2007年南京师范大学博士研究生入学考试试卷

南京师范大学文学院国际文化教育学院考博真题试卷050101文艺学（2001，2002，2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：文艺理论2001，2002，2004---2011科目二：文学评论2001，2002，2004---2011050102语言学及应用语言学（2002，2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：语音学理论与实验方法科目二（02方向）：神经语言学与认知神经科学基础2002，2004---2006，2008，2009，2011050125★对外汉语教学（国际文化教育学院）（2007---2012）具体清单：科目一：语言学理论2008---2010，2012（2007以及之前考现代语言学）现代语言学2002，2004---2011科目二（01方向）：现代语法理论2004，2007---2011科目二（02方向）：现代汉语语法与语言习得理论2007---2011050103 汉语言文字学（2001---2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：汉语的理论与实践2002---2004，2006，2010---2012古代汉语与文献2007---2009汉语语言学综合基础（汉语言文字学）2001科目二（01，02方向）：汉语史2002---2004，2006---2012中古近代汉语2001传统语言学（古代汉语）2001科目二（03方向）：现代汉语2010，2012现代汉语与方言2001---2004，2006，2007050104 中国古典文献学（2004---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国古典文献学2005---2011科目二：古代汉语2004---2011050105 中国古代文学（2001，2004，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中国古代文史知识2001，2004，2006---2012科目二（01方向）：诗词学2001，2004，2006---2012科目二（02方向）：先秦两汉魏晋南北朝文学2004，2006，2012科目二（03方向）：唐宋文学2001，2004，2006---2012050106 中国现当代文学（2001---2003，2006---2012）具体清单：科目一：中国现当代文学思潮和流派研究2001，2002，2010---2012 中国现当代文学理论批评史2003，2006---2009科目二：中国现当代文学作家作品研究2001，2002，2010----2012 中国现当代文学史2003，2006---2009050108 比较文学与世界文学（2001---2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：外国文学史2002---2003，2005---2011科目二：西方文学批评史2002---2003，2005---2011中外文学综合基础200120世纪中外文学关系史2001西方文论2001050124★应用文体学（2005，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：古代文论与古代官制2005，2007---2011古代文论2001，2002，2004科目二：古代文牍学与当代实用文体学2005，2007---2011130300戏剧与影视学（02电影学，03电视艺术学）（2009---2011）具体清单：科目一：影视史论2009---2011科目二：影视理论与批评（文艺理论）2004---2011（2010年以及之前考文艺理论）130300戏剧与影视学（01中国戏剧学）（2001，2004，2007---2011）具体清单：科目一：中国戏曲史2001，2004，2007---2011科目二：戏剧戏曲理论2007---2011050122★中国文学与文化（2004---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：中国文化史2004---2010科目二（01方向）：先秦诸子思想与文学2006---2010科目二（02方向）：先唐文化与文学2005---2010001文学院其它试卷：美学2010文学评论写作（写作学）2004，2005中国古代文论与马列文论2001，2002，2004文学原理与文艺美学2004---2006文学思想史暨学术思潮2001，2002，2004文艺学综合基础（文本解读、中外文论）2005语言学理论和应用（语义语法学，对外汉语教学与管理）2002，2004---2011（2011考对外汉语教学与管理，2010以及之前考语义语法学）（2006缺少第2页）中文信息处理2002，2004---2010（2006缺少第2页）应用语言学基础2004中外语言学史2004文字学基础2004音韵学基础2004古文献阅读基础知识2005元明清文学2001，2004---2012隋唐五代文学2001，2004，2006---2008古代文论2004古代汉语2004，2005文学理论基础2001，2002中国传统音乐文化2005---2009-------------------------------------------------。

考试科目：地球物理测井原理共1页第1页博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：地球物理测井原理____________________________________________________________________________1．写出测井中常用的深、中、浅电测井仪器组合，并简要说明应用条件。

（10分）2．说明阿尔奇公式的意义，并简要述评其对测井发展的基础作用。

（10分）3．试对比分析感应测井和侧向测井，说明测井方法研究的基本问题和特点。

（10分）4. 对称声源在充液裸眼井中激发起哪些波动模式？各有何特点？（10分）5. 试分析声波在传播过程中幅度变化的原因。

（10分）6. 试写出声波测井时间平均公式，说明其各个符号的意义和应用条件。

（10分）7．岩性密度测井是当前勘探测井中重要的核测井方法，试回答以下问题：（10分）（1）岩性密度测井采用什么核素作为伽马放射源？主要是基于什么考虑？（2）简述岩石的（质量）光电吸收截面Pe与体积光电吸收截面U的概念和相互关系，并作典型的Pe区不同U值时的伽马能谱示意图。

8．碳氧比能谱测井（C/O）是一种重要的剩余油测井方法，试回答以下问题：（10分）（1）C/O测井中，有哪些非（n，n’）反应对测井产生干扰？如何消除？（2）C/O测井的数据处理方法有哪几种？各自的特点是什么？9．选作题（从下列题目中任选二题）（20分）（1）简述阵列感应测井的基本原理和主要特征。

（10分）（2）在充液井眼中，井壁上的声学边界条件是什么？（10分）（3）试说明用常规声波测井仪器在软地层中没法获得S波的信息的原因。

（10分）（4）自然伽马能谱测井是重要的核测井方法之一，试回答以下问题：（10分）①自然伽马能谱测井仪主要由哪几部分组成？简述各部分的作用。

仪器一般采用什么方法稳谱？②自然伽马能谱测井的测井成果曲线有哪些？。

南京师范大学文学基础2007-2016年考研真题及答案解析目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)南京师范大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)南京师范大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (3)南京师范大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (4)南京师范大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (5)南京师范大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (6)南京师范大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)南京师范大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (8)南京师范大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (9)南京师范大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (10)南京师范大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (11)南京师范大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (12)南京师范大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (13)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (14)南京师范大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(14)南京师范大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(21)南京师范大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(24)南京师范大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(29)南京师范大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(35)南京师范大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(42)南京师范大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(49)南京师范大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(56)南京师范大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(63)南京师范大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(70)南京师范大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析(77)备注：610文艺学综合基础在2017年科目变化为610文学基础，所以本真题中的2007-2016年编写的是610文艺学综合基础。

南京师范大学研究生招生入学考试试卷2007年硕士研究生招生入学考试试卷专业名称：基础数学 研究方向： 科目代码：334科目名称：数学分析考生注意： 答案必须写在答题纸上，否则无效，后果自负。

一．（每小题10分）计算下列极限：（1）xtdtx xx ⎰⨯+∞→2ln ln lim; （2）yx y x y x ++→→2200lim;（3）设()1,01∈x ，()n n n x x x -=+11() ,2,1=n ，证明{}n nx 收敛并求极限。

二．（20分）（1）设函数()x f 在点0x 的某邻域()0x U 内有1+n 阶的连续导函数。

证明对任意的()0x U x ∈有()()()()()()()(),!0000'0x R x x n x f x x x f x f x f n n n +-++-+= 其中()()()()()()100011!1++---+=n n n n x x x x x fn x R θθ，且10≤≤θ； （2）求()()11ln 2≤+x x的麦克劳林级数展开，并加以证明。

三．（20分） 设()x f 为()+∞,0内的连续函数且，()+∞=+→x f x lim 0，()0lim =+∞→x f x ，试证：（1）()x x f 1sin在[)+∞,a ()0>a 内一致连续； （2） ()xx f 1sin 在()+∞,0内不一致连续。

四．（15分）利用Stokes 公式计算：()()()⎰-+-++Ldz x y dy z x dx z y 2，其中L 为平面1=++z y x 与各坐标面的交线，取逆时针方向为正向。

五．（10分）证明：试研究方程()0ln >=a x ax 实根的个数。

六．（10分）设函数()v u F ,有连续的二阶偏导数，求证由方程0,0000=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----z z y y z z x x F 所确定的隐函数()y x z z ,=满足下列两个方程：()()000z z yz y y xz x x -=∂∂-+∂∂-；222222⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂∂=∂∂⋅∂∂y x z y z x z 。

目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)南京师范大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (2)南京师范大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (3)南京师范大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (4)南京师范大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (5)南京师范大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (6)南京师范大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (7)南京师范大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (8)南京师范大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (9)南京师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (10)南京师范大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (11)南京师范大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷 (12)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (13)南京师范大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (13)南京师范大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (21)南京师范大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (28)南京师范大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (35)南京师范大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (42)南京师范大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (49)南京师范大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (56)南京师范大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (63)南京师范大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (70)南京师范大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (77)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷南京师范大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷注意：所有答案必须写在专用答题纸上，写在本试题纸上无效。

南京师范大学2000--2007年心理学试题（总结版）2000年心理学史（共100分）一、名词解释（5×6=30）1、经验的自我（JAMES，W.）2、整体行为3、同型论4、二重心理学5、团体动力学6、集体潜意识二、简答题（10×2=20）1、 WUNDT，W.是如何论述心理元素结合规律的？2、简述机能主义的哥伦比亚学派的共同特点。

三、论述题（25×2=50）1、述评FREUD，S.精神分析的理论体系。

2、试述人本主义心理学的基本观点与方法。

2000年普通心理学（共100分）一、名词解释（3×6=18）1、心理机制2、反应变量3、表象的概括性4、意志控制5、场依存者6、双趋冲突二、判断与说理（每提4分，其中判断与说理各2分，共20分，判断“是”打对号，“否”打错号）1、 PAVLOV，I·P.发现的操作性条件反射非常重视第二信号系统的作用。

（）理由：2、感觉记忆中的信息是被我们觉察到的信息。

（）理由：3、情绪是一种反映活动。

（）理由：4、自我注意和环境注意是两种相互关联的注意。

（）理由：5、技能练习中的高原现象是一种成绩不断提高的现象。

（）理由：三、简答题（6×5=30）1、不同的感觉能相互补偿吗？为什么？2、如何理解元认知和元认知能力？3、要维持稳定的注意需依赖哪些条件？4、测谎仪（多道胜利记录仪）能测谎吗？为什么？5、研究错觉有什么意义？四、论述题（16×2=30）1、如何分析性格的静态结构？你如何评价心理学对性格静态结构分析的传统做法？2、什么是创造力？怎样衡量和培养学生的创造力？2000年实验心理学（50分）一、概念解释（）每题2分，共10分）1、空间视敏度2、费希纳的对数定律3、侦察试验4、实验变量5、P（y/SN）二、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1、在测定感觉阈限的各种古典方法中，最小变化法所用的刺激变量最少。

（）2、所谓反应时间就是指一个人完成某种反应动作所用的时间。

中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t南京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题SECTION I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY (30%)Part A (10%)Directions: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.1. We were ______ in the middle of our conversation.A. cut offB. cut downC. cut inD. cut out2. ______ fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.A. LikeB. AlikeC. AsD. Comparing3. My grandpa gave me a watch, which is made of gold, ______ I keep to this day.A. and thusB. andC. soD. and which4. I don’t mind a bit if you bring your friends in for a drink, but it is rather too much when ten people arrive ______ for dinner.A. unusuallyB. excessivelyC. consequentlyD. unexpectedly5. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied ______ in the area on the night of the fire.A. to beB. to have beenC. having beenD. be6. Look at this mess! If only I ______ your advice.A. followB. had followedC. would followD. have followed7. Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______.A. than more on efficiency C. and more on efficiencyB. and more efficiency D. than efficiency8. Though I had tried to explain it as clearly as possible, my explanation seemed not to ______.A. get upB. get alongC. get acrossD. get down9. We will see ______ the children are properly educated.A. to themB. to thatC. to it whetherD. to it that10. The famous inventor was awarded an ______ doctorate by the university.A. honoraryB. honorableC. honoredD. honorificPart B (10%)Directions: Of the questions 11-20, each has four underlined parts marked A., B., C and D respectively. Identify the ONE that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet. 11. Fossils of plant that have been extinct for fifty million years have been found in largeA B Cdeposits of amber near the Baltic Sea.D 12. The increasing popularity of the motorcycle as a convenience, economical form ofA B C transportation has been just short of astounding.D 13. The international Olympic Games, regarded as the world’s most prestigious athletic中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tA Bcompetition, take place once every the four years.C D 14. Any property that a bankrupt person may still have is usually divided among the variousA B Cpeople to whom money are owed.D 15. A noisy aggressive cousin of the crow, the magpie has those bird’s thievish habits.A B C D 16. The spontaneity of children’s artwork sets it apart from the regulated uniformity ofA B much of what otherwise go on in traditional elementary classrooms.C D 17. It is estimated that a scientific principle has a life expectancy of approximately a decadeA B C before it drastically revised or replaced by newer information.D 18. When the concentration of calcium in the blood is too low, the parathyroid glands beganA B C to secrete the hormone parathormone.D 19. Always since the creation of celluloid, plastics have been found to have a multitude ofA B C Dindustrial and commercial uses. 20. High-grade written paper is frequently obtained from cotton rags.A B C DPart C (10%)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D respectively beneath the passage. You should choose the ONE that is most appropriate. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your Answer Sheet.A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal establishes an area. The size of the area is sufficient to provide food for him, his mate and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, used up the best territory in the order of “first come, first 21 .” The late arrivals may acquire 22 territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the 23 of the enemies of the species. 24 there is really insufficient food or the danger is very great, the animal will not 25 . In this way, the members of the species which are less fit will not have offspring. When there is conflict 26 territory, animals will commonly use force, or a show of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note, 27 , that animals seem to use only the minimum amount of force 28 to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the case of those animals which are capable of 29 each other great harm, 30 is a system for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the victor normally stops fighting.21. A. use B. serve C. served D. used22. A. larger B. better C. smaller D. worse中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t23. A. caves B. nests C. residences D. habitats24. A. Neither B. If C. Since D. Because25. A. breed B. produce C. mate D. compete26. A. for B. over C. with D. by27. A. moreover B. henceforth C. however D. yet28. A. compulsory B. essential C. necessary D. vital29. A. doing B. made C. given D. sending30. A. this B. that C. it D. thereSECTION II READING COMPREHENSION (40%)Directions: In this section you will read five passages. Each one is followed by four questions. To each question, you are to choose the one best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D respectively. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Passage OneEven today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by surprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reaction to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse unease---whether it be some remote Alpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regions---rain-forest, mangrove swamp, parched plains of red earth---than any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner that these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseen---evil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was convinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger delta, gliding over the still and colorless water beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Except for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove , seeming, with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangroves---vistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), I found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.31. There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa. ______.A. This fact makes it easier to accept the unfamiliarity of West Africa.B. This fact makes West Africa seem even stranger.C. This fact makes no difference to our reaction to West Africa.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. This fact has been greatly overemphasized.32. A lot of the old African religion has to do with ______.A. kidnapping peopleB. keeping the spirits awakeC. human sacrificeD. keeping the spirits happy33. The author was kept awake by ______.A. a ghostB. his friendC. the witchesD. eerie feelings34. “Mangrove” means ______.A. a sort of birdB. a sort of manC. a sort of treeD. a sort of animalPassage TwoPerhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values that we unquestionably accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the manner of expression, the satire method, that made them interesting and entertaining. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous combination, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because the readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is hypocritical, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.35. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Difficulties of writing satiric literature.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tB. Popular topics of satire.C. New philosophies emerging from satiric literature.D. Reasons for the popularity of satire.36. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World and A Modest proposal in the first paragraph?A. They are famous examples of satiric literature.B. They present commonsense solutions to problems.C. They are appropriate for readers of all ages.D. They are books with similar stories.37. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?A. Newly emerging philosophies.B. Odd combination of objects and ideas.C. Abstract discussion of morals and ethics.D. Wholesome characters who are unselfish.38. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be ______.A. informed about new scientific developmentB. exposed to original philosophies when they are formulatedC. reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurateD. told how they can be of service to their communitiesPassage ThreeCertainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures, especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years, despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shaped---hence their name---and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with their flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.Although they have voracious appetites, eating day and night, sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low metabolic rate--feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods, so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.But the most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs. When attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or the water becomes too polluted.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t39. According to the passage, why is the shape of sea cucumber important?A. Because it helps them digest food.B. Because it helps them protect themselves from danger.C. Because it makes it easier for them to move through mud.D. Because it makes them attractive to fish.40. The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses ______.A. the reproduction of sea cucumbersB. the food sources of sea cucumbersC. the eating habits of sea cucumbersD. threats to sea cucumbers’ existence41. What can be inferred about the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumber?A. They are very sensitive to the surrounding stimuli.B. They are almost useless.C. They require group cooperation.D. They are similar to those of most sea creatures.42. Which of the following would NOT cause a sea cucumber to release its internal organs into the water?A. A touchB. FoodC. Unusually warm waterD. PollutionPassage FourIn most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is the strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too flexible to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones) where one crustal plate is中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tforced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.43. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawedB. defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting themC. discussing the evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occurD. comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events44. It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?A. The earthquake was a deep event.B. The earthquake was a shallow event.C. The earthquake focus was distant.D. The earthquake had a low peak intensity.45. The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?A. Stress must build up.B. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.C. A fracture must occur.D. Both A and C.46. The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?A. Deep events are far less common than shallow events.B. Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.C. Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.D. The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously though.Passage FiveArchaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tHere we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousand pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l’melekh handles have been found in abundance--more than 4000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.47. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose ______.A. an alternative to museum display of artifactsB. a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological professionC. the governmental regulation of archaeological sitesD. a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts48. The author implies that all the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT ______.A. A market for such artifacts already existsB. Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC. Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifactsD. Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections49. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?A. Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.B. Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.C. Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.D. Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.50. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?A. An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B. Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C. Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.D. Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.SECTION III TRANSLATION (30%)Part ADirections: Put the following passage into Chinese. (I5%)Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes, European vacations, travel, BMW’s - such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e ttheir dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.” The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious. Part B Directions: Choose 3 out of the following 4 sentences and put them into English. (15%) 1．科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然，在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的人，他们具有特殊的能力进行思考与分析，具有无限的耐心进行观察与收集数据。

目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)南京师范大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)南京师范大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (3)南京师范大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (4)南京师范大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (5)南京师范大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (6)南京师范大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)南京师范大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (8)南京师范大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (9)南京师范大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (10)南京师范大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (11)南京师范大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (12)南京师范大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (13)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (14)南京师范大学2017年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (14)南京师范大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (21)南京师范大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (24)南京师范大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (29)南京师范大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (35)南京师范大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (42)南京师范大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (49)南京师范大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (56)南京师范大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (63)南京师范大学2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (70)南京师范大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (77)备注：610文艺学综合基础在2017年科目变化为610文学基础，所以本真题中的2007-2016年编写的是610文艺学综合基础。

标准答案（要点）一、1、由于含氢指数低，天然气层中天然气对快中子的减速能力低于骨架，导致中子测井结果明显低于实际的孔隙度的一种物理现象。

2、传统的声速测井往往采用阈值检测法来判断首波的到达。

如果地层对声波的衰减太大，以至于使首波的幅度小于所设置的阈值，则不能检测到首波，而只能检测到后续波，这会使所测量的声波旅行时间变大，这种现象叫“周波跳跃”。

周波跳跃一般都发生在远波，使时差t 变大。

周波跳跃现象的产生导致时间测量误差为首波的若干个周期。

3、淡水泥浆滤液侵入条件下，含高矿化度地层水轻质油气层中的油气相对渗透率大于水相相对渗透率，导致在侵入带前缘形成的以原生高矿化度地层水相对富集的环带。

4、核磁测井三种横向弛豫机制之一。

发生在岩石孔隙中固体与流体界面。

表面弛豫取决于岩石孔隙表面弛豫率和孔隙比表面。

5、在给定的地区地质条件下，为了完成预定的勘探、开发或工程任务而选用的一套经济实用的综合测井方法。

岩性、物性、流体性质。

6、饱和多相流体孔隙介质中一相流体有效渗透率与绝对（空气）渗透率的比值。

二、1、根据岩石物理体积模型，采用反演理论进行解释的一种方法。

以经过环境校正后的测井值（向量）为基础，根据适当的解释模型和测井响应方程，计算理论测井值（向量），并与实际测井值（向量）对比，按非线性加权最小二乘原理建立目标函数，用最优化方法不断调整未知储层参数，使目标函数达到极小值（能结合公式叙述最佳）。

2、是油藏描述和多井评价中的一项技术。

选择有系统连续取心、测试和较全测井系列等资料齐全的井，建立可以应用于整个油藏（田）其他井的测井解释模型、参数。

3、测井资料综合分析的一种直观图形手段。

如中子—密度测井重叠图可以直观反映地层岩性类型以及孔隙度高低；视地层水电阻率曲线与深探测电阻率曲线可以帮助判断储层流体性质等。

三、1、低电阻率油气层指与同等物性、岩性和水性的水层，电阻增大率小于2-3的油气层，主要类型有：具有高—极高地层水矿化度的低电阻率油气层，引起这类油气层呈低电阻率的原因是矿化度极高的地层水在孔隙中形成密布的导电网络，使油气层电阻率明显降低；微孔隙发育的低电阻率油气层，这类油气层低电阻率的原因是岩石的颗粒较细（细粉砂和粘土矿物），导致地层中微孔隙十分发育，微孔隙和渗流孔隙并存，再加上地层水矿化度的影响，其电阻率值可能极低；富含泥质的低电阻率油气层，这类地层往往是淡水泥质砂岩地层，这时泥质的附加导电性表现十分突出，成为引起电阻率下降的原因；粒间孔隙与裂缝并存引起的低电阻率油气层，由于裂缝发育，在钻井过程中有相当的泥浆滤液侵入，驱赶并代替了裂缝中的油气，而使油气层的电阻率明显下降； 表面和骨架导电引起的低电阻率油气层 2、（1）岩石体积模型方法的基本要点是：按物理性质的差别，将岩石分成几个组成部分，而且岩石的总体积等于各部分体积之和；根据测井方法的物理意义，表达出宏观物理量与测量的物理量（单位物理量）的表达式；对表达式简化得到体积模型方程。

南京师范大学数学科学学院考博真题070101基础数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：同调代数科目二（02方向）：一般拓扑学2005，2007，2009动力系统2009科目二（03方向）：数论导引2003，2009070102计算数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：矩阵计算2009，2011科目二（02方向）：微分方程数值解2007，2009---2011科目二（03方向）：最优化方法2003，2005，2009070104应用数学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：偏微分方程2005---2011070105 运筹学与控制论（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：综合考试（含数学分析，高等代数，实变函数或者近世代数）2003，2005---2011科目二：图论2006，2007，2009，2011071400统计学具体清单：科目一：统计综合科目二：01方向:偏微分方程2005---2011科目二：02方向:经济学科目二：03方向:随机过程009数学科学学院其它试卷：现代分析2011组合数学2005基础代数2005泛函分析2006复分析2005，2006微分方程定性理论2006---2009密码学2009智能优化2009-----------------------------------------------------------------------------。