artistic landscape. During the Renaissance period, art experienced a revolutionary rebirth, characterized by a renewed interest in classical antiquity, scientific inquiry, and humanism. Visionaries like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael ushered in an era of unprecedented artistic innovation and mastery.The subsequent Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassical periods each brought their own stylistic nuances and thematic preoccupations, reflecting the social, political, and cultural dynamics of their respective epochs. From the grandeur of Baroque masterpieces to the delicate elegance of Rococo art, each movement left an indelible mark on the trajectory of artistic evolution.The 19th century witnessed the advent of Romanticism,Realism, and Impressionism, as artists sought to explorethe complexities of human emotion, perception, and experience. Figures like William Turner, Eugene Delacroix, and Claude Monet pushed the boundaries of artistic expression, challenging conventional norms and forging new aesthetic frontiers.The 20th century witnessed unprecedentedexperimentation and innovation in the realm of art, with movements such as Cubism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism redefining the very nature of artistic representation. Visionaries like Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dali, and Jackson Pollock shattered traditional conventions, embracing spontaneity, subjectivity, and abstraction intheir quest for creative freedom.In today's interconnected world, art continues toevolve and adapt to the changing realities of the digital age. From multimedia installations to virtual reality experiences, contemporary artists are exploring new mediums and pushing the boundaries of artistic possibility. Despite the ever-changing landscape of art, one thing remainsconstant: its ability to inspire, provoke, and enrich the human experience.In conclusion, the formation and development of art is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of human creativity, imagination, and ingenuity. From the ancient cave paintings of our ancestors to the boundary-pushing experiments of contemporary artists, art continues to captivate and enthrall us, transcending boundaries of time, culture, and language.。

高中英语真题:高考英语【四月】阅读理解、完形填空选练（7）答案阅读理解。

Mention the terms Italian Culture and Renaissance Art and on e is immediately reminded of the mysterious smile of Leonard o da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.The renaissance period had a deep effect on European cultur e development. Having its beginnings in Italy, by the 16th cent ury, it had spread to the rest of Europe. Its influence was felt i n different fields such as philosophy, literature, religion, scienc e, politics, and, of course, art. The scholars of the renaissanc e period applied the humanist method in every field of study, and wanted human emotion and realism in art. Renaissance scholars studied the ancient Latin and Greek tex ts, searching the monastic(修道院的)libraries of Europe for works of ancient times that had beco me obscure, in their hunt for improving and perfecting their wo rldly knowledge. This was completely different from the religio n that Christianity(基督教)stressed. However, that does not mean that they refused Christianity. In fact, much of the greatest works of the renaissan ce period was devoted to it, with the church supporting a lot of the works of renaissance art. However, there were slight cha nges in the manner in which the scholars began to treat religi on, which affected the cultural life of the society, which in turn influenced the artists of that period and therefore was reflecte d in their art.In Raphael’s of , for example, some well-known people were described as classical scholars, with Leon ardo da Vinci being given as much importance as Plato in his time. Giotto di Bondone, 1267—1337, a Florentine, who is regarded as the greatest Italian pai nter just earlier than the renaissance period, is thought to be t he first artist who treated a painting as a window into space. However, it was only after the writings of Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377—1446, who is considered the first great builder of the Italian Re naissance, that perspective was formally accepted as an artist ic technique.【文章大意】文章介绍了文艺复兴的发源地意大利在当时的背景下的文化特色和相关艺术家在这个时期的作用。

Art,as a form of expression,has been a significant part of human culture for centuries.It is a universal language that transcends geographical boundaries and speaks to the heart of the beholder.Peoples understanding of art varies greatly,influenced by factors such as personal experiences,cultural background,and education.1.Personal Experiences:An individuals personal experiences play a crucial role in shaping their perception of art.For instance,someone who has experienced loss may find solace in a painting that depicts sorrow,while another person might be moved by the vibrant colors and energy of an abstract piece.2.Cultural Background:Art is deeply rooted in culture.People from different cultures have unique artistic traditions and styles that reflect their history,beliefs,and values.For example,traditional Chinese paintings emphasize harmony and balance,while African art often features bold patterns and bright colors that represent the vibrancy of life.cation:Formal education in art history and theory can greatly influence ones understanding of art.Learning about different art movements,techniques,and the intentions of artists can provide a deeper appreciation for the work.It can also help to contextualize art within its historical and social setting.4.Emotional Connection:Art often evokes an emotional response.People may be drawn to a piece of art because it resonates with their feelings or memories.This emotional connection can be a powerful way to understand and appreciate art.5.Intellectual Engagement:Some people approach art from an intellectual standpoint, analyzing the composition,technique,and symbolism within a piece.This type of engagement can lead to a deeper understanding of the artists intentions and the broader themes being explored.6.Aesthetic Appreciation:Aesthetic appreciation is a fundamental aspect of understanding art.People may be attracted to the beauty,symmetry,or color palette of a piece,which can lead to a greater appreciation for the artists skill and vision.7.Social Context:Art is often a reflection of the society in which it is created. Understanding the social context can provide insight into the themes and messages conveyed by the art.For example,during the Renaissance,art was used to express the humanist ideals of the time.8.Technological Influence:With the advent of new technologies,the way art is created and perceived has evolved.Digital art,for instance,offers new possibilities for creativityand interaction,which can change how people understand and engage with art.9.Interdisciplinary Approach:Art can be understood through an interdisciplinary lens, combining elements from psychology,sociology,and other fields.This holistic approach can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role and impact of art.10.Personal Growth:Engaging with art can lead to personal growth and selfdiscovery. As people reflect on the art they encounter,they may gain new insights into their own values,beliefs,and emotions.In conclusion,the understanding of art is a multifaceted and deeply personal experience. It is shaped by a variety of factors and can lead to a rich and nuanced appreciation of the creative expressions that enrich our lives.。

文艺复兴英文介绍The Renaissance, a period in European history that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century, is oftenreferred to as the "rebirth" of art, culture, and learning. It was a time of great intellectual and artistic achievement, marked by a renewed interest in classical antiquity and a shift towards humanism. The Renaissance saw a revival of interest in literature, philosophy, science, and the arts, with scholars and artists looking back to the works of ancient Greece and Rome for inspiration.One of the defining characteristics of the Renaissance was the emergence of a new artistic style known as "Renaissance art." This style was characterized by a focus on realism, perspective, and human anatomy, as well as a greater emphasis on individualism and the portrayal of the human experience. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are among the most famous figures of the Renaissance, known for their groundbreaking work in painting, sculpture, and architecture.In addition to the arts, the Renaissance also saw significant advancements in science and technology. The period witnessed the development of new scientific theories, such as those of Copernicus and Galileo, which challenged long-held beliefs about the universe and the natural world. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenbergin the mid-15th century also played a crucial role in spreading knowledge and ideas throughout Europe, leading to an increase in literacy and the dissemination of new scientific and philosophical thought.The Renaissance was not just a period of artistic and intellectual achievement; it was also a time of political and social change. The rise of powerful city-states in Italy, such as Florence and Venice, led to a flourishing of trade and commerce, as well as the patronage of the arts by wealthy merchants and rulers. The printing press alsoplayed a role in the spread of new ideas and the rise of a more educated middle class, who began to questiontraditional authority and challenge established norms.Overall, the Renaissance was a transformative period in European history, characterized by a renewed interest in learning, a flourishing of the arts, and significant advancements in science and technology. It laid the foundation for the modern world, shaping the development of Western culture and thought in profound ways. The legacy of the Renaissance continues to influence our understanding of art, science, and society to this day, making it a pivotal moment in human history.。

Venice,a city unlike any other,is a mesmerizing destination that captivates the hearts of travelers from around the globe.Known as La Serenissima,or the Most Serene Republic,Venice has a rich history and a unique charm that is unparalleled.Geography and SettingNestled in the northeastern region of Italy,Venice is built upon a lagoon consisting of 118small islands,connected by a network of canals and more than400bridges.The city is surrounded by the Adriatic Sea,which gives it a distinct maritime character.Its geographical position has played a significant role in shaping its history,culture,and economy.Historical SignificanceVenices history dates back to the5th century when refugees from the mainland sought refuge on the islands to escape invasions.Over the centuries,it evolved into a powerful citystate,with a strong naval force and a thriving trade network.The city was a major center of commerce and culture during the Renaissance,attracting artists,scholars,and merchants from across Europe.Cultural HeritageThe city is a treasure trove of art and architecture.Its historic center,inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List,is a testament to its rich cultural heritage.The Byzantine and Gothic styles are particularly evident in its buildings,such as the Doges Palace and St. Marks Basilica,which is adorned with golden mosaics and marble columns.Art and LiteratureVenice has been an inspiration for countless artists and writers.The citys beauty and unique setting have been immortalized in the works of Shakespeare,Byron,and many others.The Venice Biennale,an international contemporary art exhibition,and the Venice Film Festival are among the worlds most prestigious cultural events.Tourist AttractionsVisitors to Venice are drawn to its iconic sites such as the Rialto Bridge,the Bridge of Sighs,and the Grand Canal.Gondola rides offer a romantic way to explore the citys canals,while the narrow alleys and small squares,or campi,provide a glimpse into the daily life of Venetians.CuisineVenetian cuisine is a delightful blend of flavors,influenced by its maritime location and historical trade routes.Fresh seafood is a staple,and dishes like sarde in saor sweet and sour sardines and risotto al nero di seppia squid ink risotto are local favorites.The city isalso famous for its sweets,such as fritole and bussolai.Challenges and PreservationDespite its allure,Venice faces numerous challenges,including the threat of rising sea levels,overtourism,and the need for preservation of its historical sites.Efforts are underway to protect and sustain this unique city for future generations to enjoy.In conclusion,Venice is more than just a city it is a living museum,a testament to the ingenuity and artistry of its people.Its canals,bridges,and historic sites continue to enchant visitors,making it a mustvisit destination for anyone seeking the quintessence of Italian beauty and culture.。

The RenaissanceT he Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.1.The origin of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation.2.The characteristics of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.3.The influence of the RenaissanceThe Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。