英国1996年仲裁法

英国仲裁法aa1996摘要：一、英国仲裁法简介二、1996年仲裁法的主要改革三、英国仲裁法的优势四、我国企业在英国仲裁的实践与应用五、应对策略与建议正文：一、英国仲裁法简介英国仲裁法（Arbitration Act 1996）是英国议会于1996年颁布的一部关于仲裁的法律，旨在对英国的仲裁制度进行改革和完善。

该法规定了仲裁协议的效力、仲裁程序的组织、仲裁裁决的承认与执行等方面的内容。

英国仲裁法被认为是现代仲裁制度的基础，为国际商事仲裁提供了有益的借鉴。

二、1996年仲裁法的主要改革1996年仲裁法在以下几个方面进行了重要改革：1.仲裁协议：1996年仲裁法明确了仲裁协议的独立性，即仲裁协议不受underlying contract的影响。

2.仲裁程序：1996年仲裁法规定，仲裁庭可以按照其认为适当的方式进行仲裁，赋予了仲裁庭更大的自主权。

3.仲裁裁决的承认与执行：1996年仲裁法规定，英国法院对仲裁裁决的承认与执行采取更加友好的态度，有利于仲裁裁决的落地。

4.公共政策：1996年仲裁法明确了公共政策作为仲裁裁决撤销理由的限制，降低了撤销仲裁裁决的可能性。

三、英国仲裁法的优势1.充分尊重当事人意思自治：英国仲裁法强调仲裁协议的独立性，充分尊重当事人的意愿。

2.仲裁程序灵活：1996年仲裁法允许仲裁庭按照其认为适当的方式进行仲裁，有利于创新和灵活调整仲裁程序。

3.裁决承认与执行便利：英国法院对仲裁裁决的承认与执行采取友好态度，有利于裁决的落地。

4.国际化程度高：英国仲裁法与国际商事仲裁实践相结合，具有较高的国际化程度。

四、我国企业在英国仲裁的实践与应用在我国企业与外国企业进行国际贸易或投资合作时，英国仲裁法作为一种有效的争议解决方式，得到了广泛应用。

我国企业在英国仲裁中，应注意以下几点：1.明确仲裁协议：在合同中明确约定仲裁条款，确保争议解决方式为仲裁。

2.选择合适的仲裁机构：根据争议的性质和涉及的主体，选择合适的仲裁机构。

英国仲裁法aa1996
【实用版】
目录
1.英国仲裁法的简介
2.英国仲裁法的历史演变
3.英国仲裁法的主要特点
4.英国仲裁法的实际应用
5.英国仲裁法对我国的影响和启示
正文
【英国仲裁法简介】
英国仲裁法是指在英国境内进行仲裁的相关法律规定。

仲裁作为一种解决国际贸易纠纷的重要方式，具有高效、灵活、保密等特点，受到各国的广泛欢迎。

英国作为国际贸易的重要参与者，其仲裁法对于全球贸易具有重要影响。

【英国仲裁法的历史演变】
英国仲裁法的历史可以追溯到 19 世纪，随着英国国际贸易的快速发展，仲裁成为解决贸易纠纷的重要手段。

1996 年，英国对仲裁法进行了全面修订，出台了《1996 年英国仲裁法》（Arbitration Act 1996），以适应国际贸易的新形势。

【英国仲裁法的主要特点】
英国仲裁法具有以下主要特点：
1.充分尊重当事人意思自治：英国仲裁法充分尊重当事人的意思自治，允许当事人自由约定仲裁程序、仲裁地点等事项。

2.仲裁协议的有效性：英国仲裁法明确规定，仲裁协议是具有法律效力的，仲裁机构应按照协议进行仲裁。

3.仲裁裁决的承认与执行：英国仲裁法规定，仲裁裁决在其他国家具有承认与执行的效力。

【英国仲裁法的实际应用】
英国仲裁法在实际应用中具有广泛的影响力，许多国际贸易纠纷通过英国仲裁法得到解决。

英国的仲裁机构，如伦敦国际仲裁院（LCIA），在国际上享有很高的声誉。

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英国仲裁法aa1996
英国仲裁法1996年(Arbitration Act 1996)是英国国内关于仲裁
程序的综合法律框架。

该法律旨在促进并规范仲裁作为解决争议的一种方法，并提供对仲裁程序进行指导和监督的规定。

该法律规定了以下主要内容：
1. 仲裁合同的效力：确定仲裁合同的效力和可执行性，确保双方就争议选择仲裁作为解决途径的自由。

2. 仲裁程序的规则和程序：规定了仲裁程序的一般规则和程序，包括仲裁庭的组成、程序安排、证据管理、仲裁庭的裁决等。

3. 仲裁裁决的执行：规定了仲裁裁决的执行程序，包括要求法院确认和承认仲裁裁决的程序。

4. 仲裁程序的监督和干预：规定了法院对仲裁程序的监督和干预的范围和条件，以确保程序的公正和合法性。

5. 仲裁程序的违约和挑战：规定了违约行为和挑战仲裁裁决的条件和程序。

6. 国际仲裁：提供了适用于国际仲裁的特殊规定，以使英国的仲裁法律与国际仲裁标准接轨。

英国仲裁法1996年的制定和实施，使得仲裁程序在英国得到
了更广泛的应用，并提高了仲裁裁决的可执行性和公信力。

这
一法律框架的建立为英国作为国际仲裁中心的竞争优势提供了法律保障，并在一定程度上促进了英国作为仲裁中心的发展。

英国仲裁法aa1996英国仲裁法（Arbitration Act 1996）是英国国内对于仲裁程序与仲裁判决的管理与规范法律。

该法律的主要目的是加强与规范仲裁程序，确保仲裁是一个有效的替代争议解决方式，同时保护当事人的权益与执行仲裁判决。

首先，英国仲裁法强调了仲裁的独立性和自主性。

它确认了当事人签署仲裁协议的权利，并鼓励当事人在发生争议时选择仲裁而不是诉讼。

仲裁被认为是私下的、不受庭审程序限制的解决方式。

根据该法律，仲裁程序不必遵守法院规则，因此仲裁庭可以根据当事人的具体情况和需求自由决定如何进行仲裁，并对程序作出必要的调整。

其次，英国仲裁法确定了仲裁庭的职权和程序。

根据该法律，仲裁庭有权决定自己的管辖权，并有权就管辖权的争议作出决定。

仲裁庭还有权决定自己的程序，并根据具体情况和应用的仲裁规则进行裁决。

此外，该法律还规定了仲裁庭的权力范围，包括传唤证人、收集证据、发表证词等，以确保仲裁庭的公正和审慎。

第三，英国仲裁法规定了对仲裁判决的追认与执行。

一旦仲裁庭作出了最终裁决，该裁决就有与法院判决同等的效力，并且它不受司法审查和上诉的程序限制。

法院有义务根据仲裁庭的判决予以追认，并在其管辖范围内予以执行。

除非根据英国仲裁法的规定，或者根据仲裁庭在其管辖权内作出的裁决，仲裁判决必须予以执行。

最后，英国仲裁法着重保护公平对待和适当程序。

它要求仲裁庭在作出判决之前要向双方当事人提供足够的时间进行主张和提交证据。

仲裁庭还有责任确保裁决的过程是公正、公平和适当的。

如果当事人认为仲裁庭的决定存在错误，可以申请法院根据仲裁法的规定对仲裁庭的决定进行纠正。

总结起来，英国仲裁法是对仲裁程序和判决的管理与规范，旨在保证仲裁作为一种有效的争议解决方式的权益，并加强对仲裁的合法性和可执行性的保护。

该法律增强了仲裁庭的权力和职能，为双方当事人提供了更大的灵活性和自主性。

通过规范仲裁程序，并确保对仲裁判决的予以执行，英国仲裁法为商业争议解决提供了一个可靠的法律框架。

英国仲裁法aa1996英国仲裁法（英文：Arbitration Act 1996）是英国议会于1996年通过的一项重要立法。

该法律通过确立了现代仲裁制度的框架和规则，具有重要的法律地位和国际影响力。

本文将从该法律的背景、主要内容以及对英国和国际商务仲裁的影响等方面进行阐述，以帮助读者更好地了解英国仲裁法。

英国仲裁法的颁布背景是世界对传统诉讼制度的不满，以及国际商务对一种更为有效和灵活的争议解决机制的需求。

仲裁作为一种替代方式，能够提供快速、私密和具有弹性的争议解决手段，广受商界和法律界的青睐。

英国仲裁法的制定旨在为仲裁提供更加明确和全面的法律支持，以提高仲裁制度的可靠性和有效性。

英国仲裁法的主要内容包括了仲裁协议、仲裁程序和仲裁裁决等方面的规定。

首先，英国仲裁法明确了仲裁协议的要件和效力。

它规定了仲裁协议的书面形式、订立和效力要件，并对仲裁协议的适用范围和效果进行了界定。

这些规定为仲裁的进行提供了明确的法律依据，确保了仲裁裁决的有效性。

其次，英国仲裁法规定了仲裁程序的主要原则和程序规则。

它明确了仲裁庭的组成原则和程序规则，包括仲裁程序的开始和终止、证据的提交和审查、听证会的召开和程序公正原则等。

这些规定为仲裁程序的公正、高效和有序进行提供了法律保障，有利于仲裁庭迅速、公正地解决争议。

最后，英国仲裁法详细规定了仲裁裁决的效力和申请程序。

根据该法律的规定，仲裁裁决具有与判决相等的效力，并且可以在法院执行。

此外，英国仲裁法还确认了特定情况下对仲裁裁决进行撤销或纠正的申请程序，保证了仲裁裁决的公正性和可执行性。

英国仲裁法对英国和国际商务仲裁产生了重要的影响。

一方面，它使得英国成为了国际商务仲裁的重要中心之一。

英国的仲裁制度完善、法律成熟，并且与国际仲裁标准接轨，因此备受商业界信任和青睐。

另一方面，英国仲裁法的规定对国际商务仲裁产生了典范效应，并且在国际范围内产生了一定的影响力。

越来越多的国家将英国仲裁法作为借鉴和参考，制定自己的仲裁法律。

英国仲裁法aa1996 -回复什么是英国仲裁法（AA1996）以及其重要性？英国仲裁法，即1996年英国立法的《仲裁法案》（Arbitration Act 1996），是英国仲裁制度的核心法律。

该法案通过规定仲裁程序、仲裁协议的有效性和执行仲裁裁决等方面的规定，为英国的仲裁实践提供了强有力的支持。

本文将逐步回答以下问题，以了解什么是英国仲裁法以及其重要性。

第一步：了解英国仲裁法的背景和起源英国的仲裁实践可以追溯到中世纪时期。

在商业交易日益频繁的背景下，仲裁作为一种争端解决方式开始被广泛采用。

然而，过去的仲裁实践缺乏系统性和一致性的法律支持，导致争议的解决过程可能不可预见和不稳定。

因此，为了改善英国的仲裁制度，英国政府决定立法制定一个全面的仲裁法律。

第二步：介绍英国仲裁法的主要内容和原则1996年英国仲裁法的主要内容包括仲裁程序、仲裁协议的有效性、仲裁裁决的执行以及仲裁裁决的上诉等方面的规定。

该法案秉持着仲裁的基本原则，即仲裁自愿、快速、廉价、灵活和秘密。

这些原则确保了当事人在争议解决过程中的自主权和公正性，并为英国的仲裁实践提供了指导。

第三步：解释英国仲裁法对仲裁协议的有效性的规定英国仲裁法明确规定了仲裁协议的有效性要求。

根据该法案的规定，有效的仲裁协议必须具备明确的条款，即协议的双方必须在协议中明确表示选择以仲裁方式解决争议。

此外，英国仲裁法还规定了仲裁协议可以是独立的文件，也可以是合同的一部分。

这些规定确保了仲裁协议的有效性和清晰性。

第四步：讨论英国仲裁法对仲裁程序的规定英国仲裁法对仲裁程序的规定建立了清晰和有效的仲裁程序。

该法案要求仲裁庭成员必须是独立和公正的，并应遵守一定的程序规则。

此外，英国仲裁法还规定了当事人在仲裁程序中的权利和义务，包括举证、适用法律和争议解决等方面的规定。

这些规定不仅保护了当事人的权益，也确保了仲裁裁决的公正性和有效性。

第五步：强调英国仲裁法对仲裁裁决的执行的规定英国仲裁法对仲裁裁决的执行提供了强有力的支持。

英国仲裁法aa1996英国仲裁法是指1996年英国通过的仲裁法，该法规定了英国仲裁的程序和原则，为仲裁争议提供了一个有效和公正的解决机制。

本文将介绍英国仲裁法的主要内容，并分析其在实践中的优势和不足。

首先，根据英国仲裁法，仲裁是一种私人解决争议的方式，仲裁裁决具有和诉讼一样的法律效力，在国内和国际上都得到广泛的认可。

仲裁可以解决包括商业争端、投资争议在内的各类争议，有效地保护当事人的权益。

在仲裁过程中，双方当事人可以选择自己信任的仲裁员，专业性得到充分保证。

此外，仲裁程序灵活高效，可以根据争议的特点和当事人的需求进行个性化调整，提高了解决争议的速度和效率。

其次，英国仲裁法确保了仲裁的公正性。

仲裁员必须严格遵守中立、公正的原则，并根据独立的专业判断作出裁决。

此外，英国法院对仲裁裁决的司法审查相对保守，尊重仲裁的独立性，有效地防止了仲裁裁决受到无理干预。

这种司法审查制度不仅增加了当事人对仲裁的信任度，也减少了法院资源的浪费。

然而，英国仲裁法也存在一些问题。

首先是仲裁费用较高的问题。

仲裁程序的费用包括仲裁员费用、仲裁机构费用以及仲裁程序中的其他费用等。

对于一些争议较小的案件，仲裁费用可能会超过争议本身的价值，导致当事人难以负担。

其次，英国仲裁法在程序上相对复杂，需要专业的仲裁律师的参与，给当事人增加了一定的负担。

对于一些没有相关专业知识的当事人来说，可能会感到困惑。

为解决这些问题，英国仲裁法还规定了一系列的改革措施。

例如，仲裁机构可以依据争议的大小和性质灵活设定仲裁费用，为当事人提供更加经济合理的解决方案。

此外，英国仲裁法还要求仲裁机构公开透明地进行财务报告，对费用的使用进行监督，以增加仲裁过程的公正性和透明度。

总之，英国仲裁法通过规定程序和原则，为仲裁争议提供了一个有效和公正的解决机制。

仲裁作为一种私人解决争议的方式，在英国得到了广泛的认可，并在国内外得到广泛应用。

尽管仲裁费用较高、程序相对复杂等问题仍然存在，但英国仲裁法通过一系列的改革措施，力求提高仲裁的效率和公正性，为当事人提供更加便捷和经济合理的纠纷解决方式。

英国仲裁法aa1996摘要：一、英国仲裁法简介1.英国仲裁法的背景与历史2.1996 年仲裁法的主要内容二、英国仲裁法的主要特点1.仲裁协议的订立与效力2.仲裁庭的组成与管辖权3.仲裁程序与裁决的作出4.仲裁裁决的承认与执行三、英国仲裁法在我国的实践与影响1.我国与英国在仲裁领域的合作2.英国仲裁法对我国仲裁法的影响3.我国企业在英国仲裁中的实践经验正文：英国仲裁法aa1996英国仲裁法起源于19 世纪，经过多次修订，目前的仲裁法体系主要基于1996 年《仲裁法》（Arbitration Act 1996）。

该法旨在提供一个现代化的、灵活的仲裁制度，以促进英国作为国际仲裁中心的发展。

一、英国仲裁法简介英国仲裁法的发展与其商业传统和海洋贸易密切相关。

1996 年仲裁法取代了之前的《仲裁法》（Arbitration Act 1950），成为英国仲裁制度的基础。

该法明确了仲裁协议的订立与效力、仲裁庭的组成与管辖权、仲裁程序与裁决的作出以及仲裁裁决的承认与执行等方面的规定。

二、英国仲裁法的主要特点1.仲裁协议的订立与效力：英国仲裁法规定，仲裁协议应由双方当事人自愿达成，并且可以通过书面或口头方式订立。

仲裁协议具有法律效力，除非协议无效或可撤销，否则仲裁庭有权管辖相关争议。

2.仲裁庭的组成与管辖权：仲裁庭应由一名或多名仲裁员组成，双方当事人应在仲裁协议中约定仲裁庭的组成方式。

仲裁庭具有管辖权，可以对双方当事人之间的争议作出最终裁决。

3.仲裁程序与裁决的作出：英国仲裁法规定了仲裁程序的基本原则，包括公平公正、当事人自治等。

仲裁庭应按照仲裁协议和法律规定进行仲裁，并在作出裁决前给予双方当事人充分的机会陈述意见。

4.仲裁裁决的承认与执行：英国仲裁法规定，仲裁裁决具有与法院判决同等的法律效力。

除非有特殊情况，否则仲裁裁决应在英国得到承认和执行。

三、英国仲裁法在我国的实践与影响1.我国与英国在仲裁领域的合作：近年来，我国与英国在仲裁领域的合作不断加强。

Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)Arbitration Act 19961996 CHAPTER 23An Act to restate and improve the law relating to arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement; to make other provision relating to arbitration and arbitration awards; and for connected purposes.[17th June 1996] Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—Annotations:Extent InformationE1This Act extends to England, Wales and Northern Ireland; for exceptions see s.108 Modifications etc. (not altering text)C1Act modified (11.11.1999) by 1999 c. 31, s. 8(1)(2) (with application as mentioned in s. 10(2)(3)) C2Act excluded (31.1.1997) by 1966 c. 41, s. 3 (as substituted by 1996 c. 23, s. 107(1), Sch. 3 para. 24 (with s. 81(2)); S.I. 1996/3146, art. 3 (with transitional provisions in art. 4, Sch. 2)Act excluded (1.8.1998) by 1992 c. 52, s. 212A(6) (as inserted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 7; S.I.1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1Act excluded (N.I.) (1.3.1999) by S.I. 1998/3162 (N.I. 21), art. 89(6); S.R. 1999/81, art. 3Act excluded (31.3.2002) by The Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/457), regs. 2, 9(b), 10(1)(b)(4)(b), 11(2), 33(5)(b)(iii), Sch. 1 para. 34Act excluded (31.3.2002) by The Dairy Produce Quotas (Wales) Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/897), regs.2, 9(b), 10(1)(b)(4)(b), 11(2), 33(5)(b)(iii), Sch. 1 para. 34C3Power to apply conferred (11.9.1996 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.5.1998) by 1996 c. 53, s.108(6); S.I. 1996/2352, art. 2(2); S. I. 1998/650, art. 2C4Act applied (E.) (4.7.2002) by Vehicular Access Across Common and Other Land (England) Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/1711), regs. 1, 12(3)(b)2Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreementDocument Generated: 2011-05-10 Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details) Annotations:Extent InformationE1This Act extends to England, Wales and Northern Ireland; for exceptions see s.108 Modifications etc. (not altering text)C1Act modified (11.11.1999) by 1999 c. 31, s. 8(1)(2) (with application as mentioned in s. 10(2)(3)) C2Act excluded (31.1.1997) by 1966 c. 41, s. 3 (as substituted by 1996 c. 23, s. 107(1), Sch. 3 para. 24 (with s. 81(2)); S.I. 1996/3146, art. 3 (with transitional provisions in art. 4, Sch. 2)Act excluded (1.8.1998) by 1992 c. 52, s. 212A(6) (as inserted (1.8.1998) by 1998 c. 8, s. 7; S.I.1998/1658, art. 2(1), Sch. 1Act excluded (N.I.) (1.3.1999) by S.I. 1998/3162 (N.I. 21), art. 89(6); S.R. 1999/81, art. 3Act excluded (31.3.2002) by The Dairy Produce Quotas Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/457), regs. 2, 9(b), 10(1)(b)(4)(b), 11(2), 33(5)(b)(iii), Sch. 1 para. 34Act excluded (31.3.2002) by The Dairy Produce Quotas (Wales) Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/897), regs.2, 9(b), 10(1)(b)(4)(b), 11(2), 33(5)(b)(iii), Sch. 1 para. 34C3Power to apply conferred (11.9.1996 for certain purposes and otherwise 1.5.1998) by 1996 c. 53, s.108(6); S.I. 1996/2352, art. 2(2); S. I. 1998/650, art. 2C4Act applied (E.) (4.7.2002) by Vehicular Access Across Common and Other Land (England) Regulations 2002 (S.I. 2002/1711), regs. 1, 12(3)(b)P ART IA RBITRATION PURSUANT TO AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT Annotations:Modifications etc. (not altering text)C5Pt. I excluded (E.W.) (1.11.1996) by 1996 c. 56, s. 336(4), 476(4), 582(4), Sch. 40, para. 4 (with s. 1(4)) Pt. I excluded (31.1.1997) by 1988 c. 8, s. 6 (as substituted (31.1.1997) by 1996 c. 23, s. 107(1), Sch. 3para. 49; S.I. 1996/3146, art. 3 (with art. 4, Sch. 2))Pt. I excluded (N.I.) (1.3.1999) by S.I. 1998/3162 (N.I. 21), art. 89(6); S.R. 1999/81, art. 3 C6Pt. I (ss. 1-84) excluded (E.W.) by 1998 c. 14, s. 16(9) (which is in force: at 4.3.1999 for specified purposes by S.I. 1999/528, art. 2(a), Sch.; at 5.7.1999 for specified purposes by S.I. 1999/1958, art.2(1)(b), Sch. 1 (with transitional provisions in Sch. 12, and as amended by S.I. 1999/3178, art. 3(20),Sch. 20); at 6.9.1999 for specified purposes by S.I. 1999/2422, art. 2(c), Sch. 1 (subject to transitionalprovisions in Sch. 14, and as amended by S.I. 1999/3178, art. 3(20), Sch. 20); at 5.10.1999 for specified purposes by S.I. 1999/2739, art. 2, Sch. 1 (subject to transitional provisions in Sch. 2); at 18.10.1999for specified purposes by S.I. 1999/2860, art. 2(c), Sch. 1 (subject to transitional provisions in Schs.16-18, and as amended by S.I. 1999/3178, art. 3(20), Sch. 20); 29.11.1999 for specified purposes by S.I.1999/3178, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 (subject to transitional provisions in s. 5 and Schs. 21-23) C7Pt. I (ss. 1-84) excluded by S.I. 1998/1506 (N.I. 10), art. 16(9) (which is in force: at 10.3.1999 for specified purposes by S.R. 1999/102, art. 2(a), Sch. Pt. I; at 5.7.1999 for specified purposes by S.R.1999/310, art. 2(1)(b), Sch. 1; at 6.9.1999 for specified purposes by S.R. 1999/371, art. 2(b), Sch. 1; at5.10.1999 for specified purposes by S.R. 1999/407, art. 2(b), Sch.; at 18.10.1999 for specified purposesby S.R. 1999/428, art. 2(b), Sch. 1; at 29.11.1999 for specified purposes by S.R. 1999/472, art. 2(1),Sch. 1)C8Pt. I excluded (E.W.) (1.9.2000) by 1999 c. 14, s. 9(4); S.I. 2000/2337, art. 2(1)(e)Pt. I excluded (prosp.) by 1999 c. 14, ss. 9(4), 14(2)Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement Document Generated: 2011-05-103Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)Pt. I excluded (N.I.) (22.11.2000 for specified purposes and otherwise 2.7.2001) by 2000 c. 4, ss. 59, 68, Sch. 7 para. 10 (with s. 66(6)); S.R. 2000/358, art. 2, Sch. Pt. II; S.R. 2001/141, art 2(1)(c), Sch.Pt. I excluded (E.W.) (2.7.2001) by 2000 c. 19, s. 68, Sch. 7 para. 10(8) (with s. 83(6)); S.I. 2001/1252, art. 2(2)(a)(i)C9Pt. I: specified provisions applied (with modifications) (N.I.) (28.4.2002) by Labour Relations Agency Arbitration Scheme Order (Northern Ireland) 2002 (S.R. 2002/120), art. 3, Sch.Introductory1General principles.The provisions of this Part are founded on the following principles, and shall be construed accordingly—(a)the object of arbitration is to obtain the fair resolution of disputes by an impartialtribunal without unnecessary delay or expense;(b)the parties should be free to agree how their disputes are resolved, subject onlyto such safeguards as are necessary in the public interest;(c)in matters governed by this Part the court should not intervene except asprovided by this Part.2Scope of application of provisions.(1)The provisions of this Part apply where the seat of the arbitration is in England andWales or Northern Ireland.(2)The following sections apply even if the seat of the arbitration is outside England andWales or Northern Ireland or no seat has been designated or determined—(a)sections 9 to 11 (stay of legal proceedings, &c.), and(b)section 66 (enforcement of arbitral awards).(3)The powers conferred by the following sections apply even if the seat of the arbitrationis outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland or no seat has been designated or determined—(a)section 43 (securing the attendance of witnesses), and(b)section 44 (court powers exercisable in support of arbitral proceedings);but the court may refuse to exercise any such power if, in the opinion of the court, the fact that the seat of the arbitration is outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland, or that when designated or determined the seat is likely to be outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland, makes it inappropriate to do so.(4)The court may exercise a power conferred by any provision of this Part not mentionedin subsection (2) or (3) for the purpose of supporting the arbitral process where—(a)no seat of the arbitration has been designated or determined, and(b)by reason of a connection with England and Wales or Northern Ireland the courtis satisfied that it is appropriate to do so.(5)Section 7 (separability of arbitration agreement) and section 8 (death of a party) applywhere the law applicable to the arbitration agreement is the law of England and Wales or Northern Ireland even if the seat of the arbitration is outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland or has not been designated or determined.4Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreementDocument Generated: 2011-05-10 Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)3The seat of the arbitration.In this Part “the seat of the arbitration” means the juridical seat of the arbitration designated—(a)by the parties to the arbitration agreement, or(b)by any arbitral or other institution or person vested by the parties with powersin that regard, or(c)by the arbitral tribunal if so authorised by the parties,or determined, in the absence of any such designation, having regard to the parties’agreement and all the relevant circumstances.4Mandatory and non-mandatory provisions.(1)The mandatory provisions of this Part are listed in Schedule 1 and have effectnotwithstanding any agreement to the contrary.(2)The other provisions of this Part (the “non-mandatory provisions”) allow the partiesto make their own arrangements by agreement but provide rules which apply in the absence of such agreement.(3)The parties may make such arrangements by agreeing to the application of institutionalrules or providing any other means by which a matter may be decided.(4)It is immaterial whether or not the law applicable to the parties’ agreement is the lawof England and Wales or, as the case may be, Northern Ireland.(5)The choice of a law other than the law of England and Wales or Northern Ireland as theapplicable law in respect of a matter provided for by a non-mandatory provision of this Part is equivalent to an agreement making provision about that matter.For this purpose an applicable law determined in accordance with the parties’agreement, or which is objectively determined in the absence of any express or implied choice, shall be treated as chosen by the parties.5Agreements to be in writing.(1)The provisions of this Part apply only where the arbitration agreement is in writing, andany other agreement between the parties as to any matter is effective for the purposes of this Part only if in writing.The expressions “agreement”, “agree” and “agreed” shall be construed accordingly.(2)There is an agreement in writing—(a)if the agreement is made in writing (whether or not it is signed by the parties),(b)if the agreement is made by exchange of communications in writing, or(c)if the agreement is evidenced in writing.(3)Where parties agree otherwise than in writing by reference to terms which are in writing,they make an agreement in writing.(4)An agreement is evidenced in writing if an agreement made otherwise than in writingis recorded by one of the parties, or by a third party, with the authority of the parties to the agreement.Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement Document Generated: 2011-05-105Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)(5)An exchange of written submissions in arbitral or legal proceedings in which theexistence of an agreement otherwise than in writing is alleged by one party against another party and not denied by the other party in his response constitutes as between those parties an agreement in writing to the effect alleged.(6)References in this Part to anything being written or in writing include its being recordedby any means.The arbitration agreement6Definition of arbitration agreement.(1)In this Part an “arbitration agreement” means an agreement to submit to arbitrationpresent or future disputes (whether they are contractual or not).(2)The reference in an agreement to a written form of arbitration clause or to a documentcontaining an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement if the reference is such as to make that clause part of the agreement.7Separability of arbitration agreement.Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an arbitration agreement which forms or was intended to form part of another agreement (whether or not in writing) shall not be regarded as invalid, non-existent or ineffective because that other agreement is invalid, or did not come into existence or has become ineffective, and it shall for that purpose be treated as a distinct agreement.8Whether agreement discharged by death of a party.(1)Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an arbitration agreement is not discharged bythe death of a party and may be enforced by or against the personal representatives of that party.(2)Subsection (1) does not affect the operation of any enactment or rule of law by virtueof which a substantive right or obligation is extinguished by death.Stay of legal proceedings9Stay of legal proceedings.(1)A party to an arbitration agreement against whom legal proceedings are brought(whether by way of claim or counterclaim) in respect of a matter which under the agreement is to be referred to arbitration may (upon notice to the other parties to the proceedings) apply to the court in which the proceedings have been brought to stay the proceedings so far as they concern that matter.(2)An application may be made notwithstanding that the matter is to be referred toarbitration only after the exhaustion of other dispute resolution procedures.(3)An application may not be made by a person before taking the appropriate proceduralstep (if any) to acknowledge the legal proceedings against him or after he has taken any step in those proceedings to answer the substantive claim.6Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreementDocument Generated: 2011-05-10 Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)(4)On an application under this section the court shall grant a stay unless satisfied that thearbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative, or incapable of being performed.(5)If the court refuses to stay the legal proceedings, any provision that an award is acondition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of any matter is of no effect in relation to those proceedings.10Reference of interpleader issue to arbitration.(1)Where in legal proceedings relief by way of interpleader is granted and any issuebetween the claimants is one in respect of which there is an arbitration agreement between them, the court granting the relief shall direct that the issue be determined in accordance with the agreement unless the circumstances are such that proceedings brought by a claimant in respect of the matter would not be stayed.(2)Where subsection (1) applies but the court does not direct that the issue be determinedin accordance with the arbitration agreement, any provision that an award is a condition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of any matter shall not affect the determination of that issue by the court.11Retention of security where Admiralty proceedings stayed.(1)Where Admiralty proceedings are stayed on the ground that the dispute in questionshould be submitted to arbitration, the court granting the stay may, if in those proceedings property has been arrested or bail or other security has been given to prevent or obtain release from arrest—(a)order that the property arrested be retained as security for the satisfaction ofany award given in the arbitration in respect of that dispute, or(b)order that the stay of those proceedings be conditional on the provision ofequivalent security for the satisfaction of any such award.(2)Subject to any provision made by rules of court and to any necessary modifications,the same law and practice shall apply in relation to property retained in pursuance of an order as would apply if it were held for the purposes of proceedings in the court making the order.Commencement of arbitral proceedings12Power of court to extend time for beginning arbitral proceedings, &c.(1)Where an arbitration agreement to refer future disputes to arbitration provides that aclaim shall be barred, or the claimant’s right extinguished, unless the claimant takes within a time fixed by the agreement some step—(a)to begin arbitral proceedings, or(b)to begin other dispute resolution procedures which must be exhausted beforearbitral proceedings can be begun,the court may by order extend the time for taking that step.(2)Any party to the arbitration agreement may apply for such an order (upon notice tothe other parties), but only after a claim has arisen and after exhausting any available arbitral process for obtaining an extension of time.Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement Document Generated: 2011-05-107Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)(3)The court shall make an order only if satisfied—(a)that the circumstances are such as were outside the reasonable contemplationof the parties when they agreed the provision in question, and that it would bejust to extend the time, or(b)that the conduct of one party makes it unjust to hold the other party to the strictterms of the provision in question.(4)The court may extend the time for such period and on such terms as it thinks fit, andmay do so whether or not the time previously fixed (by agreement or by a previous order) has expired.(5)An order under this section does not affect the operation of the Limitation Acts (seesection 13).(6)The leave of the court is required for any appeal from a decision of the court underthis section.13Application of Limitation Acts.(1)The Limitation Acts apply to arbitral proceedings as they apply to legal proceedings.(2)The court may order that in computing the time prescribed by the Limitation Acts for thecommencement of proceedings (including arbitral proceedings) in respect of a dispute which was the subject matter—(a)of an award which the court orders to be set aside or declares to be of no effect,or(b)of the affected part of an award which the court orders to be set aside in part,or declares to be in part of no effect,the period between the commencement of the arbitration and the date of the order referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) shall be excluded.(3)In determining for the purposes of the Limitation Acts when a cause of action accrued,any provision that an award is a condition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of a matter to which an arbitration agreement applies shall be disregarded.(4)In this Part “the Limitation Acts” means—(a)in England and Wales, the M1Limitation Act 1980, the M2Foreign LimitationPeriods Act 1984 and any other enactment (whenever passed) relating to thelimitation of actions;(b)in Northern Ireland, the M3Limitation (Northern Ireland) Order 1989, theM4Foreign Limitation Periods (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 and any otherenactment (whenever passed) relating to the limitation of actions. Annotations:Marginal CitationsM11980 c. 58.M21984 c. 16.M3S.I. 1989/1339 (N.I. 11).M4S.I. 1985/754 (N.I. 5).8Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreementDocument Generated: 2011-05-10 Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)14Commencement of arbitral proceedings.(1)The parties are free to agree when arbitral proceedings are to be regarded as commencedfor the purposes of this Part and for the purposes of the Limitation Acts.(2)If there is no such agreement the following provisions apply.(3)Where the arbitrator is named or designated in the arbitration agreement, arbitralproceedings are commenced in respect of a matter when one party serves on the other party or parties a notice in writing requiring him or them to submit that matter to the person so named or designated.(4)Where the arbitrator or arbitrators are to be appointed by the parties, arbitral proceedingsare commenced in respect of a matter when one party serves on the other party or parties notice in writing requiring him or them to appoint an arbitrator or to agree to the appointment of an arbitrator in respect of that matter.(5)Where the arbitrator or arbitrators are to be appointed by a person other than a party tothe proceedings, arbitral proceedings are commenced in respect of a matter when one party gives notice in writing to that person requesting him to make the appointment in respect of that matter.Annotations:Modifications etc. (not altering text)C10S. 14 applied (31.1.1997) by 1894 c. 60, s. 496(5) (as inserted by 1996 c. 23, s. 107(1), Sch. 3 para. 1) (with s. 81(2)); S.I. 1996/3146, art. 3 (with art. 4, Sch. 2)The arbitral tribunal15The arbitral tribunal.(1)The parties are free to agree on the number of arbitrators to form the tribunal andwhether there is to be a chairman or umpire.(2)Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an agreement that the number of arbitrators shallbe two or any other even number shall be understood as requiring the appointment of an additional arbitrator as chairman of the tribunal.(3)If there is no agreement as to the number of arbitrators, the tribunal shall consist of asole arbitrator.16Procedure for appointment of arbitrators.(1)The parties are free to agree on the procedure for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators,including the procedure for appointing any chairman or umpire.(2)If or to the extent that there is no such agreement, the following provisions apply.(3)If the tribunal is to consist of a sole arbitrator, the parties shall jointly appoint thearbitrator not later than 28 days after service of a request in writing by either party to do so.Arbitration Act 1996 (c. 23)Part I – Arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement Document Generated: 2011-05-109Status: This version of this Act contains provisions that are prospective.Changes to legislation: There are outstanding changes not yet made by the editorial team to Arbitration Act 1996. Any changes that have already been made by the teamappear in the content and are referenced with annotations. (See end of Document for details)(4)If the tribunal is to consist of two arbitrators, each party shall appoint one arbitrator notlater than 14 days after service of a request in writing by either party to do so.(5)If the tribunal is to consist of three arbitrators—(a)each party shall appoint one arbitrator not later than 14 days after service of arequest in writing by either party to do so, and(b)the two so appointed shall forthwith appoint a third arbitrator as the chairmanof the tribunal.(6)If the tribunal is to consist of two arbitrators and an umpire—(a)each party shall appoint one arbitrator not later than 14 days after service of arequest in writing by either party to do so, and(b)the two so appointed may appoint an umpire at any time after they themselvesare appointed and shall do so before any substantive hearing or forthwith if theycannot agree on a matter relating to the arbitration.(7)In any other case (in particular, if there are more than two parties) section 18 applies asin the case of a failure of the agreed appointment procedure.17Power in case of default to appoint sole arbitrator.(1)Unless the parties otherwise agree, where each of two parties to an arbitration agreementis to appoint an arbitrator and one party (“the party in default”) refuses to do so, or fails to do so within the time specified, the other party, having duly appointed his arbitrator, may give notice in writing to the party in default that he proposes to appoint his arbitrator to act as sole arbitrator.(2)If the party in default does not within 7 clear days of that notice being given—(a)make the required appointment, and(b)notify the other party that he has done so,the other party may appoint his arbitrator as sole arbitrator whose award shall be binding on both parties as if he had been so appointed by agreement.(3)Where a sole arbitrator has been appointed under subsection (2), the party in defaultmay (upon notice to the appointing party) apply to the court which may set aside the appointment.(4)The leave of the court is required for any appeal from a decision of the court underthis section.18Failure of appointment procedure.(1)The parties are free to agree what is to happen in the event of a failure of the procedurefor the appointment of the arbitral tribunal.There is no failure if an appointment is duly made under section 17 (power in case of default to appoint sole arbitrator), unless that appointment is set aside.(2)If or to the extent that there is no such agreement any party to the arbitration agreementmay (upon notice to the other parties) apply to the court to exercise its powers under this section.(3)Those powers are—。

英国仲裁法［Arbitration Act 1996］［Arbitration Act 1996］Arbitration Act 1996 (of England) 1996 CHAPTER 23 [17th June 1996]Lex MercatoriaArbitration Her Majesty's Stationary OfficeLM A-ZLM toc LM 19**Arbitration Act 1996 (of England)1996 CHAPTER 23 [17th June 1996]{ 1 }PART I - ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT{ 4 } Introductory{ 5 }Section 1. - General principles.{ 6 }Section 2. - Scope of application of provisions.{ 11 }Section 3. - The seat of the arbitration.{ 24 }Section 4. - Mandatory and non-mandatory provisions.{ 30 }Section 5. - Agreements to be in writing.{ 36 }Definition of arbitration agreement.{ 46 }Section 6. - The arbitration agreement{ 47 }Section 7. - Separability of arbitration agreement.{ 50 }Section 8. - Whether agreement discharged by death of a party.{ 52 }Stay of legal proceedings.{ 55 }Section 9. - Stay of legal proceedings{ 56 }Section 10. - Reference of interpleader issue to arbitration.{ 62 }Section 11. - Retention of security where Admiralty proceedings stayed.{ 65 } Commencement of arbitral proceedings{ 70 }Section 12. - Power of court to extend time for beginning arbitral proceedings, &c.{ 71 } Section 13. - Application of Limitation Acts.{ 83 }Section 14. - Commencement of arbitral proceedings.{ 97 }The arbitral tribunal{ 103 }Section 15. - The arbitral tribunal.{ 104 }Section 16. - Procedure for appointment of arbitrators.{ 108 }Section 17. - Power in case of default to appoint sole arbitrator.{ 120 }Section 18. - Failure of appointment procedure.{ 128 }Section 19. - Court to have regard to agreed qualifications.{ 138 }Section 20. - Chairman.{ 140 }Section 21. - Umpire.{ 145 }Section 22. - Decision-making where no chairman or umpire.{ 154 }Section 23. - Revocation of arbitrator's authority.{ 157 }Section 24. - Power of court to remove arbitrator.{ 167 }Section 25. - Resignation of arbitrator.{ 181 }Section 26. - Death of arbitrator or person appointing him.{ 191 }Section 27. - Filling of vacancy, &c.{ 194 }Section 28. - Joint and several liability of parties to arbitrators for fees and expenses.{ 203 } Section 29. - Immunity of arbitrator.{ 210 }Jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal{ 214 }Section 30. - Competence of tribunal to rule on its own jurisdiction.{ 215 }Section 31. - Objection to substantive jurisdiction of tribunal.{ 221 }Section 32. - Determination of preliminary point of jurisdiction.{ 229 }The arbitral proceedings{ 241 }Section 33. - General duty of the tribunal.{ 242 }Section 34. - Procedural and evidential matters.{ 247 }Section 35. - Consolidation of proceedings and concurrent hearings.{ 259 }Section 36. - Legal or other representation.{ 265 }Section 37. - Power to appoint experts, legal advisers or assessors.{ 267 }Section 38. - General powers exercisable by the tribunal.{ 275 }Section 39. - Power to make provisional awards.{ 286 }Section 40. - General duty of parties.{ 293 }Section 41. - Powers of tribunal in case of party's default.{ 298 }Powers of court in relation to arbitral proceedings{ 316 }Section 42. - Enforcement of peremptory orders of tribunal.{ 317 }Section 43. - Securing the attendance of witnesses.{ 326 }Section 44. - Court powers exercisable in support of arbitral proceedings.{ 333 }Section 45. - Determination of preliminary point of law.{ 349 }The award{ 360 }Section 46. - Rules applicable to substance of dispute.{ 361 }Section 47. - Awards on different issues, &c.{ 367 }Section 48. - Remedies.{ 373 }Section 49. - Interest.{ 382 }Section 50. - Extension of time for making award.{ 391 }Section 51. - Settlement.{ 400 }Section 52. - Form of award.{ 406 }Section 53. - Place where award treated as made.{ 412 }Section 54. - Date of award.{ 414 }Section 55. - Notification of award.{ 417 }Section 56. - Power to withhold award in case of non-payment.{ 421 }Section 57. - Correction of award or additional award.{ 433 }Section 58. - Effect of award.{ 443 }Costs of the arbitration{ 446 }Section 59. - Costs of the arbitration.{ 447 }Section 60. - Agreement to pay costs in any event.{ 453 }Section 61. - Award of costs.{ 455 }Section 62. - Effect of agreement or award about costs.{ 458 }Section 63. - The recoverable costs of the arbitration.{ 460 }Section 64. - Recoverable fees and expenses of arbitrators.{ 474 }Section 65. - Power to limit recoverable costs.{ 481 }Powers of the court in relation to award{ 484 }Section 66. - Enforcement of the award.{ 485 }Section 67. - Challenging the award: substantive jurisdiction.{ 491 }Section 68. - Challenging the award: serious irregularity.{ 501 }Section 69. - Appeal on point of law.{ 518 }Section 70. - Challenge or appeal: supplementary provisions.{ 539 }Section 71. - Challenge or appeal: effect of order of court.{ 555 }Miscellaneous{ 560 }Section 72. - Saving for rights of person who takes no part in proceedings.{ 561 }Section 73. - Loss of right to object.{ 571 }Section 74. - Immunity of arbitral institutions, &c.{ 582 }Section 75. - Charge to secure payment of solicitors' costs.{ 586 }Supplementary{ 590 }Section 76. - Service of notices, &c.{ 591 }Section 77. - Powers of court in relation to service of documents.{ 601 }Section 78. - Reckoning periods of time.{ 608 }Section 79. - Power of court to extend time limits relating to arbitral proceedings.{ 615 } Section 80. - Notice and other requirements in connection with legal proceedings.{ 626 } Section 81. - Saving for certain matters governed by common law.{ 641 }Section 82. - Minor definitions.{ 647 }Section 83. - Index of defined expressions: Part I.{ 662 }Section 84. - Transitional provisions.{ 663 }PART II - OTHER PROVISIONS RELATING TO ARBITRATION{ 667 }Domestic arbitration agreements{ 668 }Section 85. - Modification of Part I in relation to domestic arbitration agreement.{ 669 } Section 86. - Staying of legal proceedings.{ 676 }Section 87. - Effectiveness of agreement to exclude court's jurisdiction.{ 683 }Section 88. - Power to repeal or amend sections 85 to 87.{ 690 }Consumer arbitration agreements{ 694 }Section 89. - Application of unfair terms regulations to consumer arbitration agreements. { 695 }Section 90. - Regulations apply where consumer is a legal person.{ 700 }Section 91. - Arbitration agreement unfair where modest amount sought.{ 702 }Small claims arbitration in the county court{ 713 }Section 92. - Exclusion of Part I in relation to small claims arbitration in the county court.{ 714 } Section 93. - Appointment of judges as arbitratorsAppointment of judges as arbitrators.{ 717 } Statutory arbitrations{ 727 }Section 94. - Application of Part I to statutory arbitrations.{ 728 }Section 95. - General adaptation of provisions in relation to statutory arbitrations.{ 738 }Section 96. - Specific adaptations of provisions in relation to statutory arbitrations.{ 743 } Section 97. - Provisions excluded from applying to statutory arbitrations.{ 748 }Section 98. - Power to make further provision by regulations.{ 753 }PART III - RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF CERTAIN FOREIGN AWARDS{ 757 } Enforcement of Geneva Convention awards{ 758 }Section 99. - Continuation of Part II of the Arbitration Act 1950.{ 759 }Recognition and enforcement of New York Convention awards{ 762 }Section 100. - New York Convention awards.{ 763 }Section 101. - Recognition and enforcement of awards.{ 770 }Section 102. - Evidence to be produced by party seeking recognition or enforcement.{ 774 } Section 103. - Refusal of recognition or enforcement.{ 779 }Section 104. - Saving for other bases of recognition or enforcement.{ 791 }PART IV - GENERAL PROVISIONS{ 793 }Section 105. - Meaning of "the court": jurisdiction of High Court and county court.{ 794 } Section 106. - Crown application.{ 807 }Section 107. - Consequential amendments and repeals.{ 814 }Section 108. - Extent.{ 817 }Section 109. - Commencement.{ 825 }Section 110. - Short title.{ 828 }Arbitration Act 1996 (of England)1996 CHAPTER 23 [17th June 1996]{ 1 }An Act to restate and improve the law relating to arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement; to make other provision relating to arbitration and arbitration awards; and for connected purposes.{ 2 }Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: -{ 3 }PART I - ARBITRATION PURSUANT TO AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT{ 4 }Introductory{ 5 }Section 1. - General principles.{ 6 }The provisions of this Part are founded on the following principles, and shall be construedaccordingly -{ 7 }(a) the object of arbitration is to obtain the fair resolution of disputes by an impartial tribunal without unnecessary delay or expense;{ 8 }(b) the parties should be free to agree how their disputes are resolved, subject only to such safeguards as are necessary in the public interest;{ 9 }(c) in matters governed by this Part the court should not intervene except as provided by this Part.{ 10 }Section 2. - Scope of application of provisions.{ 11 }(1) The provisions of this Part apply where the seat of the arbitration is in England and Wales or Northern Ireland.{ 12 }(2) The following sections apply even if the seat of the arbitration is outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland or no seat has been designated or determined -{ 13 }(a) sections 9 to 11 (stay of legal proceedings, &c.), and{ 14 }(b) section 66 (enforcement of arbitral awards).{ 15 }(3) The powers conferred by the following sections apply even if the seat of the arbitration is outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland or no seat has been designated or determined - { 16 }(a) section 43 (securing the attendance of witnesses), and{ 17 }(b) section 44 (court powers exercisable in support of arbitral proceedings);{ 18 }but the court may refuse to exercise any such power if, in the opinion of the court, the fact that the seat of the arbitration is outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland, or that when designated or determined the seat is likely to be outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland, makes it inappropriate to do so.{ 19 }(4) The court may exercise a power conferred by any provision of this Part not mentioned in subsection (2) or (3) for the purpose of supporting the arbitral process where -{ 20 }(a) no seat of the arbitration has been designated or determined, and{ 21 }(b) by reason of a connection with England and Wales or Northern Ireland the court is satisfied that it is appropriate to do so.{ 22 }(5) Section 7 (Separability of arbitration agreement) and section 8 (death of a party) apply wherethe law applicable to the arbitration agreement is the law of England and Wales or Northern Ireland even if the seat of the arbitration is outside England and Wales or Northern Ireland or has not been designated or determined.{ 23 }Section 3. - The seat of the arbitration.{ 24 }In this Part “the seat of the arbitration" means the juridical seat of the arbitration designated - { 25 }(a) by the parties to the arbitration agreement, or{ 26 }(b) by any arbitral or other institution or person vested by the parties with powers in that regard, or{ 27 }(c) by the arbitral tribunal if so authorised by the parties,{ 28 }or determined, in the absence of any such designation, having regard to the parties' agreement and all the relevant circumstances.{ 29 }Section 4. - Mandatory and non-mandatory provisions.{ 30 }(1) The mandatory provisions of this Part are listed in Schedule 1 and have effect notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary.{ 31 }(2) The other provisions of this Part (the "non-mandatory provisions") allow the parties to make their own arrangements by agreement but provide rules which apply in the absence of such agreement.{ 32 }(3) The parties may make such arrangements by agreeing to the application of institutional rules or providing any other means by which a matter may be decided.{ 33 }(4) It is immaterial whether or not the law applicable to the parties' agreement is the law of England and Wales or, as the case may be, Northern Ireland.{ 34 }(5) The choice of a law other than the law of England and Wales or Northern Ireland as the applicable law in respect of a matter provided for by a non-mandatory provision of this Part is equivalent to an agreement making provision about that matter. For this purpose an applicable law determined in accordance with the parties' agreement, or which is objectively determined in the absence of any express or implied choice, shall be treated as chosen by the parties.{ 35 }Section 5. - Agreements to be in writing.(1) The provisions of this Part apply only where the arbitration agreement is in writing, and any other agreement between the parties as to any matter is effective for the purposes of this Part only if in writing. The expressions"agreement","agree" and"agreed" shall be construed accordingly.{ 37 }(2) There is an agreement in writing -{ 38 }(a) if the agreement is made in writing (whether or not it is signed by the parties),{ 39 }(b) if the agreement is made by exchange of communications in writing, or{ 40 }(c) if the agreement is evidenced in writing.{ 41 }(3) Where parties agree otherwise than in writing by reference to terms which are in writing, they make an agreement in writing.{ 42 }(4) An agreement is evidenced in writing if an agreement made otherwise than in writing is recorded by one of the parties, or by a third party, with the authority of the parties to the agreement.{ 43 }(5) An exchange of written submissions in arbitral or legal proceedings in which the existence of an agreement otherwise than in writing is alleged by one party against another party and not denied by the other party in his response constitutes as between those parties an agreement in writing to the effect alleged.{ 44 }(6) References in this Part to anything being written or in writing include its being recorded by any means.{ 45 }Definition of arbitration agreement.{ 46 }Section 6. - The arbitration agreement{ 47 }(1) In this Part an “arbitration agreement" means an agreement to submit to arbitration present or future disputes (whether they are contractual or not).{ 48 }(2) The reference in an agreement to a written form of arbitration clause or to a document containing an arbitration clause constitutes an arbitration agreement if the reference is such as to make that clause part of the agreement.{ 49 }Section 7. - Separability of arbitration agreement.Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an arbitration agreement which forms or was intended to form part of another agreement (whether or not in writing) shall not be regarded as invalid, non-existent or ineffective because that other agreement is invalid, or did not come into existence or has become ineffective, and it shall for that purpose be treated as a distinct agreement.{ 51 }Section 8. - Whether agreement discharged by death of a party.{ 52 }(1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an arbitration agreement is not discharged by the death of a party and may be enforced by or against the personal representatives of that party. { 53 }(2) Subsection (1) does not affect the operation of any enactment or rule of law by virtue of which a substantive right or obligation is extinguished by death.{ 54 }Stay of legal proceedings.{ 55 }Section 9. - Stay of legal proceedings{ 56 }(1) A party to an arbitration agreement against whom legal proceedings are brought (whether by way of claim or counterclaim) in respect of a matter which under the agreement is to be referred to arbitration may (upon notice to the other parties to the proceedings) apply to the court in which the proceedings have been brought to stay the proceedings so far as they concern that matter.{ 57 }(2) An application may be made notwithstanding that the matter is to be referred to arbitration only after the exhaustion of other dispute resolution procedures.{ 58 }(3) An application may not be made by a person before taking the appropriate procedural step (if any) to acknowledge the legal proceedings against him or after he has taken any step in those proceedings to answer the substantive claim.{ 59 }(4) On an application under this section the court shall grant a stay unless satisfied that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative, or incapable of being performed.{ 60 }(5) If the court refuses to stay the legal proceedings, any provision that an award is a condition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of any matter is of no effect in relation to those proceedings.{ 61 }Section 10. - Reference of interpleader issue to arbitration.(1) Where in legal proceedings relief by way of interpleader is granted and any issue between the claimants is one in respect of which there is an arbitration agreement between them, the court granting the relief shall direct that the issue be determined in accordance with the agreement unless the circumstances are such that proceedings brought by a claimant in respect of the matter would not be stayed.{ 63 }(2) Where subsection (1) applies but the court does not direct that the issue be determined in accordance with the arbitration agreement, any provision that an award is a condition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of any matter shall not affect the determination of that issue by the court.{ 64 }Section 11. - Retention of security where Admiralty proceedings stayed.{ 65 }(1) Where Admiralty proceedings are stayed on the ground that the dispute in question should be submitted to arbitration, the court granting the stay may, if in those proceedings property has been arrested or bail or other security has been given to prevent or obtain release from arrest - { 66 }(a) order that the property arrested be retained as security for the satisfaction of any award given in the arbitration in respect of that dispute, or{ 67 }(b) order that the stay of those proceedings be conditional on the provision of equivalent security for the satisfaction of any such award.{ 68 }(2) Subject to any provision made by rules of court and to any necessary modifications, the same law and practice shall apply in relation to property retained in pursuance of an order as would apply if it were held for the purposes of proceedings in the court making the order.{ 69 }Commencement of arbitral proceedings{ 70 }Section 12. - Power of court to extend time for beginning arbitral proceedings, &c.{ 71 }(1) Where an arbitration agreement to refer future disputes to arbitration provides that a claim shall be barred, or the claimant's right extinguished, unless the claimant takes within a time fixed by the agreement some step -{ 72 }(a) to begin arbitral proceedings, or{ 73 }(b) to begin other dispute resolution procedures which must be exhausted before arbitral proceedings can be begun,{ 74 }the court may by order extend the time for taking that step.{ 75 }(2) Any party to the arbitration agreement may apply for such an order (upon notice to the other parties), but only after a claim has arisen and after exhausting any available arbitral process for obtaining an extension of time.{ 76 }(3) The court shall make an order only if satisfied -{ 77 }(a) that the circumstances are such as were outside the reasonable contemplation of the parties when they agreed the provision in question, and that it would be just to extend the time, or{ 78 }(b) that the conduct of one party makes it unjust to hold the other party to the strict terms of the provision in question.{ 79 }(4) The court may extend the time for such period and on such terms as it thinks fit, and may do so whether or not the time previously fixed (by agreement or by a previous order) has expired. { 80 }(5) An order under this section does not affect the operation of the Limitation Acts (see section 13).{ 81 }(6) The leave of the court is required for any appeal from a decision of the court under this section.{ 82 }Section 13. - Application of Limitation Acts.{ 83 }(1) The Limitation Acts apply to arbitral proceedings as they apply to legal proceedings.{ 84 }(2) The court may order that in computing the time prescribed by the Limitation Acts for the commencement of proceedings (including arbitral proceedings) in respect of a dispute which was the subject matter -{ 85 }(a) of an award which the court orders to be set aside or declares to be of no effect, or{ 86 }(b) of the affected part of an award which the court orders to be set aside in part, or declares to be in part of no effect,{ 87 }the period between the commencement of the arbitration and the date of the order referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) shall be excluded.{ 88 }(3) In determining for the purposes of the Limitation Acts when a cause of action accrued, any provision that an award is a condition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of a matter to which an arbitration agreement applies shall be disregarded.{ 89 }(4) In this Part “the Limitation Acts" means -{ 90 }(a) in England and Wales, the Limitation Act 1980, the Foreign Limitation Periods Act 1984 and any other enactment (whenever passed) relating to the limitation of actions;{ 91 }(b) in Northern Ireland, the Limitation (Northern Ireland) Order 1989, the Foreign Limitation Periods (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 and any other enactment (whenever passed) relating to the limitation of actions.{ 92 }1980 c. 58.{ 93 }1984 c. 16.{ 94 }S.I. 1989/1339 (N.I. 11).{ 95 }S.I. 1985/754 (N.I. 5).{ 96 }Section 14. - Commencement of arbitral proceedings.{ 97 }(1) The parties are free to agree when arbitral proceedings are to be regarded as commenced for the purposes of this Part and for the purposes of the Limitation Acts.{ 98 }(2) If there is no such agreement the following provisions apply.{ 99 }(3) Where the arbitrator is named or designated in the arbitration agreement, arbitral proceedings are commenced in respect of a matter when one party serves on the other party or parties a notice in writing requiring him or them to submit that matter to the person so named or designated.{ 100 }(4) Where the arbitrator or arbitrators are to be appointed by the parties, arbitral proceedings are commenced in respect of a matter when one party serves on the other party or parties notice in writing requiring him or them to appoint an arbitrator or to agree to the appointment of an arbitrator in respect of that matter.{ 101 }(5) Where the arbitrator or arbitrators are to be appointed by a person other than a party to the proceedings, arbitral proceedings are commenced in respect of a matter when one party gives notice in writing to that person requesting him to make the appointment in respect of that matter.{ 102 }The arbitral tribunal{ 103 }Section 15. - The arbitral tribunal.{ 104 }(1) The parties are free to agree on the number of arbitrators to form the tribunal and whether there is to be a chairman or umpire.{ 105 }(2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, an agreement that the number of arbitrators shall be two or any other even number shall be understood as requiring the appointment of an additional arbitrator as chairman of the tribunal.{ 106 }(3) If there is no agreement as to the number of arbitrators, the tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator.{ 107 }Section 16. - Procedure for appointment of arbitrators.{ 108 }(1) The parties are free to agree on the procedure for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators, including the procedure for appointing any chairman or umpire.{ 109 }(2) If or to the extent that there is no such agreement, the following provisions apply.{ 110 }(3) If the tribunal is to consist of a sole arbitrator, the parties shall jointly appoint the arbitrator not later than 28 days after service of a request in writing by either party to do so.{ 111 }(4) If the tribunal is to consist of two arbitrators, each party shall appoint one arbitrator not later than 14 days after service of a request in writing by either party to do so.{ 112 }(5) If the tribunal is to consist of three arbitrators -{ 113 }(a) each party shall appoint one arbitrator not later than 14 days after service of a request in writing by either party to do so, and{ 114 }(b) the two so appointed shall forthwith appoint a third arbitrator as the chairman of the tribunal.{ 115 }(6) If the tribunal is to consist of two arbitrators and an umpire -{ 116 }(a) each party shall appoint one arbitrator not later than 14 days after service of a request in writing by either party to do so, and{ 117 }(b) the two so appointed may appoint an umpire at any time after they themselves are appointed and shall do so before any substantive hearing or forthwith if they cannot agree on a matter relating to the arbitration.{ 118 }(7) In any other case (in particular, if there are more than two parties) section 18 applies as in thecase of a failure of the agreed appointment procedure.{ 119 }Section 17. - Power in case of default to appoint sole arbitrator.{ 120 }(1) Unless the parties otherwise agree, where each of two parties to an arbitration agreement is to appoint an arbitrator and one party ("the party in default") refuses to do so, or fails to do so within the time specified, the other party, having duly appointed his arbitrator, may give notice in writing to the party in default that he proposes to appoint his arbitrator to act as sole arbitrator. { 121 }(2) If the party in default does not within 7 clear days of that notice being given -{ 122 }(a) make the required appointment, and{ 123 }(b) notify the other party that he has done so,{ 124 }the other party may appoint his arbitrator as sole arbitrator whose award shall be binding on both parties as if he had been so appointed by agreement.{ 125 }(3) Where a sole arbitrator has been appointed under subsection (2), the party in default may (upon notice to the appointing party) apply to the court which may set aside the appointment. { 126 }(4) The leave of the court is required for any appeal from a decision of the court under this section.{ 127 }Section 18. - Failure of appointment procedure.{ 128 }(1) The parties are free to agree what is to happen in the event of a failure of the procedure for the appointment of the arbitral tribunal. There is no failure if an appointment is duly made under section 17 (power in case of default to appoint sole arbitrator), unless that appointment is set aside.{ 129 }(2) If or to the extent that there is no such agreement any party to the arbitration agreement may (upon notice to the other parties) apply to the court to exercise its powers under this section. { 130 }(3) Those powers are -{ 131 }(a) to give directions as to the making of any necessary appointments;{ 132 }(b) to direct that the tribunal shall be constituted by such appointments (or any one or more of them) as have been made;{ 133 }(c) to revoke any appointments already made;。