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美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学的多元与独特性美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，它以其多元与独特的特点而广受瞩目。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨美国文学的多元性和独特性，从不同的角度和维度进行分析。
一、文学传统的多元性美国是一个移民国家，不同的移民群体带来了各自独特的文化传统和文学表达方式。
从英国殖民地时期开始，美国就融合了来自不同国家和地区的文化元素。
早期的美国文学以清教徒文学和乡村文学为主，展现了殖民时期的艰辛和信仰。
随着时间的推移，来自欧洲、非洲、亚洲和其他地区的移民们陆续来到美国，丰富了美国文学的多元性。
例如，非裔美国人文学通过揭示奴隶制和种族主义的不公来展示自己的独特视角。
哈莱姆文艺复兴时期的黑人作家们，如朗斯顿·休斯和托妮·莫里森，以其对种族和文化身份的探索而独树一帜。
此外，美国的拉丁裔、亚裔和原住民等少数族裔群体也有着丰富多样的文学传统。
他们通过自己的作品，诉说着与主流社会不同的故事和经历，使美国文学更加丰富多元。
二、主题的多元性美国文学涵盖了广泛的主题，反映了美国社会与人民的多样性。
它不仅展现了美国社会的繁荣和进步，还揭示了社会问题和不平等的存在。
在美国文学中，我们可以看到关于种族、性别、阶级、战争、家庭和社会变革等各种主题的作品。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《杀死一只知更鸟》等作品揭示了美国南方种族隔离和不公的真相，引起了社会的广泛关注。
与此同时，如弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》和阿瑟·米勒的《推销员之死》等作品，则通过人物的内心独白和对梦想的追求，探讨了美国社会中的阶级困境和社会价值观的裂变。
三、文学风格的多元性美国文学以其多样的文学风格而闻名于世。
从传统的现实主义和自然主义到现代主义和后现代主义，美国文学展现出了多个文学流派和风格。
早期的美国文学以现实主义为主，强调对现实生活的真实描写和社会问题的关注。
马克·吐温和杰克·伦敦等作家以其的幽默和魅力，成为这一时期的代表性作家。
论美国现实主义文学的产生与发展美国现实主义文学是指在19世纪晚期到20世纪初期，一种主张通过对外部环境和人物的客观描述，反映现实的文学流派。
它在美国文学史上扮演着重要的角色。
今天我们将从美国现实主义文学的产生与发展进行论述。
美国现实主义文学的产生美国现实主义文学的产生与工业化时代的到来密不可分。
随着工业革命的到来，城市化和现代化的发展，美国社会开始发生了大量的变化，社会阶层和价值观的巨大分化，人们的生活方式和工作环境也都发生了变化。
这样的变化生产了许多焦虑和不安，这种情绪也传递到了文学中。
人们开始意识到传统文学无法反映当代现实的真实状态，他们希望寻找一种新的表现形式来揭示时代的真实面貌。
另外，由于前半段的浪漫主义文学过分强调情感和想象，在这种情况下，一种追求真实、客观、现实的文学流派势在必行。
对于美国现实主义文学的原始动力，可以追溯到1850年代，那时是美国南北战争前的时期，艾米莉·狄金森和沃尔特·惠特曼的诗歌掀起了一股浪漫主义文学热潮，但是这种浪漫主义文学强调情感和想象，不适合用来反映社会现实。
因此，许多作家开始探索一种新的文学形式。
随后进入了1880年代，美国现实主义文学开始崛起。
美国无论是工业革命还是科技革命都取得了巨大的进步，社会的现代化进程不断加速。
在这样的社会背景下，R·H·戴维斯，马克·吐温等先锋作家开始创作现实主义文学。
他们摒弃了以往文学中浪漫主义的情感体现，而采取对作品中人物和环境进行描写和揭示的方式。
他们不再刻画英雄，而是刻画普通人，并对普通人的日常生活进行详细的描述和研究。
美国现实主义文学的发展美国现实主义文学的发展，与兴盛和衰落的阶段相互交替。
在19世纪80年代的末期，现实主义文学达到了高峰。
在这个时期，作为代表的小说家有马克·吐温，斯蒂芬·克莱恩以及威廉·迪安·霍维尔等等。
他们深入描述了美国社会中各个阶层以及一代人的生活情况和价值观，充分反映了当时美国社会的特点。
美国文学中的几个主义清教主义： Puritanism 代表人物： Anna Bradstreet ，Benjamin Franklin ，Thomas Paine ，Thomas Jefferson浪漫主义： Romanticism 代表人物：Washington Irving ，Edgar Allan PoeA超验主义：Transcendentalism ；代表人物：Ralph Waldo Emerson ，Emily Dickinson ，Walt Whitman自然主义：Naturalism ；代表人物：Henry D. Thoreau意向主义：Imagism ；代表人物：Ezra Pound心理现实主义：psychological realism ；代表人物：Henry James一清教主义对美国文学的影响清教徒文学传统形成于17世纪，清教主义与其它宗教相比,包含三个层面的价值体系,并对不同时期的美国文学产生了不同的影响,表现出不同时代特征,以清教主义作为参照系,可以说17世纪美国文学是“信仰时代的文学”,18世纪美国文学是“世俗时代的文学”,19世纪美国文学则可称为“宗教批判与宗教道德时代的文学”。
发端于英国的清教主义对美国社会有着更大的影响,“英格兰有过清教革命,却没有创建清教社会;美国没有经历清教革命,却创建了清教社会”①。
并且这种影响以其持久深厚而铸就了美利坚民族的灵魂。
正如朱世达先生所言:“清教传统像一条红线规范了从殖民时代到如今的美国的政治文化与社会文化”②。
作为美国文化一个独特的源头,清教主义在美国经历了由表及里、由明转暗的曲折发展,最终形成有美国特色的清教价值体系,从某种意义上说,文学是这一发展历程的最好见证。
一般而言,宗教都包含信仰与道德两个层面的价值体系。
清教主义的传播和渗入伴随着早期的移民拓荒、定居北美的整个过程。
作为一种教义 ,清教主义不再具有原有的意义 ,但它对新英格兰乃至整个美国由来已久的影响 ,却在美国形成了一种特殊的文化氛围 ,不仅与美国人性格中的个人主义有联系 ,对美国文学的发展和特点也起着重要作用。
浅析20世纪美国文学的多元化发展特征20世纪的美国文学呈现一种异彩纷呈，空前繁荣的局面，多种文学流派和文学思潮百花齐放，对整个文学界的发展产生了重大的影响。
本文从现代主义、现实主义和后现代主义这三个方面出发，对20世界美国文学的多元化发展特征进行详细的分析，从而进一步对这一时期文学发展的多元化效应进行解读。
标签：美国文学；20世纪；现代主义；现实主义；后现代主义20世纪的美国文学流派繁多，成绩斐然，在现当代的西方文学中的地位不可動摇。
从其成就来看，产生了海明威、福克纳和菲兹杰拉德等一大批闻名世界的文学家。
从思想背景的影响看，存在主义、西方现实主义、马克思主义和弗洛伊德学说等都深深渗透进了整个文学流派的血液中，一脉相承。
意象派，垮掉的一代等等文学流派的出现也正是其多元化发展下的产物。
我们从以下三个方面进行分析研究：一、现代主义现代主义通常是指产生于20世纪初至20世纪中叶的一种文学流派或文学思潮，象征主义、超现实主义、表现主义、未来主义、意识流小说等具体的文学现象和流派都是现代主义的表现形式。
从本质上讲，现代主义是对传统文学的一种背弃，是西方社会进入现代工业社会和垄断资本主义的必然产物，同时也是20世纪欧美社会的动荡不安的时代精神的体现和反映。
由于现代工业技术的迅猛发展，人们的社会生活和意识形态遭受了巨大的冲击。
美国现代主义文学在经历了产生和发展过程之后，形成了某些独特的特征，在世界文坛上独树一帜，深刻而全面的诠释了人民的精神危机和美国的社会矛盾。
现代主义并不单纯的指某一时期文艺作品的特点，它代表着与传统文学决裂，20世纪的美国，尽管人们的生活条件越来越好，但精神文化状况却不容乐观，人们狂热地追求财产、地位，沉溺声色，挥霍人生，迅猛发展的经济和动荡变革的社会为20世纪美国文学的多元化提供了现实条件。
从诗歌方面来看，意象派诗歌是美国现代主义诗歌的起源。
作为象征主义文学运动的一个分支，它要求诗人以含蓄而准确以及高度凝炼的意象表达生动的展现事物，同时把诗人鲜活的思想感情溶化于其中。
美国文学的特点（范文5篇）以下是网友分享的关于美国文学的特点的资料5篇，希望对您有所帮助，就爱阅读感谢您的支持。
美国文学的特点（1）20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。
这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。
==小说==这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。
这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向：1、两种现实主义小说。
在这方面的主要代表是亨利詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。
他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。
与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。
这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林加兰。
2、乡土作家和幽默小说。
这方面的代表性作家是欧亨利。
他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。
尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。
3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿辛克莱。
从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。
其中以厄普顿辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。
4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。
这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。
他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。
第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。
杰克伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。
实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。
二十世纪美国文学的兴起和特点20世纪是现代文学的黄金年代，美国文学在这个时期取得了巨大的发展和成就。
它不仅在世界文学史上占据重要地位，而且对文化和社会等诸多领域都产生了深远的影响。
在此，我们将从美国文学的兴起和特点两个方面来探讨20世纪美国文学的发展历程。
一、兴起20世纪早期，随着社会结构的变化和经济的快速增长，美国开始形成了一种新的文化和思维方式。
这种新兴的文化在20世纪20年代迅速崛起，被誉为“垃圾文化”或“废话文化”，因为它不仅引领了一代人的文化趋势，而且在很大程度上取代了传统文化。
这种新兴的文化强调思想和艺术的自由和个性化，与传统的道德观和文化价值观反其道而行之。
在这种背景下，美国文学走向了一个崭新的时代。
在这个时期，美国文学取得了革命性的进步。
首先，它走出了神话和传奇的阴影，首次开始探索现实生活的悲苦和意义。
其次，它呈现了当时年轻世代的观点和思想。
这些作品不是为满足社会的规范和传统而创作的，而是为了表达第一手的情感体验而生。
这些文学作品不仅有新的风格和形式，而且涉及到了存在主义、心理学、新哲学等领域，这使得美国文学的质量和深度大大提高。
二、特点20世纪美国文学主要有如下几个显著特点：1.现实主义和自然主义现实主义和自然主义是20世纪美国文学最明显的流派特点。
它们描绘的世界都是真实的、自然的和诗意的，而且非常注重表现现实社会的生活和人物。
现实主义和自然主义的文学家，如狄金森、福克纳、海明威等，都倡导通过小说来展现人性的缺陷和深刻的社会问题。
2.个性化和多样化美国文学多元化是美国文学的另一个显著特点。
在这个时期，美国多元文化蓬勃发展，反映出美国多样化、自由和包容的社会特点。
美国的文学家们越来越注重表达个人独特的想法和个性特征，他们不再愿意被简单地归入某个特定社会阶层，这使得美国文学更加多元化。
3.意识流和内心探索在20世纪的美国文学中，一种新的创作方法——意识流（Stream of consciousness），开始出现并迅速流行起来。
名词解释1.Impressionism(印象主义)Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic mood.2.American Realism (1865-1914)Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to Modernism. (书上P471 第一段)3.American Naturalism(自然主义）已改啦Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. (书P476 第一段最后)4.Local colorism释义1：Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native. Stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor.释义2：Local colorism is a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. It may be defined as the careful attention in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality.释义3：Local colorism is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features particular to a specific region.5.The Lost generation释义1：It refers to a group of young intellectuals who came back from war，were injured both physically and mentally. Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous, greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway. (书P547)释义2：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation who are physically and psychologically scarred. (书P548)6.Imagism:释义1：It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.释义2：Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.7.Free verseFree verse is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Whiteman’s poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive.8.Transcendentalism:Transcendentalism is a philosophic and literary movement.It is a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism. It appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history.9.Jazz AgeJazz age describe the period of 1920s and 1930s, the years between WW1 and WW2. With the rise of the Great Depression, the values of theage saw much decline. The most representative literature work is The Great Gatsby highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism.10.I ceberg Principle ：It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface.11.M odernism(现代主义)：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement, which began in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism.12.O riginal sinThe wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones. Human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.13.P sychological Realism(心理现实主义)It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. His novel The Ambassadors is considered to be a masterpiece of psychological realism.14.C olloquialismA colloquialism is a word, phrase or paralanguage that is employed in conversational or informal language but not in formal speech or formal writing.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.。
探究美国文学的多元化美国文学是一种多元化的文学形式，包括了许多不同的流派，如现实主义、象征主义、自然主义、后现代主义等。
在本次读书笔记中，我们将探究美国文学的多元化，并分析其中几个流派的代表作品。
一、现实主义现实主义是一种描绘真实生活的文学风格，它强调描写现实的细节和真实性，通常具有社会批判的意义。
美国现实主义的代表作品之一是马克·吐温的《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》。
这本小说讲述了一个叫哈克的男孩的冒险故事。
哈克是一个贫穷的孩子，他与一个逃脱奴隶的黑人吉姆成为朋友，一起逃离了他的家乡。
小说通过哈克的视角，描绘了美国南方的社会风貌和种族歧视的现实情况。
通过这个故事，吐温展示了美国社会中存在的种族歧视和不公正现象，并提出了人权和平等的价值观。
二、象征主义象征主义是一种强调意象和隐喻的文学风格，它通常使用符号和象征物来传达深层次的意义。
美国象征主义的代表作品之一是威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。
这本小说讲述了南方一个小镇的故事，主要围绕着一个叫托马斯·萨特巴斯的男人和他的家庭展开。
小说中使用了许多象征物，如风车、钟、鸟等，来传达深层次的意义。
通过这个故事，福克纳探讨了人性、道德和社会问题，并提出了对于人性和社会的深刻思考。
三、自然主义自然主义是一种强调人类行为和命运受到自然和社会环境影响的文学风格。
美国自然主义的代表作品之一是斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《汤姆·戈登》。
这本小说讲述了一个叫汤姆·戈登的年轻人的故事。
汤姆是一个贫穷的孩子，他在纽约城市的贫民窟中生活。
小说通过汤姆的视角，描绘了当时美国城市贫困和社会问题的现实情况。
通过这个故事，克莱恩探讨了人类命运受到环境和社会因素的影响，以及贫困和社会问题的根源。
四、后现代主义后现代主义是一种强调文学形式的自我反思和自我批评的文学风格。
美国后现代主义的代表作品之一是多诺万·麦克卡锡的《无人区》。
美国20世纪文学的历史特点与流派分析20世纪是美国文学史上的一个重要时期，涌现出许多具有深远影响的作品和流派。
本文将对20世纪美国文学的历史特点和流派进行分析。
20世纪美国文学的历史特点：1.现代主义的兴起：20世纪初，美国文学受到欧洲现代主义思潮的影响，出现了一批具有创新风格的作家。
他们试图打破传统文学的边界，以流畅的叙述风格和非线性的结构来探索人类内心世界。
代表作家包括厄内斯特·海明威、T·S·艾略特和威廉·福克纳等。
2.后现代主义的兴起：20世纪后半叶，后现代主义成为美国文学的主导思潮。
作家们开始质疑现代主义的理性主义和客观真理，并转向对语言和叙述的自觉性反思。
他们以多样的故事结构、碎片化的叙述和幽默讽刺的方式，揭示现代社会的虚无和混乱。
若明·鲍威尔、托马斯·品钦和唐纳德·巴斯等作家都是后现代主义文学的代表人物。
3.多元文化文学的兴起：20世纪末，随着移民潮的出现和美国社会的多元化，多元文化文学开始崭露头角。
作家们关注少数族裔和移民的生活经历，展现他们的身份认同和文化冲突。
契诃夫、玛雅·安吉罗和朱迪思·巴特勒等作家都在多元文化文学的发展上做出了重要贡献。
4.女性文学的崛起：20世纪，女性作家逐渐走出阴影，开始发表自己的作品。
女性文学呈现出多样的主题和风格，关注女性的权利、性别身份和社会地位。
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、吉娜·博尔斯和爱丽丝·沃克等作家都是女性文学的代表人物。
5.战争文学的兴起：20世纪的两场世界大战对美国社会产生了深远的影响，也激发了大量的战争文学创作。
这些作品以战争为背景，揭示战争对个体心灵和社会生活的摧毁以及人性的善恶。
约瑟夫·海勒和库尔特·冯内古特等作家通过他们笔下的战争故事，带领读者反思和思考。
20世纪美国文学的流派分析：1.自然主义文学：19世纪末至20世纪初，自然主义文学在美国迅速兴起。
Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue);In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.American realism ：（美国现实主义）Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism;2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up witha new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4) Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Local Colorism(乡土文学)：Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, weell-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.Imagism(意象主义)：Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, hemingway and John dos Passos.The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代):The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s howl.Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.A J azz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and worldwar II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.Feminisim(女权主义): Feminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on th e belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code HeroImpressionism(印象主义):Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4> in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions.fresh way s of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.it is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.the gilded age: Plains Indians were pushed in a series of Indian wars onto restricted reservations.This period also witnessed the creation of a modern industrial economy. A national transportation and communication network was created, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization, and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. By the beginning of the twentieth century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions, led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts.An era of intense political partisanship, the Gilded Age was also an era of reform. The Civil Service Act sought to curb government corruption by requiring applicants for certain governmental jobs to take a competitive examination. The Interstate Commerce Act sought to end discrimination by railroads against small shippers and the Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed business monopolies. These years also saw the rise of the Populist crusade. Burdened by heavy debts and falling farm prices, many farmers joined the Populist party, which called for an increase in the amount of money in circulation, government assistance to help farmers repay loans, tariff reductions, and a graduated income tax.Mark Twain called the late nineteenth century the "Gilded Age." By this, he meant that the period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath. In the popular view, the late nineteenth century was a period of greed and guile: of rapacious Robber Barons, unscrupulous speculators, and corporate buccaneers, of shady business practices, scandal-plagued politics, and vulgar display. It is easy to caricature the Gilded Age as an era of corruption, conspicuous consumption, and unfettered capitalism. But it is more useful to think of this as modern America’s formative period, when an agrarian society of small producers was transformed into an urban society dominated byindustrial corporations.Regionalism(地区主义)：In literature, regionalism or local color fiction refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features –including characters, dialects, customs, history, and topography –of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the author's own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the writing.Although the terms regionalism and local color are sometimes used interchangeably, regionalism generally has broader connotations. Whereas local color is often applied to a specific literary mode that flourished in the late 19th century, regionalism implies a recognition from the colonial period to the present of differences among specific areas of the country. Additionally, regionalism refers to an intellectual movement encompassing regional consciousness beginning in the 1930s. Even though there is evidence of regional awareness in early southern writing—William Byrd's History of the Dividing Line, for example, points out southern characteristics—not until well into the 19th century did regional considerations begin to overshadow national ones. In the South the regional concern became more and more evident in essays and fiction exploring and often defending the southern way of life. John Pendleton Kennedy's fictional sketches in Swallow Barn, for example, examined southern plantation life at length.multiple points of view（多视角）：Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. The use of this technique gave the story a circular form wherein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The multiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.Confessional poetry ：Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties.Ecocriticism：Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell.In the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be found.Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".Dramatic Conflict：At least not the special kind of conflict that drives plays, the gas that fuels the dramatic engine. Arguments in real life are usually circular -- nobody gets anywhere, except a little steam's been blown off. And they're boring for everyone except the folks doing the yelling.Dramatic Conflict draws from a much deeper vein, rooted in the Subtext of your central characters. It's driven by fundamentally opposing desires.Conflict is a necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist。
美国文学史美国文学作为世界文学中的一支重要力量，具有独特的发展历程和风格。
从殖民地时期开始，美国文学就逐渐形成了自己的特色，逐步走向独立和多元化。
本文将从不同时期和流派的角度，对美国文学史进行探讨。
殖民地文学时期在殖民地时期，北美洲最早由英国、荷兰和法国等欧洲国家殖民，形成了各具特色的殖民地文学。
早期殖民者主要是宗教领袖和移民，他们的文学作品大多与宗教和生活有关。
其中，《普利茅斯纪事》是北美最早的历史文学作品之一，记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和发展历程。
独立战争与浪漫主义美国独立战争的胜利为美国文学的繁荣奠定了基础。
浪漫主义在19世纪初发展起来，强调个人主义、自然和民族主义，代表作品有爱默生的《自然》和露易丝·梅·奥尔科特的《小女亨丽特》等。
这一时期的作品多表现出对自由、民主和原生态的向往，具有强烈的思想性和感情色彩。
现实主义和自然主义19世纪中后期，美国文学逐渐发展出现实主义和自然主义两大流派。
现实主义作品关注于社会生活和人性，代表作品有马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和亨利·詹姆斯的《彭伯顿夫人》等。
自然主义则更加强调环境和遗传的影响，代表作品有杰克·伦敦的《野性的呼唤》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》等。
这一时期的作品在探讨社会问题和人性方面展现出了深度和广度。
现代主义和后现代主义20世纪初，现代主义在美国兴起，表现出对传统文学形式和观念的挑战。
代表作家有欧内斯特·海明威、弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙和威廉·福克纳等，他们的作品多以流畅的叙述和复杂的心理描写为特点。
后现代主义则更加强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的实验，代表作家有托马斯·品钦和唐·德里罗斯等，他们的作品反映出了当代社会的多样性和碎裂性。
结语美国文学历经多个阶段和流派的发展，呈现出了多样的表现形式和思想内涵。
从殖民地时期到现代，美国文学逐渐形成了独具特色的风格和传统。
美国文学1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学Philip Freneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）(1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British. The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》The British Ship《英国囚船》The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》(1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century use of simple nature imagery.The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”.Thomas Jefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》(1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspiredby the thoughts of John Locke.2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学Calvinism（加尔文主义）(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义）(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness”in their works. (3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.”(5) American Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.Transcendentalism（超验主义）(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over—soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self—reliant. (2)New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.Free verse（自由体诗歌）(1)Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.(2) Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. (3)Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. (4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.Symbol（象征）(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something else, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.Theme（主题）(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides ananswer to such questions as “What is the work about?”(3)Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.3.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学American Naturalism(美国自然主义)(1)The American Naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.(2)American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.(3)Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Darwinism(达尔文主义)(1)Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.(2)Darwinist think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically.(3)Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.Local Colorists(乡土作家)(1)Generally speaking, the writing of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.(2)Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historian of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.(3)Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain , Kate Chopin, etc.Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱塞)He is generally acknowledged as one of America’s literary naturalists.Works Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》(1) Sister Carrie tells about a poor country girl (Carrie Meeber) who goesto Chicago to pursue the American Dream.(2) The novel shows Dreiser’s naturalistic view about life by illustratingthe purposelessness of life.(3) The dominant symbol of the novel is the rocking chair that is the rocking chair thatis indicative of the uncertainty of life.Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》Trilogy of Desire《欲望》三部曲a. The Financier《金融家》b. The Titan《巨人》c. The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius 《天才》An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》(1) An American Tragedy is Dreiser’s greatest work and the title of theBook implies Dreiser intention to tell us that it is the social pressurethat makes Clyde’s downfall inevitable.(2) Clyde’s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American socialsystem which encouraged people to pursue the “dream of success ” atall costs.Sherwood Anderson (舍伍德·安德森)(1)He has been called the first of America’s “psychological writers” because he first explored the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychology.(2)He tremendously influenced such writers as Hemingway and Faulkner.Works Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》(1) Winesburg, Ohio is a collection of 23 interrelated stories ofsamll-town life. These stories sound morbid and grotesque, butUnderneath them runs a strong desire to communicate, and love andbe loved.(2) It won the author a foremost position in contemporary Americanliterary.4.现代时期的美国文学The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)(1)The Lost Generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.(2)Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.(3)The three best-know representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.(4)Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald.Imagism (意象派诗歌)（1）Imagism came into being in Britain ans U.S. around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.（2）The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.（3）Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:i) direct treatment of subject matter;ii) economy of expression;iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in thesequence of metronome.（4）Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代)（1）The members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.（2）The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.（3）The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.American Dream (美国梦)（1）American Dream refers to the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck.（2）In literature, the theme of American Dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed. The novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.Expressionism (表现主义)（1）Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.（2）Expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.（3）Works noted for expressionism include: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones, James Joyce’s Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, and T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, etc..（4）In a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their own authors’moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of Romanticism.Feminism (女权主义)(1) Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of socialtransformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.(2) In general, feminism is the ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that womensuffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminists offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.(3) Definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So,for example, Marxist and Socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄)（1）Hemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains,through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.（2）Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Hero.Harlem Renaissance (哈莱姆文艺复兴)（1）Harlem Renaissance refers to a period of outstanding literary vigor and creativity that occurred in the United States during the 1920s.（2）The Harlem Renaissance changed the images of literature created by many black and white American writers. New black images were no longer obedient and docile, instead they showed a new confidence and racial pride.(3) The leading figures are Langston Hughs, James Weldon Johnson, Wallace Thurman, etc..Impressionism (印象主义)（1）Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.（2）Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.现代时期的美国文学Ezra Pound(1) He was identified as the father of modern American poetry and the most influential leader of.the Imagist Movement.(2) He had an enormous influence on the modernist writers in Britain and America after WWII.Works The Cantos《诗章》In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁站里》(1) In a Station of the Metro serves as a typical example of the Imagist ideas.(2) The one-image poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in aParis subway station.(3) “Apparition”suggests a visible appearance of something not present, andespecially of a dead person. Here the faces of people in the subway station arecompared to petals on a wet, black bough.A Pact 《盟约》(1) A Pact is a poem in which Pound started to find some agreement between“Whitmanesque”free verse, which he had attacked for its carelessness incomposition.(2) In the poem “broke the new wood” means that Whitman made experiments withthe conventions of traditional poetry. “commerce” means the exchange of views orattitudes. The poem indicates that Pound would like to learn from the free verseand show respect to Whitman.Word文档。
The Age of American Realism and
Naturalism
Historical background
The Age of American lterature Realism and Naturalism is also the age of Post-Civil War Reconstruction.During this period:
1.The Civil War changed America from an agrarian to an industrial society.
2.The Civil War changed American people's views on values,morality and religion.
3.The Civil War resulted in American industrialization and urbanization, which made many farmers flock to the industrialized cities.
4.Although industrialization and urbanization produced fiancial giants,at the same time it created the indurstrial proletariat(无产阶级）entirely at the mercy of external forces(外部力量）beyond their control.
The above political,social and moral changes have influenced American writers in both theme and technique.
Characteristics
Realism employs a straightforward presentation or matter-of-fact manner to express"the truthful treatment of material". Naturalism emphasizes that the world was amoral,that men and women have no free will,that their lives are controlled by heredity and the environment,that religious"truths"are illusory,and that the destiny was misery in life and oblivion in death.
Name: Mark Twain(1835~1910)
Profession：Humorist,Novelist and Locutionist(演说家）
Master works:The Million Pound Note ;The Adventure of Tom Sawyer; The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
Works' style:Abounding with humorous, satire and local colour.
Writing object: The lower class
Name:Henry James(1843~1916) Profession：Novelist and critic Master works:The American ;The Portrait of a Lady ;Daisy Miller Works' style: Focus on inside description and narrative perspective
Writing object: The upper class
William Dean Howells (1837–1920)
Jack London(1876~1916)
Stephen Crane(1871～1900)
Chinese Realism Time: In 1950s , realism became popular in China Effect:Bring about the prosperous of Chinese realism
peotry.
Master poets: Zang Kejia; Guo Xiaochuan; Zhang Zhiming and so on Three Generations
Zang Kejia The child, bathing in the earth;
The father, sweating in the earth;
The grandfather, buried in the earth.。
