论爱玛的人物形象

爱玛小说读后感
《爱玛》是简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，也是世界文学史上不可
忽视的经典之一。

小说以19世纪英国乡村社会为背景，以女主人公
爱玛·伍德豪斯为中心，讲述了她在爱情、友情和社交中的成长和
变化。

读完这部小说，我深受感动，对人生和社会有了更深刻的思考。

首先，小说中的人物形象栩栩如生，让人印象深刻。

爱玛是一
个聪明、美丽、自信的女孩，但她也有自己的缺点，比如自以为是、喜欢干涉别人的生活。

她的朋友哈里埃特也是一个善良、纯真的女孩，但她的身世却让她备受伤害。

这些人物形象的塑造，让我感受
到了作者对人性的深刻洞察和描绘能力。

其次，小说中的情节设计巧妙，引人入胜。

爱玛一开始以为自
己是个了不起的媒人，却因为自己的干涉导致了朋友哈里埃特的痛苦。

她在感情和友情中的迷茫和成长，让人忍不住为她捏一把汗。

而她和奈特利的爱情线也是扣人心弦，两人之间的误会和磨合，让
人感受到了真实的情感冲突和挣扎。

最后，小说对19世纪英国乡村社会的描写也让人印象深刻。

小
说中展现了当时的社交礼仪、等级观念和婚姻观念，让人感受到了当时社会的压力和束缚。

而爱玛最终的成长和改变，也让人看到了当时社会中一些女性在婚姻和家庭中的挣扎和追求。

通过阅读《爱玛》，我不仅感受到了作者对人性和社会的深刻洞察，也对自己的成长和人生有了更深刻的思考。

小说中的人物形象、情节设计和社会描写，都让我深受感动，对这部经典之作充满了敬意。

希望更多的人能够阅读这部小说，感受到其中的魅力和深刻。

On Emma’s Mental Maturity from the Perspective of Her Personality ReformationApplicant:AmySupervisor:Faculty:College of Foreign Languages… UniversityApril 12, 2010摘要《爱玛》是简·奥斯丁的一部比较成熟的作品，她笔下的爱玛性格复杂。

这部作品描写的是爱玛在经历了一个个错误之后，抛弃幻想，获得自我，最后步入成熟。

本文主要从性格方面来剖析爱玛的成长，爱玛在生活中经历了种种挫折与失败，但她能在这些过程中吸取经验和教训，并逐步走向了成熟，表现了19世纪初女性在社会发展中的成长与进步，同时也启发现代女性要在性格方面逐步完善自我，从而更好地展现成熟魅力。

本文在国内外研究的基础上首先浅析爱玛的性格缺陷：自负、势力、主观。

然后重点以爱玛身边的主要人物，如奈特利先生和哈丽特小姐等为独特视角来看她心智走向成熟的过程以及她自始至终的转变，并从爱玛自身及当时社会背景分析了转变的原因。

最后运用了心理学理论进一步阐述了转变后的爱玛新形象：认清现实，认清自我，并且能虚心改正自身的性格缺点，这样读者能更好地了解爱玛这个人物形象。

关键词：爱玛性格缺陷性格转变心智成熟心理学AbstractEmma is a relatively mature work by Jane Austen, in which Emma has complicated personality, and she abandons illusionary, gains her own identity and finally makes a step to mental maturity after suffering so many mistakes. In this paper, Emma’s growth is mainly analyzed from the perspective of her personality. Though Emma has suffered kinds of setbacks and failures, she gradually goes to maturity by gaining experience and education, which demonstrates women’s growth and progress in the early 19th century, and also inspires modern women to gradually improve themselves in personality and better present maturity charm. This paper is based on domestic and foreign researches, first analyzes Emma’s personality defects: self-conceit, snobbery and subjectivity, then illustrates the process of Emma’s mental maturity and her personality reformation from the special perspective of some surrounding characters such as Mr. Knightley and Harriet, also analyzes the causes of her better changes from her self-consciousness and social background. At last, it applies psychology theories further to present a new image of Emma: confronting the reality, gaining autonomy and modestly correcting her personality defects, which makes readers understand the character Emma better.Key Words: Emma, personality defects, personality reformation, mental maturity, psychologyContentsIntroduction (1)1. Emma’s Personality Defects (2)1.1 Self-conceit (2)1.2 Snobbery (3)1.3 Subjectivity (4)2. Emma’s Personality Reformation (5)2.1 Through Her Relationship with Surrounding Characters (5)2.1.1Reined Back by the Reasonable Knightley (5)2.1.2 Mirrored by the Tractable Harriet (6)2.1.3Nurtured by the Kind Bates (7)2.1.4 Convinced by the Talented Jane (8)2.2 Causes of Emma’s Personality Reformation (9)2.2.1 Emma’s Self-consciousness (9)2.2.2 Society’s Demands (10)3. Emma’s Mental Maturity (11)3.1 Correct Recognition of Herself (11)3.1.1Abandonment of Illusion & Reality Confronting (11)3.1.2 Improvement of Identity & Autonomy Gaining (12)3.2 Modest Correction of Her Personality Defects (14)3.2.1 Self-reflection (14)3.2.2 Others’ Influence (15)Conclusion (17)Bibliography (18)IntroductionThe English writer Jane wrote Emma in 1815, the most mature one in art and in thought among all her works. This novel centers on the heroine Emma’s choice of spouse for others, in which her words and behaviors are ridiculous, but her mental maturity is well presented with the unfolding of the story.Indeed, Emma has her personality defects, she overlooks herself because of uniquely favorable conditions, and she has her own way to do matchmaking, without taking account for reality. Therefore, as to the heroine, Austen (1994:3) even claims Emma whom no one but herself will much like. To mention Emma’s imperfection, Arnold Keitel’s opinion (1985:74) is that Emma is not a commonly so-called positive heroine. Also, Craik (1965) points out that the heroine Emma is almost cruelly treated and in every paragraph she is described to have faults out of her foolishness, vanity, ignorance and her selfishness. However, some scholars see Emma’s personality reformation, though they have not detailed explanation. For example, Li Zhengshan (1996:75) thinks that Emma is a new woman image who is finally brave to confront the reality, receive others’advice and correct her own faults. Li Yunxia (2002:56) also notices that there is always a paragraph describing Emma’s self-blame after her fault behaviors. The most important is that the critic Mark Scholer (1985:102) carefully analyzes the whole structure of the plot, and he finds that there is hardly perceivable reformation of Emma’s personality in scenes consisting of different characters. And Sun Hongfei (2009:109) in his paper Emma, the Harbinger of Bildungsroman in England, points out that Emma gains experience and education through various setbacks and failures. However, all these analyses do not delicately make a research for the process of Emma’s mental maturity in her personality, and the new image of Emma is not presented concretely, either. Therefore, in this paper, Emma’s personality defects will be presented in Chapter Two. And in Chapter Three,from the special perspective of the relationship between Emma and some surrounding characters, how her personality reforms will be well interpreted, also the causes of her reformation will be analyzed. And the new image of Emma with mental maturity after experiencing so much will be detailed presented in Chapter 4.Finally, a general conclusion about the paper will be made and some researching limits also will be pointed out in Chapter 5.1. Emma’s Personality DefectsIn the beginning of the novel, Emma is introduced to be the mistress of the house from a very early period, always does just what she likes, and is〝in a disposition to think a little too well of herself〞(Austen, 1994:13). Emma has become quite intelligent and educated, but her increasing knowledge, authority, and power contribute to her many faults:〝She is a spoiled child. The real evils of Emma’s situation were the power of having rather too much her own way.〞(Pollemus Robert, 1980:56).Indeed, Emma is self-conceited, snobbish and subjective; however, she is not aware of these defects at the very beginning.1.1 Self-conceitIn Jane Austen’s view, Emma’s self-conceit is the fault of her nature. Her existence has been too privileged; she has been made to feel too important. When introducing Emma in the beginning, Austen uses such vague adjectives as〝handsome〞,〝clever〞,〝with a comfortable and happy disposition〞and〝seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence〞(Austen, 1994:11).All these words apparently seem commendatory, because Emma’s grace and beauty are well described, but in fact they are satiric and negative, embodying Emma’s self-conceit to some extent.Because of her cleverness, Emma has elitism for her intelligence, confidentlybelieving that she possesses preeminent knowledge and in Highbury nobody is evenly matched with her. Due to Emma’s high social rank and her privileged family background, she never yields to anyone. On contrary, she holds and insists her own judgments. As Austen describes, Emma is the first mistress in Highbury, so in her eyes she is superior compared to others not only in material but in spiritual aspect. What’s more, Emma likes to control others’ thoughts and feelings, always thinking her own are better. For example, about Harriet’s inner love to Martin, Emma prevents the love process by her so-called cautious considering. Actually, Emma always keeps the role of mistress spiritually, and she prides herself on her distinctive ideas.1.2 SnobberyDuring the development of Emma, the title heroine, her indulgence in flights of fancy and her sense of superiority cause her to misguide Harriet Smith and treat others unjustly. Emma’s opinion and treatment of Robert Martin, a lower class farmer, is the very example, because she believes that he is a very〝unfit〞match for Harriet Smith due to his lower class rank:They were a family of the name of Martin […] but they must be coarse and unpolished, and very unfit to be the intimates of a girl who wanted only a little more knowledge and elegance to be quite perfect. (Austen, 1994:14-15)Emma’s thoughts of Mr. Martin clearly illustrate the prejudice that the upper class has towards the lower class. Craik even calls her〝a social snob, and looks down upon Martin, such an assiduous and kind man.〞(1965:126) Emma insists that property and social rank is the key to marriage, so she always tells Harriet that they should fit their own position, and draw a clear line of demarcation with those who are uneducated or in the lower class , and even seriously warns Harriet not to have any relationship with them. Also when Mr. Elton proposes to her, she never thinks of him as an equal, because she is superior to him in wealth, social rank and appearance, undoubtedly she reckons that Mr.Elton can’t match with her, even despising this man in the bottom of her heart.1.3 SubjectivityEmma’s subjectivity and supposal are also reflected conspicuously. She always does things according to her own will, hardly listening to others’opinions, except that she realizes her own faults. Mainly the superior social rank causes Emma to arrange for others’ fate irresponsibly, so she always takes so active a part in bringing any two people together, and it is adventuring too far and assuming too much to make what ought to be serious a trick.Emma’s first act in the novel is to congratulate herself on what she imagines to be her role in successfully doing matchmaking for Miss Taylor. Her fancy and imagination of people’s lives is based on a false perception of reality. She is referred to as an 〝imaginist〞(Li Yunxia, 2002:58).Then she concentrates on the prospect of making something of her friendship with Harriet. She fashions a match between Harriet and Mr. Elton, and persuades Harriet into a fanciful contemplation of the man, but actually Mr. Elton is attracted by Emma herself.Another example is that Emma indulgently imagines Frank’s return to court her. Emma for a while believes herself to be in love with Frank Churchill. She also imagines herself just like the subject of Frank’s mediation, as he is at the moment the subject of hers.〝No, if he had relieved me at all to share his feelings, he would not have been so wretched〞(Austen, 1994:190). But after〝forming a thousand amusing schemes for the progress and close of their attachment〞(190), she decides the answer is〝No〞, and regards Harriet as the object of his affections. Especially his rescue of Harriet from the Gipsies sets Emma〝on fire with speculations and foresight!〞(242), she believes that they must be in love but in fact Frank has got engaged to Jane Fairfax.2. Emma’s Personality ReformationIn the novel, many of Emma’s behaviors are unsatisfactory, one fault after another. But from the delicate description, we know Emma has suffered a lot and she gradually recognizes her personality defects, in which she also has a hardly perceivable reformation in personality.2.1 Through Her Relationship with Surrounding CharactersThrough many small stories in the relationship between Emma and some surrounding characters, Emma herself has some personality reformation. Especially Mr. Knightley, as a reliable guide and a mentor, corrects Emma’s judgments and helps her growth. Meanwhile, Harriet Smith, a tender and tractable girl, is arranged as mirror to reflect Emma’s thoughts and her final introspection. In addition, kind Bates and talented Jane also help Emma’s personality reformation.2.1.1Reined Back by the Reasonable KnightleyTo recognize the mistakes and realize Emma’s final reformation, Mr. Knightley is arranged as the chief corrective. The role of Mr. Knightley does not only bring Emma the beginning of a new life, but correct her every fault, even blame her as a frank tutor (Sun Hongfei, 2009:110).Due to Emma’s early loss of the mother, her father’s weakness, and her governess, Miss Taylor’s sisterly companion rather than an authority figure, Emma has assumed the role of mistress and exercised the independent will like a male adult, so she requires a man to rein her in and create boundaries to her will. Luckily comes Mr. Knightley,〝a sensible man about seven or eight-and-thirty, was not only a very old and intimate friend of the family, but particularly connected with it as the elder brother of Isabella’shusband.〞(Austen, 1994:7). Mr. Knightley represents everything including mental strength, social savvy and assertiveness. In this sense, Mr. Knightley seems a reliable figure and model for Emma.Indeed, as a frank and reasonable lover, Mr. Knightley’s commentary on Emma’s errors is reliable and good-willed. He appoints himself the role of teacher and mentor, instinctively longing to mold and improve his beloved Emma’s personality. In the novel, he tells Emma precisely where her mistakes lay; each of his affirmation of a value and each of his accusation of error are to the point and do Emma much good. For example, he rebukes Emma for manipulating Harriet by unrealistically making match for her; he attacks her for superficiality and pride; he condemns her for gossiping and flirting with Frank Churchill; and he blames her for being disrespectful and unfeeling in treating Miss Bates. Each time after his criticize, Emma grows mentally and makes a step to maturity.On the whole, Mr. Knightley is〝one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse and the only one who ever told her of them〞(Austen, 1994:8). For most time Mr. Knightley’s conduct is without blame and also his judgment is unshakable, and the sixteen years’ difference in age between him and Emma enables him to be mentally mature compared to Emma. Without Mr. Knightley’s frank criticism, Emma’s growth and personality reformation can not be achieved so easily.2.1.2 Mirrored by the Tractable HarrietHarriet Smith is really a minor character in Emma.In spite of Harriet’s minor importance, she is so frequently communicated with Emma that she has woven into almost every events Emma encounters. Also Emma always thinks of her and cares for her even when Harrier is not on the spot. Therefore, it can be concluded that in fact Harriet occupies a rather important role in Emma’s personality reformation, and she can be looked as a mirror of Emma’s introspection.At first, in Emma’s eyes, Harriet is just an inadequate substitute for Miss Taylor.And Emma is so delighted at her role in Miss Taylor’s successful marriage that she decides to find a suitable husband for Harriet. Mr. Elton and Frank Churchill become Emma’s choice for Harriet. In Emma’s judgment, Mr. Elton’s eagerness about the picture of Harriet drawn by Emma shows his affection to Harriet. But the fact is what Mr. Elton has done is to flatter Emma, not Harriet. The second candidate, Frank Churchill, at one time rescues Harriet from gypsies’ assailment, and later overtly praises Harriet’s beauty. So Emma believes〝such an adventure as this, ——a fine young man and a lovely young woman thrown together in such a way could hardly fail of suggesting certain ideas to the coldest heart and the steadiest brain.〞(Austen, 1994:301).However, it turns out that what Frank has done to Emma and Harriet is only in order to conceal his real relationship with Jane Fairfax. Therefore, Emma writes wrong answers for the tractable Harriet, and poor Harriet becomes the victim of Emma’s over self-assurance and fancy imagination. When all the facts are open, Emma has to think about her own defects. So without her manipulation of Harriet and the final failure, Emma will not recognize her personality defects and make any better change.More significantly, in addition to these two failed matchmakings, Harriet’s confession of her love to Mr. Knightley becomes a mirror to reflect Emma’s true feeling. It really helps Emma to recognize herself and especially where her own love lies. (Cui Huiyong, 2007:31) Undoubtedly, it is Harriet who makes Emma realize her affection for Mr. Knightley. Because of all the above, consequently Harriet turns out to be a mirror for Emma to introspect herself and make a progress in her personality reformation.2.1.3 Nurtured by the Kind BatesTo Emma, Miss Bates is〝a clumsy and stupid, grinning cheekily and boring〞old virgin (Liu Qing, 2008:76). Because in the novel, the presence of Miss Bates is always with her wordy talking about family trivialities, and in her words there are no logic and profundity at all. And Emma never looks squarely at Miss Bates whose social rank islower than her. Only to abide by the courtesy and norms of upper classes, Emma sometimes condescends to visit Miss Bates and her mother. But it is known to the whole Highbury that Miss Bates takes good care of her mother and often companies Mr. Woodhouse while Emma is not at home. In addition, Emma later is curious about Jane Fairfax, so she needs Miss Bates to offer some information. Compared with the kind, unselfish and responsible Miss Bates, Emma is so snobbish and selfish.Especially when they together go outing to Box Hill, Emma insults Miss Bates of her boring remarks and extreme talkativeness,〝Ah! Ma’am, but there may be a difficulty. Pardon me——but you will be limited as to number——only three at once.〞(Austen, 269).Miss Bates is extremely hurt by this comment. This insult proves to be a very tactless and unfeeling manner by Emma.Emma’s unkindness and cruelty completely shocked everyone at presence. Luckily Emma accepts Mr. Knightley’s lecture〝So unfeeling to Miss Bates. How could you be so unfeeling to a woman of her character, age and situation?〞(Austen, 271) and really realizes her own personality defects. She is angry with herself and asks herself, as she drives away from Box Hill,〝how could she have been so brutal, so cruel to Miss Bate〞, and she also asks herself,〝how have she exposed herself to such ill opinion in anyone she valued〞(Austen, 273).Therefore, the next day she goes to the Bates’to give her apology. It is obvious that from the bottom of Emma’s heart, she is nurtured by the kind Bates, and she sees Bates’ warm heart.2.1.4 Convinced by the Talented JaneJane Fairfax grows up with no advantages of connection or improvement to be engrafted on what nature has given her in a pleasing person, good understanding, and warm-hearted, well meaning relations (Austen, 178). When Jane comes back to Highbury, Emma feels she is sorry to have to pay civilities to a person she does not like! The reason may be a difficult question to answer, but Mr. Knightley’s words are quite to the point〝[…] because you see in her the really accomplished young woman, which you want to be taught yourself〞(Austen, 180). However, Emma owes it to Jane’s coldness and reserve.Especially when these two young ladies give some music in that evening at Hartfield, which makes Emma see the big difference between Jane and herself. Emma is obliged to play, and the thanks and praise which necessarily follow appeared to her an affection of candor, an air of greatness, meaning only to show off in higher style of her own superior performance. And she thinks that Jane is〝the worst of all, so cold, so cautious! There was no getting at her real opinion.〞(182) .W hat’s more, her saying〝but I hope I am not often deficient in what is due to guests at Hartfield.〞(184), which indirectly reflects that Emma realizes she is not as talented as Jane. However, responding to Emma’s insincere greeting and care, Jane is always not inclined to decline impolitely. Though Jane is short of wealth, mentally her superiority makes Emma reflect upon the past and sigh about herself〝so cold, so false! I am like putting on a play, and that is a kind of life to deceive others!〞(412).Finally, Emma said with a sincerity which no one could question〝She [Jane] is a sort of elegant creature that one cannot keep one’s eyes from. I am always watching her to admire […]〞(423). Therefore, convinced by Jane’s nice behavior and superior performance, Emma actually recognizes her own defects and inwardly decides to take Jane as a good example.2.2 Causes of Emma’s Personality ReformationIt is obvious to see that Emma suffers from her errors in the stories with some main characters. Her indulgence of imaginative fancy and a good deal of misjudgments and misperception are not the only theme of the novel.2.2.1 Emma’s Self-consciousnessTo Emma herself, she is warm-hearted and clever, adding to her superiorbackground, she is a relatively independent and advanced female compared to other women in that society. Undoubtedly, she is a woman of high authority in Highbury. Though she is conceited, snobbish and subjective, Emma finally realizes not all things are like what she thinks, and she can calm down to think and come to her senses, making analyses and judgments independently under Mr. Knightley’s education(Liu Qing, 2008:77). Especially after all the truth is open that Mr. Knightley makes a proposal to Emma, Frank Churchill makes his relationship with Jane Fairfax public and Harriet marries to Robert Martin, Emma faces up to her own defects and determines to correct them.Of course, her personality reformation is in the expectance, after all Emma is not ignorant like those who always seek for men’s protection without own minds (Liu Cunbo, 2001:36). So she realizes that she must change, especially her insulting Miss Bates in Box Hill violates her own standards as well as Mr. Knightley’s, and threatens her with the loss both of his respect and of her own esteem.2.2.2 Society’s DemandsEmma’s personality reformation is not only her own needs, but also the needs of the society, which crushes her pride and forces her to abandon her delusional system. In the 18th century,〝reason〞was a very famous term, and at the same time, morality was paid close attention to and everyone needed morality as guidance，and this thought trend lasted until the early 19th century. Thus, in some degree, Emma’s personality defects reflect her imperfect morality; therefore, she is bound to face up to change her personality better with the change of social reality. In addition, as an upper-class woman, Emma has to keep her words and behaviors fit to her position. Otherwise, she cannot honor the surrounding’s appreciation; neither can she enjoy a happy life in such a big harmonious environment (Liu Cunbo, 38).3. Emma’s Mental MaturityIndeed, Emma suffers a lot from her errors, and grows as a result of her sufferings. When Emma actually sees the harm that her errors have caused on others, even herself, she makes a step to maturity in her personality. Directed mainly by Mr. Knightley’s particular guidance, she evolves into a complete person and comes to her final mental maturity.3.1 Correct Recognition of HerselfThough Emma suffers from her errors and their harmful consequences, she can finally recognize herself correctly. On the one hand, she is aware that in marriage the reality cannot be led astray by her fancy or imagination. On the other hand, she improves her identity and gains her complete autonomy.3.1.1 Abandonment of Illusion & Reality ConfrontingFrom the very beginning, Emma just does matchmaking for Harriet by her imagination, without considering the pairs’birth and social class. However, at last she realizes this, especially when Harriet confides her inner love to Mr. Knightley, Emma thinks that〝it was a union to distance every wonder of the kind〞(Austen, 402). Then she regrets what have done in the past,〝Had she left her [Harriet] where she ought […], had she not, prevented her marring the unexceptionable young man who would have made her happy and respectable in the line which she ought to belong——all would have been safe; none of this dreadful sequel would have been.〞(403)Therefore, at last when Mr. Knightley tells Emma that Harriet will marry Martin, she assures Mr. Knightley〝[…] but it does not make me unhappy〞(453) and she cheerfully answers him〝I think Harriet is doing extremely well. In respectability ofcharacter, there can be no doubt that they are.〞(Austen, 454).From the brightest smiles and these sincere words, it implies that Emma is perfectly satisfied and wishes them happy sincerely. Of course, the fact is, as Emma can now acknowledges, that Harriet has always liked Robert Martin, and Martin’s continuing love for her is irresistible. At last, Emma’s attitude towards Martin also changes, she originally describes him as a〝gross, vulgar farmer〞(14) and〝unpolished and coarse〞(15), but as the plot progresses, and in the influence of Mr. Knightley, she admits that Harriet and Robert Martin are the better pair from her bottom heart.In addition, Emma gains the truth that Mr. Elton’s unfavorable actions towards Harriet make her see Elton more clearly〝Mr. Elton was not the superior creature she had believed him〞(Cui Huiyong, 49) and Mr. Elton’s courtship to Emma herself in fact reflects the reality that he attaches much importance to her property and social rank. About Frank Churchill and Jane Fairfax’s happy ending, Emma〝has no doubt of their being happy together〞and she〝believes them to be very mutually and very sincerely attached.〞(Austen, 426).This also shows that Emma can understand the reality instead of thinking about things like having an illusionary dream.3.1.2 Improvement of Identity & Autonomy GainingWith Emma’s growth, she strengthens her ability and gains great self-knowledge. Indeed she improves her identity and gains her complete autonomy. According to Hill, two distinctive features of adolescent development are:〝(1) the emergence of more advanced thinking abilities and (2) the transition into new role in society.〞(Cited in Steinberg, 1993:6) And Laurence Steinberg introduces〝identity〞and〝autonomy〞in his five sets of psychological issues, in which〝identity〞means〝discovering and understanding who they are as individuals〞,〝autonomy〞is〝establishing a healthy sense of independence〞. In Emma, the title character just makes great progress in these two aspects.In the beginning of the novel, Emma takes pride in the fact that she has helped to make a match between Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston, so she identified herself as a good matchmaker. However, Emma’s success as matchmaker leads her to abuse her power later in the novel. Her role changes from a facilitator to a manipulator gradually. Then Emma believes she could judge everybody’s emotion and begins to take the role of the 〝do-all〞for others to follow her own plan. However, when Harriet falls in love with Mr. Knightley, Emma realizes that he is the very man she own has loved long unconsciously. At this result, she learns to regret taking the role of the〝do-all〞and realizes who she really is and where she is headed. She has proposed to arrange everybody’s destiny with unpardonable arrogance, which is universally mistaken. Therefore, at last Emma understands that she can not and should not do all, and she is not a manipulator.About autonomy, Steinberg focuses on three sorts of concerns that are of special importance to the personal development:〝becoming less emotionally dependent on parents, becoming able to make independent decisions, and establishing a personal code of value and morals.〞(1993:14)It is easy to see Emma’s emotional and behavioral autonomy in the beginning of the novel, while her value autonomy is gained through a series of encounters.Emma is virtually equal to an orphan. Although she has a father, her father acts more like a child than a parent, so Emma has been mistress of the house from a very early period. Thus, she can make any independent decisions at her ease and is scarcely influenced by others.But Emma is deficient in establishing a proper personal code of value and morals. Luckily, Emma finally improves her personality by learning to respect others, cares for others’feeling and not to interfere with others’emotion. The changes of her attitudes toward Miss Bates and Jane Fairfax are two examples proving Emma’s value autonomy. With the instruction of Mr. Knightley, Emma regrets for her scornful and ungracious thoughts toward Miss Bates and through this event she forms a proper code of value。

《爱玛》读后感《爱玛》读后感爱玛是英国作家简·奥斯汀的代表作之一，于1815年首次出版。

这是一部以女性为主角的社交喜剧小说，深刻描绘了英国贵族社会的习俗和人物性格。

本文将从以下几个章节来详细阐述我的读后感。

第一章：小说梗概《爱玛》的故事发生在英国小镇哈特菲尔德，主要以年轻富有的女子爱玛·伍德豪斯为中心展开。

爱玛是个聪明美丽的女孩，有着相对宽裕的生活，但她往往过于自信和干涉他人的生活。

她喜欢做媒人，试图为人们牵线搭桥，但往往导致了一系列的误会和困惑。

第二章：人物分析在《爱玛》中，每个角色都有鲜明的个性。

爱玛天真活泼，善于观察，但有时过于自视甚高；她的朋友哈丽埃特则是一个平凡的村姑，却深受爱玛的指导和影响；还有高贵而冷淡的埃尔顿先生，他被爱玛误以为是哈丽埃特的心上人，引发了一连串的误会。

第三章：情节发展小说以轻松幽默的方式展示了社交活动和婚姻的复杂性。

爱玛试图为哈丽埃特找到一个合适的伴侣，但却在感情问题上产生了混淆。

同时，她本人也陷入了一段错误的爱情中，最后才意识到真正的爱情早已在她身边。

第四章：主题与意义《爱玛》不仅仅是一部爱情小说，更是对当时英国社会的描绘与批判。

作者通过对贵族社交习俗的刻画，展示了那个时代的道德观念和人性弱点，同时也表达了对女性角色的关注和揭示。

第五章：个人感受阅读《爱玛》给我留下了深刻的印象。

小说中的人物形象生动且具有鲜明的个性，他们的互动和情感纠葛令人捧腹。

通过对人物内心的描写和细致入微的情节展开，作者成功地勾勒出了那个时代的风俗人情，让读者仿佛穿越到了那个充满优雅和闲适的时期。

附件：本文档附带了一份摘自小说的阅读笔记，供参考阅读。

法律名词及注释：1、社交习俗：指在社交场合中的一系列礼仪规范和潜规则，包括言谈举止、服饰礼仪等方面。

2、婚姻：指两个人经过法律程序结合在一起的制度或行为。

3、平凡的村姑：形容一个普通人，特指生活在乡村的农村女子。

爱玛的性格分析摘要一部优秀的小说作品不仅在于其发人深省令人寻味的故事情节，还在于故事中成功的人物性格塑造。

而出版于1815年由英国现实主义女作家简·奥斯汀完成的《爱玛》这本小说，则一反那个时代小说人物塑造的写作风潮，在整个小说中塑造了爱玛这样一个性格充满缺憾但是又立体感极强的人物形象。

本文主要对爱玛的性格特点进行了整体的分析，指出了她性格中存在的缺陷与不足，并通过对其成长经历及自我认识的剖析，探讨了她性格成长以及转变的必然性。

关键词爱玛性格分析性格缺憾成长经历性格是个人的特殊品质，也往往是一部艺术作品的灵魂所在，就像是黑格尔说的“深入心灵的并表现在具体活动中的情致就是人的性格”。

在一部小说作品中，其实深入整个小说灵魂的应该也是人物的性格，而整个小说故事更应该是人物性格的运动史。

在简·奥斯汀19世纪初完成的《爱玛》这本小说中，作者就塑造出了一个与众不同有着性格缺陷但又令人难忘的爱玛这个不完美的主人翁。

她势力、自私、主观又保守，还有着很强的门户之见，喜欢摆布别人的婚姻，似乎这样的一个人得不到任何人的喜爱，包括作者在内也觉得她创造的这个女主角是除了作者自己别人都不会喜爱的。

但就是这样一个并不完美有着各种性格缺憾的女主角的塑造，让《爱玛》这本书的艺术价值再次升华，也让其更具有现实意义。

一、《爱玛》作品及相关争议简介《爱玛》是出生于18世纪末的英国现实主义女作家简·奥斯汀的得意作品之一，在英国文学长廊中具有显著的地位，但是这部作品也是其最受争议的一部。

简·奥斯汀在《爱玛》这部小说创作中，主要是以19世纪初的英国为大背景，然后通过对海伯里小村中的女主人翁爱玛以及村中的几个人物之间的关系的描述，刻画了当时英国中产阶级社会的众生相。

这部作品与其它同时期的作品有着很大的不同，也一直以来备受争议。

因为在整个作品中，简·奥斯汀塑造的并不是一个温柔、善良有着完美个性的女主人翁，而是一个势力、自私、主观并且保守的充满着缺陷的女主角。

包法利夫人读后感包法利夫人读后感1一个是伸张正义的疯癫骑士，一个是耽于幻想的失足女子。

在爱玛身上，我看到了堂吉诃德的影子。

虽然二者都活在自己的幻想中，但前者更加彻底，后者多半是满足虚荣心而已，借此向庸常的生活挑衅，向所谓的命运不公平性报仇。

关于对爱玛人物形象的分析，我想任何人都超越不了一个人，那就是作者福楼拜。

他笔下的爱玛“天性多感，远在艺术爱好纸上，她寻找的是情绪，并非风景”，因此她并不满足于生活的平静，她的幻想永远是不切实际的浪漫，或者更确切地说，以她所处的现实看来，她幻想的生活是属于别人的，而不是她自己的。

尤其是渥毕萨尔之行是她差不多陷入白日梦的神经质状态，她能在“想象之中，跟着他们上坡下岭，穿越村庄”，甚至“买了一张巴黎地图，用手指指点点，游览纸上的京城”。

而书中令我印象深刻的是关于爱玛一直期待意外的发生和赖昂出走后她的状态几处，读起来让我感觉像是钱锺书先生的笔风。

总之，爱玛的形象在我理解的范围内，是没有超越作者所描述的。

她的悲剧正如作者书中所透露的，是社会，是个人(除了不切实际的幻想之外，她自己还深深地受着“夫贵妻荣”的思想的钳制)，悲观一点说，是命运造成的。

同样，包法利夫人不仅仅只是爱玛一个人，正如查理的母亲也是一位名副其实的包法利夫人。

她遭受着丈夫、儿子的双重背叛(儿子的背叛表现为爱妻子胜过爱母亲)。

杜比克寡妇也是一位遭受背叛的人，查理对她无爱，这一切都是现实造成的。

可怜的朱斯丹，只是爱玛命运中另一悲剧人物。

查理在书中，可以看作是另一个爱玛，他同样活在自己的世界中，他以为爱玛快乐，他制造着“自己能使爱玛幸福的假象“，如让她与罗道耳弗骑马郊游、惊喜地安排她去鲁昂弹琴(实则是去和赖昂谈情)等。

他一心为爱玛的幸福奔波，却从未发现他们的世界几乎没有交集。

书中有一处描写同床异梦的章节，读起来让人心酸，感慨查理这般深沉的爱给错了对象。

读者们会多少人为结局处的他太过懦弱，不仅原谅情敌，还把一切归咎于命运，不过在我看来，这是最自然的解释，那时的他已经不能为力了，命运是最大的敌人。

浅析爱玛的人物形象《包法利夫人》是19世纪现实主义文学中的一部力作。

鲁昂附近的村镇上，农庄主之女爱玛在专门训练青年女子进入贵族社会的修道院寄宿学校接受教育，受到了脱离实际的浪漫主义小说的影响，头脑中充满了无名的感伤和幻想。

婚后，她不满意平庸的丈夫包法利医生和外省狭隘丑恶的生活，向往上层社会，幻想火热的爱，与当地一个小地主以及一个青年先后发生恋情，但他们却个个都在欺骗她，玩弄她，最后因负债累累、情网空空而服毒自杀。

包法利医生思想平庸，生活浑浑噩噩，举止毫无风度，艺术平常，但却想名满天下，虚荣心相当强烈，发现妻子和其他人通奸却不想报复，把过错归于命运，这样的人物只能用窝囊来形容。

但同时要留意的是包法利医生对爱玛的信任和爱护，在爱玛参加侯爵家的舞会后变得郁郁不乐之时，包法利医生为了她的健康移居永镇，给她很大的空间去追寻自己想要的生活。

也许有人会说正是因为包法利医生的放纵让爱玛走向悲剧，其实不然。

我认为爱玛的悲剧是必然的，而对于包法利医生而言，他尽管为人窝囊平庸，但他对爱玛的感情是真的，不应该用放纵来形容，而是关心。

恰恰因为做丈夫的如此关心爱玛，但爱玛依然走上了一条不归路，原因值得我们探讨。

从爱玛自身来看，爱玛在修道院学习却养成了向往上流社会糜烂生活的思想和爱幻想的习惯。

但现实是平庸的，两相比较之下，更一步地膨胀了她对于上流社会糜烂生活的欲望。

地主罗道耳弗是个情场老手，他一眼就能看出爱玛渴望什么，他也乐意找一个新的情妇，耍一些小手段就让爱玛走向了堕落和毁灭的道路。

爱玛每天生活的乐趣就是期盼着和罗道耳弗偷情，她完全沉醉在了这种虚幻的浪漫生活里，时装商勒乐也一眼看穿了爱玛的“好事”乘机在她身上榨取一笔金钱。

被罗道耳弗抛弃之后，爱玛依然没有得到改变，她视赖昂为理想伴侣，同样沉醉于每周的约会中。

结果是显然的，爱玛始终要被他自认为理想的人物抛弃。

社会风气也很大程度上造成了爱玛的悲剧。

“处处商业繁盛，百业俱兴，处处兴修新的道路，仿佛国家添了许多新的动脉，构成新的联系，我们伟大的工业中心有活跃起来。

《爱玛》解析
《爱玛》是简·奥斯汀的一部经典小说，被视为她的代表作之一。

这部小说以爱情和婚姻为主题，讲述了一个聪明、美丽、富有的女主人公爱玛·伍德豪斯的故事。

爱玛是一个年轻漂亮的女孩，从小生活在一个幸福的家庭中。

她很早就展现出了独立思考和自主行动的倾向，对于婚姻和爱情也有着自己的看法。

然而，她的想法和行为常常与社会的传统观念相冲突，这使得她在感情上经历了一些波折和挫折。

故事中，爱玛的两位朋友哈丽特和简都陷入了感情纠葛中。

哈丽特是一个温柔善良的女孩，却因为家庭背景和经济状况而被人看不起。

简是一个聪明能干的女人，却因为未婚夫的不忠而面临婚姻破裂的危机。

爱玛为了帮助她们解决问题，开始了自己的“媒人”生涯，为她们寻找合适的对象。

在这个过程中，爱玛也遇到了自己的心上人奈特利先生。

奈特利先生是一个富有、有教养、正直、有见识的人，和爱玛有很多共同话题和兴趣爱好。

然而，他们的感情发展并不顺利，因为爱玛一直以为奈特利先生爱的是她的朋友哈丽特。

这种误解和纠葛让故事更加有趣和引人入胜。

除了主线情节之外，《爱玛》还通过描写其他人物和家庭关系展现了当时英国社会的风貌。

故事中的人物性格各异，
他们在家庭、社会、政治等方面都有自己的观点和立场。

作者通过这些人物的塑造，揭示了当时社会中存在的贫富差距、等级观念、性别歧视等问题。

《爱玛》是一部经典的爱情喜剧小说，它的情节幽默风趣、人物形象鲜明、语言优美流畅。

同时，它也反映了当时英国社会的许多现实问题，使得它成为一部既有娱乐性又有思考的作品。

简·奥斯汀《爱玛》中女性意识的觉醒与缺失简·奥斯汀的《爱玛》中描绘了一位年轻女性的成长经历，在这个过程中，爱玛逐渐觉醒了自己的情感和责任，在爱情和友谊中成长，但同时也存在一些缺失。

在《爱玛》中，女性的觉醒表现在爱玛对自己情感的认识和表达上。

一开始，爱玛对自己的感情毫无自知之明，对世界充满幻想和自以为是的观念。

她将自己的父母视为永远的维护者，无视他们的不满和提醒。

随着故事的发展，爱玛逐渐认识到了自己的错误，开始反思自己的行为，并且明白到自己对父母缺乏尊重和对朋友的勉强，从而意识到了自己的成长和变化。

这种觉醒体现了她对自己内心的认识和情感的理解。

女性的意识觉醒也体现在爱玛对他人情感的关注和理解上。

在爱玛和侯爵夫人的友谊中，她通过与侯爵夫人的互动而增进了对他人情感的理解。

在侯爵夫人因失意生病时，爱玛意识到了自己对她的关心和陪伴的重要性，从而改变了自己一味地追求个人快乐的想法。

这种对他人情感的关注和理解，表明了爱玛已经逐渐从自我中心的思考转变为关注他人。

在女性的意识觉醒中，也存在一些缺失。

爱玛对自身社会地位和财富的高看。

在爱玛对哈里埃特这一女孩的指导和引导中，爱玛始终不能摆脱自己对高贵出身的崇拜和对低贱身份的看轻。

她试图通过为哈里埃特选择一个有高贵法兰基斯血统的男士来提升哈里埃特的身份，而不是真正了解哈里埃特的内心需求和真实的价值。

这种缺失暴露了爱玛对社会阶级的迷思以及对权力和地位的过分追求。

爱玛在感情问题上的判断力不足。

尽管爱玛认识到了自己对弗兰克·邦恩的吸引，但她没有充分考虑到他们在社会地位和家庭背景上的差距。

她的冲动和自负导致了她和弗兰克的短暂关系，最终导致了失败。

这种缺失表明了爱玛在感情问题上的决策的不成熟和不理性。

简·奥斯汀的《爱玛》中描绘了女性的觉醒和成长过程。

爱玛通过对自己情感的认识和表达，对他人情感的关注和理解，逐渐成熟和改变。

在这个过程中，她也存在对社会地位的过分追求和对感情决策的不成熟。