SOA Quality Assurance Lab

pqa工作岗位职责pqa工作岗位职责一、职位概述pqa（Quality Assurance）是质量保障的专业人员，相当于质量管理师，负责产品或项目的质量控制、评估、改进和保障等工作。

二、主要职责1. 负责产品或项目的质量控制和评估，持续改进产品或项目的质量。

2. 审核并制定质量管理计划、测试计划、测试用例、测试报告等文档，确保质量计划的正确执行。

3. 负责测试过程的监控和管理，以及测试结果的分析和归纳，发现问题并提出解决方案。

4. 对测试过程中出现的问题进行跟踪和管理，确保问题及时解决，同时对问题的解决方案进行评估和优化。

5. 协调各部门的资源，确保测试流程的顺利进行。

6. 与客户和团队成员沟通协调，解决质量相关的问题和难点。

7. 提出质量保障的改进意见和建议，将其融入到产品或项目的迭代开发过程中。

8. 参与制定公司相关质量管理制度和流程，并进行培训和推广。

三、职位要求1. 熟悉软件测试方面的知识，具备相应的测试经验和技能。

2. 具备较强的分析、解决问题和复杂情况的判断能力。

3. 具备高度责任心和执行力，能够独立完成任务。

4. 具备团队合作、沟通和协调能力，能够有效地与其他团队成员合作。

5. 具备较好的英文口语和读写能力，能够与外籍人员交流。

6. 熟悉软件质量管理标准、流程和工具。

7. 具备优秀的组织能力、时间管理能力和项目管理能力。

8. 有自我管理和自我提高能力，对业务和技术的发展有持续的关注。

四、培训与发展pqa职位在职业发展上有不同方向，可以从pqa职位向质量管理、测试团队管理、需求管理等岗位发展。

注：以上职责仅供参考，具体职责根据工作所在行业和企业的实际情况可能会有所不同。

五、工作环境pqa工作一般在软件开发公司或IT企业中，需要跟研发、测试、产品和项目等部门进行协作，同时需要与客户保持沟通，以保证项目的顺利开展。

工作环境压力较大，需要不断的学习和提高自己。

六、职业前景随着软件产业不断发展，pqa职位的需求量逐渐增加。

试验室信用评价流程As a researcher or scientist, gaining recognition and trust from the scientific community is crucial for credibility and career advancement. One important way to establish this credibility is through laboratory credit evaluations. These evaluations serve as a way to assess the quality and reliability of experimental results and the overall performance of a lab. They help to ensure that research conducted in a lab is accurate, valid, and ethical, which is essential for the advancement of science.作为一名研究人员或科学家，获得科学界的认可和信任对于获取可信度和职业发展至关重要。

实验室信用评价是建立这种可信度的重要途径之一。

这些评价是评估实验结果的质量和可靠性以及实验室的整体表现的一种方式。

它们有助于确保实验室中进行的研究是准确、有效和符合伦理标准的，这对科学的发展至关重要。

One key aspect of laboratory credit evaluations is the use of standardized metrics and criteria to assess various aspects of a lab's performance. These metrics may include the lab's adherence to best practices in research, the quality of the data produced, and thereliability of the experimental methods used. By using objective criteria to evaluate labs, credit evaluations can provide a fair and consistent assessment of a lab's performance, which is essential for building trust within the scientific community.实验室信用评价的一个关键方面是使用标准化的度量标准和标准来评估实验室表现的各个方面。

系统集成项目管理工程师练习题库含答案1、项目范围确认后应（）。

A、确定项目基准B、明确项目验收标准C、记录项目绩效信息D、更新项目目标答案：C2、The （）is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverable.A、0BSB、WBSC、RBSD、RAM答案：B3、电子政务是我国国民经和社会信息化的重要组成部分。

（）一般不属于电子政务内容。

A、公务员考勤打卡系统B、政府大院为保证办公环境的门禁系统C、某商务网站的可为政府提供采购服务的系统D、政府办公大楼门前的电子公告显示屏答案：B4、针对信息系统审计流程，在了解内部控制结构、评价控制风险、传输内部控制后，下一步应当进行（）。

A、有限的实质性测试B、外部控制测试C、内部控制测试D、扩大的实质性测试答案：C5、《“十四五”信息化和工业化深度融合发展规划》中提出了产业数字化转型成效显著的目标：原材料、电子信息、绿色制造、安全生产等重点行业领域数字化转型步伐加快，（）整体水平持续提高。

A、工业化、信息化、市场化、B、数字化、网络化、智能化C、扁平化、平台化、生态化D、网络化、智能化、个性化答案：B6、work performance information is circulated through（）processes.A、planningB、changeC、improvementD、communication答案：D7、常用的需求分析方法有：面向数据流的结构分析方法（SA），面向对象的分析方法（OOA）。

（）不是结构化的分析方法的图形工具A、决策树B、数据流图C、数据字典D、快速原型答案：D8、在（）中应明确项目所采用的挣值规则。

信息系统项目管理师、系统集成项目管理工程师考试常见英语单词汇总在软考，信息系统项目管理师、系统集成项目管理工程师考试中，涉及了5分英语选择题。

涉及到的英语知识点比较多，为了大家方便备考，小僧加以归纳、整理。

分两部分，第一部分技术词汇，第二部分项目管理词汇。

一、涉及常见的信息应用系统、软件、网络应用技术、电子政务、电子商务、云计算、物联网、信息安全等。

▪IS------------- Information System 信息系统▪MIS-----------Management Information System 管理信息系统▪TPS-----------Transaction process System 事务处理系统▪DSS-----------Decision Support System 决策支持系统▪ERP-----------Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划▪MRP----------Material Requirement Planning 物料需求计划▪MRPII--------Manufacturing Resource Planning 制造资源计划▪BSP------------Business System Planning 企业系统规划▪CAD------------Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计▪OCR------------Optical Character Recognition 光学字符识别▪SA-------------Structured Analisys 结构化分析方法▪OOA----------Object-Oriented Analysis 面向对象分析方法▪OOD----------Object-Oriented Design 面向对象设计▪OOP----------Object Oriented Programming 面向对象编程▪DFD----------Data Flow Diagram 数据流图▪DD------------Data Dictionary 数据字典▪E-R-----------Entity Relationship Diagram E-R图▪OLAP--------On-Line Analytical Processing 在线联机分析处理▪OLTP--------On-Line Transaction Processing 联机事物处理系统▪EDI-----------Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换▪CRM---------Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理▪SCM----------Supply Chain Management 供应链管理▪Data Mining----------数据挖掘▪Data Warehouse----------数据仓库▪Database----------数据库▪Data Mart----------数据集市▪ITIL----------Information Technology Infrastructure Library 信息技术基础架构库▪ITSM----------IT Service Management IT服务管理▪Message----------消息▪Communication-----------消息通信▪UML----------Unified Modeling Language 统一建模语言▪Use case diagram----------用例图▪Class diagram----------类图▪Object diagram----------对象图▪Component diagram----------构件图▪Deployment diagram----------部署图▪State diagram----------状态图▪Sequence diagram----------序列图▪Collaboration diagram----------协作图▪Activity diagram----------活动图▪C/S---------- Client/Server 客户机/服务器▪B/S---------- Browser/Server 浏览器/服务器▪SOA----------Service Oriented Architecture 面向服务的体系结构▪Middleware----------中间件▪RPC----------Remote Procedure Call 远程过程调用▪Web Services----------Web服务▪SOAP----------Simple Object Access Protocol 简单对象访问协议▪WSDL----------Web Services Description Language Web服务描述语言▪UDDI----------Universal Description Discovery and Integration 通用描述、发现与集成服务▪XML-----------Extensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言▪HTML----------Hypertext Markup Language 超文本标记语言▪Component----------构建▪Containe----------容器▪WorkFlow----------工作流▪WFMS---------- Workflow Management System 工作流管理系统▪CORBA---------- Common Object Request Broker Architecture 公共对象请求代理体系结构▪OMG---------- Object Management Group 对象管理组织▪DCOM-----------Distributed Component Object Model 分布式构件对象模型▪API-----------Application Programming Interface 应用程序编程接口▪Graphical User Interface-----------图形用户界面▪Logic View----------逻辑视图▪Development View----------开发视图▪Module View----------模块视图▪Process View----------进程视图▪Physical View----------物理视图▪Attribute----------属性▪Object----------对象▪Class----------类▪Inheritance----------继承▪Dependency----------依赖▪Generalization----------泛化▪Aggregation----------聚合▪Composite----------组合▪Association----------关联▪function---------函数▪template---------模板▪LAN---------- Local Area Network 局域网▪Ethernet----------以太网▪Token King----------令牌环网▪WAN----------- Wide Area Network 广域网▪Proxy----------代理▪Server----------服务器▪Workstation----------工作站▪Bridge-----------网桥▪Router----------路由器▪Gateway----------网关▪OSI----------Open System Interconnect 开放式互联系统▪Physical Layer----------物理层▪Datalink Layer----------数据链路层▪Network Layer----------网络层▪Transport Layer----------传输层▪Session Layer----------会话层▪Presentation Layer---------表示层▪Application Layer---------应用层▪Virus---------病毒▪Firewall---------防火墙▪Directory structure--------- 目录结构▪TCP----------Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议▪UDP----------User Datagram Protocol 用户数据包协议▪ARP----------Address Resolution Protocol 地址解析协议▪URL----------Uniform Resource Locator 统一资源定位器▪FTP----------File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议▪DHCP----------Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态主机设置协议▪PPTP---------- Point to Point Tunneling Protocol 点对点协议▪ATM----------Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式▪DAS----------Direct-Attached Storage 直接连接存储▪NAS---------- Network Attached Storage 网络连接存储▪SAN---------- Storage Area Network 存储区域网络▪PDS----------Premises Distribution System 综合布线系统▪Work Area Subsystem---------- 工作区子系统▪Horizontal Backbone Subsystem---------- 水平干线子系统▪Administrator Subsystem---------- 设备间子系统▪Backbone Subsystem---------- 垂直干线子系统▪Campus Backbone Subsystem---------- 楼宇▪Equipment Room Subsystem----------设备间子系统▪SQA----------Software Quality Assurance软件质量保证▪Performance----------性能▪Reliability----------可靠性▪Availability----------可用性▪Security----------安全性▪Modifiability----------可修改性▪Maintainability----------可维护性▪Extendibility----------可扩展性▪Reassemble----------结构重组▪Portability---------可移植性▪Functionality--------功能性▪FDMA----------Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址▪WDMA---------Wave Division Multiple Access 频分多址▪TDMA----------Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址▪CDMA----------Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址▪ADSL----------Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 非对称数字用户环境▪HDSL----------High-speed Digital Subscriber Line 高速率数字用户体验▪VDSL----------Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber loop 甚高速数字用户环境。

企业常用术语缩写全称及释义MTO――按订单生产〔Make to Order〕ETO――按订单设计MTS――库存生产〔Make-to-Stock〕PAPC――生产和流程控制〔Production and Process Control〕DHR――器械历史文件〔Device History Record〕NCR――不合格〔Non-conformance〕CAPA――纠正和预防措施〔Corrective And Preventive Activity〕NPV――净现值〔Net Present Value〕IRR――内部收益率〔Internal Rate of Return〕PP――回收期〔Payback Period〕SPC――统计过程控制〔Statistic process control〕B OM――物料清单〔Bill of Material〕OBOM――订单BOMMBOM――生产制造物料清单EBOM――工程设计BOMPBOM――工艺规划BOMSBOM――销售BOMPLM――产品生命周期管理〔Product Lifecycle Management〕PDM――产品数据管理〔Product Data Management〕CAD――电脑辅助设计〔Computer Added Design〕CAPP――电脑辅助工艺设计〔Computer Aided Process Planning〕KPI――关键绩效指标〔Key Performance Index〕SOA――面向服务架构〔Service Oriented Architecture〕WAN――广域网〔Wide Area Network〕LAN――局域网〔Local Area Network〕MAN――城域网〔Metropolitan Area Network〕TCP――传输控制协议〔Transfer Control Protocol〕IP――网际协议〔Internet Protocol〕ASN――预先发货通知〔Advanced Shipment Notice〕MHE――物料处理设备〔Material Handling Equipment〕EMEA―― 欧洲、中东和非洲CRM――客户关系管理〔Customer Relationship Management〕SCM――供给链管理〔Supply Chain Management〕BI――商业智能〔Business Intelligence〕LDAP――轻量级目录访问协议〔Lightweight Directory Access Protocol〕MRP――生产资源规划〔Manufacturing Resource Planning〕SFA――自动销售〔Sales Force Automation〕SCV――供给链可见性〔Supply Chain Visibility〕MDM――制造数据管理〔Manafacturing Data Management〕APS――高级计划系统〔Advanced Planning System〕CMMS――电脑化维修管理系统〔computerized maintenance management system〕HMI――人机界面〔Human Machine Interface〕OEM――原始设备制造商〔Original Equipment Manafacturer〕MES――制造执行系统〔Manufacturing Execution System〕CPG――消费包装产品〔Customer Packaged Goods〕Time to Market――即时上市/及时切入生产Time to Volume――即时量产/及时大量生产Time to Money――即时变现/及时大量交货AIT――自动验证技术〔Automated IDentification Technologies〕TAV――全部资产可视化〔Total Assets Visualization〕SCADA――数据采集和监视控制〔Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition〕OPC――用于过程控制的对象链接和嵌入〔OLE for Process Control〕ASRS――自动存贮与检索系统〔Automatic Storage and Retrieval System 〕BTO――订单生产〔Build-to-Order〕CTO――〔Configuration-to-Order〕VMI――供货商免费存放〔Vendor Managed Inventory〕MCT――制造周期时间〔Manufacturing Cycle Time〕ABC――作业制成本制度(Activity-Based Costing)ABB――实施作业制预算制度(Activity-Based Budgeting)ABM――作业制成本管理(Activity-Base Management)APS――先进规画与排程系统(Advanced Planning and Scheduling)ASP――应用程序服务供货商〔Application Service Provider〕ATP――可承诺量(Available To Promise)AVL――认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List)BPR――企业流程再造(Business Process Reengineering)BSC――平衡记分卡(Balanced ScoreCard)BTF――计划生产(Build To Forecast)CPM――要径法(Critical Path Method)CPM――每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaint per Million)CRM――客户关系管理(Customer Relationship Management)CRP――产能需求规划(Capacity Requirements Planning)CTO――客制化生产(Configuration To Order)DBR――限制驱导式排程法(Drum-Buffer-Rope)DMT――成熟度验证(Design Maturing Testing)DVT――设计验证(Design Verification Testing)DRP――运销资源计划(Distribution Resource Planning)DSS――决策支持系统(Decision Support System)EC――设计变更／工程变更(Engineer Change)EC――电子商务(Electronic Commerce)ECRN――原件规格更改通知(Engineer Change Request Notice)EDI――电子数据交换(Electronic Data Interchange)EIS――主管决策系统(Executive Information System)EMC――电磁相容(Electric Magnetic Capability)EOQ ――基本经济订购量(Economic Order Quantity)ERP――企业资源规划(Enterprise Resource Planning)FAE――应用工程师(Field Application Engineer)FCST――预估(Forecast)FMS――弹性制造系统(Flexible Manufacture System)FQC――成品质量管理(Finish or Final Quality Control)IPQC――制程质量管理(In-Process Quality Control)IQC――进料质量管理(Incoming Quality Control)ISO――国际标准组织(International Organization for Standardization) ISAR――首批样品认可(Initial Sample Approval Request)JIT――实时管理(Just In Time)KM ―― 知识管理(Knowledge Management)L4L――逐批订购法(Lot-for-Lot)LTC――最小总成本法(Least Total Cost)LUC――最小单位成本(Least Unit Cost)MES――制造执行系统(Manufacturing Execution System)MO――制令(Manufacture Order)MPS――主生产排程(Master Production Schedule)MRO――请修(购)单(Maintenance Repair Operation)MR P――物料需求规划(Material Requirement Planning)MRPII――制造资源计划(Manufacturing Resource Planning) NFCF――更改预估量的通知Notice for Changing ForecastOEM――委托代工(Original Equipment Manufacture)ODM――委托设计与制造(Original Design & Manufacture) OLAP――在线分析处理(On-Line Analytical Processing)OLTP――在线交易处理(On-Line Transaction Processing)OPT――最正确生产技术(Optimized Production Technology) OQC――出货质量管理(Out-going Quality Control)PDCA――PDCA管理循环(Plan-Do-Check-Action)PDM――产品数据管理系统(Product Data Management)PERT――计划评核术(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) PO――订单(Purchase Order)POH――预估在手量(Product on Hand)PR――采购申请Purchase RequestQA――品质保证(Quality Assurance)QC――质量管理(Quality Control)QCC――品管圈(Quality Control Circle)QE――品质工程(Quality Engineering)RCCP――粗略产能规划(Rough Cut Capacity Planning)RMA――退货验收Returned Material ApprovalROP――再订购点(Re-Order Point)SCM――供给链管理(Supply Chain Management)SFC――现场控制(Shop Floor Control)SIS――策略信息系统(Strategic Information System)SO―― 订单(Sales Order)SOR――特殊订单需求(Special Order Request)SPC――统计制程管制(Statistic Process Control)TOC――限制理论(Theory of Constraints)TPM――全面生产管理Total Production ManagementTQC――全面质量管理(Total Quality Control)TQM――全面品质管理(Total Quality Management)WIP――在制品(Work In Process)企业管理常用缩写术语之中英文对照表〔含解释)5S:5S管理ABC:作业制成本制度(Activity-BasedCosting)ABB:实施作业制预算制度(Activity-BasedBudgeting)ABM:作业制成本管理(Activity-BaseManagement)APS:先进规画与排程系统(AdvancedPlanningandScheduling) ASP:应用程序服务供货商〔ApplicationServiceProvider〕ATP:可承诺量(AvailableToPromise)AVL:认可的供货商清单(ApprovedVendorList)BOM:物料清单(BillOfMaterial)BPR:企业流程再造(BusinessProcessReengineering)BSC:平衡记分卡(BalancedScoreCard)BTF:计划生产(BuildToForecast)BTO:订单生产(BuildToOrder)CPM:要径法(CriticalPathMethod)CPM:每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(ComplaintperMillion) CRM:客户关系管理(CustomerRelationshipManagement)CRP:产能需求规划(CapacityRequirementsPlanning)CTO:客制化生产(ConfigurationToOrder)DBR:限制驱导式排程法(Drum-Buffer-Rope)DMT:成熟度验证(DesignMaturingTesting)DVT:设计验证(DesignVerificationTesting)DRP:运销资源计划(DistributionResourcePlanning)DSS:决策支持系统(DecisionSupportSystem)EC:设计变更／工程变更(EngineerChange)EC:电子商务(ElectronicCommerce)ECRN:原件规格更改通知(EngineerChangeRequestNotice)EDI:电子数据交换(ElectronicDataInterchange)EIS:主管决策系统(ExecutiveInformationSystem)EMC:电磁相容(ElectricMagneticCapability)EOQ:基本经济订购量(EconomicOrderQuantity)ERP:企业资源规划(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)FAE:应用工程师(FieldApplicationEngineer)FCST:预估(Forecast)FMS:弹性制造系统(FlexibleManufactureSystem)FQC:成品质量管理(FinishorFinalQualityControl)IPQC:制程质量管理(In-ProcessQualityControl)IQC:进料质量管理(IncomingQualityControl)ISO:国际标准组织(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)ISAR:首批样品认可(InitialSampleApprovalRequest) JIT:实时管理(JustInTime)KM:知识管理(KnowledgeManagement)L4L:逐批订购法(Lot-for-Lot)LTC:最小总成本法(LeastTotalCost)LUC:最小单位成本(LeastUnitCost)MES:制造执行系统(ManufacturingExecutionSystem)MO:制令(ManufactureOrder)MPS:主生产排程(MasterProductionSchedule)MRO:请修(购)单(MaintenanceRepairOperation)MRP:物料需求规划(MaterialRequirementPlanning) MRPII:制造资源计划(ManufacturingResourcePlanning) NFCF:更改预估量的通知NoticeforChangingForecast OEM:委托代工(OriginalEquipmentManufacture)ODM:委托设计与制造(OriginalDesign&Manufacture) OLAP:在线分析处理(On-LineAnalyticalProcessing) OLTP:在线交易处理(On-LineTransactionProcessing) OPT:最正确生产技术(OptimizedProductionTechnology) OQC:出货质量管理(Out-goingQualityControl)PDCA:PDCA管理循环(Plan-Do-Check-Action)PDM:产品数据管理系统(ProductDataManagement)PERT:计划评核术(ProgramEvaluationandReviewTechnique)PO:订单(PurchaseOrder)POH:预估在手量(ProductonHand)PR:采购申请PurchaseRequestQA:质量保证(QualityAssurance)QC:质量管理(QualityControl)QCC:品管圈(QualityControlCircle)QE:质量工程(QualityEngineering)RCCP:粗略产能规划(RoughCutCapacityPlanning) RMA:退货验收ReturnedMaterialApprovalROP:再订购点(Re-OrderPoint)SCM:供给链管理(SupplyChainManagement)SFC:现场控制(ShopFloorControl)SIS:策略信息系统(StrategicInformationSystem) SO:订单(SalesOrder)SOR:特殊订单需求(SpecialOrderRequest)SPC:统计制程管制(StatisticProcessControl) TOC:限制理论(TheoryofConstraints)TPM:全面生产管理TotalProductionManagement TQC:全面质量管理(TotalQualityControl) TQM:全面质量管理(TotalQualityManagement) WIP:在制品(WorkInProcess)------5S管理------5S是由日本企业研究出来的一种环境塑造方案，其目的在藉由整理(SEIRI)、整顿(SEITON)、清扫(SEISO)、清洁(SEIKETSU)及身美(SHITSUKE)五种行为来创造清洁、明朗、活泼化之环境，以提高效率、质量及顾客满意度。

品质人员名称类QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点质量管理人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的质量管理人员OQC output quality control 最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control 进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 品质工程人员品质保证类FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认CP capability index 能力指数CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商品质评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析FQC运作类AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收品质水准S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品质/可靠度/服务P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一制程统计品管专类SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计质量管理GRR Gauge Reproductiveness & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径N Number 样品数其它品质术语类QIT Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 品质改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM Total Quality Management 全面品质管理RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可7QCTools 7 Quality Control Tools 品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供货商) ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户) PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序? SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类ES Engineering Standard 工程标准IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standard Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格部类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control 物料控制DC Document Center 资料中心QE Quality Engineering 品质工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 品质保证(处)QC Quality Control 质量管理(课)PD Product Department 生产部LAB Laboratory 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部生产类PCs Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS Pairs 双(对等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code (供货商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造PC Personal Computer 个人计算机CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理器A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible 尽可能快的E-MAIL Electrical-Mail 电子邮件N/A Not Applicable 不适用QTY Quantity 数量I/O input/output 输入/输出NG Not Good 不行,不合格C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许APP Approve 核准,认可,承认CHK Check 确认ASS'Y Assembly 装配,组装T/P True Position 真位度5WIH When, Where, Who, What, Why, How to6M Man, Machine, Material, Method, Measurement, Message4MTH Man, Material, Money, Method, Time, How 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间(资源) SQA Strategy Quality Assurance 策略品质保证DQA Design Quality Assurance 设计品质保证MQA Manufacture Quality Assurance 制造品质保证SSQA Sales and service Quality Assurance 销售及服务品质保证LRR Lot Reject Rate 批退率DVD Digital Video DiskVCD Video Compact DiskLCD Liquid Crystal DisplayCAD Computer Aided DesignCAM Computer Aided ManufacturingCAE Computer Aided EngineeringPCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板CAR Correction Action Report 改善报告NG Not Good 不良WDR Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一TPM Total Production Maintenance 全面生产保养MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需计划OS Operation System 操作系统TBA To Be Assured 待定,定缺D/C Drawing ChangeP/P Plans & ProcedureEMI Electrical-Music Industry 电子音乐工业Electrical Magnetic Interference 电子干扰RFI Read Frequency Input 读频输入MMC Maximum Material ConditionMMS Maximum Material Size XsLMC Least Material ConditionLMS Least Material Size UmLED lighting-emitting diode 发光二极管QBR Quarter Business RecordCIP Continuous improvement processFGI Forecasted Goal InventoryCNC Computerized numeral controllerB2C Business to customerB2B Business to businessAVL Approved vendor listPOP Procedure of packagingEOL End of lifeVDCS Vender defect correcting sheetPDCS Process defect correcting sheetGRN Goods receiving noteA/R Accounting receivableA/P Accounting payable制造业常用英文缩写ATO——按订单装配（Assemble……A）MTO——按订单生产（Make to Order）ETO——按订单设计MTS——库存生产（Make-to-Stock）PAPC——生产和流程控制（Production and Process Control）DHR——器械历史文件（Device History Record）NCR——不合格（Non-conformance）CAPA——纠正和预防措施（Corrective And Preventive Activity）NPV——净现值（Net Present Value）IRR——内部收益率（Internal Rate of Return）PP——回收期（Payback Period）SPC——统计过程控制（Statistic process control）BOM——物料清单（Bill of Material）OBOM——订单BOMMBOM——生产制造物料清单EBOM——工程设计BOMPBOM——工艺规划BOMSBOM——销售BOMPLM——产品生命周期管理（Product Lifecycle Management）PDM——产品数据管理（Product Data Management）CAD——计算机辅助设计（Computer Added Design）CAPP——计算机辅助工艺设计（Computer Aided Process Planning）KPI——关键绩效指标（Key Performance Index）SOA——面向服务架构（Service Oriented Architecture）WAN——广域网（Wide Area Network）LAN——局域网（Local Area Network）MAN——城域网（Metropolitan Area Network）TCP——传输控制协议（Transfer Control Protocol）IP——网际协议（Internet Protocol）ASN——预先发货通知（Advanced Shipment Notice）MHE——物料处理设备（Material Handling Equipment）EMEA——欧洲、中东和非洲CRM——客户关系管理（Customer Relationship Management）SCM——供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）BI——商业智能（Business Intelligence）LDAP——轻量级目录访问协议（Lightweight Directory Access Protocol）MRP——生产资源规划（Manufacturing Resource Planning）SFA——自动销售（Sales Force Automation）SCV——供应链可见性（Supply Chain Visibility）MDM——制造数据管理（Manafacturing Data Management）APS——高级计划系统（Advanced Planning System）CMMS——一体化维护管理系统CMMS——电脑化维修管理系统（computerized maintenance management system）HMI——人机界面（Human Machine Interface）OEM——原始设备制造商（Original Equipment Manafacturer）MES——制造执行系统（Manufacturing Execution System）CPG——消费包装产品（Customer Packaged Goods）Time to Market——即时上市/及时切入生产Time to Volume——即时量产/及时大量生产Time to Money——即时变现/及时大量交货AIT——自动验证技术（Automated IDentification Technologies）TAV——全部资产可视化（Total Assets Visualization）SCADA——数据采集和监视控制（Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition）OPC——用于过程控制的对象链接和嵌入（OLE for Process Control）ASRS——自动存贮与检索系统（Automatic Storage and Retrieval System ）BTO——订单生产（Build-to-Order）CTO——（Configuration-to-Order）VMI——供货商免费存放（Vendor Managed Inventory）MCT——制造周期时间（Manufacturing Cycle Time）ABC——作业制成本制度 (Activity-Based Costing)ABB——实施作业制预算制度 (Activity-Based Budgeting)ABM——作业制成本管理 (Activity-Base Management)APS——先进规画与排程系统 (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) ASP——应用程序服务供货商（Application Service Provider）ATP——可承诺量 (Available To Promise)AVL——认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List)BPR——企业流程再造 (Business Process Reengineering)BSC——平衡记分卡 (Balanced ScoreCard)BTF——计划生产 (Build To Forecast)CPM——要径法 (Critical Path Method)CPM——每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaint per Million) CRM——客户关系管理 (Customer Relationship Management)CRP——产能需求规划 (Capacity Requirements Planning)CTO——客制化生产 (Configuration To Order)DBR——限制驱导式排程法 (Drum-Buffer-Rope)DMT——成熟度验证(Design Maturing Testing)DVT——设计验证(Design Verification Testing)DRP——运销资源计划 (Distribution Resource Planning)DSS——决策支持系统 (Decision Support System)EC——设计变更／工程变更 (Engineer Change)EC——电子商务 (Electronic Commerce)ECRN——原件规格更改通知(Engineer Change Request Notice)EDI——电子数据交换 (Electronic Data Interchange)EIS——主管决策系统 (Executive Information System)EMC——电磁相容(Electric Magnetic Capability)EOQ——基本经济订购量 (Economic Order Quantity)ERP——企业资源规划 (Enterprise Resource Planning)FAE——应用工程师(Field Application Engineer)FCST——预估(Forecast)FMS——弹性制造系统 (Flexible Manufacture System)FQC——成品质量管理 (Finish or Final Quality Control)IPQC——制程质量管理 (In-Process Quality Control)IQC——进料质量管理 (Incoming Quality Control)ISO——国际标准组织 (International Organization for Standardization) ISAR——首批样品认可(Initial Sample Approval Request)JIT——实时管理 (Just In Time)KM ——知识管理 (Knowledge Management)L4L——逐批订购法 (Lot-for-Lot)LTC——最小总成本法 (Least Total Cost)LUC——最小单位成本 (Least Unit Cost)MES——制造执行系统 (Manufacturing Execution System) MO——制令(Manufacture Order)MPS——主生产排程 (Master Production Schedule)MRO——请修(购)单(Maintenance Repair Operation)MRP——物料需求规划 (Material Requirement Planning) MRPII——制造资源计划 (Manufacturing Resource Planning) NFCF——更改预估量的通知Notice for Changing Forecast OEM——委托代工 (Original Equipment Manufacture)ODM——委托设计与制造 (Original Design & Manufacture) OLAP——在线分析处理 (On-Line Analytical Processing) OLTP——在线交易处理 (On-Line Transaction Processing) OPT——最佳生产技术 (Optimized Production Technology) OQC——出货质量管理 (Out-going Quality Control) PDCA——PDCA管理循环 (Plan-Do-Check-Action)PDM——产品数据管理系统 (Product Data Management) PERT——计划评核术 (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) PO——订单(Purchase Order)POH——预估在手量 (Product on Hand)PR——采购申请Purchase RequestQA——品质保证(Quality Assurance)QC——质量管理(Quality Control)QCC——品管圈 (Quality Control Circle)QE——品质工程(Quality Engineering)RCCP——粗略产能规划 (Rough Cut Capacity Planning) RMA——退货验收Returned Material ApprovalROP——再订购点 (Re-Order Point)SCM——供应链管理 (Supply Chain Management) SFC——现场控制 (Shop Floor Control)SIS——策略信息系统 (Strategic Information System) SO——订单(Sales Order)SOR——特殊订单需求(Special Order Request) SPC——统计制程管制 (Statistic Process Control) TOC——限制理论 (Theory of Constraints)TPM——全面生产管理Total Production Management TQC——全面质量管理 (Total Quality Control) TQM——全面品质管理 (Total Quality Management) WIP——在制品 (Work In Process)。

制造企业常用术语缩写全称及释义ATO——按订单装配（Assemble to Order）MTO——按订单生产（Make to Order）ETO——按订单设计MTS——库存生产（Make-to-Stock）PAPC——生产和流程控制（Production and Process Control）DHR——器械历史文件（Device History Record）NCR——不合格（Non-conformance）CAPA——纠正和预防措施（Corrective And Preventive Activity）NPV——净现值（Net Present Value）IRR——内部收益率（Internal Rate of Return）PP——回收期（Payback Period）SPC——统计过程控制（Statistic process control）BOM——物料清单（Bill of Material）OBOM——订单BOMMBOM——生产制造物料清单EBOM——工程设计BOMPBOM——工艺规划BOMSBOM——销售BOMPLM——产品生命周期管理（Product Lifecycle Management）PDM——产品数据管理（Product Data Management）CAD——计算机辅助设计（Computer Added Design）CAPP——计算机辅助工艺设计（Computer Aided Process Planning）KPI——关键绩效指标（Key Performance Index）SOA——面向服务架构（Service Oriented Architecture）ASN——预先发货通知（Advanced Shipment Notice）MHE——物料处理设备（Material Handling Equipment）EMEA——欧洲、中东和非洲CRM——客户关系管理（Customer Relationship Management）SCM——供应链管理（Supply Chain Management）BI——商业智能（Business Intelligence）LDAP——轻量级目录访问协议（Lightweight Directory Access Protocol）MRP——生产资源规划（Manufacturing Resource Planning）SFA——自动销售（Sales Force Automation）SCV——供应链可见性（Supply Chain Visibility）MDM——制造数据管理（Manafacturing Data Management）APS——高级计划系统（Advanced Planning System）CMMS——一体化维护管理系统CMMS——电脑化维修管理系统（computerized maintenance management system）HMI——人机界面（Human Machine Interface）OEM——原始设备制造商（Original Equipment Manafacturer）MES——制造执行系统（Manufacturing Execution System）CPG——消费包装产品（Customer Packaged Goods）Time to Market——即时上市/及时切入生产Time to Volume——即时量产/及时大量生产Time to Money——即时变现/及时大量交货AIT——自动验证技术（Automated IDentification Technologies）TAV——全部资产可视化（Total Assets Visualization）SCADA——数据采集和监视控制（Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition）OPC——用于过程控制的对象链接和嵌入（OLE for Process Control）ASRS——自动存贮与检索系统（Automatic Storage and Retrieval System ）BTO——订单生产（Build-to-Order）CTO——（Configuration-to-Order）VMI——供货商免费存放（Vendor Managed Inventory）MCT——制造周期时间（Manufacturing Cycle Time）ABC——作业制成本制度(Activity-Based Costing) ABB——实施作业制预算制度(Activity-Based Budgeting) ABM——作业制成本管理(Activity-Base Management) APS——先进规画与排程系统(Advanced Planning and Scheduling)ASP——应用程序服务供货商（Application Service Provider）ATP——可承诺量(Available To Promise)AVL——认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List) BPR——企业流程再造(Business Process Reengineering) BSC——平衡记分卡(Balanced ScoreCard)BTF——计划生产(Build To Forecast)CPM——要径法(Critical Path Method)CPM——每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaint per Million) CRM——客户关系管理(Customer Relationship Management) CRP——产能需求规划(Capacity Requirements Planning) CTO——客制化生产(Configuration To Order)DBR——限制驱导式排程法(Drum-Buffer-Rope)DMT——成熟度验证(Design Maturing Testing)DVT——设计验证(Design Verification Testing)DRP——运销资源计划(Distribution Resource Planning) DSS——决策支持系统(Decision Support System)EC——设计变更／工程变更(Engineer Change)EC——电子商务(Electronic Commerce)ECRN——原件规格更改通知(Engineer Change Request Notice) EDI——电子数据交换(Electronic Data Interchange) EIS——主管决策系统(Executive Information System) EMC——电磁相容(Electric Magnetic Capability)EOQ——基本经济订购量(Economic Order Quantity) ERP——企业资源规划(Enterprise Resource Planning) FAE——应用工程师(Field Application Engineer) FCST——预估(Forecast)FMS——弹性制造系统(Flexible Manufacture System) FQC——成品质量管理(Finish or Final Quality Control) IPQC——制程质量管理(In-Process Quality Control) IQC——进料质量管理(Incoming Quality Control) ISO——国际标准组织(International Organization for Standardization)ISAR——首批样品认可(Initial Sample Approval Request) JIT——实时管理(Just In Time)KM ——知识管理(Knowledge Management)L4L——逐批订购法(Lot-for-Lot)LTC——最小总成本法(Least Total Cost)LUC——最小单位成本(Least Unit Cost)MES——制造执行系统(Manufacturing Execution System) MO——制令(Manufacture Order)MPS——主生产排程(Master Production Schedule) MRO——请修(购)单(Maintenance Repair Operation) MRP——物料需求规划(Material Requirement Planning) MRPII——制造资源计划(Manufacturing Resource Planning) NFCF——更改预估量的通知Notice for Changing Forecast OEM——委托代工(Original Equipment Manufacture) ODM——委托设计与制造(Original Design & Manufacture) OLAP——在线分析处理(On-Line Analytical Processing) OLTP——在线交易处理(On-Line Transaction Processing) OPT——最佳生产技术(Optimized Production Technology) OQC——出货质量管理(Out-going Quality Control) PDCA——PDCA管理循环(Plan-Do-Check-Action) PDM——产品数据管理系统(Product Data Management) PERT——计划评核术(Program Evaluation and Review Technique)PO——订单(Purchase Order)POH——预估在手量(Product on Hand)PR——采购申请Purchase RequestQA——品质保证(Quality Assurance)QC——质量管理(Quality Control)QCC——品管圈(Quality Control Circle)QE——品质工程(Quality Engineering)RCCP——粗略产能规划(Rough Cut Capacity Planning) RMA——退货验收Returned Material ApprovalROP——再订购点(Re-Order Point)SCM——供应链管理(Supply Chain Management) SFC——现场控制(Shop Floor Control)SIS——策略信息系统(Strategic Information System) SO——订单(Sales Order)SOR——特殊订单需求(Special Order Request)SPC——统计制程管制(Statistic Process Control) TOC——限制理论(Theory of Constraints) TPM——全面生产管理Total Production Management TQC——全面质量管理(Total Quality Control) TQM——全面品质管理(Total Quality Management) WIP——在制品(Work In Process)LAN——局域网（Local Area Network）WAN——广域网（Wide Area Network）MAN——城域网（Metropolitan Area Network）TCP——传输控制协议（Transfer Control Protocol）IP——网际协议（Internet Protocol）。

SQA供应商质量管理工作职责SQA（Supplier Quality Assurance）供应商质量管理是指对供应商的质量进行监控和管理，以确保供应商提供的产品和服务符合预期的质量标准。

下面是SQA供应商质量管理工作职责的详细介绍：一、供应商评估与准入管理1.确定供应商准入标准和程序，建立供应商准入申请和审核的流程；2.制定或确认供应商评估的方式和标准，对供应商进行评估，筛选合格供应商；3.建立供应商信息采集与管理体系，建立供应商档案，及时更新供应商信息；4.对新供应商进行现场审核、筛选评估和考核评价，确保新供应商符合我们公司的质量要求和生产要求。

二、供应商日常管理1.建立供应商生产质量管理要求，并对供应商执行情况进行监督和管理；2.建立供应商基础数据管理体系，建立供应商性能数据监控与分析机制；3.实施供应商现场审核和考核，及时发现和纠正问题，并跟踪改进情况；4.建立供应商物料接收检验规程，负责对供应商提供物料进行检验，确保物料符合质量要求；5.负责供应商质量问题的处理和反馈，建立并实施供应商质量问题整改措施，并追踪处理进展情况。

三、供应商质量持续改进1.建立供应商绩效评价体系，制定评估标准和方法，按照评估结果评定供应商级别；2.建立供应商持续改进机制，与供应商共同制定质量提升方案，并定期进行跟踪、评估改进效果；3.分析供应商质量问题，并评价供应商改进措施的有效性和长期性。

四、供应商培训与教育1.建立供应商质量培训计划，开展供应商理念、质量意识、质量标准和技术要求等方面的培训；2.负责培训供应商如何执行与公司合同、质量规范等工作内容，提高供应商的质量意识和责任感。

总之，SQA供应商质量管理是对供应商和供应商产品的质量管理和监控，确保我们公司的产品和服务符合质量要求，并与供应商建立良好的合作关系，规范供应商管理流程，提高供应商的质量意识，保证供应商对我们的产品和服务负责。

quality assuranceQuality AssuranceWhat is Quality Assurance?Quality assurance is the process of verifying or determining whether products or services meet or exceed customer expectations. Quality assurance is a process-driven approach with specific steps to help define and attain goals. This process considers design, development, production, and service.The most popular tool used to determine quality assurance is the Shewhart Cycle, developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming. This cycle for quality assurance consists of four steps: Plan, Do, Check, and Act. These stepsare commonly abbreviated as PDCA.The four quality assurance steps within the PDCA model stand for: , Plan: Establish objectives and processes required to deliver the desired results., Do: Implement the process developed., Check: Monitor and evaluate the implemented process by testing the results against the predetermined objectives, Act: Apply actions necessary for improvement if the resultsrequirechanges.PDCA is an effective method for monitoring quality assurance because it analyzes existing conditions and methods used to provide the product or service customers. The goal is to ensure that excellence is inherent in every component of the process. Quality assurance also helps determine whether the steps used to provide the product or service are appropriate for the time and conditions. In addition, if the PDCA cycle is repeated throughout the lifetime of the product or service, it helps improve internal company efficiency.Quality assurance demands a degree of detail in order to be fully implemented at every step. Planning, for example, could include investigation into the quality of the raw materials used in manufacturing, the actual assembly, or the inspection processes used. The Checking stepcould include customer feedback, surveys, or other marketingvehicles todetermine if customer needs are being exceeded and why they are or are not. Acting could mean a total revision in the manufacturing process in order to correct a technical or cosmetic flaw.Competition to provide specialized products and services results in breakthroughs as well as long-term growth and change. Quality assurance verifies that any customer offering, regardless if it is new or evolved, is produced and offered with the best possible materials, in the most comprehensive way, with the highest standards. The goal to exceedcustomer expectations in a measurable and accountable process is provided by quality assurance.Quality Assurance Courses, Educational material may thus include Six Sigma and ISO 9000, whichare often perceived as industry-leading standards for qualityassurance. Students may also receive quality control training in systems analysis and failure as well as measurement science., After you become a quality control analyst with a particular employer,you will have specific quality control analyst training. This will teach youthe company's own techniques for quality assurance. This mayinclude reading meters and blueprints, adhering to strict safety standards, learning new computer programs and reporting results according to a predetermined style or template.Quality Control And QualityAssurance, When maintaining the data is key to tasks that involve the well-being ofindividuals, such as patients in a hospital or healthcare facility, dataquality control helps to prevent the development of misinformation thatcould have a detrimental impact on the treatment process, possibly placing the life of the patient in danger. Using a combination of dataquality control and quality assurance helps to keep data current, identify and correct inconsistencies, and in general keepinformationusable for a variety of purposes., Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably by job websites, there is a difference between quality control and quality assurance. Generally, quality control careers involve testing productsto ensure a minimum level of quality set by the manufacturer orgovernment regulation agencies.Quality Assurance Plan, The most popular tool used to determine quality assurance is the Shewhart Cycle, developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming. This cycle for quality assurance consists of four steps: Plan, Do, Check, and Act.These steps are commonly abbreviated as PDCA., In attempts to improve the value of the business, a quality assuranceofficer devises new plans to advance the effectiveness of production practices. This typically entails the implementation of moreefficientsystems designed by the officer.Quality Assurance Jobs, For example, there are colleges in the United States that offer associatedegrees in quality control management. As quality assurance jobs become increasingly automated over time, knowledge of computerprogramming and software is likely become more and more essential for employees., The analyst validates the phone staff is friendly and personable duringinteractions with the customers. Quality assurance jobs typically require a strong knowledge of the business processes of anorganization.Quality Control And Assurance, Tools of this type are constantly gathering and arranging data in formats that quality control and assurance personnel can evaluate.Use of this type of automated software can make it possible to identifypotential quality issues before they have the chance to impact the customer, thus allowing the company to retain its good name as well asits client base., Although the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably by job websites, there is a difference between quality control and qualityassurance. Generally, quality control careers involve testing productsto ensure a minimum level of quality set by the manufacturer orgovernment regulation agencies., Quality Assurance Systems, Typical quality assurance officer responsibilities include analyzingbusiness needs and areas for improvement, developing newprocedures that ensure higher quality products or methods ofproduction, and defining budgetary needs and the proper distribution ofresources. Quality assurance officer jobs are available in a diverse array of fields, from manufacturing and construction to public serviceorganizations and food production facilities., Workers will also likely be taught proper techniques for quality control,safety, and blueprint reading. Most individuals with careers in qualityassurance work for manufacturing companies, where theirresponsibilities revolve around ensuring products are safe andundamaged.Quality Assurance Standards, Creating a good quality control process is a part of most successfulbusiness ventures. Maintaining high quality control standards can helpimprove company reputation and make the workplace safer and more pleasant for employees., Typical quality assurance officer responsibilities include analyzingbusiness needs and areas for improvement, developing newprocedures that ensure higher quality products or methods ofproduction, and defining budgetary needs and the proper distribution ofresources. Quality assurance officer jobs are available in a diverse array of fields, from manufacturing and construction to public serviceorganizations and food production facilities.What Does a Quality Assurance Director Do?A quality assurance director (QA Dir) is responsible for ensuringthat the overall standards of the company are met or exceeded within every area of the workplace. Often, a set of guidelines will be drafted by the quality assurance director to enforce the company’s values. The position is also often responsible for hiring skilled laborers, managing various developmental teams within the organization, and meeting withclients to design and modify products to fit their overall business needs. Anotherlarge aspect of this position is evaluating the performancehistories of both employees and machinery to discover more efficient methods of operation.The main responsibility of a quality assurance manager is theability tolead, because in large, complex businesses, it is almost impossiblefor one person to directly oversee every aspect of this position. Training department managers to locate and correct potential problems before they occur is a huge aspect of quality assurance, not only from a profit standpoint, but also from a safety standpoint. In some industries, quality assurance directors also work alongside the staff to create new products or improve existing ones, meaning that they have to beextremely organized and very flexible within their daily operations.In essence, all businesses ranging from a small mom-and-poprestaurant to a massive Fortune 500 company have a quality assurance director, even if that precise title is not given. Within smaller storefronts, these responsibilities may fall on the owner or the store manager, while inmid-size d companies, it may be the human relation’s director that handles these types of quality-control tasks. Large corporationsnormally havea full staff of employees that work directly under the quality assurance director to ensure that compliance is met within every facet of the business. Regardless of the actual title, none of those companies would remain in business long without this performance-driver leadership role. Candidates applying to become a quality assurance director normally have at least a bach elor’s degree within the particular field of interest andmanagerial experience from previous employment. Besides the physical aspects of the job, this position is often responsible for the overall morale within the working environment, so strong leadership and communication skills are also mandatory. A thorough knowledge of the various pieces of machinery within that type of industry is also a key component to receiving a formal interview for the position.What Does a Quality AssuranceManager Do?A quality assurance manager is responsible for supervising and managing the people who ensure that products and services meet customer expectations before the products go out on the market. He or she is generally ultimately responsible for the quality of the product in all stages of its development, from the factory to the market. Meeting customer expectations also plays a large role in this job. There are several responsibilities that a quality assurance manager has, although these might vary depending on the company for which he or she works. First, quality assurance managers must set the standards for quality. Inother words, the quality assurance manager decides what standards each product must meet. Second, he or she must ensure that the employees, as well as inspectors, understand the standards that have been set. In this regard, communication is very important.Another responsibility of a quality assurance manager is testing. In this stage, products are tested to make sure that they meet the standards that have been previously set. Finally, quality assurance managers often review customer feedback to see whether the standardsthat were set were acceptable to the customer and whether the products passed the quality inspections. They also are often responsible to make sure that certain laws are followed, depending on the products being manufactured. Quality assurance managers sometimes act as a go-between between the production development offices, where the standards are set, and the corporate offices of a company. They also might partake in strategic planning to find ways for the company to become more efficient in manufacturing quality products. They might use computer software to inspect quality or do physical inspections, or they might supervise those who do inspections.Often, quality assurance managers start their careers as entry-level quality inspectors or have some kind of experience in management. Two-year degree programs in quality management are offered for those interested in this type of career. Some companies require that managers have four-year degrees, and they often require a bachelor's degree in either business or engineering.In addition to possible education requirements, quality assurance managers might need licenses or special certifications, depending on the company. The most important aspect of the job is ensuring that the customer's expectations and requirements, as well as all safety requirements, are met. Attention to detail and administrative experience are also important aspects of quality assurance manager jobs, because managers supervise inspectors and test, inspect and adjust products to make sure that they meet the required standards.What Does a Quality AssuranceOfficer Do?A quality assurance officer is charged with creating, implementing, and managing a business's quality control processes. Typical quality assurance officer responsibilities include analyzing business needs and areas for improvement, developing new procedures that ensure higher quality products or methods of production, and defining budgetary needs and the proper distribution of resources. Quality assurance officer jobs are available in a diverse array of fields, from manufacturing and construction to public service organizations and food production facilities.One of the primary aspects of a quality assurance officer job description is the thorough review of company policies and procedures. The officer utilizes knowledge of various production techniques, company rules, and business standards to identify areas that can be improved upon. The goal of this function is to ensure an overall higher qualityof finished product, but it also aims to streamline production processes, better adhere to company rules and any applicable laws, and create more contented workers and customers.In attempts to improve the value of the business, a qualityassurance officer devises new plans to advance the effectiveness of production practices. This typically entails the implementation of more efficient systems designed by the officer. He or she oversees the execution of these new systems and may be called upon to providetraining to employees. The position is traditionally a supervisory one, and the quality assurance officer manages technicians and administrators within the quality control department.Drawing up budgets and appropriately allocating the necessary funds are important parts of any quality assurance officer's job. He or she identifies the need for and cost of any new equipment that may be required by a restructuring of quality control standards. The officer remains inclose communication with senior level employees and those in the finance department so as to better determine the financial scope of any necessary upgrades.To become a quality assurance officer, a candidate is typically required to have a minimum of a bachelor's degree in business, business administration, or management. Many employers look for applicants with a master's degree in one of these specialties. Quality assurance officers tend to have worked in a non-supervisory role within the business for alength of time, as either a technician or in another middle management position. Hiring for this role from within the company is important to many businesses since a candidate who has been with the organization has firsthand knowledge of the processes utilized in production.What Does a Quality AssuranceEngineer Do?Many manufacturing, engineering, software, and other development processes include steps for ensuring that products and services meet the needs and terms of the customer. A quality assurance engineer often performs steps to check a project at various stages of developmentin order to attest to the quality of what is being produced. In software engineering, a quality assurance engineer may be responsible for testing and debuggingsoftware code, while in hardware development, a quality assurance (QA) representative might be tasked with inspecting parts and assembly to ensure they meet government and client specifications. Most quality assurance engineers also review documentation and checklists developed for the project or program.While quality controls are in place at most stages of a product’s development and are within the roles of all team members on a project, a quality assurance engineer generally performs steps at the end of a benchmark or milestone of a program time-line. If a client requests a design development process with reviews at the preliminary stage and at each progressive phase, a QA engineer likely will be reviewing andsigning off as a last step in each phase. When an engineer finds a problem with quality at any of these stages, a product may be demotedfor improvements and moved through the cycle as many times as needed to meet expectations and requirements.Some companies have full-time devoted staff who provide quality assurance to a multitude of programs. Other firms may contract employees in order to complete one large-scale program or component of a program. Projects requiring official government overview, such as an aerospace upgrade of a military plane, for example, may utilize temporary on-site representatives who review and provide a QA stamp of approval based on federal guidelines as needed throughout a project term. Documentation often is a part of QA review a nd approval, as a product’s technical development and components often must be recorded as outlined in a contract.Generally a quality assurance engineer has a high level of experience in a discipline which enables understanding at many levels of a progra m’s development. However, sometimes a QA specialist can apply the same quality techniques from one discipline to another field. Having an understanding of the smallest components of a program with an ability to identify problems with the completed project as a whole is typically a talent of a QA engineer in any specialty.A unique skill of many QA professionals is the ability to test and even attempt to break a program or process in order to troubleshoot any potential problems before they become actual problems for end users.This can involve hours of software bugging and debugging, automotive and aeronautical road or flight testing, or hardware dynamics and temperaturetesting, depending on the field. Being able to identify issuesbefore they become issues for a customer often is a large part of what a quality assurance engineer does.What Does a Quality AssuranceAnalyst Do?The title of quality assurance analyst is most often used todescribe aprofessional who tests and tweaks program applications in a software development company. An analyst may also work in a manufacturing plant or service facility, overseeing production and suggesting ways to improve overall quality. In any setting, it is important for a quality assurance analyst to be highly detail-oriented and have excellent communication skills. He or she must be able to explain necessary changes to products and procedures and provide feedback to workers. Most quality insurance analysts are involved all phases of research, development, production, and distribution.A quality assurance analyst at a software firm tests programs to make sure they are reliable, fully functional, and user-friendly. He or she inspects thousands of lines of code to make sure they are entirely error-free. The analyst also looks for weaknesses in the program, such as an unappealing interface or a slow loading speed. A quality assuranceanalyst with the proper training may be able to make adjustments personally, but most professionals explain their findings to technicians instead so the correct tweaks can be made. Once a program is completed, the analyst reviews it once again before it is released to the public. Professionals who work in other industries typically share many of the same responsibilities. Instead of reviewing code, they may inspect engineering schematics and product prototypes. An analyst might help engineers identify shortcomings in current products and plan ways to improve new models. He or she also works alongside productionspecialists to make sure items are built according to specifications. Finally, analysts work with marketing experts to research customer satisfactionand consider feedback to determine if their products meet expectations. The qualifications to become a quality assurance analyst can vary. Most manufacturing plants and corporations prefer to hire analysts who havetaken at least some college coursework in business administrationanddemonstrated their skills in entry-level quality control or assurancetechnician jobs. A degree in programming, computer science, software engineering, or network administration may be needed order to workfora software development firm. Most new quality assurance analysts spendseveral weeks in training with experienced workers to learn about company-specific policies and procedures.An experienced quality assurance analyst usually has many opportunities for advancement in a large company. He or she may be able to become a supervisor over an entire quality control and assurance division. With continuing education, a professional can move into a top administrative or executive position.。

信息系统项目管理师相关英语缩写2019年2月16日星期六（Rocky Lee）AABC（Activity Based Costing，基于活动的成本）AC（Actual Cost，实际成本）Accept（验收）Acceptable Quality Level（可接受质量水平）Acceptance Standard（验收标准）ACE（Adaptive Communication Environment，自适配通信环境）Action（处理）Activity Definition（活动定义）Activity Description（活动描述/说明）Activity diagram（活动图）Activity List（活动清单）Activity（活动）ADM（Arrow Diagram Method，箭线图法）Administrator Subsystem（管理员子系统）ADO（ActiveX Data Objects，控件数据对象）ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line，非对称数字用户环路）ADSL（Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop ，非对称数字用户线路）Aggregation（聚合）Analogous Estimating（类比估算）ANSI（American National Standards Institute，美国国家标准协会）AOA（Active On the Arrow，双代号网络图法）AON（Active Optical Network，有源光网络）API（Application Programming Interface应用程序编程接口）APON（ATM PON ）Application Layer（应用层）Approve（批准）APR（Acquisition Plan Review，采购计划评审）ARP（Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议）ARP（Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议）Association（关联）Attribute（属性）Availability（有效性）B B/S（Browser/Server，浏览器/服务器）B2B（Business to Business，企业对企业）B2C（Business To Customer，企业对消费者）BAC（Budget At Completion，计划总额）？Bar Chart（横道图）Base line（基线）Benchmarking Analysis（基准比较分析法）BI（Business Intelligence，商业智能）Bottom-Up-Estimating（自底向上估算）Brainstorming（头脑风暴）Bridge（网桥）BSP（Business System Planning，企业系统规划）C C/S（Client/Server，客户机/服务器）C2C（Customer To Customer，消费者对消费者）CA（Certification Authorization，认证机构CAD（Computer-Aided Design，计算机辅助设计）Campus Backbone Subsystem（建筑群子系统）CATV（Community Antenna Television，有线电视）CCB（Change Control Board，变更控制委员会）CCB（Configuration Management Board，配置管理委员会）CDMA（Code Division Multiple，码分多址）Check point（检查点）Check（检查）Checklist（检查单）CI（Configuration Items，配置项）CIFS（Common Internet File System ，通用Internet文件系统）Claim（索赔）Class diagram（类图）Class（类）Closing Process（收尾过程）Cloud Computing（云计算）CLR（Common Language Runtime，公共语言运行库）CM（Configuration Management，配置管理）CMM（Capability Maturity Model，能力成熟度模型）CMMI（Capability Maturity Model Integration，能力成熟度模型集成）CMO（Configuration Management Officer，配置管理员）COCOMO（Constructive Cost Model，结构性成本模型）Collaboration diagram（协作图）Communicate（沟通）Communication Channel（沟通渠道）Communication Plan（沟通计划）Communication（通信）Component diagram（构件图）Component（构件）Composite（组合）Compromise（妥协）Concurrent Engineering（并行工程）Confidentiality（机密性）Integrity（完整性）Configuration Library（配置库）Configuration Status Report（配置状态报告）Container（容器）Contract Close-out（合同收尾）Contract Target Cost（合同目标成本）Contract（合同）、Contract Administration（合同管理）Controlled Library（受控库）Controlling Process（控制过程）CORBA（Common Object Request Broker Architecture，公共对象请求代理体系架构）CORBA（Common Object Request Broker Architecture，公共对象请求代理体系结构）Cost Baseline（成本基准）Cost Budget（成本预算）Cost Estimating（成本估算）Cost Management Plan（成本管理计划）Cost of Quality（质量成本）Cost Variance（成本偏差）Cost（成本）CPFF（Cost Plus Fixed Fee，成本固定费用（合同）CPI（Cost Performed Index，成本绩效指标）CPIF（Cost Plus Incentive Fee，成本加奖励费用）CPM（Critical Path Method，关键路线法）CR（Change Request，变更请求）Crashing（压缩，赶工）Critical Design Review（关键设计评审）CRM（Customer Relationship Management，客户关系管理）CV（Cost Variance，费用偏差）DDAO（Data Access Objects，数据接入对象）DAS（Direct Attached Storage，直接附加存储）DAS（Direct-Attached Storage，直接连接存储）Data Mart（数据集市）Data Mining（数据挖掘）Data Warehouse（数据仓库）Database（数据库）Datalink Layer（数据链路层）DCOM（Distributed Component Object Model，分布式构件对象模型）DD（Data Dictionary，数据字典）DDN（Digital Data Network，数字数据网）Decision Tree Analysis（决策树分析）Defect（缺陷）Deliverable（可交付物）Delphi（德尔菲法）Demonstration（论证）Dependency（依赖）Deployment diagram（部署图）DES（Data Encryption Standard，数据加密标准）Development Library（开发库）Development View（开发视图）DFD（Data Flow Diagram，数据流图）DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, 动态主机配置协议）DHCP（Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol，动态主机设置协议）Directory Structure（目录结构）Discounted Cash Flow（折现现金流）Distributed Computing（分布式计算）DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统）Do（行动）Document（文档）DSS（Decision Support System，决策支持系统Dummy Activity（虚活动）EEAC（Estimate At Completion，完成时估算）EAI（Enterprise Application Integration,企业应用集成）EC（Electronic commerce，电子商务）EDI（Electronic Data Interchange，电子数据交换）EEF（Enterprise Environmental Factors，事业环境因素）EF（Earliest Finish Time，最早完成时间）EPON（Ethernet PON，以太网无源光网络）Equipment Room Subsystem（设备间子系统）E-R（Entity-Relationship Diagram，实体联系图）ERP（Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源计划ES（Earliest Start Time，最早开始时间）ETC（Estimate To Complete，完成尚需成本估算）Ethernet（以太网）ETL（Extract Transformation/Load ，清洗／转换／加载）EV（Earned Value，已完成工作量的预算成本）EVM（Earned Value Management，挣值管理）Executing Process（执行过程）Expert Judgment（专家判断）Extendibility（可扩展性）FFast Tracking（快速跟进）FC（Fiber Channel，光纤通道）FDMA（Frequency Division Multiple Access，频分多址）FF（Free Float，自由时差）FFP（Firm Fixed Price，完全固定总价）Firewall（防火墙）Force（强迫）FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议）FTP（File Transport Protocol，文件传输协议）FTTB（Fiber To The Building，光纤至楼）FTTC（Fiber To The Curb，光纤到路边）FTTF（Fiber To The Floor，光纤到楼层）FTTH（Fiber To The Home，光纤到户）FTTR（Fiber To The Remote module，光纤到远端接入点）FTTZ（Fiber To The Zone，光纤到小区）Function（函数）Functional Organization（职能组织）Functionality（功能性）GG2B（Government to Business，政府对企业）G2C（Government to Citizen，政府对公民）G2E（Government to Employee，政府对雇员）G2G（Government to Government，政府部门之间）Gantt Chart（甘特图）Gateway（网关）Generalization（泛化）GIS（Geographic Information System，地理信息系统）Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique（图形评审技术）Graphical User Interface（图形用户界面）Grid Computing（网格计算）HHDSL（High-speed Digital Subscriber Line高速率数字用户线路）HFC（Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial，混合光纤同轴电缆网）HFC（Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial，同轴光纤技术）Horizontal Backbone Subsystem（水平干线子系统）HTML（Hypertext Markup Language，超文本标记语言）HTTP（Hypertext Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议）IIB（InfiniBand，无限带宽）ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol，网际控制报文协议）IDEA（International Data Encryption Algorithm，国际加密数据算法）IEC（International Electric technical Commission，国际电工委员会）IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers，电子电气工程师协会）IGMP（Internet Group Management Protocol, 网际组管理协议）Information Distribution（信息分发）Information Security（信息安全）Inheritance（继承）Initiating Process（启动过程）Input（输入）Inspection（审查）IOT（Internet of Things，物联网）IPS（The Internet Protocol Security，Internet协议安全性）IS（Information System，信息系统）ISDN（Integrated Services Digital Network，综合业务数字网）ISO（International Organization for Standardization，国际标准化组织）ITIL（Information Technology Infrastructure Library信息技术基础架构库）ITSM（IT Service Management，IT服务管理）ITU（International Telecommunications Union，国际电信联盟）JJDBC（Java Database Connectivity，Java 数据库连接）JVM（Java Virtual Machine，Java 虚拟机）LLAN（Local Area Network，局域网LF（Latest Finish Time，最迟完成时间）Logic View（逻辑图）LS（Latest Start Time，最迟开始时间）MMAC（Media Access Control，媒体访问控制）Maintainability（可维护性）Matrix Organization（矩阵型组织）Message（消息）Method（方法）Middleware（中间件）Milestone（里程碑）MIS（Management Information System，信息管理系统）Modifiability（可修改）Module View（模块视图）MOM（Message-Oriented Middleware，面向消息的中间件）Monte Carlo Analysis（蒙特卡洛分析）Most likely time（最可能时间）MRP（Material Requirement Planning，物料需求计划MRPII（Manufacturing Resource Planning，制造资源计划）NNAS（Network Attached Storage，网络连接存储）NAS（Network Attached Storage，网络附加存储）Network Layer（网络层）NFS（Net File System，网络文件系统）Non-Repudiation（不可否认性）OObject diagram（对象图）Object（对象）OBS（Organizational Breakdown Structure，组织分解结构）OCR（Optical Character Recognition，光学字符识别）ODBC（Open Database Connectivity，开放数据库互连）ODBC（Open Database Connectivity，开放数据库互连）ODS（Operation Data Store，操作数据存储）OLAP（On-Line Analytical Processing，在线联机分析处理）OLTP（On-Line Transaction Processing，联机事务处理系统）OMG（Object Management Group，对象管理组织）OMT（Object Model Technology，对象建模技术）OO（Object-Oriented，面向对象）OOA（Object-Oriented Analysis，面向对象分析方法）OOD（Object-Oriented Design，面向对象设计）OOP（Object-Oriented Programming，面向对象编程）OOSE（Object-Oriented Software Engineering，面向对象的软件工程）OPA（Organizational Process Assets，组织过程资产）Operations（运作）Opportunities（机遇）Optimistic time（乐观时间）OSI（Open System Interconnect，开放式互联系统）OSI（Open System Interconnect，开放系统互联参考模型）Output（输出）Outsourcing（外包）PPareto Chart（帕累托图）PDH（Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy，同步光网络）PDM（Precedence Diagram Method，前导图法）PDS（Premises Distribution System，综合布线系统）Performance Report（绩效报告）Performance（性能）PERT（Program Evaluation and Review Technique，计划评审技术）Pessimistic time（悲观时间）Phases（阶段）Physical Layer（物理层）Physical View（物理视图）PKI（Public Key Infrastructure，公钥基础设施）Plan（计划）Planning Process（计划过程）PMBOK（Project Management Body Of Knowledge，项目管理知识体系）PMI（Privilege Management Infrastructure，授权管理基础设施PMIS（Project Management Information System，项目管理信息系统）PMO（Project Management Office，项目管理办公室）PON（Passive Optical Network，无源光网络）PON（Passive Optical Network，无源光纤网络）Portability（可移植性）PPTP（Point to Point Tunneling，异步传输模式）Presentation Layer（表示层）PRI（Rate Interface，初始速率接口）Problem Solving（问题解决）Process View（进程视图）Process（过程）Product Documentation（产品文档）Product Library（产品库）Product Life Cycle（产品生命周期）Product Scope（项目范围）Project Charter（项目章程）Project Management Plan（项目管理计划）Project Management Process Group（项目管理过程组）Project Manager（项目经理）Project Organization（项目型组织）Project Sponsor（项目发起人）Project Stakeholder（项目干系人）Project Team（项目团队）Projects（项目）Proxy（代理）PSTN（Public Switching Telephone Network，公用交换电话网络）PV（Plan Value，计划工作量的预算费用）QQA（Quality Assurance，质量保证）QC（Quality Control，质量控制）QFD（Quality Function Deployment，质量功能部署）Qualitative Risk Analysis（定性风险分析）Quality（质量）Quantitative Risk Analysis（定量风险分析）RRAID（Redundant Array of Independent Disk，独立冗余磁盘阵列）RAM（Responsibility Assignment Matrix，责任分配矩阵）RARP（Reverse Address Resolution Protocol，反向地址解析协议）RBS（Resource Breakdown Structure，资源分解结构）RDO（Remote Data Objects，远程数据对象）Reassemble（结构重组）Reliability（可靠性）Reserve Analysis（预留分析）Residual Transference（风险转移）Residual Risk（残余风险）Resource Calendar（资源日历）Resource Leveling（资源均衡）Resource Planning（资源规划）Review（评审）RFID（Radio Frequency Identification，射频识别）RFP（Request for Proposal，请求建议书）RFQ（Request for Quotation，请求报价单）Riser Backbone Subsystem（垂直干线子系统）Risk Acceptance（风险接受）Risk Analysis（风险分析）Risk Aversion（风险规避）Risk Distinguish（风险识别Risk Mitigation（风险缓解）Risk Response（风险应对）Risk（风险）Rolling Wave Plan（滚动式计划）Round-robin Review（轮查）Router（路由器）RPC（Remote Procedure Call，远程过程调用）RSA（Ron Rivest、Adi Shamirh LenAdleman 三人创建的非对称加密算法）SSA（Structure Analysis，结构化分析）SA（Structured Analysis，结构化分析）SAN（Storage Area Network，存储区域网络）SAN（Storage Area Network，存储区域网络）SAS（Server Attached Storage，服务器附加存储）Scenarios（场景）Schedule Analysis（进度计划分析）Schedule Compression（进度计划压缩）Schedule Control（进度计划控制）SCM（Supply Chain Management，供应链管理）Scope Change（范围变更）Scope Creep（范围蔓延）Scope Definition（范围定义）Scope Verification（范围验证）SCSI（Small Computer System Interface，小型计算机系统接口）S-Curve（S曲线）SD（Structure Design，结构化设计）SDH（Synchronous Digital Hierarchy，同步光网络）Security（安全性）Sensitivity Analysis（灵敏度分析）Sequence diagram（序列图）Server（服务器）Session Layer（会话层）Smooth（圆滑）SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol，简单邮件传输协议）SNMP（Simple Network Management Protocol，简单网络管理协议）SO（Service-Oriented，面向服务）SOA（Service Oriented Architecture，面向对象体系架构SOAP（Simple Object Access Protocol，简单对象访问协议）SOW（Statement Of Work，工作说明书）SP（Structure Programming，结构化程序设计）SPI（Schedule Performed Index，进度绩效指标）SQA（Software Quality Assurance，软件质量保证）SRS（Software Requirement Specification，软件需求规格说明书）State diagram（状态图）STD（State Transform Diagram，状态转换图）Strategy（战略）Supervisor（监理）Switch（交换机）SWOT（Strengths（优势）System Documentation（系统文档）SV（Schedule Variance，进度偏差）TTCP（Transmission Control Protocol，传输控制协议）TDMA（Time Division Multiple Access，时分多址）Team Development（团队建设）Team members（团队成员）Technology（技术）Template（模板）TF（Total Float，总时差）TFTP（trivial File Transfer Protocol，简单文件传输协议）Threats（威胁，挑战）Three-point Estimate（三点估算）Token King（令牌环网）Tool（工具）TPS（Transaction process System，事务处理系统TQM（Total Quality Management，全面质量管理）Transport Layer（传输层）Schedule（进度）UUDDI（Universal Description, Discovery and Integration，通用描述、发现与集成服务）UDP（User Datagram Protocol，用户数据报协议）UDP（User Datagram Protocol，用户数据报协议）UML（Unified Modeling Language，统一建模语言）UML（United Model Language，统一建模语言）URL（Uniform Resource Locator，统一资源定位器）Use case diagram（用例图）User Documentation（用户文档）VVDSL（Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber loop，甚高速数字用户环路）Version（版本）Virtual Team（虚拟团队）Virus（病毒）VPN（Virtual Private Network，虚拟专用网）WWalkthrough（走查）W AN（Wide Area Network，广域网）WBS（Work Breakdown Structure，工作分解结构）WDMA（Wave Division Multiple Access，波分多址）Weaknesses（劣势）Web Services（Web 服务）WFMS（Workflow Management System，工作流管理系统）Withdrawal（撤退）Work Area Subsystem（工作区子系统）Work Package（工作包）Workaround（权变措施）WorkFlow（工作流）Workstation（工作站）WSDL（Web Services Description Language，web服务描述语言）XXML（Extensible Markup Language，可扩展标记语言）。

质量体系缩写中英文对照AAR：外观批准报告ADV：分析/开发/验证ADV-DV：ADV设计验证A/S/V P &R：分析/开发/验证计划和报告ADV-PV：ADV产品验证AIAG：汽车工业行动集团AP：先期采购APQP：产品质量先期筹划APO：（通用）亚太分部APQP Project Plan：APQP项目筹划ASQE：先期供应商质量工程师BOM：材料清单BOP：过程清单Brownfield Site：扩建场地CMM：三坐标测试仪M Complex System/Subassembly：M复杂系统/分总成CPK：过程能力指数CTS：零件技术规范Defect outflow detection：缺陷检测DFM/DFA：可制造性/可装配性设计DFMEA：设计失效模式分析DPV：每辆车缺陷数DRE：设计发放工程师Error Occurrence Prevevtion：防错EWO：工程更改指令FE1，2，3：功能评估GD&T：几何尺寸&尺寸GM：通用汽车公司GME：通用汽车欧洲分部GM9000：指QS9000GP：总体环节GPDS：全球产品描述系统GPS：全球采购系统GQTS：全球质量跟踪系统GR&R：量具旳反复性与再现性Greenfield Site：新建工厂GVDP：全球车辆开发工程IPTV：每千辆车缺陷数KCC：核心控制特性KCDS：核心特性批示系统Kiek-Off Meeting：启动会议KPC：核心产品特性LAO：（通用）拉丁美洲分部LCR：最低生产能力MCR：最大生产能力MOP：制造/采购MPC：物料生产控制MPCE：欧洲物料生产控制MRD：物料需求日期MSA：测量系统分析MVBns：非销售车制造验证MVBs：销售车制造验证NAO：（通用）北美分部NBH：停止新业务N.O.D：决策告知OEM：主机客户PAD：生产装配文献PC&L：生产控制&物流PDT：产品开发小组PFMEA：潜在失效模式分析PPAP：生产件批准程序PPM：1）项目采购经理2）每百万件旳产品缺陷数PPK：过程能力指数PQC：产品质量特性PR/R：问题报告及解决PSA：潜在供应商评审QSA：质量系统评审QTC：工装报价能力RASIC：负责、批准、支持、告知、讨论RFQ：报价规定RPN：风险顺序数RPN Reduction Plan：减少RPN值计划SDE：供应商开发工程师SFMEA：系统失效模式失效SMT：系统管理小组SOA：加速开始SOP：正式生产SOR：规定声明：SPC：记录过程控制SPO：（通用汽车）零件与服务分部SQ：供应商质量SQE：供应商质量工程师SQIP：供应商质量改善过程SSF：系统填充开始SSTS：分系统技术规范S.T.E.P：采购定点小组评估过程M Subcontractor：M分供方Team Feasibility Commitment：小组可行性承诺UG：UG工程绘图造型系统VDP：车辆开发过程VLE：车辆平台负责人WWP：全球采购序号缩写英文原文解释1 OTS overall tooling sample用批量生产旳工模器具制造出旳样件2 PVS Produktions – Versuchs - Serie 批量试生产3 TMA Trial Manufacturing Agreement 试制合同4 QSV Qualitaes-Sicherungs-Vereinbarung 质量保证合同5 BMG Bau-Muster-Genehmigung产品工程样件性能检查承认6 B- Freigabe 采购承认7 D- Freigabe 试制/0批量旳承认8 P- Freigabe 计划承认9 TL 技术资料汇编10 LH LastenHeft 规定汇总书11 Pflichtenheft 责任汇总书12 ME Markt-Einfuehrung 市场导入13 MIS Management Informations-System 管理信息系统14 Nullserie 零批量15 QPN Qualifizierungs-Programm Neuteile 新零件质量提高计划16 SOP Start-Of-Production 批量生产启动Standard Operating Procedure 原则操作程序17 QSR 质量体系规定18 APQP Adavanced part quality plan 高级产品质量计划19 PPAP product part approval procedure 生产件批准程序20 QSA 质量体系评审21 MSA measurement system analysis 测量系统分析22 FMEA 失效模式及成果分析23 SPC 记录过程控制QC(Quality Control)质量控制,就是质检,通俗说就是检查QA(Quality Assurance)QA中文全称：质量保证IPQC(In-Process Quality Control)品质管理项目制程检查IQC来料检查,就是原材料检查QC旳层次要比QA低,通俗来说就是检查员QA人员旳重要任务就是监督药物从原料进厂到成品出厂旳全过程旳质量；QC 就是对药物原料和成品旳所含重要成分进行检测,重要是给出原料和成品旳检测数据.在药厂QC比QA轻松一点,但QA不需要懂得仪器旳操作,只要懂得成品和原料旳指标,并用QC提供旳数据来判断原料和成品与否合格批准进厂或出厂.在液相中设立这个重要是为制药厂考虑旳,能减少诸多不必要旳反复工作.IQC 是来料控制,也就是进货检查OQC 是出货检查也就是出厂检查QC 是质量检查QA 指质量测试IPQC 制程控制PE 指制程工程师IE 指文献工程师-----------------------------------------------QC中文全称: 即英文QUALITY CONTROL旳简称，中文意义是品质控制，质量检查。

关于质量认证的英语词汇很多学生学不好英语，不是智力问题，而主要是单词的问题，词汇量不够。

下面是分享的关于质量认证的，一起来看一下吧。

质量一致性检验inspecton of quality conformity仲裁性质质量监视quality supervision for arbitration 产品保护product protection产品定型product approval产品分等product classificatin产品标准product specification产品设计product design产品质量product quality产品合格率product percent of pass产品系列化product seriation产品管理标准product management standard产品计量单位unit of measurement of product产品售后效劳after service产品质量标志product quality mark产品质量标准product quality standard产品质量管理product quality management产品质量检验product quality inspection产品质量监视检验product quality supervision and inspection产品质量认证标志certification marking of product quality产品质量认证程序certification procedure of product quality产品质量认证制度certification system of product quality认证certification立法legislation自行认证self-certification认可areditation平安认证safety certification平安认证标志mark of safety certification强制性认证pulsory certificate实验室鉴定laboratory qualification实验室认证laboratory certification自愿认证制voluntary system of certification法规机构regulatory authorities认证活动certification activity认证体系certification system认证方案certification scheme认证机构certification body检验机构inspecton body许可证licence申请人applicant许可证持有者licensee合格证书certificate of conformity合格标记mark of conformity认证体系的利用aess to certification system认证体系的参与者participant in certification system 认证体系的成员member of certification system批准approval型式批准type approval测试实验室的认可areditation of testing laboratory认可areditation认可体系areditation system认可机构areditation body认可的实验室aredited laboratory认可准那么acreditatin criteria实验室评定laboratory assessment实验室评定者laboratory assessor认可的实验室的试验报告aredited laboratory test report 批准签署人approved signatory成认和批准协议recognition and approval arrangement成认协议recognition arrangement单边协议unilateral arrangement双边协议bilateral arrangement多边协议multilateral arrangemetn互利reciprocity平等待遇equal treatmetn国家待遇national treatment国家和平等待遇national and equal treatment合格及有关的通用概念conformity and related general concept合格conformity合格测试conformity testing合格aeptable合格品aeptable part合格标志mark of conformity合格认证conformity certification合格认证标志mark of conformity certification合格品标志mark of aeptable product合格证书certificate of conformity合格证检查inspection by certificate合格质量检查aeptable quality level评定合格assessment of conformity合格评定conformity assessment型式评价type evaluation合格监视conformity surveillance合格证明verification of conformity合格保证assurance of conformity供货商声明supplier's declaration生产许可证production licence一致consensus检验inspection不定期检验nonperiodic inspection抽样检验sampling inspection出厂检验exfactory inspection第一方检验first party inspection第二方检验second party inspection第三方检验third party inspection第三方认证制度third pary certification定期检验periodic inspection交收检验aeptance inspeciton例行检验routine inspeciton生产检验produciton inspeciton生产定型检验production approval inspeciton 验收检验aeptance inspeciton验证检验pliance test仲裁检验arbitration inspection制造商担保guarantee by manufacturer百分比抽样检查percent sampling inspection 不合格判定数rejection number不合格质量水平rejecton quality level抽查型质量监视sampling quality supervision 环境监测environmental monitoring抽样sampling屡次抽样multiple sampling分层抽样stratified sampling分层随机抽样stratified random smapling多级抽样multistage sampling二次抽样double sampling试件test piece试验报告test report试样test sample测试设备testing equipment测试试验室testing laboratority商标trademark商品名称trade-name测试testing试验test实验室间的试验比拟interlaboratory test parisons 熟练水平试验proficiency testing次品defective product代用产品substitute product定量试验quantitative test出口管理export control出口许可证制度export control进口许可证制度import licence system定额管理quota management非关税壁垒non-tarrif barrier关税壁垒tariff barrier关税普遍优惠制general preferential duties。

质量保证工程师SQA岗位职责质量保证工程师SQA（Supplier Quality Assurance）是一个质量控制领域的职位，他需要主要的职责就是监控并满足公司对于供应商的需求，以确保所收到的产品和服务满足公司要求。

其职责主要包括以下几个方面：1、负责供应商的质量管理：SQA工程师需要实施一系列质量管理活动，以监督和改进公司的供应商体系及其质量表现。

首先，它需要了解并参与制定公司的供应商选择和评估程序，把控供应商的质量标准，定期对供应商进行质量评估和管理，确定供应商发现的问题及时予以纠正，确保供应商的产品、服务质量在公司要求的范围内，满足客户需求。

2、负责供应链的质量监控：SQA工程师需要对整个供应链进行质量监控，确保在该供应链的每个环节中符合公司的质量标准。

它需要从供应商、原材料的引进，产品生产、包装、检验到发货等多个环节进行质量检验和控制，不断优化整个供应链的各个环节，确保供应商的承诺和公司要求的质量标准得到满足。

3、负责与供应商合作：SQA工程师需要与供应商进行密切的合作，确保他们了解到公司的质量标准和要求，并通过反馈和教育的方式，帮助他们不断提高产品质量。

它需要促进公司和供应商之间的交流、沟通，及时把有关问题告知供应商，相互协作来解决问题，保持合适的合作关系，确保供应商能够为公司提供后续的高品质产品和服务。

4、负责质量标准的制定和实施：SQA工程师需要负责制定公司的质量标准，并确保这些标准得到贯彻落实。

它需要预测和应对可能出现的问题和风险，制定和实施预防性和纠正性措施，以确保产品和服务的质量符合公司的要求，达到持续的改进目的。

同时，SQA工程师还需要借助审核、培训等手段，确保公司员工能够始终认识到公司对于质量的重视和追求，并促进每个人对于质量的客观评价和改进意识。

总之，SQA工程师是一个质量控制领域的专家，需要监督和控制公司供应链的每个环节，确保产品和服务质量能够符合公司的要求。

因此，SQA工程师一定要熟悉质量体系、检测技巧、生产工艺等相关内容，同时具备流畅的沟通能力和灵活应变的能力。

accreditation and quality assurance投稿流程Accreditation and Quality Assurance (AQ&A) is a rigorous process that ensures the quality of educational institutions and programs. It is a means by which students, employers, and the public can trust that an institution or program meets certain standards of excellence. This article will provide an overview of the accreditation and quality assurance process, including why it is important, how it works, and the steps involved in the submission and review process.I. Introduction to Accreditation and Quality Assurance Accreditation is a voluntary process that educational institutions and programs undergo to demonstrate their commitment to quality and continuous improvement. It involves an extensive evaluation of the institution or program by a recognized accrediting body, which typically assesses factors such as curriculum, faculty qualifications, student outcomes, and institutional resources. Accreditation ensures that the education provided meets certain standards and prepares students for success in their chosen field. Quality assurance, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of activities aimed at maintaining and improving the quality of education. It includes various mechanisms and processes that institutions and programs use to evaluate their performance, make necessary improvements, and demonstrate accountability.Accreditation and quality assurance are closely linked, as accreditation is a key component of quality assurance efforts. Accreditation provides external validation of an institution's quality, while quality assurance ensures that institutions andprograms monitor their own performance and take corrective actions as needed.II. Importance of Accreditation and Quality Assurance Accreditation and quality assurance play a vital role in ensuring the quality and integrity of education. They serve several important purposes:1. Protecting student interests: Accreditation provides assurance to students that the institution or program they are considering is reputable and meets certain quality standards. It helps them make informed decisions about their education and ensures they receivea quality education that prepares them for their future careers.2. Ensuring employer confidence: Accreditation is often viewed asa form of quality assurance by employers. They trust that graduates of accredited institutions or programs have received a rigorous education and possess the necessary knowledge and skills to perform well in the workplace.3. Promoting institutional and program improvement: Accreditation and quality assurance processes provide institutions and programs with valuable feedback and recommendations for improvement. They encourage a culture of continuous improvement, helping institutions and programs stay current and relevant in a rapidly changing educational landscape.4. Fostering international recognition and mobility: Accreditation is often recognized and respected internationally, facilitating the transfer of credits and enhancing opportunities for students andgraduates to study, work, or pursue further education abroad.III. The Accreditation and Quality Assurance ProcessThe accreditation and quality assurance process typically involves the following steps:1. Self-assessment: The institution or program conducts a thorough self-assessment, examining its strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. It gathers and analyzes data on student outcomes, curriculum, faculty qualifications, resources, and other relevant factors.2. Submission of application: The institution or program submits an application for accreditation or quality assurance to the appropriate accrediting body. The application includes comprehensive documentation, such as self-assessment reports, supporting evidence, and other required materials.3. External evaluation: The accrediting body conducts an external evaluation, which involves a visit to the institution or program. A team of evaluators, typically experts in the field, reviews the documentation, interviews faculty and students, and assesses the institution's or program's compliance with the accrediting body's standards.4. Review and decision: The accrediting body reviews the evaluators' reports and makes a decision on accreditation or quality assurance status. This decision may be based on specific criteria or standards set by the accrediting body. The decision is typically communicated to the institution or program in the form of a writtenreport that details the findings and recommendations.5. Implementation of recommendations: If the institution or program receives accreditation or quality assurance status, it is typically required to implement any recommended improvements within a specified timeframe. This may involve making changes to curriculum, faculty qualifications, student support services, or other areas identified during the evaluation process.6. Ongoing monitoring and review: Accredited institutions and programs are subject to ongoing monitoring and review by the accrediting body to ensure they maintain the required standards of quality. This may involve periodic self-assessments, site visits, or other mechanisms to evaluate performance and identify areas for improvement.IV. ConclusionAccreditation and quality assurance are essential processes to ensure the quality and integrity of education. They provide assurance to students, employers, and the public that educational institutions and programs meet or exceed specific standards of excellence. The accreditation and quality assurance process involves a thorough evaluation of an institution or program by an external accrediting body, as well as ongoing monitoring and review to ensure continuous improvement. Through accreditation and quality assurance, educational stakeholders can have confidence in the quality of education they receive or provide.。

Essential Components of an SOA Quality Foundationby Jim MurphyPublished: March 1, 2007 (SOA Magazine Issue V: March 2007, Copyright © 2007)Download this article as a PDF document.Abstract: There are a significant number of companies investing in SOA initiatives, but only a small number are at the point of realizing a positive return on their investments. These organizations have embraced SOA as part of their core business strategies, yet they have also taken a pragmatic approach, knowing that a successful service-oriented architecture depends upon the quality of the architecture itself.Creating an SOA quality foundation means understanding the overall goals of a service-oriented strategy, and optimizing the environment for successful execution of that strategy. This article explores the major components that make up the foundation of SOA quality and discusses the need for communication, trust and control to ensure that a service-oriented solution meets or exceeds business and technical expectations – whether it’s in the form of cost savings, productivity, better customer service, or reduced time to market.Introduction: The SOA Quality FoundationSOA quality is measure of how an SOA implementation accommodates business and technical expectations. To meet these increasingly high expectations, SOA must consistently yield value in the form of cost savings, productivity, and time to-market. In fact, “SOA quality is fast becoming one of the next critical issues that enterprises, consulting firms, and vendors alike must face when implementing SOA” [REF-1]. But, the question remains: How does a company go about achieving SOA quality?The key is building a proper foundation for success. And, to accomplish this requires a proper plan. A recent survey confirmed that organizations with a quality plan are more likely to be satisfied with their SOA deployment, and that “creating a viable SOA initiative is contingent on the ability to ensure software quality and gain trust of all constituents. Without an articulated quality strategy rigorously enforced SOA will not scale and will not deliver on its promises” [REF-2].Figure 1: The common buildingblocks of an SOA foundationframework.bottom-up strategy for incorporating SOA quality. Figure 1 illustrates the common building blocks of an SOAfoundation. Let’s take a closer look at the five fundamental components that comprise the bottom layer.PrototypingAs business and IT groups strive to work together on SOA initiatives, prototyping is one of the most effective ways of mapping out collections of services prior to actually investing in their development. Top-down projects typically start out this phase with up-front analysis efforts. It is here that service modeling processes are carried out in order to produce a service inventory blueprint, which is essentially “a conceptual blueprint of all the planned services for a given inventory” [REF-3]. The service candidates produced by the service modeling phase provide a starting point for service design processes that end up producing service contracts before any actual code is written.By iterating through service-oriented design, multiple contracts can be developed and refined, allowing business analysts, architects, and developers to work with and agree upon concrete technical interfaces early in the process. This helps tune individual services in support of reusability and also allows consumers and testers to get involved in the analysis and design processes, reducing the overall burden on the eventual development cycle.Prototyping with Web services involves the use of WSDL definitions to build a simulation of a service-oriented application. While a WSDL contract is static, a simulation is dynamic, providing a better understanding of how services will behave and interact. The prototype facilitates early testing for non-functional issues of compliance and interoperability, as well as functional and architectural issues such as interface granularity and data mapping.If Web service contracts are available to and easily understood by business analysts and architects, they can begin the testing and quality process early on in the project cycle to identify potential problems and reduce the overall time to deployment. When prototyping is carried out by those working on the business side, it enables the notoriously elusivealignment of business and IT so that new services are created in full support of business goals.ComplianceFundamental to achieving a meaningful level of SOA quality is a consistent compliance to standards. Non-compliant services pose a high risk to attaining positive business returns and simply cannot exist if an SOA is to be successful. Even well-written services cannot guarantee broad interoperability unless standards and best practices are adopted and adhered to throughout an organization.Industry standards, such as the WS-I Basic Profile, provide fundamental guidelines for interoperability. However, corporate standards, particularly for XML Schema, are also required. Once in place, both industry and corporate standards need to be enforced. Therefore, it is critical to incorporate compliance early on by providing the right tools to those creating the WSDL definition and associated schemas. This positions standardization as a core characteristic of each service (as per the Standardize Service Contract principle [REF-3]). Conversely, governance solutions that “police” compliance late in development and deployment processes can make conformance a challenge, especially when carried out with burdensome tools.One example of how compliance and quality are being applied early in the delivery lifecycle is the aforementioned contract-first approach in which the customized service interface drives the development process. Contract-first design can reduce initial development cycles while also supporting ongoing compliance over time.Current Web service tools make contract-first development possible, but many far from encourage the practice. Developers will only embrace standards, rules, and policies by seeing value in what they provide. Architects and governance teams must educate others as to what the standards are, why they are in place, and most importantly, how developers can improve their projects to become compliant.TestingThe design considerations raised by service-orientation require changes to how software testing processes are carried out. Traditional approaches emphasized the testing of business logic through application user interfaces, which has proved to be critical when deploying new solutions. With SOA, the need to test the business logic still exists (in fact, it is even more important with disparate services). However, Web services lack a user interface, making it very challenging for QA teams to ensure that solutions comprised of shared services can properly support business requirements.SOA project teams therefore need tools that can provide the necessary user interface, simulate unavailable services, and ensure that all team members (including those without programming or XML knowledge) can test services. It is also important that test scripts be accessible to allow for continuous regression testing, a form of testing particularly relevant service policies change or when consumers need to use services in different ways.An implemented SOA has many moving parts. It is virtually impossible to test every Web service and its interaction with its dependencies. Additionally, unlike traditional software applications, testing occurs while many services are in various stages of development (including production). New testing methods are needed in order to fulfill the unique aspects of a service-oriented solution, because “testing of SOA environments is taking a quantum leap in complexity… the trust needed for SOA to attain widespread use will be built from the successful use of well-designed and tested services” [REF-2].DiagnosticsDetermining if a Web service can perform its intended function is often a time-sensitive issue that might require fast identification of a root problem. This can pose significant challenges to many teams and individuals because Web services in an SOA tend to be more complex. No matter how well Web services and business processes are tested, problems will still occur; after all, they are still software and prone to the same logic defects as ever. Within a service-oriented enterprise, problems often need to be solved in real-time, and may further require the involvement of disparate teams and systems. These circumstances require a means of carrying out collaborative diagnostics.As a core component in the foundation, strong diagnostics are essential to providing and maintaining SOA quality during runtime, and preventing runtime issues by catching them at design time (and “change time”). Within a service-oriented environment diagnostics are especially critical at the XML abstraction layer. It is here where we need to pinpoint the nuances of message exchanges that can hinder the performance and trust across Web service activities. Specialized diagnostic tools are also needed to test areas that systems management tools and code analyzers tend tomiss. It is important that these tools eliminate the complexities of the XML language but still provide rapid problem identification and resolution capabilities. Furthermore, each member of a project team should have the ability to diagnose problems, which means that usage of diagnostic tools cannot be limited to technical professionals only. SupportReproducing problems within the more complex service-oriented solutions can be a significant challenge. Support departments will often need to involve several groups and individuals to solve a given problem, many of which may not have the necessary technical expertise to understand the problem in the first place. This can lead to confusion and unproductive collaborations that can further result in finger-pointing and blame. These situations can be avoided when there is a common understanding of the problems and an effective means by which any project team member can reproduce them.Also, support is fundamentally different in an SOA because it involves two phases that span design time and run time simultaneously. As services are exposed for use, consumers will require support to assist in the development of their applications. Automated “pre-support” or “consumer jumpstarts” involve exposing documented contracts and providing a way for team members to investigate services and try different scenarios.In production, support teams need to understand and resolve problems quickly and often need to reproduce scenarios as failure occur. When service developers get involved, complete problem data needs to be shared with other team members with the ability to simulate different scenarios to more effectively diagnose these problems. It is absolutely essential to have a mechanism for supporting the disparate groups that use services, without overwhelming the development teams.Pre-support and run-time support creates another primary building block in the foundation of SOA quality – one that requires solutions that can simplify and automate the entire support process. This means providing support teams with the ability to effectively collaborate with others, document accepted processes and scenarios, and easily capture, reproduce, and resolve problems.Communication, Trust, and ControlThe ability to communicate effectively is an essential part of a successful SOA initiative. It is equally important to service-oriented technologies as it is to the people involved with the environment “…because SOA reflects an extensive ecosystem [and] successful SOA implementations are by nature collaborative” [REF-2].However, communication is more than just interoperability and collaboration – it involves the interaction between people and technologies, which is often where quality breaks down. In addition, trust is what drives service reuse and is therefore relevant in nearly every aspect of an SOA. As advocated by the Service Discoverability principle [REF-3], it is critical for teams to be aware of existing services and understand what they can and cannot do, and most importantly, have trust and confidence that the services will execute as intended.Lastly, control is essential at design time, change time and run time. It involves policy enforcement to ensure quality, and requires changes in human behavior, development concepts, and process. It involves reducing the number of production issues during run time and resolving those issues quickly. By factoring in the need for effective communication, trust and control, teams will be better able to work in a cohesive, effective manner throughout the entire project lifecycle.SOA Quality ManagementThere are numerous tasks that can be part of a quality management approach for service-oriented solutions and service inventories. Figure 2 highlights some of the key parts of a common SOA quality management framework.Figure 2: Common tasks andprocesses required to effectivelymanage SOA quality.VisualizationWhen evolving an SOA, developers need a design-time view of services within a registry. More than just a list of services, visualization requires access to service documentation, the ability to try out (test-drive) the service without the need to program or know XML, and an understanding of compliance status. For non-developers (architects, QA, etc.), visualization provides the ability to read and understand a Web service without deep knowledge of XML. Exploratory TestingProviding developers and QA with the ability to perform ad-hoc tests, such as point-and-click service invocation and the ability to leverage previous tests to perform “what if” analysis, are all considered part of exploratory testing. Service SimulationSimulating a service based on its WSDL interface is essential to prevent developing and testing applications against production endpoints or when a service has not been constructed yet. This is particularly an issue when there is no convenient staging instance for all services involved – such as a mainframe system that offers a Web service interface.Scenario TestingOnce a critical mass of services is available, orchestrating them together into business oriented scenarios is possible. Verifying the correctness of these scenarios is a great way tie business value to the quality process.This includes:• recording Invoke/Resend interactions to form a scenario or build from captured message traffic• thread data between scenario actions• set “expectations” for automated response validation• running a test and then retargeting endpoint URLs to test different locationsBy continuously assuring the quality of business processes, scenario testing can help organizations realize the true potential of their applications.SOAP Message ValidationHigh-value services often have complex input and output message formats. To ensure services are behaving properly you need tools to verify that service response conform to the service contract as described in the WSDL. SOAP message and schema validation is a good place to start but might be just the beginning if your message formats require complex semantic validation.Impact AnalysisWhen iterating internal or external changes to a service implementation or interface you need to understand the impact those changes will have on existing Web service consumers. Even when a change does not affect the service contract, the degree of semantic change is unknown unless you can exercise the service with messages and scenarios that establish a known baseline.Regression TestingPlaying back a series of tests to compare the current version/iteration of a service with a previous version can reveal performance and behavioral differences. Regression testing is critical to SOA, because service-oriented solutions are comprised of service compositions which, in turn, are comprised of many shared services.Functional TestingIn order to determine that a Web service functions as expected, we need the basic ability to send and receive messages. Yet this simple test may be a challenge to QA teams trained only to test user-interfaces and Web pages. WSDL/XSD ComplianceA critical component to ensuring Web service and SOA quality is the ability to check any WSDL contract or message against industry standards. Ideally, testing should also include compliance with corporate standards.Architectural ReviewsA common best practice for building service-oriented solutions is the previously described contract-first (or “contract early”) approach. Once an architect has a WDSL contract, having the ability to review and compare it to other services helps ensure interoperability and, ultimately, SOA quality.It Starts with PlanningEvery successful strategy is based on a plan and a team to execute that plan. To begin building a foundation for SOA quality, organizations can start with these three basic steps:Assemble your TeamToday’s successful SOA implementations are commonly led by a cross-functional team representing businessanalysts, architects, development, support and IT. These teams are often referred to as an “SOA Council” or “SOA Center of Excellence.” The intent of this group is to ensure that business goals are met through the adherence to standards and best practices, the management of governance initiatives, and the effective collaboration of all affected departments and teams.Top-Down and Bottom-UpIt is critical to begin by outlining business objectives that your SOA will aim to fulfill. But companies solely focused on ROI can be destined to fail. Excessive investments are made and rash decisions may occur when the patience of business teams begins to wear thin. A balanced approach to building a core set of services and composite applications with trained teams and short term goals will prove highly beneficial in the long run, and also yield positive short term results in productivity and agility.Build Schools, not PrisonsSOA is a new concept and will require dramatic changes in your IT infrastructure, your application development processes, and even skills and roles of your team. The early stages of an SOA initiative are critical to promoting acceptance, adoption and trust among everyone involved. If you can simplify the concepts and complexities, the process of “service-orienting” will be much easier and more successful.Strict enforcement and rejection of non-compliant services without identifying the conformance issues can lead to dissention and redundant or rogue service development. Therefore, teaching and empowering architects and developers concepts such as “contract-first” development will instill quality initiatives at the outset. Education, communication, training, and collaboration are essential to laying the groundwork for future success.ConclusionAlthough the ultimate goal of any SOA is to achieve business objectives, SOA quality is required to ensure that service-oriented solutions meet or exceed business and technical expectations - whether in the form of cost savings, productivity, better customer service, or reduced time to market. Pervasive quality enables organizations to achieve significant financial gains from agility and reuse in the forms of improved IT infrastructure management, reduction or better use of existing resources, and adoption of efficient methodologies.SOA quality does not exist alone in any single part of a system and is not the sole responsibility of any one individual or team. It is an integral part of any SOA methodology that must be embraced throughout the enterprise from the conceptualization to the governance of service inventories and architectures.References[REF-1] "SOA Consulting: Current Market Trends", ZapThink, September 2006.[REF-2] "Executive Survey: SOA Implementation Satisfaction", Hurwitz & Associates, November 2006.[REF-3] "SOA: Principles of Service Design", Thomas Erl, Prentice Hall/PearsonPTR, 2007.Author BiographyJim Murphy is Vice President of Product Management at Mindreef, Inc and is responsible for overseeing the complete suite of Web services testing and SOA Quality products. He has been with Mindreef for more than four years, most recently as lead software architect.Mr. Murphy brings more than 12 years experience designing, implementing, testing and debugging distributed software architectures using Java, .NET, C++ and XML.Prior to Mindreef, he was an independent consultant and has served as a director, software architect and senior software engineer at several early-stage product and consulting organizations.home past issues contributors official book site legal rss Copyright © 2006-2007 SOA Systems Inc. All Rights Reserved。

企业管理常见英文缩写QMS: Quality Management Systems 质量管理体系EMS：Environment Management Systems 环境管理体系SA ：社会责任 Social AccoutabilityHACCP ：危害分析与关键控制点 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control PointRoHS：电气电子设备中限制使用某些有害物质指令 The Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic EquipmentWEEE：报废电子电气设备指令 Waste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentIAF： International Accreditation Forum 国际认可论坛IAF/MLA: 国际认可论坛多边承认协议CNAB：中国认证机构国家认可委员会英文名称为：China National Accreditation Boardfor CertifiersCNAT：中国认证人员与培训机构国家认可委员会(CHINA NATIONAL AUDITOR AND TRAINING ACCREDITATION BOARD,简称CNAT)CNAL：中国实验室国家认可委员会英文名称为CHINA NATIONAL ACCREDITATION BOARD FOR LABORATORIESIECQ：是国际电工委员会电子委员会电子元器件质量评定体系International Electrotechnical Commission QualityIEC是国际电工委员会 International Electrotechnical CommissionNational/International/Customer Standard. Control Procedure. 国家国际客户标准控制程序Product Document Control Procedure. 产品文件控制程序Stock Taking Procedure. 仓库盘点控制程序New Suppliers/Sub-contractor Evaluation.Procedure. 新供货商评核程序Preventive Action Procedure. 预防行动程序Shelf Life Control Procedure. 有效期物料控制程序Statistical Techniques Control Procedure. 统计技术控制程序Customer Complaint Handling Procedure.顾客投诉处理程序Returned Goods Control Procedure. 退货处理程序Product Recall Procedure. 产品回收控制程序Stores Management Procedure. 仓库管理程序New Material Evaluation Procedure. 新物料评选程序In Process Inspection Procedure. 生产巡查程序Inspection and Test Status Control Procedure.检测状况控制程序Supplier Corrective Action Procedure.供货商纠正行动程序Quality Manual 品质手册Quality System Change Control Procedure. 质量体系的改变控制程序Quality Record Control Procedure. 质量记录控制程序Management Review Procedure. 管理评审程序Contract Review Procedure. 合同评审程序Product Document Control Procedure. 产品文件控制程序Equipment Maintenance Procedure. 生产设备保养程序QM/COP Control Procedure. 质量手册/公司运作程控程序National/International/Customer Standard. Control Procedure. 国家国际客户标准控制程序Internal Quality Audit Procedure. 内部质量审核程序New Suppliers/Sub-contractor Evaluation. Procedure. 新供货商评核程序Purchasing Control Procedure. 采购控制程序Inspection and Test Status Control Procedure. 检测状况控制程序Customer Complaint Handling Procedure. 顾客投诉处理程序Quality System Change Control Procedure. 质量体系的改变控制程序Post Marketing Surveillance Procedure. 产品售后监察程序Quality Record Control Procedure. 质量记录控制程序In Process Inspection Procedure. 生产巡查程序Finished Goods Store Control Procedure 成品仓控制程序Work In Progress Control Procedure 工序进程控制程序Final Inspection Procedure 最终检查程序Incoming Inspection Procedure 来料检查程序OEM：Original Equipment Manufacturer 来料加工IQ：Intelligence?Quotient?智商ODM：Original Design Manufacturing 中文名为“原始设计制造商OBM：Original Brand Manufacture，即自主制造商BOM：Bill of Material，物料清单EMBA：Executive Master of Business Administration 工商管理硕士MSA=measurement system analysis 测量系统分析SPC=statistic process control??统计过程控制FMEA=failure mode and effect analysis 失效模式与影响分析APQP：Advanced Product Quality Planing And Control Plan 产品先期策划PPAP：Production Part Approval Process生产件批准程序QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点质量管理人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的质量管理人员OQC output quality control 最终出货质量管理人员IQC incoming quality control 进料质量管理人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 质量工程人员质量保证FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认CP capability index 能力指数CPK capability process index 模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供货商质量评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析FQC运作AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收质量水平S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 质量/可靠度/服务P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一ABC : 作业制成本制度 (Activity-Based Costing)ABB : 实施作业制预算制度 (Activity-Based Budgeting)ABM : 作业制成本管理 (Activity-Base Management)APS : 先进规画与排程系统 (Advanced Planning and Scheduling) ASP : 应用程序服务供货商（Application Service Provider）ATP : 可承诺量 (Available To Promise)AVL : 认可的供货商清单(Approved Vendor List)BOM : 物料清单 (Bill Of Material)BPR : 企业流程再造 (Business Process Reengineering)BSC : 平衡记分卡 (Balanced ScoreCard)BTF : 计划生产 (Build To Forecast)BTO : 订单生产 (Build To Order)CPM : 要径法 (Critical Path Method)CPM : 每一百万个使用者会有几次抱怨(Complaint per Million) CRM : 客户关系管理 (Customer Relationship Management)CRP : 产能需求规划 (Capacity Requirements Planning)CTO : 客制化生产 (Configuration To Order)DBR : 限制驱导式排程法 (Drum-Buffer-Rope)DMT : 成熟度验证(Design Maturing Testing)DVT : 设计验证(Design Verification Testing)DRP : 运销资源计划 (Distribution Resource Planning)DSS : 决策支持系统 (Decision Support System)EC : 设计变更／工程变更 (Engineer Change)EC : 电子商务 (Electronic Commerce)ECRN : 原件规格更改通知(Engineer Change Request Notice)EDI : 电子数据交换 (Electronic Data Interchange)EIS : 主管决策系统 (Executive Information System)EMC : 电磁相容(Electric Magnetic Capability)EOQ : 基本经济订购量 (Economic Order Quantity)ERP : 企业资源规划 (Enterprise Resource Planning)FAE : 应用工程师(Field Application Engineer)FCST : 预估(Forecast)FMS : 弹性制造系统 (Flexible Manufacture System)FQC : 成品质量管理 (Finish or Final Quality Control)IPQC: 制程质量管理 (In-Process Quality Control)IQC : 进料质量管理 (Incoming Quality Control)ISO : 国际标准组织 (International Organization for Standardization) ISAR: 首批样品认可(Initial Sample Approval Request)JIT : 实时管理 (Just In Time)KM ：知识管理 (Knowledge Management)L4L : 逐批订购法 (Lot-for-Lot)LTC : 最小总成本法 (Least Total Cost)LUC : 最小单位成本 (Least Unit Cost)MES : 制造执行系统 (Manufacturing Execution System)MO : 制令(Manufacture Order)MPS : 主生产排程 (Master Production Schedule)MRO : 请修(购)单(Maintenance Repair Operation)MRP : 物料需求规划 (Material Requirement Planning)MRPII : 制造资源计划 (Manufacturing Resource Planning)NFCF : 更改预估量的通知Notice for Changing ForecastOEM : 委托代工 (Original Equipment Manufacture)ODM : 委托设计与制造 (Original Design & Manufacture)OLAP : 在线分析处理 (On-Line Analytical Processing)OLTP : 在线交易处理 (On-Line Transaction Processing)OPT : 最佳生产技术 (Optimized Production Technology)OQC : 出货质量管理 (Out-going Quality Control)PDCA : PDCA管理循环 (Plan-Do-Check-Action)PDM : 产品数据管理系统 (Product Data Management)PERT : 计划评核术 (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) PO : 订单(Purchase Order)POH : 预估在手量 (Product on Hand)PR : 采购申请Purchase RequestQA : 质量保证(Quality Assurance)QC : 质量管理(Quality Control)QCC : 品管圈 (Quality Control Circle)QE : 质量工程(Quality Engineering)RCCP : 粗略产能规划 (Rough Cut Capacity Planning)RMA : 退货验收Returned Material ApprovalROP : 再订购点 (Re-Order Point)SCM : 供应链管理 (Supply Chain Management)SFC : 现场控制 (Shop Floor Control)SIS : 策略信息系统 (Strategic Information System)SO : 订单(Sales Order)SOR : 特殊订单需求(Special Order Request)SPC : 统计制程管制 (Statistic Process Control)TOC : 限制理论 (Theory of Constraints)TPM : 全面生产管理Total Production ManagementTQC : 全面质量管理 (Total Quality Control)TQM : 全面质量管理 (Total Quality Management)WIP : 在制品 (Work In Process)5S是由日本企业研究出来的一种环境塑造方案，其目的在藉由整理(SEIRI)、整顿(SEITON)、清扫(SEISO)、清洁(SEIKETSU)及素养(SHITSUKE)HR：human??resource 人力资源R&D ： research&design 研发MIS：管理信息系统 Management Information SystemKPI：关键绩效指标 Key Performance IndicationBRP：企业业务流程重组， businessprocess reengineeringMRPⅡ ：制造资源规划Manufacturre Resource Planning ⅡRAB：美国注册认可委员会的简称 The ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board UKAS：英国注册认可委员会的简称United Kingdom Accreditation ServiceRvA: 荷兰注册认可委员会的简称Raad voor Accreditatie。

CRM专业术语与缩写解释CRMCustomer Relationship Management,即客户关系管理。

ERPEnterprise Resource Planning（企业资源计划）的简称。

LBSLocation Based Services,简称"定位服务",叫Mobile Position Services,称为"移动定位服务"系统。

BOSSBusiness & Operation Support System,电信业务运营支持系统。

WAPWireless Application Protocol,为无线应用协议，是一项全球性的网络通信协议。

GPRS通用分组无线服务技术（General Packet Radio Service)的简称。

APIApplication Programming Interface,应用程序编程接口,是一些预先定义的函数。

ECR有效客户反应简称为ECR(efficient consumer response)。

SFASales Force Automation销售能力自动化。

Know-How网络释义：先进技术,技术诀窍；技能，专业知识，窍门；专有技术，技术秘密KPI关键绩效指标法(Key Performance Indicator，KPI)。

GPS是Global Positioning System（全球定位系统）的简称，中文简称为“球位系”，也称为“全球卫星定位系统”。

GIS即地理信息系统（Geographic Information System）。

SMSShort Messaging Service，是一种存储和转发服务。

MMS是Multimedia Message Service的简称，中文名为多媒体信息服务。

GSM全球移动通讯系统(Global System of Mobile communication)。