美国文学现实主义
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现实主义文学在各国的发展六、美国文学1、独立战争前后的文学:1750-1810美国民族文学形成于独立战争时期。
这场斗争产生了大量的革命诗歌和“传单文学”,并且造就了美国头一批重要的散文家和诗人。
政治上的独立促进文化上的独立。
战争结束后,美国作家的作品陆续增多,逐步摆脱英国文学的垄断局面。
年轻的民主共和国使人们满怀信心,导致19世纪上半叶的文学创作具有浪漫主义的色彩。
作家们吸取欧洲浪漫派文学的精神,对美国的历史、传说和现实生活进行描绘,美利坚民族的内容逐渐丰富和充实起来。
民族文学的诞生:独立战争是美国文学诞生的背景。
本杰明·富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin,1706-1790)务实主义的代表、成功故事的原型。
“他的国家的典型和天才”。
1730年主办《宾西法尼亚报》,美国新闻和广告事业的真正先驱,更是美国政治和文化的奠基人,他的报纸宣扬民主主义观点。
1731年在费城设立图书馆。
1733年开始刊行《穷理查历表》,教育和启迪民众。
1743年又组织美洲哲学会。
后组织自卫民兵。
他不断宣扬民族主权原则,号召北美13个殖民地联合起来,建立共和政体,进行普选、呼吁废奴。
1776年出使法国。
他的世俗格言影响广泛。
在他的书信体散文里,反讽升华为奇想,对于生活喜剧式的钟爱成为深邃智慧的源泉。
富兰克林是美国第一位真正伟大的作家。
布朗(Charles Brockden Brown,1771-1810)小说之父。
布朗的《韦兰德》则是第一部美国小说,1798年出版,“人的心理小说”,复杂的变态心理,为霍桑和坡指明了方向。
缺点在于充满闹剧式的情节和哥特式氛围。
朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,1807-1882)19世纪美国最受欢迎的诗人之一,婆罗门派代表。
婆罗门是指这一时期新英格兰地区一批有高度文化教养的作家,或称“绅士派诗人”。
出于资产阶级民主主义和人道主义,歌颂爱国主义精神,反对蓄奴制,同情印第安人。
美国文学中的主要作家及其代表作品美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分,拥有众多杰出的作家和作品。
本文将介绍一些主要的美国作家以及他们的代表作品,以展示美国文学的丰富与多样性。
一、马克·吐温(Mark Twain)马克·吐温是美国文学史上最著名的作家之一,他以幽默和讽刺的风格闻名于世。
他的代表作品《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》被视为美国文学的经典之作,揭示了美国南方社会的黑暗和种族歧视现象。
二、欧内斯特·海明威(Ernest Hemingway)海明威是20世纪美国文学的巨匠,他以简洁明快的写作风格和对战争、人性的深刻洞察而闻名。
他的代表作品《老人与海》讲述了一个老渔夫与大海的搏斗,通过对人性、毅力和命运的思考,展现了人类的勇气和坚韧。
三、威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)福克纳是美国南方文学的代表人物,他的作品充满了对美国南方历史和文化的深度思考。
他的代表作品《喧哗与骚动》和《押沙龙,押沙龙!》以其复杂的叙事结构和深刻的人物描写而著称,探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等重要议题。
四、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(F. Scott Fitzgerald)菲茨杰拉德是美国爵士时代文学的代表人物,他的作品描绘了上层社会的繁华与堕落。
他的代表作品《了不起的盖茨比》通过对财富、爱情和美国梦的探索,揭示了人类对幸福的追求与现实的冲突。
五、托尼·莫里森(Toni Morrison)莫里森是美国当代文学的重要代表,她以其对种族、性别和历史的关注而获得了广泛的赞誉。
她的代表作品《亲爱的》和《宠儿》通过对非洲裔美国人的生活经历和心理状态的刻画,探讨了种族歧视和自我认同等重要议题。
六、约翰·斯坦贝克(John Steinbeck)斯坦贝克是美国现实主义文学的代表人物,他的作品关注农民和工人阶级的生活困境。
美国文学的多元与独特性美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分,它以其多元与独特的特点而广受瞩目。
在这篇文章中,我们将探讨美国文学的多元性和独特性,从不同的角度和维度进行分析。
一、文学传统的多元性美国是一个移民国家,不同的移民群体带来了各自独特的文化传统和文学表达方式。
从英国殖民地时期开始,美国就融合了来自不同国家和地区的文化元素。
早期的美国文学以清教徒文学和乡村文学为主,展现了殖民时期的艰辛和信仰。
随着时间的推移,来自欧洲、非洲、亚洲和其他地区的移民们陆续来到美国,丰富了美国文学的多元性。
例如,非裔美国人文学通过揭示奴隶制和种族主义的不公来展示自己的独特视角。
哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的黑人作家们,如朗斯顿·休斯和托妮·莫里森,以其对种族和文化身份的探索而独树一帜。
此外,美国的拉丁裔、亚裔和原住民等少数族裔群体也有着丰富多样的文学传统。
他们通过自己的作品,诉说着与主流社会不同的故事和经历,使美国文学更加丰富多元。
二、主题的多元性美国文学涵盖了广泛的主题,反映了美国社会与人民的多样性。
它不仅展现了美国社会的繁荣和进步,还揭示了社会问题和不平等的存在。
在美国文学中,我们可以看到关于种族、性别、阶级、战争、家庭和社会变革等各种主题的作品。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《杀死一只知更鸟》等作品揭示了美国南方种族隔离和不公的真相,引起了社会的广泛关注。
与此同时,如弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》和阿瑟·米勒的《推销员之死》等作品,则通过人物的内心独白和对梦想的追求,探讨了美国社会中的阶级困境和社会价值观的裂变。
三、文学风格的多元性美国文学以其多样的文学风格而闻名于世。
从传统的现实主义和自然主义到现代主义和后现代主义,美国文学展现出了多个文学流派和风格。
早期的美国文学以现实主义为主,强调对现实生活的真实描写和社会问题的关注。
马克·吐温和杰克·伦敦等作家以其的幽默和魅力,成为这一时期的代表性作家。
美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到殖民地时期。
随着欧洲人的移民到北美,他们开始在新大陆建立自己的社会和文化,这促使了美国文学的产生和发展。
以下是美国文学的主要发展阶段。
第一阶段:殖民地时期(17世纪至18世纪)在殖民地时期,美国的文学主要受到英格兰文学的影响。
初期的文学作品多以宗教为主题,例如普林斯顿学院校长埃德温·桑德斯对美国文学的定义认为,它是“真正属于美洲的成就,而不是来自外国或短暂存在的痕迹”。
约翰·丹福斯(John Winthrop)《模範》(Model of Christian Charity)(1630年)是殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一,强调基督教道德和殖民地社会的建立。
启蒙时期是美国文学发展的重要时期,表达了美国人民对自由、平等和理性的追求。
启蒙时期的代表作家包括本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩和托马斯·杰斐逊等。
本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》(1750年至1790年)描述了他的成长和成功经历,被认为是美国第一部经典文学作品之一。
美国独立战争的爆发和美国宪法的制定也启发了许多启蒙时期的作品。
第三阶段:浪漫主义时期(19世纪初至中叶)浪漫主义时期是美国文学发展的高潮期,表达了个人情感和人类内心世界的追求。
浪漫主义时期的代表作家包括华盛顿·欧文、爱德加·爱伦·坡和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等。
华盛顿·欧文的《伊卡博德·克兰普》(1819年)是美国文学中最早的短篇小说之一,展示了对美国历史和传说的迷恋。
爱德加·爱伦·坡的小说和诗歌融合了恐怖、神秘和奇幻元素,对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。
现实主义时期强调以真实和客观的方式描写生活。
现实主义时期的代表作家包括马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·克莱因等。
马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》(1876年)和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(1884年)描写了美国南部社会的贫困和不公正。
20世纪现实主义文学作品20世纪是现实主义文学的重要发展时期,许多优秀的作品涵盖了各种主题和风格。
下面是一些20世纪现实主义文学作品的相关参考内容,它们展示了现实主义作品的多样性和影响力。
1. 《麦田里的守望者》 - J.D.塞林格(1951年):这部小说以主人公霍尔顿·考尔菲尔德为视角,讲述了一个青春期男孩的故事。
通过描绘霍尔顿的反叛和迷茫,塞林格探索了年轻人面临的社会和情感问题。
该小说强调个人主义和对社会不公的批判,深受读者欢迎,成为20世纪美国文学中的经典之作。
2. 《一千零一夜》 - H.G.维尔斯(1894年):这是一部科幻小说,描述了一个大瓦斯时代的未来社会。
维尔斯通过讲述人物肖邦先生的冒险经历,探讨了未来社会的政治、科技和社会问题。
小说提出了对科学发展的警告,以及对社会不公正的批判。
3. 《老人与海》 - 恩内斯特·海明威(1952年):这是一部关于老人圣地亚哥捕鱼的故事。
海明威以简洁而强大的语言,描绘了圣地亚哥与大海的对抗,在面对困难和失败时坚持不懈的精神。
小说让人们思考生命的意义和人与自然的关系,被认为是海明威最重要的作品之一。
4. 《福尔摩斯探案集》 - 亚瑟·柯南·道尔(1887年):这是一系列短篇侦探小说,以福尔摩斯及其助手华生博士为主人公。
道尔以独特的洞察力和推理能力揭示了各种犯罪之谜,小说展示了福尔摩斯对社会现象透彻的理解和犯罪心理的洞察力。
5. 《1984》 - 乔治·奥威尔(1949年):这是一部描述极权主义社会的反乌托邦小说。
奥威尔预测了一个压制和监控个人自由的未来社会,通过主人公温斯顿·史密斯的经历,揭示了政府对个人思想和行为的控制。
这部小说让人们意识到权力和自由之间的永恒斗争,成为对独裁统治的严厉警告。
6. 《居里夫人》 - 西尔玛·拉格洛夫(1997年):这是一部以居里夫人为灵感创作的小说。
美国现实主义英文作文英文:Realism is a literary movement that emerged in the United States in the late 19th century. It is characterized by a focus on everyday life and the experiences of ordinary people, rather than idealized or romanticized portrayals. Realist writers sought to capture the complexities of human behavior and society, often through the use of detailed descriptions and dialogue.Realism was a reaction to the romanticism that had dominated American literature in the early part of the 19th century. Romantic writers celebrated individualism, emotion, and imagination, often depicting larger-than-life heroesand heroines. Realism, on the other hand, emphasized the importance of objective observation and accurate representation of reality.One of the most famous realist writers was Mark Twain,who wrote about the experiences of ordinary people in the American West. His novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is a classic example of realism, as it portrays the struggles and adventures of a young boy in a realistic and detailed manner.Realism continues to be an important literary movement today, as writers seek to capture the complexities of modern life and society. By portraying ordinary people and their experiences in a realistic manner, realist writerscan help readers to better understand the world around them.中文:现实主义是19世纪末出现在美国的一种文学运动。
十九世纪现实主义文学北欧文学美国文学选自《汉语写作与百科知识》首都师范大学出版,2019年版一、安徒生(1805—1875)丹麦童话大师、十九世纪第一位赢得世界声誉的北欧作家;他写的童话故事世界闻名,被尊为"现代童话之父"。
他最著名的童话故事有《小锡兵》、《冰雪女王》、《拇指姑娘》、《卖火柴的小女孩》、《丑小鸭》、《红鞋》。
著名的童话作品有《皇帝的新装》、《丑小鸭》、《卖火柴的小女孩》、《海的女儿》等。
二、比昂逊挪威著名剧作家小说家诗人,1903年诺贝尔文学奖获;代表作有《破产》、《挑战的手套》等。
三、勃兰兑斯丹麦著名的文艺评论家和文学史家;代表作是《19世纪文学主流》。
四、易卜生(1828-1906)挪威文学和“社会问题剧”的创造者,欧洲现代戏剧创始人。
与比昂逊、约纳斯·李、谢朗合称挪威批判现实主义的“文坛四杰”。
他的剧作是继莎士比亚、莫里哀之后的第三个戏剧高峰,有“现代戏剧之父”之称,他的最大贡献在于正当欧洲戏剧处在衰落时期,他却发挥现实主义的优秀传统,使戏剧直接反映当代现实生活,其社会问题剧以丰富的内容和高度的技巧引起了一场戏剧上的革命。
是挪威伟大的戏剧家,欧洲近代戏剧的创始人,他开创的“社会问题剧”铸起了继莎士比亚、莫里哀之后世界戏剧史上的第三座丰碑。
1、早期(1850—1868)这个时期,易卜生创作浪漫主义历史剧,著名作品有《埃斯特罗的英格夫人》、《觊觎王位的人》等;哲理诗剧(双项)《布朗德》与《培尔·金特》标志着易卜生的创作开始向现实主义过渡。
2、中期(1868—1891)易卜生创作现实主义“社会问题剧”,著名作品有《社会支柱》、《玩偶之家》、《群鬼》、《人民公敌》等;《社会支柱》:述被认为具有一切美德的“社会支柱”式人物、老板博尼克惟利是图、骗子、恶棍的真面目逐渐暴露的故事。
《群鬼》:述传统道德观念培养出来的女性海伦嫁给酒色之徒阿尔文后做驯服的妻子的悲剧故事。
美国文学的特点(范文5篇)以下是网友分享的关于美国文学的特点的资料5篇,希望对您有所帮助,就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
美国文学的特点(1)20世纪的美国文学,堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”,同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。
这一时期,现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面,促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。
==小说==这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义,但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。
这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向:1、两种现实主义小说。
在这方面的主要代表是亨利詹姆斯,他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统,擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。
他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象,始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。
与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。
这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林加兰。
2、乡土作家和幽默小说。
这方面的代表性作家是欧亨利。
他的短篇小说篇幅不长,以情节取胜,一般以写小市民生活为主,充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。
尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。
3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿辛克莱。
从19世纪90年代开始,一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。
其中以厄普顿辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。
4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。
这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。
他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。
第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。
杰克伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动,曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。
实际上,他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响,这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。
体会了真实的美国现实主义文学19世纪后半期美国文坛出现的现实主义之风在某种意义上是对极端浪漫主义的一种反对,它加速了美国文学民族性的文明进程。
美国现实主义反映了1860年以后爱国精神与科学思考的胜利。
“作为社会和时代镜子的文学,它的表现形式势必随着社会的重大变迁而变迁,战前那种缅怀过去,耽于理想的浪漫主义已经不能适应时代的需要了,作家们应该正视的是社会、人类和生活,于是现实主义就从这里开始逐步取代了浪漫主义。
”此时美国出现了一批优秀的作家,以理智的态度批判地看待美国社会,真实地反映社会状况,严厉地揭露社会现实,掀起了一股现实主义的文流。
其中最著名代表作家有布莱特・哈特、豪威尔斯、亨利・詹姆斯、马克・吐温等。
“美国现实主义文学在其发展过程中,尽管流派繁多,但有一点却是共同的:现实主义作家都主张文学作品要‘写真实’,他们一反过去的浪漫主义文学传统,力求只反映‘真人真景真事’,并描述‘自己所生活的环境’。
他们主张既不夸张、也不隐讳地描写生活,毫不留情地揭去蒙在生活中的面纱,表现资本主义社会的矛盾与祸患。
”他们主张用科学的方法真实客观地反映现实,并注重对历史文本的研究。
现实主义文学作品挑战浪漫主义的艺术成规,抵制浪漫主义的思想,本源地含有反对幻想和伪饰,崇尚真实的意义。
因此当现实主义成为欧洲、美洲占主导地位的文艺思潮时,它也加速了美国文学民族性的文明进程,成为美国文学的主潮。
“乡土文学”的盛行成为19世纪美国现实主义文学最为独特的一面。
各地区风格独特的乡土文学成为美国现实主义的先声,促进了现实主义文学的发展与繁荣。
“乡土文学”的作家着重描写本地区人民的生活与劳动,往往带有地方色彩及方言,有时带有幽默笔调。
这种文学描绘本乡本土的传说与现实生活,地方色彩浓厚,基调是乐观的、抒情的。
布莱特・哈特是美国早期著名的乡土文学作家,他的作品《扑克摊的流浪汉》被誉为乡土小说的主要代表作,莎拉・奥尼・裘维特是与哈特同时代的另一位具有鲜明乡土色彩的小说家,她被称为“当时令人赞美和大众化的小说家”。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》美国现实主义文学
1865年至1914年间的美国文学在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。这一时期的美国文
学是美国精神的表现,尤其是美国小说。现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。正视现实,
不尚空想。现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。
马克·吐温
经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。自内战到第一次
世界大战的50年,美国历史上经历了巨大变化,无论是政治、经济、文化、还是宗教。
这一巨变彻底改造了美国社会的性质和观念。新一代作家不满意于老一代的浪漫主义思
想,生发了新的创作灵感。他们对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣,企图对生活的各个方面
作出他们的解释,主张客观现实,摒弃主观偏颇、唯心主义和浪漫主义的色彩。人们的
兴趣现在已转到了日常生活的方方面面,注意到现实的野蛮、肮脏,直接公开描写阶级
斗争,这时的作家已能描写人物在各种条件或环境下的反映,描述远西(FarWest)、新
移民和劳动阶级的斗争,这些作家受到广大读者的欢迎。这一注意现实生活的创作倾向
形成了美国现实主义时期的文学。
这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯(WilliamDeanHoweils),亨利·詹姆斯(HenryJames)
和马克·吐温。们真实地描写了美国本地风土人情,带有浓厚乡土气息,挖掘了人们的
内心生活。他们忠实地记录了美国东部地区十九世纪后半叶的生活,有行将消失的边疆
地区、有农村、有小镇、还有噪动的都市。有本土的主人公、有,美国式的姑娘,、有
为生活所迫的中产阶级家庭、有商人、有心理复杂的市民。总之,他们为后来的现实文
学在题材、技巧和风格上都树立了典范。
190统计与管理 二○一五·六百家争鸣摘 要:20世纪70年代,美国新现实主义小说开始出现,是当代美国小说旳一个重要创作形式,同时兼具传统现实主义、现代主义和后现代主义实验小说的一些风格和特征。
本文对美国新现实主义小说的创作题材、主题、人物刻画、叙事特征以及美国新现实主义小说与当代美国文学批评之间的关系做了相关探究。
关键词:美国 新现实主义 小说 当代文学DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-537X.2015.06.100一、美国新现实主义小说创作题材特征美国新现实主义小说的创作题材特征主要集中在表现时代生活、历史书写和道德关怀三个层面。
一方面,美国新现实主义小说延续了现实主义小说的题材传统,注重反映时代生活,但由于所处的时代在政治、经济、历史和文化环境方面与传统现实主义小说明显不同,美国新现实主义小说在创作题材上侧重凸显以科学技术的迅速发展和消费主义思潮的蔓延为明显特征的后现代社会生活。
另一方面,与传统现实主义小说不同,历史书写成为美国新现实主义小说创作题材的重要内容。
美国新现实主义小说通过历史轶事和虚构历史片段重构历史,观照当代美国的社会政治和文化等方面,参与意识形态构建。
此外,美国新现实主义小说注重以当代美国民众的精神和道德生活层面为创作题材,运用镜头式截取和定格的方法描述当代美国社会的道德状况,客观再现后现代美国的另一种真实。
与传统现实主义小说的道德说教相比,新现实主义小说旳道德关怀更加冷静与客观。
美国新现实主义小说的题材特征体现了新现实主义小说家的后现代人文主义价值观,小说可以参与社会政治和意识形态构建,凸显道德观念。
二、美国新现实主义小说家文化背景差异的影响由于美国新现实主义小说家文化背景的不同,美国新现实主义小说表现了有关身份、存在、政治、种族、家庭、情感、性别、历史、战争、环境问题等多样化的现实主题。
在这些多样化的主题中,美国新现实主义小说主要体现了身份和存在的焦虑、历史的真实再现、社会现实的另一面和当代美国民众的个体关系状态等相关的重要主题。
20世纪欧美现实主义文学
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20世纪欧美现实主义文学,对流行历史、社会和文化景观的某些方面进行了深刻的分析,并着重表现了可能会出现的融入情感的各种主题。
这种文学手法的关注点,不仅涉及
到当前的社会状况和社会结构,而且还意味着对当前的政治趋势的描述。
因此,20世纪欧美的现实主义文学通常以“坚实的或现实的世界”为特色,并在文学领域中建立了落实细
节和真实描述的重要性。
20世纪欧美现实主义文学是美国文学史上立足点显著的一种流派,代表作家有塞林格、海明威、彼得德拉科夫斯基等。
20世纪欧美现实主义文学的创作,是建立在对社会意识形态的密切观察之上的。
它以冷静而又憎恶的方式,暴露和分析当时社会中存在的矛盾,揭示了社会上种种不公正与瘤
蔓蟲病。
塞林格在《奥尔特里纳斯》中,以前帝国地位的贵族“阿尔特里纳斯先生”为例,描绘了贵族在社会发生变化时陷入匮乏与没落,和无法适应新生活导致的悲剧状况;
海明威在《老人与海》中,融入更多的元素,不仅讲述了老渔夫的衰败与牺牲,还描述了
他的内心壮丽与意志坚强;彼得德拉科夫斯基的《末代皇帝》以细腻的文字,勾勒出末代
沙皇朱利安二世的孤立无助的表象,强调了社会力量的无情。
20世纪欧美现实主义文学表现出深刻的社会内涵,以解构历史、社会和文化景观为主要实践方向,并采取一种传统实践中所熟知的“立足现实”的创作和写作手法,从而获得
了许多著名作品,它们既表现了历史与现实之间的关系,又体现出社会矛盾的深刻思考。
美国现实主义时期文学家及其作品沃尔特·惠特曼(Walt Whitman,1819年-1892年),生于纽约州长岛,他是美国著名诗人、人文主义者,他创造了诗歌中的自由体(Free Verse),其代表作品是诗集《草叶集》。
斯托(Harriet Beecher Stowe ,l811年-1896年),女作家,生于康涅狄格州。
她对黑人奴隶的遭遇十分同情,她写的长篇小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》揭露了南部种植园黑人奴隶制的残暴和黑奴的痛苦。
小说赞扬了伊莱扎夫妇所代表的黑人为反抗压迫、争取自由解放而作的斗争,同时也推崇汤姆所体现的逆来顺受的基督教博爱宽恕精神。
小说发表后在国内外引起强烈反响,有力地推动了美国反奴隶制的斗争,但也遭到奴隶主的诋毁。
1856年她发表了根据黑奴起义领袖德雷德·司各特的事迹写成的长篇小说《德雷德,阴暗的大沼地的故事》。
艾米莉·狄金森(又称狄更生)(Emily Dickinson,1830年-1886年),美国传奇诗人,她深锁在盒子里的大量创作诗篇是她留给世人的最大礼物。
在她有生之年,她的作品未能获得青睐,然而周遭众人对她的不解与误会,却丝毫无法低损她丰富的创作天分。
根据统计,艾米莉惊人的创作力为世人留下1800多首诗,包括了定本的1775首与新近发现的25首。
作品有《我一直在爱》《这是鸟儿们回来的日子》《狂野的夜》《风暴之夜——激情之夜!》《头脑,比天空辽阔》《神奇的书》等。
马克·吐温(Mark Twain,1835年-1910年),原名萨缪尔·兰亨·克莱门(Samuel Langhorne Clemens),是美国的幽默大师、小说家、作家,也是著名演说家,19世纪后期美国现实主义文学的杰出代表。
《百万英镑》、《哈克贝利费恩历险记》、《汤姆·索亚历险记》。
亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James,1843年-1916年),19世纪美国继霍桑、麦尔维尔之后最伟大的小说家,也是美国乃至世界文学史上的大文豪。
美国文学殖民地时期(16 世纪末至 17 世纪中期):主要记述殖民地时期的历史较多,游记等等作者作品The Bay Psalmbook 《海湾圣诗》 (北美出版的第一本书,是由希伯来语John Winthrop温斯洛普John Smith 约翰 史密斯 (美国文学和北美文学的第一作家)(Hebrew )翻译过来的民歌体圣诗集)习惯用语 city upon a hill (ft 巅之城)来源于他的作品A True Relation of Virginia《关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述》(1601 年)独立革命时期(17 世纪中期至18 世纪末):大多数革命写作都是政治性的,开始出现诗歌浪漫主义时期(18 世纪末至 19 世纪中后期):又称为为美国的文艺复兴,强调感情和感觉,而不是理性与尝试,超验主义(Transcendentalis )m 是浪漫主义 (Romanticism )的成熟期作者作品作者Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 弗兰克林Thomas Paine 托马斯 佩恩Thomas Jefferson 托马斯 杰弗逊(美国第三任总统) Philip Freneau 菲利普 费伦诺 (美国独立革命诗人,美国诗歌之父)作品Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 Poor Richard’ s Almanac 《穷查理德年鉴》The Autobiography 《自传》 Common Sense 《常识》The American Crisis 《美国危机》 Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文(美国文学之父,擅长短篇小说)William Cullen Bryant威廉卡伦布莱恩特(美国首位浪漫派诗人,美国的“华兹华斯”)James Fenimore Copper詹姆斯菲利莫尔库伯Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫瓦尔多爱默生(超自然主义(Supernaturalism)中心人物)Henry David Thoreau亨利大卫梭罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利沃兹沃斯朗费罗(美国第一个写叙述诗歌的诗人,曾经翻译过但丁(Dante)的神曲(DiveComedy)Nathaniel Hawthrone 纳撒尼尔霍桑(美国科幻小说的第一人)Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加艾伦坡(美国侦探小说之父)Herman M elville 赫尔曼麦尔维尔Emily Dickson 艾米丽迪克逊(其作品主要与宗教、生活和死亡有Rip Van Winkle《李普万温克尔》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》(美国文学史上第一部短篇小说,标志着美国浪漫主义(Romanticism)的开始)To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》Thanatopsis《死亡随想》Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子五部曲》The Last Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》Nature《自然》(被认为是美国超自然主义(Supernaturali s)m宣言)Walden《瓦尔登湖》Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》The Song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》(描写印第安人的第一部作品)Evangeline 《伊万杰琳》APsalm of Life 《人生赞礼》The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《有七个尖角阁楼的房子》Mosses from an Old House 《古屋青苔》诗歌:The Raven 《乌鸦》Annabel Lee《安娜贝尔李》小说:The Fall of the House Asher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》Moby Dick 《蓝鲸》Because I could not Stop for Death《因为我不能死亡》I’m Nobody, Who are You?关)Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼(伟大的民主主义诗人,第一个自由体诗人)《我是无名小卒,你是谁?》Leaves of Grass《草叶集》(标志着美国浪漫主义的结束)现实主义时期(19 世纪中期至 20 世纪初期):作者Harriet Beecher Stove哈里特比彻斯托美国现实主义(Realism)三位代表人物Henry James 亨利詹姆斯William Dean Howells威廉迪恩豪威尔斯Mark Twain 马克吐温(威廉福克纳(William Faulkner)称他为真正的美国文学之父,乡土文学代表)Stephen C rane 斯蒂芬克莱恩(自然主义(Naturalism)代表人物)Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱赛(最伟大的自然主义作家)Jack London 杰克伦敦作品Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇人画像》The Wings of Dove 《鸽翼》The Ambassadors 《奉使记》The Golden Bowl《金碗》Daisy Miller《黛西米勒》The Rise of Silas Lapham《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaveras County《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚的历险记》The Prince and the P auper《王子与贫儿》The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn《费恩历险记》The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》Financer 《金融家》The Titan《巨人》Stotic《斯多葛》The Call of Nature 《野性的呼唤》(自然主义代表人物)O Henry 欧亨利(自然主义作家,短篇小说之父)Love of Life《热爱生命》Martin Eden《马丁伊登》The Gifts from Magi 《麦琪的礼物》The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》现代主义时期(20世纪):核心在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战之时,标志性运动是意象派(Imagism)作者作品The Sun Also Rise 《太阳照常升起》Ernest Hemingway 欧内斯特海明威(第一部小说)(“迷茫的一代”(The Lost Generation )代言人,1954 获得诺贝尔文学奖)A Farewell to Arms 《永别了,武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》Ezra Pound 埃兹拉庞德史诗:The Cantos 《诗章》(美国现代诗歌之父,最重要的意象派(Imagism)诗人之一)Robert Frost 罗伯特弗罗斯特(新英格兰诗人,四次获得普利策奖(Pulitzer Prize)T.S. Eliot 艾略特(美国出生英语诗人,1948 年获得诺贝尔文学奖)William Faulkner 威廉福克纳(20 世纪最重要的南方作家,1950 年获得诺贝尔文学奖,现代主义(Modernism)最重要的作家之一)Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗司各特菲兹杰拉德(爵士乐时代的代言人)In a Station of the Metro《在地铁站》诗集:Mending Wall《修墙》The R oad N ot T aken 《未选择的路》Stopping by the Woods on a SnowyEvening《雪夜林边小驻》Desert Places 《荒芜地带》The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quarters《四个四重奏》The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom《押沙龙,押沙龙》The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》Tender is the Night《夜色温柔》John Steinbeck 约翰斯坦贝克(1962 年获得诺贝尔文学奖)Eugene Gladstone O’Neil尤金奥尼尔(剧本作家,1936 年获得诺贝尔文学奖,4 次获得普利策奖)Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠(美国历史上第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的女作家)The Grapes o f Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》The Hairy Ape《毛猿》The Good Earth《大地》(取材于中国江苏、安徽农村地区)1945 年以来的文学:垮掉的一代、黑色幽默作者Allen Ginsberg 艾伦金斯堡(垮掉的一代(Beat Generation)的代表人物)Joseph Heller 约瑟夫海勒(黑色幽默(Black Humor)的代表人物)Tennessee Williams 西纳西威廉斯(美国战后伟大的剧作家)Arthur Miller 亚瑟米勒(被称为美国的易卜生)作品Howl《嚎叫》Catch 22《第二十二条军规》(黑色幽默代表作品)A Street Car Named Desire《欲望号街车》Death of Salesman 《推销员之死》All My Son《我的儿子们》。
美国文学中的几个主义清教主义: Puritanism 代表人物: Anna Bradstreet ,Benjamin Franklin ,Thomas Paine ,Thomas Jefferson浪漫主义: Romanticism 代表人物:Washington Irving ,Edgar Allan PoeA超验主义:Transcendentalism ;代表人物:Ralph Waldo Emerson ,Emily Dickinson ,Walt Whitman自然主义:Naturalism ;代表人物:Henry D. Thoreau意向主义:Imagism ;代表人物:Ezra Pound心理现实主义:psychological realism ;代表人物:Henry James一清教主义对美国文学的影响清教徒文学传统形成于17世纪,清教主义与其它宗教相比,包含三个层面的价值体系,并对不同时期的美国文学产生了不同的影响,表现出不同时代特征,以清教主义作为参照系,可以说17世纪美国文学是“信仰时代的文学”,18世纪美国文学是“世俗时代的文学”,19世纪美国文学则可称为“宗教批判与宗教道德时代的文学”。
发端于英国的清教主义对美国社会有着更大的影响,“英格兰有过清教革命,却没有创建清教社会;美国没有经历清教革命,却创建了清教社会”①。
并且这种影响以其持久深厚而铸就了美利坚民族的灵魂。
正如朱世达先生所言:“清教传统像一条红线规范了从殖民时代到如今的美国的政治文化与社会文化”②。
作为美国文化一个独特的源头,清教主义在美国经历了由表及里、由明转暗的曲折发展,最终形成有美国特色的清教价值体系,从某种意义上说,文学是这一发展历程的最好见证。
一般而言,宗教都包含信仰与道德两个层面的价值体系。
清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。
作为一种教义 ,清教主义不再具有原有的意义 ,但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响 ,却在美国形成了一种特殊的文化氛围 ,不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系 ,对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期文学创作特点(120字左右1、第一阶段:殖民时期(约1607-1765)这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。
2、第二阶段:启蒙时期与独立战争时期(1765-18世纪末)这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。
18世纪30年代,在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下,上帝的作用大大削弱,清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。
18世纪末期,北美大陆的政治形势发展很快,从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立,文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。
3、浪漫主义时期(1800-1865)19世纪初,美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖,以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。
民族文学开始全面繁荣,逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。
这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样,强调文学的想象力和感情色彩,反对古典主义的形式和观点,歌颂大自然,崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情,并且寻根问祖,发幽古之思情。
特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义(Transcendentalism)的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理,摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。
4、现实主义时期(1865-1918)南北战争(1861-1865)以后到第一次世界大战爆发,美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化,社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。
工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展,同时也带来了政治日趋腐败,政界丑闻屡见不鲜,是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。
于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。
5、现代主义时期(1918-1945)自20世纪开始,美国文学进入新的时代。
第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。
人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇,普遍感到迷茫,甚至绝望。
英语作文美国现实主义文学美国现实主义文学 Realism in American Literature。
American literature has undergone numerous phases and movements throughout its rich history, each reflecting the social, cultural, and political landscapes of its time. One of the most significant movements that emerged in the 19th century is realism. Realism in American literature aimed to depict everyday life and experiences with a focus on ordinary people and situations. This essay will explore the characteristics, key figures, and major works of American realism, as well as its impact on literature and society.Characteristics of American Realism:American realism emerged as a response to romanticism and idealism, which dominated literature during the early 19th century. Realist writers sought to portray life as it truly was, without idealization or embellishment. They focused on the mundane aspects of existence, oftendepicting the struggles of ordinary people living in urban or rural settings.One of the defining characteristics of American realism is its emphasis on authenticity and detail. Realist writers meticulously observed and documented the world around them, drawing inspiration from their own experiences and observations. They employed precise language and vivid imagery to create a sense of immediacy and verisimilitudein their works.Another hallmark of American realism is its exploration of social issues and themes. Realist writers often addressed topics such as poverty, class inequality, industrialization, and urbanization. They sought to shed light on the harsh realities of life for marginalized or disenfranchised groups, challenging readers to confront uncomfortable truths about society.Key Figures of American Realism:Several key figures played pivotal roles in thedevelopment and popularization of American realism. One of the most influential writers of this period was Mark Twain, whose novels such as "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" and "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" are celebrated for their realistic portrayal of life in the American South.Another prominent figure in American realism was William Dean Howells, often referred to as the "Dean of American Letters." Howells was a leading literary critic and novelist whose works, including "The Rise of Silas Lapham" and "A Hazard of New Fortunes," explored the social and economic changes occurring in post-Civil War America.Edith Wharton was another notable realist writer whose novels, such as "The Age of Innocence" and "Ethan Frome," depicted the complexities of social class and the constraints of societal expectations in turn-of-the-century America.Major Works of American Realism:Several seminal works exemplify the themes and style ofAmerican realism. Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" is perhaps the quintessential realist novel, chronicling the journey of a young boy and a runaway slave down the Mississippi River. Twain's sharp wit and keen observations of human nature illuminate the social and racial dynamics of antebellum America.William Dean Howells' "The Rise of Silas Lapham" is another important realist work that explores the pursuit of wealth and social status in post-Civil War America. The novel follows the rise and fall of its eponymous protagonist, a self-made businessman whose success is overshadowed by moral compromises and personal tragedies.Edith Wharton's "The Age of Innocence" offers a nuanced portrayal of New York's high society in the late 19th century, examining the tensions between tradition and modernity, duty and desire. Wharton's incisive commentary on the constraints of social convention and the consequences of nonconformity resonates with readers tothis day.Impact of American Realism:The impact of American realism extends beyond the realm of literature, influencing other artistic disciplines such as visual art and theater. Realist painters such as Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins sought to capture the everydaylives of ordinary Americans, while playwrights like Henrik Ibsen and Anton Chekhov adopted realist techniques to explore psychological and social themes on the stage.Moreover, American realism paved the way for subsequent literary movements such as naturalism and modernism, which built upon its foundations while pushing the boundaries of narrative experimentation and stylistic innovation. The legacy of realism can be seen in the works of later writers such as Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck, and Toni Morrison, who continued to explore the complexities of the human experience with honesty and integrity.In conclusion, American realism represents a pivotal moment in the evolution of literature, challengingprevailing literary conventions and offering a moreauthentic and nuanced portrayal of the human condition. Through its emphasis on everyday life, social critique, and psychological insight, realism continues to resonate with readers and scholars alike, reminding us of the power of literature to illuminate the world around us.。
Nathaniel Hawthorne:Romantic novelist, short-story writer. Combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism; a central figure in the American Renaissance“Mosses from an Old Manse ( 1846 )(“Young Goodman Brown” and “Rappaccini’s daughter”)The Scarlet Letter (1850)The House of the Seven Gables (1851)The Blithedale Romance (1852)The Marble Faun,(1860)Interrogating the innocenceStrong sense of sin and evil in life.Sin will get punished, and evil educates.Source of sin: original sin, conflict between body and soul.Source of evil : overweening intellect, a part of human natureThe Seven Commandments Of The Children Of NoahIdolatry - Monotheism. Adultery. Murder. Blasphemy, not to curse God. Not to eat the live meat not to steal Maintain courts to enforce these laws.Seven heavenly virtuesFaith Hope Charity Fortitude Justice Temperance PrudenceHawthorne’s aestheticsFavor on “romance”, instead of “novel”Contents: sensational material, such as poisoning, murder, adultery, crime.Themes: explore the human nature, deal with moral problems, study the effects of sin on man. Purpose: to show the inner world of man is the source of evil in society—the tragic rise born of the fortunate fall,fall→rise innocence →maturityThe Scarlet Letter•Time: in the mid-1600s Setting: Puritan town of BostonCharacters:Roger Chillingworth Pearl•The victim of the adultery A symbol: the symbol of the violation of the social laws • A merciless avenger To Hester: the fruit of human love and passion•The worst sinner To Dimmesdale: the reminder of his sin•Symbol of devil To Chillingworth: the motivation to take his revenge Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan emphasis on the individual conscience.Hawthorn’s attitude towards Puritanism – scolded the harshness of Puritans, yet took the Puritanism as his living criteria.Purpose of The Scarlet Letter1. Explore the source of evils:unreasonable and inhuman social systemmen’s inner world, defects in men’s nature: strong desire, dishonesty, cowardice, revenge.2. Explore the effect of sin on different characters:To brave Hester: gain moral rebirth by redeeming her sin, win respect/ love again.To coward Dimmesdale: torment of conscience, suffer in hell fire.To vicious and vengeful Chillingworth: reduced to demon, deteriorated, malicious sinner3. Explore ways of redeeming sin:brave to confess and face itcorrect it through love, devotion, generosity and forgiveness.Hawthorne’s Stylerich imagination; well-woven structure; psychological analysis; effective symbolism with delicate imageries, ambiguity and mysterySymbolism in the novelChillingworth is cold and inhuman and thus brings a “chill” to Hester’s and Dimmesdale’s lives. “Prynne” rhymes with “sin”“Dimmesdale” suggests “dimness”—weakness, indeterminacy, lack of insight, and lack of will, all of which characterize the young minister.“Pearl” evokes a biblical allegorical device—the “pearl of great price” that is salvation.a token of shame “Adultery” at firstAA symbol of being alone and alienation“Angel”, “Able” ,”Admiration”Hester offers the genuine sympathy and help to her fellow villagersHerman Melvillea master of allegory and symbolism1) early worksTypee (1846) : the “man who lived among cannibals.”Omoo(1847)Mardi (1849) :The first three drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands;Redburn (1849) is a semi-autobiographical novel, based Bedburn on his first voyage to EnglandWhite Jacket (1850) relates his life on a United States man-of-war.Moby Dick (1851)Later works: Pierre (1852) The Confidence Man (1857) Billy Budd(1924)Moby-Dickis regarded as : * an encyclopedia of everything * the first American prose epicThe white whale Pequod ----a world in miniature* Melville's bleak view--------"Everlasting Nay”* One of the major themes ---------alienation,* Ahab may have been Melville's portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual-----solipsism .Henry Wadsworth Longfellow"School-room Poets" or "New England Poets" or "Fireside Poets"Longfellow, Holmes, Lowell and Whittierfirst American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedypoet and educator; "Paul Revere's Ride“; The Song of Hiawatha ; Evangeline.Longfellow holds the distinction of being the first American poetPoetry : Voices of the Night (1839) Evangeline (1847) The Song of Hiawatha (1855)A Psalm of Life My Lost Youth the Slave’s Dream Hiawatha’s Fasting* His writings belong to the milder aspects of the romantic movement, and he was strongly influenced by the German romantic lyrists.* He wrote about American subjects, but always in European styles.* His works are highly spiritual. He emphasized the mysteries of birth, death, and love. Most of his works are simple and easily read so that even children can understand them.* If his worst fault is that-he made poetry seem so easy to write that anyone could do it, his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.* He was the first American poet to be honored by having his bust placed in the Poets' Comer of Westminster Abbey. This indicates that his poetry has been highly appreciated in Britain.(A Psalm of Life 赏析见另材料)P4 the literature of realism1. How to define the Realistic Period in American Literary history?The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States, which is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature, especially American fiction, from the 1850s onwards.What is the historical and socio-cultural background of the Realistic Period in America?The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism. This period is characterized with changes, in relation to every aspect of American life, politically, economically, culturally, and religiously.First of all, politically, the Civil War affected both the social and the value system of the country. America had transformed itself into an industrialized and commercialized society. Wilderness gave way to civilization. The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization. However, economically, the changes were not all for the better. The industrialization and the urbanization were accompanied by the incalculable sufferings of the laboring people.Therefore, polarization of the wellbeing between the poor and the rich started to show up. Thirdly, as far as the ideology was concerned, people became dubious about the human nature and the benevolence of God, which the Transcendentalists cared most. What Mark Twain referred to as “ the Gilded Age” replaced the frontier and the spirit of the frontiersman, which is the spirit of freedom and human connection.Fourthly, the literary scene after the Civil War proved to be quite different a picture. The harsh realities of life as well as the disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil War had set the nation against the romance. The Americans began to be tired of the sentimental feelings of Romanticism. Thus, started a new period in the American literary writings known as the Age of Realism, characterized by a great interest in the realities of lifeRealism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.English realisma new literary trend rose in late 18th century and flourished in the 19th century with the impact of the Industrial Revolution.presenting the reality, the external life of characters, exposing the dark side of the society Truthful to life, little fancy or fantasymajor contribution: perfection of the novelAmerican realisma. Historical and social background: the impact of American Civil War (1861-1865)b. Literary influence from Europe: Realism as a literary trendWalt Whitmanone of America's best ; and most influential poetsLeaves of Crass; Song of Myself O Captain My Captain2. Leaves of Grass (response)* sexuality and exotic and vulgar language"noxious weeds, “ "poetry of barbarism, " and "a mass of stupid filth, "* "I was simmering, simmering, simmering, "he said, "Emerson brought me to a boil. "* Whitman, along with Emerson, sees the poet as taking over what had used to be the job of a minister, a clergyman, the Church.1.Leaves of Grassa poet with a strong sense of missionWhitman was one of the most original and inspiring American poets, true to his art and to his role as a poet. He devoted himself to poetry eulogizing the native American experience. As America's first genuine epic poem, Leaves of Grass ran nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Title: The title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life.where there is earth, where there is water, there is grass.Blend science, democracy and spirituality into one. To write on the organic principle(Song of Myself 赏析另见资料)Emily DickinsonAmerica’s best-known female poetHer modernity is her articulation of psychological experience and skeptical desire for faith. affected by two men, Benjamin Newton and Charles Wadsworth.The Poems of Emily Dickinson; I taste a liquor never brewed; I felt a Funeral, in my Brain; A Bird came down the Walk ; I died for Beauty—but was scarce; I heard a Fly buzz — when I died ; Because I could not stop for Death ;This is my letter to the worldEmily Dickinson was a pessimistic poet. She had a tragic message and was closer to Edgar Allan Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville.The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experience but the power of her creativity and imagination. Her subjects were love, death, nature, religion, immortality, pain, beauty. The poems employed irregular rhythms, slantrhymes, paradox, and a careful balancing of abstract Latinate and concise Anglo-Saxon words.She is now ranked as one of America’s great poets.2 Subjects:Death: her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.Love: One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause. The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire.Nature: In her poems about nature, her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.Religion: In some of her poems she wrote about her doubt and belief about religious subjects.诗歌赏析另见材料Artistic characteristicsHer poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry, there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imaginary that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form.She uses imperfect rhythms, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating world puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Due to her deliberate seclusion, her poems tend to vivify some abstract ideas. Her poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness. Her limited private world have never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.Local ColorismTime: late 1860s and early 70sFeatures: the realistic presentation of the local characters with their regional qualities such as dialects and customs.having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.--- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsLocal colorists: Stowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinHarriet Beecher Stowe“The little woman who wrote the book that started this great war.” -- Abraham LincolnUncle Tom's Cabin (1851)A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)The Minister's Wooing (1859)The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862)Little Foxes (1866)Old Town Folks (1869)Poganuc People (1878)Slavery and the Civil WarUncle Tom's Cabin was a best seller in the United States, England, Europe, Asia, and translated into over 60 languages.Uncle Tom's Cabin humanized slavery by telling the story of individuals and families. Harriet portrayed the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse endured by enslaved people.The Civil War grew out of a mixture of causes including regional conflicts between North and South, economic trends, and humanitarian concerns for the welfare of enslaved people.The strength of Uncle Tom's Cabin is not the plot, but its ability to illustrate slavery's effect on families. Characters freely debated the causes of slavery, the Fugitive Slave Law, the future of freed slaves, what an individual could do, and racism.Mark TwainLocal colorism: having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by another one else than a native.--- Hamlin Garland: Crumbing IdolsStowe, Mark Twain, Kate ChopinThe Gilded Age (1873)The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Prince and the Pauper (1881)Life on the Mississippi (1883)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories (1893)The Man That Corrupted Hadleybury (1900)Style of WritingBiting and realistic social satire, dealt largely with the lower strata of societyHumor, sharp wit and comic exaggeration;Colloquial style, a supreme command of vernacular American Englishearlier works are light, humorous, optimistic; the gloomy view in later lifeIronyVerbal irony: what one says is opposite to what one means. (It is universally acknowledged that a man in big fortune must be in want of a wife.)Dramatic irony: a contrast bt. what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true. (Merchant of Venice Portia disguised in a lawyer)Situational irony or irony of fate: an incongruity what is expected to happen and what actuallyhappens.)O. HenryWilliam Sydney Porter; embezzlement at Ohio Penitentiaryknown for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization, surprise endings"The Gift of the Magi“"The Ransom of Red Chief""The Cop and the Anthem""A Retrieved Reformation""The Duplicity of Hargraves"The Last LeafHenry Jamesthe founder of psychological realismHis fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions.the forerunner of the 20th-century "stream-of-consciousness" novels .His father, Henry James, Sr.an eminent philosopher、reformer and theological writer,His brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist.* In 1862, James entered Harvard Law School ,where he met HowellsHe toured England, France and Italy, and met, among others, Flaubert (Madame Bovary) , and TurgenevThe literary career of Henry James is generally divided into three distinctive periods: early , middle and mature.1) The first period (1865-1882) "international theme"The American (1877) Daisy Miller. (1878) The Europeans (1878)The Portrait of A Lady (1881)2) The second period (1882 –1895)3) The third period(1895-1900 )Third stage: In the third stage, he returned to his international themes and produced the complex and profound novels such as The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》(1902) , The Ambassadors 《专使》(1903) , and The Golden Bowl 《金碗》(1904). Critics regard them as his most mature and his best.3. Major Subjects(P.98) James stressed three subjects that are now regarded as influential in modem fiction. Children: James wrote about children as children, not as small adults. He examined their minds, their psychology and accepted it as valid.(2) New Woman: James's fiction is filled with female characters, not as sexual objects, never married, reticent from sexual passion. He treated the new woman in America in the latter half of the 19th century as a representative of culture and refinement. While men were engaged in business in making money at that time, women maintained culture. They were to be interested in beauty and refinement. And James's women are interested in those subjects. In a way, the women in his fiction are concerned about the same things that he was concerned with — beauty, culture, and refinement .4. Theory of Fiction* Henry James’s literary criticism :To him "art without life is a poor affair,“The Art of Fiction clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life, so it is not surprising to find in his writings human experiences explored in every possible form: illusion, despair, reward, torment, inspiration, delight, etc.*“point of view“叙事视角the author should avoid artificial omniscience as much as possible , making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.Jack London1905 Bought a ranch “the Valley of the Moon”.The Call of the Wild; The Son of the Wolf (1900); The War of the Classes (1905)The People of the Abyss (1903), The Sea Wolf (1904), White Fang (1906), The Iron Heel (1908), Martin Eden (1909), The Sea Wolf ; Martin Eden; Revolution (1910)The Call of the Wild, London's best-known work, is the classic tale of the dog Buck's kidnapping, rejection of civilization, and eventual transformation into the wild leader of a wolf pack. At another level, it is an allegory, in which London uses an animal's story to explore unconscious human instincts.White Fang "I'm going to reverse the process. Instead of devolution or de-civilization of a dog, I'm going to give the evolution, the civilization of a dog -- development of domesticity, faithfulness, love, morality, & all the amenities & virtues."Novelist of IdeasThroughout his career, Jack London explored ideas, both in his reading and in his own writings, seeking to find the answers to life's great questions. In this quest, he frequently reaffirmed not only his socialism, but also his belief in the superiority of humanity over the destructive power of individualism. In addition, especially in the last several years of his life, he increasingly saw the importance of the inner or spiritual side of life to humankind's self-understanding.He wrote too much too fast ,with too little concern for the stylistic and formal refinement and subtlety of characterization that rank high critics.Theodore DreiserLittle college educationReporterTo report “the coarse and the vulgar and the cruel and the terrible” in life in defiance of the genteel and evasive current futureSister Carrie"A Strangely Strong Novel in a Queer Milieu”Major characters:Carrie Meeber, a country girlDuret, a traveling salesmanHurstwood, a respectable manager, Duret’s friendTheme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.Parallel structure:the material rise of Carrie Meeber Vs the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood;Hurstwood sinks lower and lower. After becoming a beggar, he commits suicide;Carrie becomes mature in intellect and emotion and a star of musical comedy。
I.Definition of American Realism “Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists enter their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action, and the verifiable consequence” (William Harmon and Hugh Holman, A Handbook to Literature,p428 Realism is based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty and a democratic openness in subject matter and style. As a literary movement, realism refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the latter part of the 19th century. Realistic writers examine things in much detail, question the scene they’re talking about, question what they’re seeing, have critical sense, are truthful to life. Realism: try to educate people, to warn people, to be moral teachers, to benefit the society he criticizes so much, to deal with morality, to be more critical Characteristics of Writings (1) Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday senses are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. (2) In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. (3) Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material. (4) Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts. (5) Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. (6) Romanticism presents moral visions II. The reasons on the rise of American Realism ※ more educated people; ※ the development of industry; ※ growth of population in city / urban; ※ immigration: people move from the north to the south, from the east to the west; ※ the Gilded Age: more and more people become rich, pleasure-seeking, self-contained . Political reason: • the result of the American Civil War (1861--1865) : • The victory of the North, to protect the integrity of the United States as an indivisible nation; • Congress tried to press forward with its program of “Reconstruction”, or reform of the southern states; • Slavery was abolished, however, the southern states passed laws to segregate whites and blacks in public places; To the end of the 19th century, the system of segregation grew more rigid; most southern blacks were still living a miserable life Economic Development: • Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism农业的, and from that victory came a society based on mass labor and mass consumption. • In the first decades after the Civil War, Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. • Telegraph lines spanned the nation, and in 1866 a trans-Atlantic cable joined America and Europe. • The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, linking the Atlantic and the Pacific. • the end of the Civil War--- the beginning of World War I , a time of steel and steam, electricity and oil. • The tallow candles and whale-oil lamps of rural America were replaced by lanterns filled with kerosene made from crude oil. The American petroleum industry began, and with it came the age of the automobile. III. Literary Characteristics of the Age: 1.women became the nation‘s dominant culture force • In the latter half of the nineteenth century, women became the nation's dominant culture force, a position they have never relinquished. Ladies' journalism began to flourish. • The greatest woman writer of the age, Emily Dickinson, was almost completely unknown; her first collection of poetry was not published until 1890, four years after her death. But Hariet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), had become an American institution and the most famous literary woman in the world. 2. New England Renaissance had waned • By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned衰落. • Hawthorne and Thoreau were dead; Emerson, Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier had passed their literary zeniths顶点; • Melville, living in obscurity, had ceased to publish his fiction. • Only Whitman continued to offer a new literary vision to the world, issuing a fifth edition of Leaves of Grass in 1870 and publishing Democratic Vistas in 1871. 3. A host of new writers appeared • Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Hamlin Garland, and Mark Twain; • Their background and training were middle-class and journalistic rather than genteel or academic. Influenced by such Europeans as Zola, Flaubert, Balzac, Dostoyevsky, and Tolstoy, America’s most note-worthy new authors established a literature of realism. • Realists sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and the local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote. IV. The schools of American Realism • ※ Frontier Humor • ※ Midwestern realism • ※ Cosmopolitan Novelist • ※ Regionalism (local color) • ※ Naturalism • ※ The Chicago School of poets • ※ The rise of black American literature 1. Frontier Humor It is the vital and exuberant literature that was generated by the westward expansion of the United States in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.