unit5词义的选择与引申
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词义的选择、引申和褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。
在英汉翻译过程中,我们弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定剧中关键词的词义。
选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手:(一)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义给出下列练习1.It is not right for children to sit up late.2.The plane was right above our heads.3.In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.4.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.(二) 根据上下文联系以及词汇在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义给出下列练习Account for1.He is ill; that accounts for his absence.2.In this battle he accounted for the five of the enemy3.I want you to account for every cent you spent.Make up1.If the stove is not made up, it will go out.2.There is not any girl called Clementine. He is just made her up.3.Half the roads in the region are still to be made up.4.Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.5.It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”6.They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.7.We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.Figure1.The foreign trade ha risen to unprecedented figures2.Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.3.On the desk, there was a bronze figure of Plato.4.He saw dim figures moving towards him.5.June was good at figure skating.二、词义的引申英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬套或逐个死译,会是译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达意愿,甚至造成误解。
选择性必修四Unit 5 词汇讲义1.bounce v 〔使〕弹起;上下晃动n 弹性;弹跳;活力bounce around 蹦来蹦去;弹来弹去I have an idea bouncing around in my heard.有一个想法在我的脑子里晃来晃去。
2.heard start 起步前的优势;领先;有利的开端A good education gives your child a head start in life. 良好的教育会使你的孩子赢在人生的起跑线。
w n法律;法规;法律学;法那么lawyer n 律师I want to be a lawyer when I grow up.4.drawer n 抽屉 a chest of drawers 抽屉柜5.bridegroom n新郎bride n新娘6.debt n 债务;欠债;情意;恩情in debt 负债in heavy debt 负债累累in debt to sb = in sb’s debt 欠某人的债/情out of debt 摆脱债务get into debt 负债get out of debt 摆脱债务pay off one’s debt 还清某人的债务My uncle Tom is in heavy debt.I need to pay off my debt before I leave the country.我得在我离开这个国家之前还清我得债务。
It’s much easier to get into debt than to get out of debt.欠债简单还债难。
7.profile n 简介;概述;侧面轮廓vt 扼要介绍;概述;写简介keep a low profile 保持低调The newspaper publishes a profile of a leading sportsman every week.该报每周刊登一篇关于一个优秀运发动的简介。
选修一unit5重点词汇精讲●Devote v.献身,致力;用于近义词:mit oneself to/bend oneself to同根词:adj.devoted献身的;忠诚的devotional虔诚的,祷告的;的;献身的n.devotion献身,奉献;忠诚;喜爱词组:devote to致力于; 奉献;devote oneself to doing sth献身于做某事devote exclusively to特地从事be devoted to献身于●近义词:defining moment/critical stage词组:financial crisis;财政危机economic crisis经济危机crisis management危机管理,处理危险的方法credit crisis信用危机energy crisis能源危机ecological crisis生态危机debt crisis债务危机;倒债危机environmental crisis环境危机subprime crisis次贷危机crisis intervention[心]危机干预;危机处理;危机介入currency crisis货币危机subprime mortgage crisis次贷危机crisis of confidence信任危机humanitarian crisis人道主义危机identity crisis认同的转折点liquidity crisis流淌性危机;清偿危机monetary crisis货币危机;financial crisis in Asia亚洲midlife crisis中年危机fiscal crisis财政危机●Boost v/n.促进;增加近义词:facilitate/promote/enhance/further/jack 同根词:n.booster升压机;支持者;扩爆器词组:boost up向上推boost pressure升压;吸入管压力●Attain v.获得,实现;到达近义词:acplish/carry out/earn/acquire/ e true同根词:adj.attainable可得到的;可到达的;可到达的n.attainment到达;成就;学识attainability可到达;可获得词组:attain to到达; 获得; 到达; 抱负的状态attain to power获得权力; 得到权力attain one's goal到达目的; 到达目标attain the people's trust取信于民Attain one's hopes实现某人心愿attain our goals到达目标attain real happiness获得真正的欢乐近义词:export/crop/harvest/yield词组:output power[化]输出功率output voltage输出电压output value 输出值,产值power output功率输出;电源输出high output高输出;高产量annual output年产量output signal输出信号total output总产量;总输出量;总功率output data输出数据output current输出电流output shaft输出轴;从动轴cardiac output心输出量signal output信号输出;输出信号data output数据输出economic output经济产出;经济产量,流量output torque输出转矩;输出力矩;输出扭矩output file输出文件value of industrial output工业产值production output生产量daily output日产量●prise v.包括,包含;构成,组成近义词:involve/contain词组:be prised of由…组成learn to cooperate and prise学习合作和妥协●Celebrity n.名声,名望;名人,明星近义词:personality/lion/fame词组:celebrity effect 明星效应celebrity endorsement 明星代言●Extension n.延长,扩展;展期,延长期;扩建局部,延长局部;近义词:delay/spread同根词:V.extend延长;扩大;伸展;使疏开adj.extensive广泛的;大量的;宽阔的extended延长的;扩大的;长期的;宽阔的extensible可延长的;可扩张的extendable可延长的;可绽开的;可扩张的extensional外延的;详细的;事实的extendible可伸长的adv.extensively宽阔地;宽阔地n.extensiveness延长;大范围词组:brand extension品牌延长by extension相关地;引申开来extension service推广效劳crack extension裂纹扩展;裂纹扩张extension set分机;增设装置research and extension讨论与推广extension number分机号码extension of time延期;延长时间;延长合约期file extension文件扩展名;档案延长extension methods扩展方法university extension高校附校;高校推广教育extension spring拉簧;牵簧,牵引簧;拉伸弹簧extension line延长线;分机线;引出线time extension时间延长credit extension援权〔信用状期限延长〕extension cord延长线;分机线绳hair extension接发elastic extension弹性伸长;弹性延长extension telephone 分机extend one's business扩大其营业Organic adj.有机的,绿色的;有机物的,生物的;近义词:fundamental/ultimate/radical/underlying同根词:adj.organizational组织的;编制的organised有组织的;组织起来的〔等于organized〕organismal生物的;有机体的adv.organically有机地;有组织地;器官上地n.organization组织;机构;体制;团体organ[生物] 器官;机构;风琴;管风琴;嗓音organism有机体;生物体;微生物organisation组织;团体〔等于organization〕organelle[细胞] 细胞器;细胞器官organicism有机体说;唯器官变化论词组:organic matter有机质;有机物;有机物质organic synthesis[化]有机合成organic chemistry有机化学organic solvent有机溶剂organic pollutants有机污染物organic acid有机酸organic pound. 有机化合物organic food有机食品,有机食物organic carbon有机碳organic fertilizer有机肥;有机肥料;有机质organic waste有机废物;生化废物organic material有机物;有机材料;有机物质organic silicon有机硅organic substance有机物;有机物质organic glass有机玻璃organic agriculture有机农业organic phase有机相organic polymer有机高分子;有机聚合物organic pigment有机颜料total organic carbon总有机碳In turn 反过来;转而;轮番,依次近义词:by turns/in file词组:take in turn依次act as host in turn轮番做仆人请客exchanges in turn轮番交换。
高二英语必修五Unit5重点词汇及语言解析Unit 5 First aid,旨在提供综合运用所需材料!常言说:万事开头难。
还常说,能有一个好的开头,就是成功的一半;即使不能有一半的成功,也为今后打下好的基础。
进入高一学好英语打好基础很重要。
高中英语必修五单词及语言点总结Unit 5 First aidWord usage1. aid n. 1) support or helpv. 2) to give support or helpShe made no effort to aid Sophia.A good dictionary can aid language learning.He should be able to read this without the aid of a dictionary.2. bleed v. 1) to lose blood2) to make someone to pay too much money3) to draw blood from, as doctors did in former times to treat diseasesHe was bleeding badly.My heart bleeds for you.He bled them for US$1,500.Doctors used to bleed people when they were ill.3. choke v 1) to cause to have great difficulty in breathing or stop breathing2) fill a space or passage completelyThe child was almost choked by the heavy smokeThe storeroom was choked with furnitureLeaves choked the drain.I managed to choke back my tears.4. perform v. 1) to do, carry out a piece of work, duty, ceremony etc.2) to give, act or showThe young doctor performed the heart operation.They always perform their duties faithfully.The students will perform an opera next Friday.The soloist had never performed in London before.5. essential adj. 1) completely necessary for the existence, success etc.2) most important; central3) something necessaryHard work is essential to success.There is no essential difference between the two drafts.Our course deals with the essentials of management.6. recognize vt 1) to show official gratefulness for2) to know again3) to accept as being legal or realThe policeman recognized her as a pickpocket.He looked at the envelope and recognized Jennys handwriting immediately.Many countries recognized the new government.I recognized that I had made a mistake.7. stab v. 1) to strike forcefully into with the point of something sharp2) to make forceful pushing movements with sth pointed3) an act of stabbing or trying to stab someoneThe man was stabbed to death in his office.I was stabbed with remorse.The escaped prisoner stabbed at the policeman with a knife.I felt a stab of pain in the back.8. congratulate vt 1) express your pleasure for someone2) to have pleasure and pride in yourself for somethingI congratulate you on your great discovery.I want to congratulate you with all my heart.He congratulated himself on having survived the air-crash.9. suffer vi 1) to experience pain, difficulty or lossvt 2) to experience or have to deal with sth painfulHe suffered many humiliations before he became a football star.I cannot suffer such rudeness.He suffered from poverty all his life.They suffered a great deal in those days.This scientific instrument suffered severely.10. survive vi 1) to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to deathvt 2) to continue to live or exist afterOnly two passengers survived the air-crash.She survived her husband by twenty years.Few survived after the flood.11. operation n. 1) the cutting of the body in order to remove a disease2) the condition or process of workingThe operation of this machine is simple.The operation of a railroad needs many men.Her father underwent a major operation last week.He continued his operations in cotton futures12. follow v. 1) to accept and act according to2) to move behind in the same direction3) to happen or come directly after somethingMy dog follows me to school.Night follows day.The dogs followed the fox.The cat followed every movement of the mouse.Do you follow me?13. accident n. 1) something unpleasant or damaging that happens by chance or unexpectedly2) something that happened that was not intentional and cant be blamed on anyoneHe died in an automobile accident years ago.The discovery was a happy accident.14. doubt v. 1) to be uncertain aboutn 2) uncertainty of befief or opinionI doubt whether Tom has taken my watch.The judge doubted him.I do not doubt that he will succeed.The outcome of the election remains in doubt.There is no doubt about his innocence.15. scene n. 1) a place where an event happens2) in a play any of the divisions, often within an act.What a fantastic mountain scene!The criminal fled the scene.The scene of this play is set in Ireland.They made a scene of trifles.16. honor vt. 1) to show or bring honor ton. 2) the great respect and admirationWe fight for the honor of our country.The business honor of the company is beyond suspicion.He is a man of honor.Children should be taught to show honor to their elders.He graduated with honors.17. pour v. 1) to cause something to flow out of or into a container2) to flow steadily and rapidly3) to fall hard and steadilyShe poured herself another cup of tea.They have poured money into the tourist industry.The crowd poured out of the concert hall.Sweat poured from Martins face.Useful expressions1. take off 1) to remove sth2) to give a holiday from work3) begin to become successful, popular4) a plane to rise into the air at the beginning of a flightHe took off his raincoat and took out the key.The plane will take off soon.He took two weeks off in August.2. sit up v. 1) to cause to rise to a sitting position from a lying position2) to sit properly upright in a chair3) to stay up lateThe doctor sat up all night with the patientSit up straight, dont slouch over the table.Sit up and take your medicine.3. knock over: to strike to the groundHe knocked a glass over.She was knocked over by the newsWe have knocked over every difficulty.4. in place: in the proper or usual positionShe likes to have everything in place.Im afraid your proposal is not quite in place.5. a lot: much, a great dealThanks a lot.She is a lot older than him.This is a lot more interesting.6. catch fire: start to burnPaper catches fire easily.The pile of papers couldnt catch fire by itself.7. carry out: 1) to perform or complete2) to fulfillShe had finally carried out her promise to quit smoking.They have failed to carry out their orders.They are carrying out urgent repairs.8. cut off v. 1) to separate by cutting2) to disconnect or discontinue3) to block off or surroundHe had a finger cut off by a machine while working.I was cut off on my line to London.He was cut off in his prime.9. start with: begin withHer illness started with a high fever.The boss paid him only 5 dollars a week to start with.This book starts with a tale of country life.10. in case conj. 1) so as to safe if something happens2) ifIn case she comes back, let me know immediately.Take the raincoat in case it rains.11. leave sb/sth alone: to stop having annoyingly in someones presenceGo away and leave me alone!Leave behind leave for leave off leave out12. call for v. 1) to demand2) to need or deserve3) to go and get someone from their house, office etc. This is a problem that calls for immediate solution. We will call for her early tomorrow morningThe sort of work calls for a lot of patience.。
Book 1 Unit 5 导学案1.billion /ˈbɪljən /n. 十亿数以十亿计的;大量的They have spent billions of dollars on the problem.2.native /ˈneɪtɪv/adj. 本国的,本土的Chinese is our native language.be native to...原产于Panda is native to China.n. 本地人,当地人 a native of Heze3.attitude /ˈætɪtju:d/n. 态度;看法a positive /negative /firm attitude to对…积极/消极/坚定的态度We should develop a good attitude to/towards life. 我们应该树立良好的生活态度。
4.refer /rɪˈfɜ:(r)/vi. 提到;(referred, referred, referring)refer to 谈到;提到The expert referred to volcanic eruption at least three times in his speech.vi. 参考;查阅refer to a dictionary查词典reference /ˈrefrəns / n. 指称关系;参考reference books 参考书5.system /ˈsɪstəm /n.体系;系统The Chinese writing system: connecting the past and the present.汉语书写系统:连接过去和现在a transport system 运输系统educational system 教育体制ecosystem生态系统6.despite /dɪˈspaɪt /prep. 即使;尽管despite the many ups and downs in its history 尽管在历史上有许多起起伏伏尽管…的事实She was good at physics despite the fact that she found it boring.in spite of/despite+doing可以转换成though/although 引导的从句He always did well at school despite/in spite of doing part-time jobs every now and then.= He always did well at school although/though he did part-time jobs every now and then.7.ups and downs 浮沉;兴衰;荣辱When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing.当生活很艰难,你想要放弃的时候,请记住,生活充满了起起落落,如果没有低谷,那站在高处也失去了意义。
八年级上学期英语词语解释与延伸(Unit5)(SectionA B)1. another adj 又一个,再一个(1) That’s quite another matter. 那是另一回事。
(2) Don’t worry ,Have atry. 不要着急。
再试试。
* another pron 另一个,指三个或三个以上中的另一个。
(2) I don’t like this coat . Please show me another. 我不喜欢这件大衣。
请再给我看一件。
(3)She has three pens ,One is red ,another is black and the third one is blue..她有三支钢笔,一支是红色的,另一支是黑色的,第三支是羊兰色的。
(4)- I don’t like this red skirt . Will you please give me another one ?我不喜欢这件红色的裙子。
请你再给我一件好吗?* other 别的other + n(pl)(5) We study Chinese ,math English and other subjects at school .我们在学校学语文,数学,英语和其它的课程。
(6)What other school things can you see in the shop? 你在商店能看到其它什么学习用品了吗?* one …… the other 一个、、、、、、另一个、、、、、、(两者中的一个、、、、、、另一个、、、、、、)(7)I have two children .One is a son . the other is a daughter. 我有两个孩子。
一个是儿子,另一个是女儿。
(8)Here are two flowers. One is red, the other is white .这儿有两朵花。
词义的选择和引申英译汉时,大量的工作是从汉语中选择恰当的词来表达英文中的词义。
英国语言学家弗思(J. R. Firth)说:Each word when used in a new context is a new word(每个词用于新的上下文中,就成为一个新词)。
林语堂(1938)针对汉语有过类似的论述:“字义是活的,每每因在文中的用法而变化”,“凡要明字义之人,必求之于全句文中,非咬文嚼字或区区靠字典上的界说定义所能明白的,”而且,“字愈常用愈简单,则其用法愈繁复。
”因而,翻译时不能拘泥于原词的表面意义,或英汉词典中所给的意义,而要根据上下文悉心揣摩这个词在原文中的特定含义,选择符合汉语习惯的对应词,这是确切忠实地用汉语表达原文的一个基本环节。
一般说来,选择和确定词类可以从以下三方面着手:1.1 根据词类确定词义选择词义,首先要判明一个词在句中属于哪一种词类,起什么作用,然后再根据词类选择适当的词义。
例如:up在下列例句中所属词类不同,词义也就不同:例1. What are you doing up there? 你在那边做什么?He is (well) up in mathematics. 他精通数学。
【评析】以上两例中up为副词。
例2. They went up wind. 他们迎风而行。
The ship is sailing up the river. 这船正向河的上游航行。
【评析】以上两例up为介词。
例3. The new museum is up and opens to the public. 新博物馆已落成开放。
When will the up train start? 上行车何时开行?【评析】以上两例中up为形容词。
例4. The landlord promised his tenants there would be no further ups this year. 房东向房客们保证今年不再提高房租。
unit5词义的选择与引申
实用翻译策略与常用技巧
第一讲词义的选择和引申
词义的选择和词义引申是翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。
也是英语翻译中最基础的工作,准确把握词义,并在必要时加以适度的引申,是保证译文质量的前提和基础。
一方面,英语和汉语各自都有丰富的词汇,各自的词义又极其繁复;另一方面,这两种语言差异巨大,其词义关系错综复杂,往往难以找到词义完全对应的词。
因此,在翻译中绝不能拘泥于自己所记忆的词典提供的基本释义,机械地用固定的汉语词替换对应的英语词。
正确的做法应当是,在掌握每一个单词基本释义的基础上,根据
“家”
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的差异。
如:这个单词,在作名词时,意思是“书,书籍”;用作动词却常表示“预订,预约”的意思。
又如:作连词时,有“当...的时候,而,虽然”等意思;作名词时,却指“片刻,一会儿”;作动词,又有“消磨”的意思。
遇到这种情况,如果不弄清楚词性,常常就会将词义搞错,进而影响原文的正确理解和准确翻译。
因此在翻译中,我们可以根据语法关系来辨别关键词的词性,以便能准确的判断词义。
如:
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(二)根据上下文确定词义
除了根据词性来判断词义之外,词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上文来判断词义了。
因为很多英语单词即使弄清楚了词性,但仍须从几个或几十个义项中选定确切的词义。
这就需要借助于上下文提供的各种线索做出合理的分析、推理、判断。
有时候,我们还可能会在考试中碰到生词。
可是,我们绝对不会在一个英语句子中出现这种情况:某一个单词不认识,而这个单词上下文中的所有单词都不认识。
正因为上下文的存在,这也给我们考研翻译中解决生词提供了突破口。
因此,在考研翻译中,我们一定要随时注意上下文,上下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同,也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确性、准确性和译文是否通顺。
我们以动词为例,如果上下文不一样,的意思显然也是不一样,必须依据上下文才能
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随着时代的发展,每天都有新的词汇产生。
一些词在不同的领域中更是有着迥然不同的含义。
例如,在一般情况下是“服务员、侍者”的意思;在体育范畴内,该词指“发球员”;而在计算机领域中,它又是“服务器”的含义。
另如,在一般语境下是“拖欠、未履行“的意思,如;在法律范畴下则指的是“被要求出庭时未到庭”,如;而计算机用语中的则常被翻译为“缺省”,指的是“由操作系统自动指定并持续有效的特定值”,如。
类似的例子还有很多,试译下句:
. “’ .” , “ . . .”
二、词义的引申()
引申是英汉翻译的常用手法之一。
英语和汉语在长期发展和使用中形成了富有各自特
点的修辞方法、搭配习惯和行文规范。
因此在翻译中,初学翻译的人常常会遇到这种情况:即明明能够读懂英语原文,但若按照原文形式和字面意思逐字翻译或者生搬硬套的话,翻译出来的译文要么是句子不通,要么是令人费解,有时甚至可能造成误解。
针对这种情况,就应当对原文形式作必要的转变,并且依据具体的上下文和逻辑关系,从有关词语的基本含义出发,进行恰如其分的引申,使原文的内容实质在流畅自然的译文中确切充分地再现出来。
词义引申的方法主要以下几种。
(一)词义引申
一个词的基本意义称为直接意义,表达该词的原始意义。
由基本意义可以引申出许多新义,称为引申义,这些引申出来的新义与词的基本意义既有区别,又有紧密的联系。
如:
.
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如:
’
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, .
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. 形象引申
在英汉语言中出现的形象往往不能匹配,所以在翻译中要做一些变化和引申,否则会不易理解,或引起误解。
如:
.
.
, .
. 典故引申
各民族都有丰富的成语典故,生动形象地应用典故可以言简意赅地表现各种社会关系和生活经验。
典故的应用常常会引申出比字面意思更深刻的涵义,并能令人产生丰富的联
想。
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' . .
最后值得强调的是,词义引申的目的是为了使译文更忠实、更通顺、更完整地表达原文的意义。
因此,引申必须得当适度,切忌忽略原文固有的基本含义、脱离开上下文的逻辑联系而妄加发挥。
词义引申的一个重要原则是必须从原文固有的基本含义出发,不脱离上下文的联系,不任意发挥。
这样,就能从日常的翻译实践中积累经验,掌握好词义引申这一翻译技巧。
:
. .
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' .
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. .
词义引申法:
. ’ .
. ’ .
具体概念抽象化:
. .
. .
. .
. . ' .
. 到了那里以后,我们才发现那地方前不着村,后不着店。
抽象概念具体化:
. , .
. .
. ' ’ .
形象引申:
. . . ,.。