Research_on_simulation_of_fuel_cell_city_bus

专利名称：FUEL DETECTOR OF FUEL CELL发明人：DOI RYOTA,TSUKUI TSUTOMU,TAKAHASHI SANKICHI,EBARA KATSUYA,KURODAOSAMU,YASUKAWA SABURO申请号：JP19885886申请日：19860827公开号：JPS6355864A公开日：19880310专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To improve detection precision by providing a diaphragm wall at the liquid phase area of a fuel and anolyte supply system so that fuel vapor which permeates through the diaphragm wall is sent by a blower to a gas detector for detection. CONSTITUTION:A diaphragm 14 is provided at the wall of an anolyte reservoir 12 in contact with an anolyte 13. The diaphragm 14 is surrounded by a detection box 16, wherein a blower 15 is installed in lower opening thereof and a gas detector 7 and a thermister 8 used for compensating temperatures detected by the gas detector are installed in upper opening thereof and connected to a detection circuit 6. Fuel vapor which permeates through the diaphragm 14 is sent by the blower 15 to gas detector 7 and detected. Since fuel gas which permeates through the diaphragm 14 is immediately sent to the gas detector 7 by the blower 15, it can be detected with a high precision, coinciding with the fuel concentration in the anolyte 13. Also, because of intervention of the diaphragm 14, no sulfuric acid bleeds and a decline of reliability of the gas detector 7 due to corrosion is avoided.申请人：HITACHI LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。

油气田燃料天然气组分特征对实测碳排放因子的影响廉军豹付玥张鑫袁良庆刘宏彬李世熙谭小红（大庆油田设计院有限公司）摘要：通过实测碳排放因子计算公式理论分析及油气田典型燃料天然气实例分析，探索燃料天然气组分特征对实测碳排放因子的影响。

结果表明：各生产系统使用的油气田燃料天然气含碳原子数量较多的组分含量越多，实测含碳量碳排放因子及实测低位发热量碳排放因子越大，含碳原子数量较少的组分或H 2、O 2、N 2、He 不含碳的组分含量越多，实测含碳量碳排放因子及实测低位发热量碳排放因子越小；除实测方法系统性差异外，一定含量的CO 2，是导致油气田燃料天然气实测低位发热量碳排放因子与实测含碳量碳排放因子之间存在显著差异的重要原因；各类燃料天然气碳排放因子存在普遍性差异，干气的实测碳排放因子明显比湿气的小。

上述结论将为油气田燃料天然气碳排放核算提供技术支持。

关键词：油气田；燃料天然气；碳排放因子；组分特征；实测DOI :10.3969/j.issn.2095-1493.2023.11.016The influences of fuel natural gas composition characteristics on measured carbon emission factors in oil and gas fieldLIAN Junbao，FU Yue，ZHANG Xin，YUAN Liangqing，LIU Hongbin，LI Shixi，TAN Xiaohong Daqing Oilfield Design Institute Co ．，Ltd ．Abstract：The influences of fuel natural gas composition characteristics on measured carbon emission factors are explored through the theory analysis of measured carbon emission factors formula and the cas-es analysis of typical fuel natural gas in oil and gas field．The results show that the higher the content of components with more carbon atoms in the natural gas used as fuel of each production system in oil and gas fields，the greater the carbon emission factor from measured carbon content and that from measured low calorific value．The higher the content of components with less carbon atoms or components with-out carbon such as H 2，O 2，N 2，He in natural gas used as fuel in oil and gas fields，the smaller the car-bon emission factor from measured carbon content and that from measured low calorific value．What's more，in addition to systematic differences between measurement methods，a certain amount of CO 2is an important reason for the significant difference between the carbon emission factor from measured carbon content and that from measured low calorific value of natural gas used in oil and gas fields．In addition，there are universal differences in various carbon emission factors of fuel natural gases in oil and gas fields，and the measured carbon emission factors of dry gas are significantly smaller than those of wet gas．Most importantly，the above conclusions will be provided technical support for the carbon emis-sion accounting for fuel natural gas in oil and gas fields ．Keywords：oil and gas field；fuel natural gas；carbon emission factor；composition characteristics；measurement第一作者简介：廉军豹，高级工程师，硕士研究生，2010年毕业于中国地质大学（武汉）（应用化学专业），从事油气田碳资产研发技术研（碳控楼），163712。

10.16638/ki.1671-7988.2021.01.004质子交换膜燃料电池系统阳极尾排策略研究*丁新立（广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院，广东广州511434）摘要：质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）具有发电效率高、运行温度低、启动速度快、结构简单、可靠性高等优点，基于其优点近几年得到了快速的发展。

由于工作时水汽渗透作用，导致阳极惰性气体和水的积累，其长时间无法排出将降低电堆的性能以及使用寿命。

文章给出了脉冲式尾排策略的优化方向，可以有效排出尾气，提高燃料利用率，从而保证PEMFC的性能。

关键词：质子交换膜燃料电池燃料；阳极；尾排中图分类号：TM911.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-7988(2021)01-10-04Research on Anode Exhaust Strategy of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System*Ding Xinli( GAC Automotive Research & Development Center, Guangdong Guangzhou 511434 )Abstract:Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has the advantages of high power generation efficiency, low operating temperature, fast start-up speed, high reliability and simple structure. Based on its advantages, it has been developed rapidly in recent years. Due to the crossover effect, the inert gas and water will be accumulated in the anode. If they can not be drained out of the system, the performance and the lifetime will be affected. In this paper, the optimization of impulse tailrace strategy is presented, which can effectively discharge tail gas and improve fuel efficiency, thus ensuring the performance of PEMFC.Keywords: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell; Anode; ExhaustCLC NO.: TM911.4 Document Code: A Article ID: 1671-7988(2021)01-10-041 前言氢燃料电池工作原理是在催化剂的作用下，将氢气和氧气的化学能转化为电能的能量转换装置[1,2]，且反应产物只有水。

专利名称：Fuel cell and fuel cell 发明人：西原 雅人,松上 和人申请号：JP2003405710申请日：20031204公开号：JP4412985B2公开日：20100210专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fuel battery cell and a fuel battery in which power generating performance can be exerted sufficiently.SOLUTION: This is the fuel battery cell 30 in which on one side main face of a conductive support substrate 13, a fuel side electrode 7, a solid electrolyte 9, and an oxygen side electrode 11 are sequentially installed, in which an interconnector 12 is installed at the other side, and which has a fuel gas passage 15 in the interior. When the length of the gas passage forming direction of one side main face of the conductive support substrate 13 is made to be a (mm), the width of the direction perpendicular to it is made to be b (mm), the value of a×b satisfies 3,000 to 5,250.COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI申请人：京セラ株式会社地址：京都府京都市伏見区竹田鳥羽殿町６番地国籍：JP更多信息请下载全文后查看。

minimize lammps ,元素偏聚,复现文献LAMMPS是一个用于模拟分子动力学的软件，可以用于研究元素偏聚等问题。

要使用LAMMPS进行元素偏聚模拟，需要进行以下步骤：
1. 准备输入文件：首先需要准备LAMMPS输入文件，该文件包含了模拟系统的详细信息，如原子类型、原子数量、势函数等。

2. 运行模拟：使用LAMMPS软件运行模拟，并根据需要进行参数调整，如温度、压力等。

3. 结果分析：模拟完成后，需要分析结果，如元素分布、偏聚情况等。

关于复现文献中的结果，需要注意以下几点：
1. 参数一致性：确保模拟参数与文献中的参数一致，包括温度、压力、原子类型、势函数等。

2. 初始条件一致性：确保模拟的初始条件与文献中的初始条件一致，如原子排列、温度等。

3. 模拟时间一致性：确保模拟的时间与文献中的时间一致，以获得准确的模拟结果。

4. 结果分析方法：采用文献中提到的方法进行分析，以获得与文献一致的结果。

需要注意的是，元素偏聚的模拟结果可能受到多种因素的影响，如温度、压力、原子类型等。

因此，在复现文献中的结果时，需要充分考虑这些因素，并进行必要的调整和优化。

980045用M A TLAB S I M U L I N K 实现柴油机及其控制系统的动态仿真朱　辉3α(清华大学汽车工程系) 王丽清北京轻型汽车有限公司) 张幽彤　程昌　(北京理工大学)摘 要 动态仿真是发动机控制系统开发过程中的重要环节。

本文建立了柴油机准线性动态模型,详细描述了空气流量率、燃空比、指示热效率、摩擦损失、平均指示压力输出、发动机动力学等子模型。

控制系统模型包括控制策略、传感器和执行器模型,本文选用的控制策略为P I D 调节器。

文中给出了以上主要模型在M A TLAB S I M UL I N K 环境下的实现过程和结构组成图。

以BN 493自然吸气柴油机及其控制系统为仿真对象,在M A TLAB S I M UL I N K 环境下进行了动态仿真计算,文中给出了典型瞬态过程的仿真和实测结果。

关键词:动态仿真,柴油机,控制系统,模型D ynam ic Si m ula tion of D iesel Eng i ne and Con trol System Usi ngM AT LAB SI M UL INKZhu Hu i(D epartm en t of A u tomob ile Engineering,T singhua U n iversity )W ang L iq i ng(Beijing L igh t A u tomob ile Co.,L td .) Zhang Y outong Cheng Changq i (Beijing In stitu te of T echno logy )Abstract D ynam ic Si m u lati on is an i m po rtan t stage in the cou rse of develop ing engine con tro l system .T h is paper p resen ts a quasi 2linear dynam ic model of diesel engine ,including air m ass flow rate ,fu 2el air rati o ,indicated therm al efficiency ,fricti on lo ss ,indicated m ean effective p ressu re and enginedynam ics etc .sub 2models.T he con tro l system model con sists of con tro l strategy ,sen so rs and actu 2ato rs sub 2models .T he con tro l strategy is a P I D con tro ller .T he paper describes the realizing p ro 2cesses and arch itectu res of these m ain models .T he dynam ic si m u lati on of BN 493diesel engine andits con tro l system is realized under M A TLAB S I M UL I N K environm en t ,and gives the si m u lati onand testing resu lts under som e typ ical tran sien t operating conditi on s.第16卷(1998)第3期 内　燃　机　学　报Tran saction s of CSI CE V o l .16(1998)N o .3α 原稿收到日期为1997205227,修改稿收到日期为1997210213。

1 绪论车载燃料电池冷却系统中，冷却液电导率高会导致整车在启动时无法通过自身的高压绝缘检测，导致整车无法接通高压系统并启动[1,2]。

在冷却系统运行过程中，导致冷却液电导率提升的因素包括散热器、管路、阀体及燃料电池电堆本体的冷却管路，主要包括铝合金、不锈钢以及硅胶管等主要材料，随着冷却液的循环，各种材料都会有一定程度的离子析出[3,4]。

为降低冷却液中的电导率，目前通常采用的方式为在冷却回路中增加去离子罐，通过去离子罐中的树脂进行吸附，降低电导率[5]。

但整体吸附效率、使用周期以及使用效果仍很难满足燃料电池汽车的规模化推广，降低了车辆使用过程便捷性。

在树脂选型上，不仅需要考虑树脂本身的吸附性能和要求，同时还要考虑其与冷却液的配合，避免出现相互影响。

不同性能的树脂对于溶液中的导电离子有不同的吸附作用和效果，因此树脂的选择及处理也直接关系到整体的吸附效率和后期的使用。

通过前期研究发现，为了提升整车的散热效率，燃料电池汽车通常采用钎焊式散热器以增加有限空间的散热量，而冷却液中的离子主要来源于散热器在加工过程中残留的助焊剂[6,7]。

车载燃料电池冷却系统去离子树脂吸附性能研究 张少鹏1 申 彤2 韦 瑾2 张 晓2 段伦成1 梁 晨1,3*Study on Adsorption Performance of Ion Exchange Resin for fuel Cell Cooling System on VehiclesAbstract: The high-voltage insulation of the fuel cell vehicle is strongly affected by the electrical conductivity of the coolant in the fuel cell cooling system, which can be effectively reduced by ion exchange resin. But there are also problems such as short service life, replacement and adsorption efficiency when applying this resin. In this paper the ion exchange resin is tested to verify its ion exchange performance, efficiency and impact on the overall cooling system. The research of removal performance for different ions in the coolant is also conducted. It shows that the increase in coolant temperature can improve the ion exchange efficiency, and adding fluorosis to the base resin can strengthen the exchange of fluoride ions in the coolant. In practical applications, different resins can be mixed together to improve the ion exchange efficiency with little increase on overall resin volume.Key words: fuel cell, cooling system, electrical conductivity, ion exchange resin, ion exchange针对助焊剂在冷却液中所析出的阴阳离子，对不同离子交换树脂在不同温度及流量的工况下进行交换吸附的吸附效率、交换容量以及压力损失等比较测试，为整车装车及燃料电池系统长期推广应用提供基础保障。

Short communicationFeedback control of combustion oscillations in combustion chambersWei Wei a,*,Jing Wang a ,Dong-hai Li b ,Min Zhu b ,Ya-li Xue ba School of Information Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,ChinabState Key Lab of Power Systems,Department of Thermal Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 14November 2009Received in revised form 17December 2009Accepted 18December 2009Available online 28December 2009Keywords:Active control Model freeThermoacoustic instabilities Active compensation Longitudinal oscillationsa b s t r a c tModel-based algorithms are generally employed in active control of combustion oscilla-tions.Since practical combustion processes consist of complex thermal and acoustic cou-plings,their accurate models and parameters may not be obtained in advance economically,a model free controller is necessary for the control of thermoacoustic insta-bilities.Active compensation based control algorithm is applied in the suppression of com-bustion instabilities.Tuning the controller parameters on line,the amplitudes of the acoustic waves can be modulated to desired values.Simulations performed on a control oriented,typical longitudinal oscillations combustor model illustrate the controllers’capa-bility to attenuate combustion oscillations.Ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionCombustion oscillations have been plaguing designers of the propulsion and power generation systems,and oscillations arise more frequent when the combustors are under the operating condition of lean premixed to reduce the nitrous oxide emissions.Oscillations in combustion chambers occur as a result of couplings between the unsteady heat release rate and acoustic pressure.Their self-excited feedback loop can be diagrammed in Fig.1.Unsteady heat release is an efficient acoustic source,and combustor may be high resonant systems [1].In most cases,such oscillations are unwanted since they can cause structural damage.Due to the oscillations’severity,a significant multitude of efforts have made to prevent or alleviate them.Traditionally,two approaches are adopted to interrupt the couplings.Passive approaches,such as changing the combustors geometry or installing baffles and acoustic dampers,resort to reduce the sensibility of the combustion process to the acoustic excitation [2–4].The problem is that they may be ineffective when the operating conditions are changed,and the changes of design involved are costly and time consuming.That is,the passive approaches have bad robustness.Active feedback control provides another way of suppressing oscillations in combustors.At first,controllers are designed as a way of trial-and-error [5–7],which are empirical and unsuitable for practical instable combustion processes.Such ap-proaches can not provide guarantees of the stability and may excite the amplitude of the thermoacoustic oscillations.A con-troller,which can offer suitable gains and phases in real time,is desirable.Control theories are applied in interrupting the couplings between acoustic waves and unsteady combustion.Consequently,systematic approaches to controllers design are utilized.Model-based control algorithms are designed to decouple the physical processes leading to thermoacoustic instabilities.Adaptive control [8–11],robust control [12–14],LQR control [15,16],State-feedback [17]and PID [18–20]con-trol etc are intensively studied,all of which demonstrate the valid of active feedback control approaches in suppressing com-bustion oscillations.A summary of active control designs for combustion oscillations can be found in Ref.[1].However,the1007-5704/$-see front matter Ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/sns.2009.12.020*Corresponding author.Address:Mailbox 136,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China.E-mail address:weiweiustb@ (W.Wei).Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–3283Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCommun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulatjournal homepage:www.else v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c n s n sexact models of the combustion processes needed in model-based algorithms are not practical or economical.A control algo-rithm,which does not depend on the precise mathematical models of the physical processes,is of significance.In this paper,a controller,based on active compensation,is designed for the control-oriented model of unsteady motions in a combustor [17].The control technology employed here is model free and its parameters can be tuned easily to suppress the instabilities.In what follows,a control-oriented theoretical model of an unsteady combustion chamber is stated in Sec-tion 2.Control algorithm,stability analysis of the closed-loop system and the analysis of ability to suppress oscillations are given in Section 3.In Section 4,simulations are performed on the model stated in Section 2to demonstrate the controller.Section 5concludes the paper.2.Controlled dynamic models of combustion chambersYang et al.[17]developed control-oriented models for combustion processes,a set of linear ordinary differential equa-tions governing the dynamics of the combustor is given for the time-dependent amplitude of each mode [17]€g n þx 2n g n þXK i ¼1ðD ni _g i þE ni g i ÞþF NL n ðg 1;g 2;...;_g 1;_g 2;...Þ¼w n ðt ÞþU n ðt Þ;n ¼1;2;...;K ð1Þwhere w n ðt Þis the noise,D ni and E ni are linear coefficients associated with growth rate and frequency shift,respectively.F NL nrepresents all nonlinear processes.K ,the number of the modes,should be infinite to describe the combustion dynamics com-pletely.As a matter of fact,however,the unsteady motions can be represented by a truncated mode,i.e.K may be large but finite.The distributed control of the secondary fuel may be provided by M point actuators,each actuator supplies an exci-tation u i ðt Þat a position r i as shown in Fig.2.The control input to the n th mode can be written asU n ðt Þ¼a2 p E 2n X Mi ¼1u i ðt Þw n ðr i Þð2Þwhere E 2n ¼R R R w 2n dV is the Euclidean norm of the mode function,w n ¼cos n p L z is normal mode function,and a is the speed of sound in mixture.The unsteady pressure field is measured by P point sensors,the sensor output measured at the position r j ,with the mea-surement noise modeled by a random function v j ðt Þ,in the chamber can be written as followsy j ¼c j pX K n ¼1g n ðt Þw n ðr j Þþv j ðt Þ;j ¼1;2;...;Pð3ÞThe controlled dynamics of combustion chambers are described in Eqs.(1)–(3).We consider the deterministic and linearsystems,i.e.w n ðt Þ¼v j ðt Þ¼0and F NL n ¼0.Nonlinear problems are considered in Ref.[19].According to Ref.[17],the first N modes (N <K )are controlled,the state variables can be classified into controlled and uncontrolled (residual)parts as follows.x ¼½x N ;x R TFig.2.Scheme of active control system with distributed actuators.Fig.1.Thermoacoustic instabilities loop.W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–32833275where,x N ¼½g 1;_g1;g 2;_g 2;...;g N ;_g N T ;x R ¼½g N þ1;_g N þ1;g N þ2;_g N þ2;...;g K ;_g K T .Thus,Eqs.(1)–(3)can be written as following state-space form_x N _x R ¼A N A NRA RN A Rx N x R þB N B R uy ¼C N x N þC R x R8<:ð4Þwhere,A N ;A NR and A R ;A RN are system matrices associated with controlled and uncontrolled modes.Input and output matri-ces are expressed by B N ;B R and C N ;C R ,respectively.u ¼½u 1;u 2;...;u M T 2R M ;y ¼½y 1;y 2;...;y P T 2R P .Similar to Ref.[17],two controlled and two residual modes of longitudinal oscillations are considered.We use one actu-ator and one sensor.Thus,the state variables,system matrices,input matrices,and the output matrices are shown below,respectively.x N ¼½g 1;_g1;g 2;_g 2 T ;x R ¼½g 3;_g 3;g 4;_g 4 T ;u 2R ;y 2R ;A N ¼0100Àðx 21þE 11ÞÀD11ÀE 12ÀD 12001ÀE 21ÀD 21Àðx 22þE 22ÞÀD 22B B B@1C CC A ;A R ¼0100Àðx 23þE 33ÞÀD33ÀE 34ÀD 34001ÀE 43ÀD 43Àðx 24þE 44ÞÀD 44B B B@1C CC AA NR¼0000ÀE 13ÀD 13ÀE 14ÀD 140000ÀE 23ÀD 23ÀE 24ÀD 240B B B @1C CC A ;A RN¼0000ÀE 31ÀD 31ÀE 32ÀD 320000ÀE 41ÀD 41ÀE 42ÀD 42B B B @1C CC A ð5ÞB N ¼0a 2w 1ðr Þ pE 210 a2w 2ðr Þp E 2B B B B B @1CC C C CA ;B R ¼0a 2w 3ðr Þ pE 230 a2w 4ðr Þp E 4B B B B B @1CC C C CA ;C N ¼ðc pw 10c pw 20Þ;C R ¼ðc p w 30c pw 40Þ3.Controller designIn this section,an active compensation based controller is designed to suppress the oscillations in combustion chambers,i.e.to make the amplitudes of the pressure oscillation g n approach zero.3.1.Control law and closed-loop block diagramAn active compensation based controller,proposed by Tornambe and Valigi [21],is employed here.We may call it TC con-troller in this paper.The control law,when relative degree is 1,has the formu ¼Àh 0ðy Ày r ÞÀ^d^d ¼n þk 0ðy Ày r Þ_n ¼Àk 0n Àk 20ðy Ày r ÞÀk 0u8>><>>:ð6Þwhere ^d is the extended state observer,which estimates the uncertainties.y is the output of the system.y ris the desired tra-jectory.n is the intermediate variable.h 0;k 0are tunable variables,and h 0determines,the response speed of the system.The control block diagram is shown in Fig.3.In the diagram,u c is the control output of the controller,u p is the control input of the combustion process.3276W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–32833.2.Stability analysisControl law Eq.(6)can be rewritten as e¼yrÀyu¼ðh0þk0ÞeÀn_n¼Àh0k0e8><>:ð7ÞTo simplify the notation,we have c1¼Àðh0þk0Þ;c2¼h0k0.Under the function of TC controller,the closed-loop state-space description of the system Eq.(5)is given belowx¼½g1;_g1;g2;_g2;g3;_g3;g4;_g4;n T;_x¼Aclxwhere A cl¼010000000Àðx21þE11Þþ a2w1ðrÞp E21c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD11ÀE12þ a2w1ðrÞp E21c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD12ÀE13ÀD13ÀE14ÀD14À a2w1ðrÞp E21000100000ÀE21þ a2w2ðrÞp E22c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD21Àðx22þE22Þþ a2w2ðrÞp E22c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD22ÀE23ÀD23ÀE24ÀD24À a2w2ðrÞp E22000001000ÀE31þ a2w3ðrÞp E23c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD31ÀE32þ a2w3ðrÞp E23c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD32Àðx23þE33ÞÀD33ÀE34ÀD34À a2w3ðrÞp E23000000010ÀE41þ a2w4ðrÞp E24c p w1ðrÞc1ÀD41ÀE42þ a2w4ðrÞp E24c p w2ðrÞc1ÀD42ÀE43ÀD43Àðx24þE44ÞÀD44À a2w4ðrÞp E24c p w1ðrÞc20c p w2ðrÞ20000000 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B @1 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C Að8ÞCorollary1.If A cl is Hurwitz,the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.We note that the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þa8k8þÁÁÁþa1kþa0.If all the roots of j k IÀA cl j¼0have negative real parts,the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.Note that the matrixQ¼a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a000001a7a5a3a100000a8a6a4a2a0B BB BB BB BB BB BB BB B@1C CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CAAccording to the Hurwitz criterion[22],fðkÞis Hurwitz if and only if the matrix Q’s leading principal minors are positive:detq11q12...q1kq21...q2k.........qk1qk2...qkkB BB BB@1C CC CC A>0;k¼1;2;...;9:ð9Þthat is,D1¼a8>0;D2¼a8a61a7>0;D3¼a8a6a41a7a50a8a6>0;D4¼a8a6a4a21a7a5a30a8a6a401a7a5>0;D5¼a8a6a4a2a01a7a5a3a10a8a6a4a201a7a5a300a8a6a4>0;W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–32833277D 6¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2a 001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2001a 7a 5a 3>0;D 7¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0001a 7a 5a 3a 1000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0001a 7a 5a 3a 1000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2>0;D 8¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 00001a 7a 5a 3a 10000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 00001a 7a 5a 3a 10000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 00001a 7a 5a 3a 10000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 001a 7a 5a 3a 1>0;D 9¼a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100000a 8a 6a 4a 2a 000001a 7a 5a 3a 100a 8a 6a 4a 2a 0>0:are satisfied.Thus,the A cl is Hurwitz,or the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.3.3.Analysis of the ability to suppress oscillationsIn order to illustrate the capable of suppressing oscillations,we make an assumption that y ¼sin ðX t Þ.Substituting y intoEq.(7),we have e ¼Àsin ðX t Þand u ¼c 1sin ðX t Þþc 2cosðX t ÞXþC ,where C is the integral constant.It is obvious that the phase-shift resulting from the control input depends on the term c 1sin ðX t Þþc 2cosðX t Þ.As a matter of fact,c 1sin ðX t Þþc 2cos ðX t ÞX¼1X ½c 1X sin ðX t Þþc 2cos ðX t Þ ¼1X ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffic 21X 2þc 22q sin X t þarctan c21Xh i ¼1ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiðh 0þk 0Þ2X 2þh 20k 20q sin X t Àarctan h 0k 000 h iHence,the phase-shift made by control input is arctan h 0k 0h 0X þk 0X,in other words the time delay on account of the control in-put is 1X arctan h 0k 00X 0X.This explains why the TC controller is capable of suppressing the combustion instabilities in combustors.4.Simulations for the modelTo demonstrate the TC controller,we performed simulations for the four modes of longitudinal pressure oscillations.The normalized natural radian frequency of the fundamental mode and the amplification factor (c )of the pressure signal are both taken to be unity.The linear parameters D ni and E ni in Eq.(1)are given in Table 1.According to Ref.[17],the optimal locations of actuators and sensors are selected to be at z o ¼L =7:5.L is taken as 76.2cm as in Ref.[18].In this paper,we define e as the ratio of u cmax to y max .Simulations are performed on system Eq.(5),the results are shown below,respectively (see Figs.4–9).Table 1System parameters.i =1i =2i =3i =4D ni n =1À0.010.007À0.0010.007n =20.010.10.007À0.001n =3À0.010.010.750.008n =40.02À0.0050.01 1.50E ni n =1À0.005À0.0050.00250.016n =2À0.0025À0.0150.010.01n =3À0.0050.0À0.020.02n =40.010.020.02À0.00253278W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3274–3283W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–328332794.1.Simulation results for TCThe parameters and performance indexes of TC controllers are given in Table2.To check whether the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable under the function of TC controller,we verify the Eq.(9)for each system.3280W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–3283(1)Under the function of TC1,the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þ2:34k8þ8165:7k7þ18846:2k6þ234295:1k5þ264215:2k4þ1714489:6k3þ576571:9k2þ2933414:7kþ12191:5, and D1¼2:34,D2¼261:5,D3¼4264354:8,D4¼5:1079Â1011,D5¼1:7429Â1016,D6¼1:8386Â1022,D7¼4:2955Â1026,D8¼1:0029Â1033,D9¼1:2227Â1037.Eq.(9)is satisfied,the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable.W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–32833281Table2Parameters and performance indexes of TC.TC k0h0u cmax y max e IAE10.020.00530.00170.06830.0247 3.278620.040.00640.00310.06830.0454 2.553230.050.00450.00360.06830.0533 2.39573282W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–3283Table3Parameters and performance indexes of phase-shift control.Phase-shift s c k p u cmax y max e IAE10.3À0.02530.00170.06830.0247 3.398920.2À0.04640.00310.06830.0454 2.606630.3À0.05450.00360.06830.0533 2.4872Table4Comparison of TC and phase-shift controller.e IAETC controller Phase-shift controller0.0247 3.2786 3.39890.0454 2.5532 2.60660.0533 2.3957 2.4872(2)Under the function of TC2,the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þ2:34k8þ14949:8k7þ34551k6þ429514:8k5þ484984:4k4þ3144421:4k3þ1061213:2k2þ5381370:2kþ29447, and D1¼2:34,D2¼431:5,D3¼13692874:4,D4¼3:0075Â1012D5¼1:8922Â1017,D6¼3:6443Â1023, D7¼1:6566Â1028,D8¼6:6567Â1034,D9¼1:9602Â1039.Eq.(9)is satisfied,the closed-loop system is asymptoti-cally stable.(3)Under the function of TC3,the characteristic polynomial of closed-loop system Eq.(8)is j k IÀA cl j¼k9þ2:34k8þ17554:1k7þ40551:4k6þ504393:7k5þ568912:4k4þ3692469:9k3þ1241233:6k2þ6319299:4kþ25882:3, and D1¼2:34,D2¼525:2,D3¼19866748:8,D4¼5:127Â1012,D5¼3:7695Â1017,D6¼8:5727Â1023, D7¼4:28Â1028,D8¼2:1563Â1035,D9¼5:5811Â1039.According to Eq.(9),the closed-loop system is also asymp-totically stable.The time traces of closed-loop systems are shown in Figs.4–6,respectively.A popular control algorithm utilized for suppressing the combustion oscillations in experimental devices is phase-shift control,and it is independent of exact models of the physical processes.For the reasons above,we choose the standard con-trol algorithm,i.e.phase-shift control,as the benchmark,and make some comparison with TC controller.Simulations are performed on the same system with the same parameters.The results are given in Figs.7–9,respectively.4.2.Simulation results for phase-shiftThe parameters and performance indexes of phase-shift controllers are shown in Table3.The time traces of closed-loop systems are given in Figs.7–9,respectively.From Figs.4-9and IAE values given in Tables2and3,we can see that the TC controller,under the same control cost,is superior to the phase-shift controller.To show the advantages of TC controller over the phase-shift controller more distinct, we have Table4.From Table4,we may see clearly that the IAE values of TC controller,at the same price of control input,is minimal.In contrast to the phase-shift controller,the TC controller parameters has obvious physical interpretation,therefore the param-eter adjustments are more practicable.5.ConclusionIn this paper,a combustor model,which takes account of the influences of acoustic andflame dynamics,is considered and active compensation based controllers are adopted in the suppression of combustion oscillations.Controller employed,by comparison,does not need the prior knowledge of the process models.Tuning the parameters on line,the control action can suppress the amplitudes of oscillations to prespecified values,which may provide a realistic solution.However,the work in this paper is a necessary preparation for practical applications.With the purpose of verifying the control algorithm employed in this paper,the higher order and nonlinear models describing the combustion dynamics more exactly will be taken into account.Furthermore,the experimental verification is of importance in the forthcoming research as well.AcknowledgementThis work is supported by National Basic Research Program of China Grant No.2007CB210106.W.Wei et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3274–32833283 References[1]Dowling AP,Morgans AS.Feedback control of combustion oscillations.Annu Rev Fluid Mech2005;37:151–82.[2]Culick F.,Combustion instabilities in liquid-fueled propulsion systems:an overview.In:AGA-RD conference on combustion instabilities in liquid-fueled propulsion systems;1988.[3]Steele RC,Cowell LH,Cannon SM,Smith CE.Passive control of combustion instability in lean premixed combustors.J Eng Gas Turbines Power2000;122(3):412–9.[4]Richards GA,Straub DL,Robey EH.Passive control of combustion dynamics in stationary gas turbines.J Prop Power2003;19(5):795–810.[5]Ffowcs Williams JE.Antisound.Proc Roy Soc London1984;A395:63–88.[6]Langhorne PJ,Dowling AP,Hooper N.A practical active control system for combustion oscillations.J Prop Power1990;6:324–33.[7]Seume J,Vortmeyer N,Krause W,Hermann J,Hantschk C,Zangl P.Application of active combustion instability control to a heavy duty gas 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专利名称：FUEL CELL SYSTEM AND CONTROL METHODTHEREOF发明人：MATSUSUE MASAAKI,松末 真明,AITAKEMASANORI,相武 将典申请号：JP2012229641申请日：20121017公开号：JP2014082115A公开日：20140508专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve the power generation efficiency of a fuel cell.SOLUTION: A fuel cell system comprises: an oxidant gas supply unit for supplying acompressed oxidant gas to the cathode electrode of a fuel cell; and a gas pressure control unit for controlling the pressure of the oxidant gas flowing along the cathode electrode. The gas control unit detects a rate of a change in the output of the fuel cell relative to a change in the pressure of the oxidant gas as gas pressure sensitivity, determines correspondence between the pressure of the oxidant gas and the output of the fuel cell on the basis of the detected gas pressure sensitivity, acquires a request output to be requested from the fuel cell, and checks the request output against the correspondence. In this way, the gas control unit calculates the pressure of the oxidant gas corresponding to the request output as a target gas pressure, and controls the pressure of the oxidant gas flowing to the cathode electrode to be equal to the target gas pressure.申请人：TOYOTA MOTOR CORP,トヨタ自動車株式会社地址：愛知県豊田市トヨタ町１番地国籍：JP代理人：特許業務法人明成国際特許事務所,下出 隆史更多信息请下载全文后查看。

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