数字混合锁相环频率合成器中英文对照外文翻译文献

手机中英文注释英文注释A:ADC: 模拟/数字转换ADSL: 不对称数字用户线AFC：自动频率控制AFCDAC：数模转换输出AGC: 自动增益控制AGND：模拟地AID：区域识别标志ALARM: 告警AM: 调幅AMPLIFIER: 放大器AMPS：先进的移动电话系统ANALOG: 模拟ANALOGON：音频逻辑控制启动ANT：天线AOC: 自动输出控制(MOTO专用)APC: 自动功率控制APC：音频处理芯片ARFCH: 绝对信道ASDI：辅助数据输入ASDIFS：辅助数据输入选通ASDCLK：辅助接口时钟信号ASDO：辅助数据输出ASDOFS：辅助数据输出选通ASIC: 专用接口集成电路AST-DET: 饱和度检测AUC：鉴权中心AUX: 辅助AUXADC3：外部AD转换输入3AUXADC4：外部AD转换输入4AUDIO: 音频AVDD：模拟电路供电AFMS(AUDIO FROM MS): 来自手机的音频ATMS(AUDIO TO MS): 去向手机的音频B:BASE: 基极BASE BAND<BB>: 基带BATT-ID：电池类型BATT-TEMP：电池温度BATTP：电池温度测量BBC：基带编解码器BCH: 广播信道BCP：基带串口BDR：语音信道编码信息，接收资料信号BDX：语音信道的编码信息BFRX：控制信道的编码信息，发射同步信号BFSR：音频接收同步信号BFSX：软化射频I/O信号或音频数字信号送CPU BIAS: 偏压BIPOLAR TRANSISTORE: 双极晶体管BIST：内置自测BLUE TOOTH<BT>: 蓝牙BOOT: 屏蔽罩BPF：带通滤通器BREFCAP：基带参考藕合电容BREFOUT：基带参考电压输出BS: 基站BSC: 基站控器BTS: 基站收发器BSCLK：接收时钟信号BSCLK：基带接口时钟信号BSD：接收数字信号BSDI：基带接口数据输入BSDO：接收数字信号BSDO：基带接口数据输出BSDIFS：基带接口数据输入选通BSDOFS：基带接口数据输出选通BSIFS：接收同步信号BSOFS：接收同步信号BSW：频段落选择信号BUS：总线BUZZER：振铃信号C:CAR：电源控制、音频、振铃模块CAPACITY: 电容CCD:电荷耦合器件<即摄像头>CCIO：数据通信器CCIOSW：数据通信口开关CCONTCSX: 维持信号<NOKIA专用>CDMA<CIDE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS>: 码分多址CHARGE<CHRG>:充电CHRGRON：充电启动CHARGEUR：充电电源CHIDENT：充电中断信号CKMIW：时钟和片选信号CLK：时钟信号CLKBM：CPU系统时钟输入CLOCKM：时钟管理CMDDS：测量启动信号CMDCH：充电控制信号CMDVIB：振动控制信号CODEC: 编/译码器COL: 列COLLECTOR: 集电极CONVERTER: 转换器<三星>CONTROL: 控制CPIFSYN：二本振锁相控制信号输出CPRFSYN：一本振锁相控制信号输出CPU< CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT>: 中央处理器CRYSTAL: 晶体CSLCDGLRESETLCD：用一控制LCD显示CSSRAM：暂存片选信号D:DAI：数字音频接口DATA：数据信号DCS1800M<DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM AT 1800M>: 1800M数字蜂窝系统DCS-SEL：1800MHz频段选择DCT3<DIGITAL CORE TECHNOLOGY 3RD GENERATION>: 第3代数字核心技术DEBUG-RX：调试数据接收DEBUG-TX：调试数据发射DET: 检测.如:SIM-DET.DEMOD:DM: 解调DGND：数字电路地DFMS<DATA FROM MS>;来自手机的数据DIGITL:数字DIODE: 二极管DIPLEXER: 双工器DM-CS: 低通-翻转,片选信号<MOTO专用>DMT：并行多路测试DOMIW：是CPU输出的扫描控制D-REG: 数字调整电压DRAM: 动态存储器DSP<DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR>: 数字信号处理DSR：测试端口DTMF: 双音多频DTMS<DATA TO MS>: 去向手机的数据DUPLEX: 双工器,即合路器E:EARN：（耳机）负EARP：（耳机）正ECHO CANCEL: 回声抑制功能EFR<ENHANCED FULL RATE>: 扩展的全速率<NOKIA专用>EL<ELECTRO-LUMINESCENT LIGHTING>: 电激发光板<片>.EMC<ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY>: 电磁互换EMI: 电磁干扰EMS: 增强型短信服务<文本+音调+图片+声音+动画>.<比SMS优秀>.EMITTER: 发射极ENRF134：射频频率合成模块启动ENOMEGAMN1：芯片功能启动信号EQUALIZER: 均衡器ESN<ELECTRONIC SN>: 电子序列号.ETACS: 增强型全接入移动通信系统EXC: 外部EXT: 外部F:FACCH: 快速随路控制信道FCH: 频率校正信道FCCH：频率较正信道FDMA<FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ADDRESS>: 频分多址FEED-BACK<FDBK>: 反馈FER: 误码率FET<FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR>: 场效应管FILTER<FL>: 滤波器FLIP: 翻盖FLOCK：本振锁定控制信号FM: 调频FSK: 移频键控G:GAIN: 增益GMSK: 高斯最小频移键控GPRS<GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE>: 通用无线分组业务GPS:全球导航定位系统GRID: 栅极GSM<GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS>: 全球移动通讯系统.GSM<GLOBAK SYSTEM MOBILE COMMUNICATION>: 900MGSM-SEL：900MHS频段选择信号H:HAMONIC FILTER：谐波滤波器HANDOFF:切换HAND-OFF：越区转接HEAD-INT：耳机请求信号HLR：归属位置寄存器HOOK: 免提HPF：高通滤波器HS<HALF RATE SPEECH>: 半速率I:I: 同相支路IC<INTEGRATED CIRCUIT>: 集成电路IF<INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY>: 中频IFIN：中频信号输入（正）IFINB：中频信号输入（负）ILLEGAL SOFTWARI LOADED: 非法软件下载IMEI<INTERNATIONAL MOBILE EQUIPMENT IDENTIT中断Y>: 国际移动设备识别码INDUCTANCE: 电感INITIAL：初始INT<INTERRUPT>: 中断INTH：中断管理器INT？C：按键中断判断口INTERFACE: 界面I/O：数据输入/输出IRXP：接收I信号（正）IRXN：接收I信号（负）IRDA<INFRARED RAY>: 红外线ISDN: 综合业务数字网ITXP：发射基带I信号（正）ITXN：发射基带I信号（负)ITWADEVP：时钟（闹钟）开机控制信号IWF：各种业务功能接口J:JACKEN：耳机启动信号K:KEYLIGHT：键盘灯L:LAN<LOCAL AREA NETWORK>: 局域网LANG：低噪声放大器增益控制信号LNAON：低噪声放大器启动信号LCD<LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY>:液晶显示器LE：频率合成器使能信号LED<LIGHT EMITTING DIODE>: 发光二极管LEVEL: 电平LIGHTKEY：按键背景灯控制信号LNA<LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER>: 低噪放大器LOCK: 锁定LOGIC: 逻辑LOOP: 环路LOOP FLITER: 环路滤波器LPF：低通滤波器LSDN<LOCAL SERVICE DIGITAL NETWORK>:本地业务数字网M:MANUAL TEST：人工测试MCLK：主时钟MCU<MICRO CONTROLLER UNIT> : 微处理单元(中央处理器)MDM: 调制/解调器(MOTO专用)MENU: 菜单MESVBATUBAT：测量电压MF: 陶瓷滤波器MIC：麦克风MIDI<MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DIGITAL INTERFACE>: 乐器数字接口MIX1OUT：第一混频器输出（正）MIX1OUTB：第一混频器输出（负）MIX2OUT：第二混频器输出（正常）MIX2OUTB：第二混频器输出（负）MIXIDCSINB：1800MHz混频器输入（负）MIXIDCSIN：1800MHz混频器输入（正）MMS<MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE>: 多媒体短消息服务/即彩信<第三代短消息>MMC<MULTIMEDIA CARD>: 多媒体卡MOBILE: 移动MOBILE-SWITCH: 移动交换机MOD: 调制MODEM：调制/解调器MODE：模式MODFREQ：调制菜单MODULATION TYPE：调制类型MP3:MPEG LAYER 3: 一种声音压缩格式,压缩比可达1:12 MPU: 主处理单元MRESPWROIN：CPU上电复位信号输入MSC<MOBILE SEITCH CENTRAL>: 移动交换中心MS<MOBILE SET>: 移动台MSC: 移动交换中心MSIN: 移动台识别码MSK: 最小频移键控MSN: 设备制造号码MSRN: 漫游MUTE: 静音N:NBSSCAX：扫描选择NC: 悬空NEG<NEGATIVE>: 负压NETWORK: 网络O:OCE：使能信号OEL：待机状态下FLASH数据输出使能端OFST: 偏置OLED<ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE>: 有机发光二极管ONSRQ: 免提开关控制OSC：振荡器OSCILLATE: 振荡OUIL：开机信号ONRADIO：控制射频电压产生信号P:PA：功率放大器PA-ON：发射启动信号PA-LEVEL：功率等级信号PAS<PERSONAL ACCSS PHONE SYSTEM>: 无线市话/小灵通/个人通信接入系统PCB: 印刷电路板PCH: 寻呼信道PCHAR：充电维持信号PCM<PULSE CODE MODULATION> : 脉冲编码调制PCN<PERSONAL CIMMUNICATIONS SERVICE>: 个人通信服务(也指其使用的1800M频率)PD/PH/PHD<PHASE DETECTOR>: 鉴相器PDATA: 并行数据PDA<PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT>: 个人数字助理PHASE: 相位PHS<PERSONAL HANDY-PHONE SYSTEM>: 无线市话/小灵通<日本名称> PIN<PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER>: 个人识别码<保存在卡中,错则手机不能使用,允许输错三次> PIN2码用于设定如通话计费等的特殊功能,如被锁住不会影响其他功能的使用.PK PEAK：峰值PLL<PHASE LOCKDE LOOP>: 锁相环PLLOUT：锁相环控制电压输出POLY: 和弦PROTECT: 保护PUK: SIM卡锁的解锁密码. <允许输错10次,错则卡永久报废>PUMP: 激励/泵/电荷泵PVEF：开关机状态寄存器激活信号PWM<PULSE WEIDTH MODULATION> : 脉冲宽度调制PWRON：电源开关PWRHOLD：电源保持PWRKEY：电源健控信号Q:Q: 正交支路QRXP：接收Q信号（正）QRXN：接收Q信号（负）QTXP：发射基带Q信号（正）QTXN：发射基带Q信号（负）QUARTZ CRYSTAL: 石英晶体R:RADIO-TEMP：射频温度检测电路RAMP：功率基准控制信号RECEIVER：听筒信号REED: 干簧管REF: 参考RESCAP：复位信号延时电容RESET：复位RESETLCD：显示屏复位信号RESISTANCE: 电阻RF<RADIO FREQUENCY>: 射频RF-LO：一本振RF-SW：天线开关RF2V8：射频供电2.8VRIF：射频接口功能ROAMING: 漫游ROW: 行RPE-LTP：语音编解码RSLCD：控制LCD对比度的信号RSSI<RECEIVE SIGNAL STRENGTH INDICATION>: 接收场强.接收信号强度指示RTC<REAL TIME CONTROL>: 实时时钟控制RWLCD：显示屏读写控制信号RXD：串行数据接收RXON：接收启动RXIP：接收I信号（正）RXIN：接收I信号（负）RXQP：接收Q信号（正）RXQN：接收Q信号（负）S:SAT-DET<SATURATION>: 饱和度检测SCH: 同步信道SCLEEP E?PROM：码片时钟线SCLI?C:I?C总线时钟线SCOKET: 接口SDAEEP E?PROM：码片数据线SDATA：频率合成器串行数据线SERCLD：去射频时钟线SERDAT：去射频数据线SERIAL: 串行SERVICE LEVEL：服务等级SENSE: 传感器SHIFT: 移相电路SHORTCUT: 短路SIM<SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFY MODULE>: 用户识别模块SIMBAT：SIM 电源SIMGND：SIM卡电路地SIM-I/O：卡数据输入输出信号SIMON：VSIM电源开关SIMPRDG：VSIM 程序控制SIM-RST：SIM卡复位信号SLEEP: 睡眠,休眠SMOC: 数字信号处理器(MOTO专用)SMS<SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE>:短消息SW-VCC：开关供电SPEAKER：喇叭SPI: 串行外围接口SRAM: 静态随机存储器SRAM：暂存器STK<SIM TOOL KIT>: 用户识别应用开发工具STN<SUPER TWISTED NEMATIC>:超扭曲向列型液晶显示屏幕<属反射式LCD,黑暗时清晰度差>STR<START>: 启动信号(如SYN-STR)SWDC: 未调整电压(MOTO专用)SYN<SYNTHESIZER>: (频率)合成SYN-CLK：频率合成时钟信号T:TACS: 全接入移动通信系统TANK: 回路TCH: 话音通道TCXO: 温度补偿型晶振TDMA<TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEX ACCESS>:时分多址TD-SCDMA: 时分同步多址<中国提出的第三代移动通信标准>TEMP: 温度TFD<THIN FILM DIODE>: 薄膜二极管半透式液晶显示器<在反射式/透射式下均能提供高清晰度的显示>TFT<THIN FILM TRANSISTOR>: 薄膜晶体管型液晶显示器<目前最好的>THERM: 温度检测TRANSFER: 转移TSC: 触摸屏TDI-测试信号输入TSO：测试信号输出TCK：测试时钟信号TMS：测试模式控制TXD：串行数据发送TXONPA：发射功放启动TSP：时？串口TAP：测试口TPU：时间处理单元TX：发信TCXO：温度补偿晶体振荡器TS：时隙TEMPRAD：主板温度测量信号TUNING：调谐U:UEM<UNIVERSAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT>: 通用电源管理器<NOKIA专用> UHF: 超高频UI<USER INTERFACE>: 用户模组ULPD：超低功率器件UPDATD: 升级UP-LINK: 上行链路UPP<UNIVERSAL PHONE PROCESSOR>: 通用电话处理器<NOKIA专用>V:VALONVCO：开机维持信号VBATT：电池电压VBC：音频数字信号编解码器VCAP+：升压电容（正）VCAP-：升压电容(负)VCCA：模拟供电VCCCOMP：鉴相器供电VCCPLL：锁相环低噪声放大器供电VCK：音频接收发送的时钟信号VCO<VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR>: 压控振荡器VCP：语音串行口VCXO<VOLTAGE CONTROLLED CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR>: 压控晶体振荡器VDX：音频发送数据传输信号VDR：音频接口数据传输信号VF: 电池电量检测(三星)VFS：音频数据接收发送选择信号VHF:甚高频VINNORP：音频信号输入正（MIC）VINNORN：音频信号输入负（MIC）VINAUXP：音频信号外部输入正（外部MIC信号）VINAUXN：音频信号外部输入负（外部MIC信号）VOUTNORP：音频信号正输出推动VOUTNORN：音频信号负输出推动VOUTAUXP：音频信号外部耳机正VOUTAUXN：音频信号外部耳机负VPG：LED脉冲激发器VREF：参考电压VREF CAP：参考电压电容耦合VRTC：实时时钟电源VSAUU：开机辅助电压VSCLK：音频接口时钟VSD：发送数字信号VSDI：音频接口选通输入VSDO：音频接口数据输出VSFS：音频接口选通VSFS：发送同步信号VTCXO：主时钟供电W:WAP<WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL>: 无线应用程序通讯协议WATCH DOG: 看门狗WCDMA<WIDEBAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEX ACCESS>: 宽带码分多址<第三代技术>WD-CP: 看门狗脉冲WIRELESS: 无线。

郑州轻工业学院本科毕业设计（论文）——英文翻译题目差错控制编码解决加性噪声的仿真学生姓名专业班级通信工程05-2 学号 12院（系）计算机与通信工程学院指导教师完成时间 2009年4月26日英文原文:Data communicationsGildas Avoine and Philippe OechslinEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerlandfgildas.avoine, philippe.oechsling@ep.chAbstractData communications are communications and computer technology resulting from the combination of a new means of communication. To transfer information between the two places must have transmission channel, according to the different transmission media, there is wired data communications and wireless data communications division. But they are through the transmission channel data link terminals and computers, different locations of implementation of the data terminal software and hardware and the sharing of information resources.1 The development of data communicationsThe first phase: the main language, through the human, horsepower, war and other means of transmission of original information.Phase II: Letter Post. (An increase means the dissemination of information)The third stage: printing. (Expand the scope of information dissemination)Phase IV: telegraph, telephone, radio. (Electric to enter the time)Fifth stage: the information age, with the exception of language information, there are data, images, text and so on.1.1 The history of modern data communicationsCommunication as a Telecommunications are from the 19th century, the beginning Year 30. Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831. Morse invented telegraph in 1837. Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in 1833. Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Marconi invented radio in 1895. Telecom has opened up in the new era. Tube invented in 1906 in order to simulate the development of communications.Sampling theorem of Nyquist criteria In 1928. Shannong theorem in 1948. The invention of the 20th century, thesemiconductor 50, thereby the development of digital communications. During the 20th century, the invention of integrated circuits 60. Made during the 20th century, 40 the concept of geostationary satellites, but can not be achieved. During the 20th century, space technology 50. Implementation in 1963 first synchronized satellite communications. The invention of the 20th century, 60 laser, intended to be used for communications, was not successful. 70 The invention of the 20th century, optical fiber, optical fiber communications can be developed.1.2 Key figuresBell (1847-1922), English, job in London in 1868. In 1871 to work in Boston. In 1873, he was appointed professor at Boston University. In 1875, invented many Telegram Rd. In 1876, invented the telephone. Lot of patents have been life. Yes, a deaf wife.Marconi (1874-1937), Italian people, in 1894, the pilot at his father's estate. 1896, to London. In 1897, the company set up the radio reported. In 1899, the first time the British and French wireless communications. 1916, implementation of short-wave radio communications. 1929, set up a global wireless communications network. Kim won the Nobel Prize. Took part in the Fascist Party.1.3 Classification of Communication SystemsAccording to type of information: Telephone communication system, Cable television system ,Data communication systems.Modulation by sub: Baseband transmission,Modulation transfer.Characteristics of transmission signals in accordance with sub: Analog Communication System ,Digital communication system.Transmission means of communication system: Cable Communications,Twisted pair, coaxial cable and so on.And long-distance telephone communication. Modulation: SSB / FDM. Based on the PCM time division multiple coaxial digital base-band transmission technology. Will gradually replace the coaxial fiber.Microwave relay communications:Comparison of coaxial and easy to set up, low investment, short-cycle. Analog phone microwave communications mainly SSB / FM /FDM modulation, communication capacity of 6,000 road / Channel. Digital microwave using BPSK, QPSK and QAM modulation techniques. The use of 64QAM, 256QAM such as multi-level modulation technique enhance the capacity of microwave communications can be transmitted at 40M Channel 1920 ~ 7680 Telephone Rd PCM figure.Optical Fiber Communication: Optical fiber communication is the use of lasers in optical fiber transmission characteristics of long-distance with a large communication capacity, communication, long distance and strong anti-interference characteristics. Currently used for local, long distance, trunk transmission, and progressive development of fiber-optic communications network users. At present, based on the long-wave lasers and single-mode optical fiber, each fiber road approach more than 10,000 calls, optical fiber communication itself is very strong force. Over the past decades, optical fiber communication technology develops very quickly, and there is a variety of applications, access devices, photoelectric conversion equipment, transmission equipment, switching equipment, network equipment and so on. Fiber-optic communications equipment has photoelectric conversion module and digital signal processing unit is composed of two parts.Satellite communications: Distance communications, transmission capacity, coverage, and not subject to geographical constraints and high reliability. At present, the use of sophisticated techniques Analog modulation, frequency division multiplexing and frequency division multiple access. Digital satellite communication using digital modulation, time division multiple road in time division multiple access.Mobile Communications: GSM, CDMA. Number of key technologies for mobile communications: modulation techniques, error correction coding and digital voice encoding. Data Communication Systems.1.4 Five basic types of data communication system:（1）Off-line data transmission is simply the use of a telephone or similar link to transmit data without involving a computer system.The equipment used at both ends of such a link is not part of a computer, or at least does not immediately make the data available for computer process, that is, the data when sent and / or received are 'off-line'.This type of data communication is relatively cheap and simple.（2）Remote batch is the term used for the way in which data communication technology is used geographically to separate the input and / or output of data from the computer on which they are processed in batch mode.（3）On-line data collection is the method of using communications technology to provide input data to a computer as such input arises-the data are then stored in the computer (say on a magnetic disk) and processed either at predetermined intervals or as required.（4）Enquiry-response systems provide, as the term suggests, the facility for a user to extract information from a computer.The enquiry facility is passive, that is, does not modify the information stored.The interrogation may be simple, for example, 'RETRIEVE THE RECORD FOR EMPLOYEE NUMBER 1234 'or complex.Such systems may use terminals producing hard copy and / or visual displays.（5）Real-time systems are those in which information is made available to and processed by a computer system in a dynamic manner so that either the computer may cause action to be taken to influence events as they occur (for example as in a process control application) or human operators may be influenced by the accurate and up-to-date information stored in the computer, for example as in reservation systems.2 Signal spectrum with bandwidthElectromagnetic data signals are encoded, the signal to be included in the data transmission. Signal in time for the general argument to show the message (or data) as a parameter (amplitude, frequency or phase) as the dependent variable. Signal of their value since the time variables are or not continuous, can be divided into continuous signals and discrete signals; according to whether the values of the dependent variable continuous, can be divided into analog signals and digital Signal.Signals with time-domain and frequency domain performance of the two most basic forms and features. Time-domain signal over time to reflect changing circumstances. Frequency domain characteristics of signals not only contain the same information domain, and the spectrum of signal analysis, can also be a clear understanding of the distribution ofthe signal spectrum and share the bandwidth. In order to receive the signal transmission and receiving equipment on the request channel, Only know the time-domain characteristics of the signal is not enough, it is also necessary to know the distribution of the signal spectrum. Time-domain characteristics of signals to show the letter .It’s changes over time. Because most of the signal energy is concentrated in a relatively narrow band, so most of our energy focused on the signal that Paragraph referred to as the effective band Bandwidth, or bandwidth. Have any signal bandwidth. In general, the greater the bandwidth of the signal using this signal to send data Rate on the higher bandwidth requirements of transmission medium greater. We will introduce the following simple common signal and bandwidth of the spectrum.More or less the voice signal spectrum at 20 Hz ~ 2000 kHz range (below 20 Hz infrasound signals for higher than 2000 KHz. For the ultrasonic signal), but with a much narrower bandwidth of the voice can produce an acceptable return, and the standard voice-frequency signal gnal 0 ~ 4 MHz, so the bandwidth of 4 MHz.As a special example of the monostable pulse infinite bandwidth. As for the binary signal, the bandwidth depends on the generalThe exact shape of the signal waveform, as well as the order of 0,1. The greater the bandwidth of the signal, it more faithfully express the number of sequences.3 The cut-off frequency channel with bandwidthAccording to Fourier series we know that if a signal for all frequency components can be completely the same through the transmission channel to the receiving end, then at the receiving frequency components of these formed by stacking up the signal and send the signal side are exactly the same, That is fully recovered from the receiving end of the send-side signals. But on the real world, there is no channel to no wear and tear through all the Frequency components. If all the Fourier components are equivalent attenuation, then the signal reception while Receive termination at an amplitude up Attenuation, but the distortion did not happen. However, all the transmission channel and equipment for different frequency components of the degree of attenuation is differentSome frequency components almost no attenuation, and attenuation of some frequency components by anumber, that is to say, channel also has a certain amount of vibrationIncrease the frequency characteristics, resulting in output signal distortion. Usually are frequency of 0 Hz to fc-wide channel at Chuan harmonic lost during the attenuation does not occur (or are a very small attenuation constant), whereas in the fc frequency harmonics at all above the transmission cross Decay process a lot, we put the signal in the transmission channel of the amplitude attenuation of a component to the original 0.707(that is, the output signal Reduce by half the power) when the frequency of the corresponding channel known as the cut-off frequency (cut - off frequency).Cut-off frequency transmission medium reflects the inherent physical properties. Other cases, it is because people interested in Line filter is installed to limit the bandwidth used by each user. In some cases, because of the add channel Two-pass filter, which corresponds to two-channel cut-off frequency f1 and f2, they were called up under the cut-off frequency and the cut-off frequency.This difference between the two cut-off frequency f2-f1 is called the channel bandwidth. If the input signal bandwidth is less than the bandwidth of channel, then the entire input signal Frequency components can be adopted by the Department of channels, which the letter Road to be the output of the output waveform will be true yet. However, if the input signal bandwidth greater than the channel bandwidth, the signal of a Frequency components can not be more on the channel, so that the signal output will be sent with the sending end of the signal is somewhat different, that is produced Distortion. In order to ensure the accuracy of data transmission, we must limit the signal bandwidth.4 Data transfer rateChannel maximum data transfer rate Unit time to be able to transfer binary data transfer rate as the median. Improve data transfer rate means that the space occupied by each Reduce the time that the sequence of binary digital pulse will reduce the cycle time, of course, will also reduce the pulse width.The previous section we already know, even if the binary digital pulse signal through a limited bandwidth channel will also be the ideal generated wave Shape distortion, and when must the input signal bandwidth, the smaller channel bandwidth, output waveformdistortion will be greater. Another angle Degree that when a certain channel bandwidth, the greater the bandwidth of the input signal, the output signal the greater the distortion, so when the data transmissionRate to a certain degree (signal bandwidth increases to a certain extent), in the on-channel output signal from the receiver could not have been Distortion of the output signal sent to recover a number of sequences. That is to say, even for an ideal channel, the limited bandwidth limit System of channel data transfer rate.At early 1924, H. Nyquist (Nyquist) to recognize the basic limitations of this existence, and deduced that the noise-free Limited bandwidth channel maximum data transfer rate formula. In 1948, C. Shannon (Shannon) put into the work of Nyquist 1 Step-by-step expansion of the channel by the random noise interference. Here we do not add on to prove to those now seen as the result of a classic.Nyquist proved that any continuous signal f (t) through a noise-free bandwidth for channel B, its output signal as a Time bandwidth of B continuous signal g (t). If you want to output digital signal, it must be the rate of g (t) for interval Sample. 2B samples per second times faster than are meaningless, because the signal bandwidth B is higher than the high-frequency component other than a letter has been Road decay away. If g (t) by V of discrete levels, namely, the likely outcome of each sample for the V level of a discrete one, The biggest channel data rate Rm ax as follows:Rmax = 2Blog 2 V (bit / s)For example, a 3000 Hz noise bandwidth of the channel should not transmit rate of more than 6,000 bits / second binary digital signal.In front of us considered only the ideal noise-free channel. There is noise in the channel, the situation will rapidly deteriorate. Channel Thermal noise with signal power and noise power ratio to measure the signal power and noise power as the signal-to-noise ratio (S ignal - to -- Noise Ratio). If we express the signal power S, and N express the noise power, while signal to noise ratio should be expressed as S / N. However, people Usually do not use the absolute value of signal to noise ratio, but the use of 10 lo g1 0S / N to indicate the units are decibels (d B). For the S / N equal 10 Channel, said its signal to noise ratio for the 1 0 d B; the same token, if the channel S / N equal to one hundred, then the signal to noiseratio for the 2 0 d B; And so on. S hannon noise channel has about the maximum data rate of the conclusions are: The bandwidth for the BH z, signal to noise ratio for the S / N Channel, the maximum data rate Rm ax as follows:Rmax = Blog 2 (1 + S / N) (bits / second)For example, for a bandwidth of 3 kHz, signal to noise ratio of 30 dB for the channel, regardless of their use to quantify the number of levels, nor Fast sampling rate control, the data transfer rate can not be greater than 30,000 bits / second. S h a n n o n the conclusions are derived based on information theory Out for a very wide scope, in order to go beyond this conclusion, like you want to invent perpetual motion machine, as it is almost impossible.It is worth noting that, S hannon conclusions give only a theoretical limit, and in fact, we should be pretty near the limit Difficult.SUMMARYMessage signals are (or data) of a magnetic encoder, the signal contains the message to be transmitted. Signal according to the dependent variable Whether or not a row of values, can be classified into analog signals and digital signals, the corresponding communication can be divided into analog communication and digital communication.Fourier has proven: any signal (either analog or digital signal) are different types of harmonic frequencies Composed of any signal has a corresponding bandwidth. And any transmission channel signal attenuation signals will, therefore, Channel transmission of any signal at all, there is a data transfer rate limitations, and this is Chengkui N yquist (Nyquist) theorem and S hannon (Shannon) theorem tells us to conclusions.Transmission medium of computer networks and communication are the most basic part of it at the cost of the entire computer network in a very Large proportion. In order to improve the utilization of transmission medium, we can use multiplexing. Frequency division multiplexing technology has many Road multiplexing, wave division multiplexing and TDM three that they use on different occasions.Data exchange technologies such as circuit switching, packet switching and packetswitching three have their respective advantages and disadvantages. M odem are at Analog phone line for the computer's binary data transmission equipment. Modem AM modulation methods have, FM, phase modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation, and M odem also supports data compression and error control. The concept of data communications Data communication is based on "data" for business communications systems, data are pre-agreed with a good meaning of numbers, letters or symbols and their combinations.参考文献[1]C.Y.Huang and A.Polydoros,“Two small SNR classification rules for CPM,”inProc.IEEE Milcom,vol.3,San Diego,CA,USA,Oct.1992,pp.1236–1240.[2]“Envelope-based classification schemes for continuous-phase binary Frequency-shift-keyed modulations,”in Pr oc.IEEE Milcom,vol.3,Fort Monmouth,NJ,USA,Oct.1994,pp. 796–800.[3]A.E.El-Mahdy and N.M.Namazi,“Classification of multiple M-ary frequency-shift keying over a rayleigh fading channel,”IEEE m.,vol.50,no.6,pp.967–974,June 2002.[4]Consulative Committee for Space Data Systems(CCSDS),Radio Frequency and Modulation SDS,2001,no.401.[5]E.E.Azzouz and A.K.Nandi,“Procedure for automatic recognition of analogue and digital modulations,”IEE mun,vol.143,no.5,pp.259–266,Oct.1996.[6]A.Puengn im,T.Robert,N.Thomas,and J.Vidal,“Hidden Markov models for digital modulation classification in unknown ISI channels,”in Eusipco2007,Poznan,Poland, September 2007,pp.1882–1885.[7]E.Vassalo and M.Visintin,“Carrier phase synchronization for GMSK signals,”I nt.J.Satell. Commun.,vol.20,no.6,pp.391–415,Nov.2002.[8]J.G.Proakis,Digital Communications.Mc Graw Hill,2001.[9]L.Rabiner,“A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speechrecognition,”Proc.IEEE,vol.77,no.2,pp.257–286,1989.英文译文：数据通信Gildas Avoine and Philippe OechslinEPFL, Lausanne, Switzerlandfgildas.avoine, philippe.oechsling@ep.ch摘要数据通信是通信技术和计算机技术相结合而产生的一种新的通信方式。

基于NE564D锁相环频率合成器的设计The Design of PLL Frequency Synthesizer Based on NE564D曾素琼（嘉应学院电子信息工程学院，广东梅州514015）Zeng Su-qiong(School of Electronics and Information Engineer, Jiaying University,Guangdong Meizhou 514015)摘要：设计基于NE564D的锁相频率合成器，对系统的实现作了详细描述，最后对系统作了实验验证及分析。

关键词：锁相环；锁相频率合成器；压控振荡器（VCO）；NE564D中图分类号:TP273;TN915 文献标识码:B 文章编号：Abstract: In this paper, PLL frequency synthesizer based on NE564 is designed. The realization of the system was described in detail. Finally, experimental verification and analyzed of the system were made.Keywords: phase-locked loop; PLL frequency synthesizer; voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)；NE564DCLC number: TP273;TN915 Document code: B Article ID:1基于NE564D锁相环频率合成器的设计思路与系统框图锁相环NE564D是一种工作频率可高达50MHz的常用超高频集成锁相环，利用74LS393（74LS393是双四位二进制计数器）作为频率合成器的分频器，组成倍频锁相环频率合成器。

合成器输出频率为fo=Nfr。

式中fr为参考频率，通常是用高稳定度的晶体振荡器产生，对晶振频率固定之后获得的。

polyphonic ringtone和弦铃声chord music ringtone 对讲机Walkie-Talkie全球定位系统GPS （Global Positioning System）高保彩铃真high fidelity（常简写为hi-fi）移动梦网Monternet（Mobile+Internet）短信服务SMS（Short Message Service）彩信服务MMS（Multimedia Message service）客户身份识别卡SIM卡（Subscriber Identity Module）全球移动通信系统GSM (Global System For Mobile Communications) 储值卡pre-paid phone card语音提示voice prompt直板手机bar phone翻盖手机clamshell phone /flip phone滑盖手机slide phone翻盖接听flip answer按键keypad按键音keypad tone提示音warning tone手机充值cellular phone replenishing/recharging手机入网费initiation charges for mobile phone; mobile access fee漫游roaming service手机用户mobile phone user/subscriber短信short message; text message图片短信picture message手机费mobile phone fee关机power off手机铃音mobile phone ringtone振动vibrate手机实名制mobile phone identification policy双向收费two-way charging scheme彩屏color screen壁纸wallpaper待机模式standby mode操作菜单options菜单模式list view/ grid view快捷图标short-cut icon自动重拨automatic redial快速拨号speed dial语音拨号voice dial任意键应答any key answer限制呼叫fixed dial呼出通话outgoing call被叫通话incoming call近来的呼叫recent call呼叫转移call divert未接电话missed call已接电话received call不在服务区out of reach手机电路中常用的中英文对照A／D：模数转换。

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郝 绍 杰
（ 中国电子科技集 团公 司第 ４ 究所 １研
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摘 要： 本文介绍 了采用 直接数字频率 合成器 （ Ｄ ） Ｄ Ｓ 和集成锁相频 率合成 器 Ｐ ３３ 设计 ２ ４ － ４ 本 振信号源 的新方 Ｅ ２６ ．Ｇ４ Ｇ Ｈｚ ． 法， 与传统采用小数分频 的设计 方法相 比， 有电路 简单 、 具 功耗 低 、 体积小 等优点 ， 经制作 实验 电路 板验证 ， 试验 电路 的单 边带 相位噪声和频率 分辨率都达到 了预先 的设计要求 ， 试验取得 了预期 的效果 。
们所选 用 的方案 是 由 Ｄ Ｓ产生 的低 频信 号作 为参 考信 号 Ｄ
式 中 ： 为 Ｖ Ｏ的可 编程 分频 比 ， 为 Ｄ Ｓ的频 率 控 制 Ｍ Ｃ Ｋ Ｄ 字 ， 为 Ｄ Ｓ的时钟 。 Ｄ 采用 Ｄ Ｓ Ｄ 作为 Ｐ Ｌ的激励源 ， Ｌ 参考频率可以做到以
去激励 Ｐ Ｌ频率合成器 ， Ｄ Ｓ Ｌ Ｌ 即 Ｄ ＋Ｐ Ｌ混合方案。这样 可 以使 锁相 环 的输 出信 号 有较 低 的相 位 噪 声 和较 小 的频
ｃ ｌｓａ ｄ ｆｅ ｕ ｎ ｙ ｓｎ ｌ－ｉｅ ａ ｄ（ ＳＢ）ｐ ａ ｅ ｎ ｉｅｈ ｖ ｅ ｃ ｅ ｅ ｏｕ ｉｎ ｉ ｄ ａ ｃ ｆｔ ｅｄ ｓｇｎ ｒ ｑ ｉｅ ｎ ｓ ｕｔ ｎ ｒｑ ｅ ｃ ｉ ｅｓｄ ｂ ｎ Ｓ ｇ ｈ ｓ ｏｓ ａ ｅ ｒ ａ ｈ ｄ ａ ｒ ｓ ｌ ｔｏ ｎ ａ ｖ ｎ ｅｏ ｈ ｅ ｉ ｅ ｕ ｒ ｍｅ ｔ ，
０ 引 言
在许多领域 ， 锁相频率合成技术仍作为频率合成 的主

中英译文翻译英文：High Speed Digital Hybrid PLL Frequency Synthesizer译文：高速数字混合锁相环频率合成器To get the high-speed, it is necessary to prepare the precise synchronization of the complicated design.In 2001, H. G. Ryu proposed a simplified structure of the DDFS (direct digital frequency synthesizer)-driven PLL for the high switching speed [2].However, there is a problem that the speed of the whole system is limited by PLL.Y. Fouzar proposed a PLL frequency synthesizer of dual loop configuration using frequency-to-voltage converter (FVC) [3].It has a fast switching speed by the PD (phase detector), FVC using output signal of VCO and the proposed coarse tuning controller.However, H/W complexity is increased for the high switching speed.Also, it shows the fast switching characteristic only when the FVC works well.Another method is pre-tuning one which is called DH-PLL in this study [4].It has very high speed switching property, but H/W complexity and power consumption are increased due to digital look-up table (DLT) which is usually implemented by the ROM including the transfer characteristic ofVCO(voltage controlled oscillator).For this reason, this paper proposes a timing synchronization circuit for the rapid frequency synthesis and a very simple DLT replacement digital logic block instead of the complex ROM type DLT for high speed switching and low power consumption. Also, the requisite condition is solved in the proposed method. The fast switching operation at every the frequency synthesis process is verified by the computer circuit simulation.II.DH-PLL synthesizerAs shown in Fig.1, the open-loop synthesizer is a direct frequency synthesis type that VCO 要得到高运行速度,事先做好复杂设计的精确同步是必要的。

Ｋｅ ｒ ｓ ｆ ｅ ｕ ｎ ｙ ｓ ｎ ｈ ｓｚ ｒ ｄ ｇ ｔ ｌ ｈ ｓ ｏ ｋ ｄ ｌ ｏ ；ｎ ｅ ｒ ｔ ｄ ｐ ａ ｅ ｌ ｃ ｅ ｏ ｐ ｙ ｗｏ ｄ ：ｒ ｑ ｅ ｃ ｙ ｔ ｅ ｉ ； ｉ ｉａ ａ ｅ ｌ ｃ ｅ ｏ ｐ ｉ ｔ ｇ ａ ｅ ｈ ｓ ｏ ｋ ｄ ｌ ｏ ｅ ｐ
（ 舶 重 工集 团公 司 ７ ３所 ， 州 ２ ５ ０ ） 船 ２ 扬 ２ ０ １
摘要 ： 介绍了数字锁相环路的基本原理 ， 分析了集成锁相环芯片 Ａ Ｆ １７ Ｄ ４０ 的性 能 ， 采用其设计 出一种具有多个频道
的 宽 带频 率 合 成 器 ， 具 有 结 构 简 单 、 定 性 好 、 度 高 、 实 现 等 特 点 。 它 稳 精 易
出宽带、 低相噪的频率合成器。
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率高、 频谱 质 量好 等优 点 ； 其 不足之 处 是频率 分 辨 但 率 、 率建 立时 间等 方 面 远 不如 直 接 式 数 字 频 率合 频 成 器 。而且 大规模 集 成 电路 技术 的迅速 发展及 广 泛 应 用改 变 了传统 的模 拟 电路 设 计 方 法 ， 因此 数 字 锁
０ 引 言
随着 雷 达 技术 的不 断 发展 ， 频 率 合 成器 的频 对 率稳 定度 、 频谱 纯度 、 率范 围 以及 捷 变频 速度 提 出 频 了更 高要 求 。频率 合 成 有 很 多方 式 ， 接模 拟 频 率 直

A ampere 安培A /D 模拟/数字信号转换A/D analog/digital 模拟/数字A/D 模拟接口A/LB 音频/逻辑版AIL-IN 输入到左声道耳机放大器AIL-IN 中断信号输入【检测耳机是否接入】AIL-OUT 左声道耳机放大信号输入A20/ECLK 地址线第二十位AB address bus 地址总线AB-SEL 输入端口选择信号Action 行动Acting-deae 假运行模式Activate 激活Activate 启动Activate filter 有缘滤波器ADO 转换电池，判断电量ADI 转换电池，判断电量AD 美国模拟器件芯片生产标识ADAC 模/数转化器ADAC 捕助数/模转换器ADC 模/数转化器ADC-ON 模数转换器开启ADD 地址Add entry 加项Add networkto list 向目录增加网络Addition adjacent 邻近Address in formation地址信息Aadjacent cell monitoring邻近蜂窝监测Adjust ring volume调整振铃音量ADP自动数据处理ADPCM 自适应差分脉码调制ADTRIG 模拟转化触发信号AF audio frequency音频AEC自动频率控制AFCOUT自动频率控制信号输入AFMS音频线路板AG and gate 与门ACC自动增益控制ACC-EN 自动增益控制使能AGCH 准予接入信道Agenda 备忘录AGND 模拟地AGNDAI 接地AID 区域识别标志Air ime 通话时间Air 具ime counter通话计时器AIS ALC警告指示信息Alarm闹钟Alarms 警告音LIC 自动电平控制Alcohol 酒精Alcohol bottle 酒精瓶Alert提示Alert振铃驱动ALEV auto level 自动电平All calls 所有通话ALOC接入果荷等级ALRT-MICN 反相辅助音频信号输入ALRT-REF振铃放大器的非反方向输入ALRT-VCC振铃/耳机放大器电源ALRTIN 振铃放大器的反相输入ALRTOUTP 振铃放大器的非反相输入AM 调幅AM-ADJ 幅度调整AMP amplifier放大器Amplification 放大倍数Amplifying tube放大管AMPS先进的移动电话系统ANA-CLK多模同步时钟ANA-STR多模开启And logic qperation与运算Anode阳极。

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料对照外文翻译IIR Digital Filter DesignAn important step in the development of a digital filter is the determination of a realizable transfer function G(z) approximating the given frequency response specifications. If an IIR filter is desired,it is also necessary to ensure that G(z) is stable. The process of deriving the transfer function G(z) is called digital filter design. After G(z) has been obtained, the next step is to realize it in the form of a suitable filter structure. In chapter 8,we outlined a variety of basic structures for the realization of FIR and IIRtransfer functions. In this chapter,we consider the IIR digital filter design problem. The design of FIR digital filters is treated in chapter 10.First we review some of the issues associated with the filter design problem. A widely used approach to IIR filter design based on the conversion of a prototype analog transfer function to a digital transfer function is discussed next. Typical design examples are included to illustrate this approach. We then consider the transformation of one type of IIR filter transfer function into another type, which is achieved by replacing the complex variable z by a function of z. Four commonly used transformations are summarized. Finally we consider the computer-aided design of IIR digital filter. To this end, we restrict our discussion to the use of matlab in determining the transfer functions.9.1 preliminary considerationsThere are two major issues that need to be answered before one can develop the digital transfer function G(z). The first and foremost issue is the development of a reasonable filter frequency response specification from the requirements of the overall system in which the digital filter is to be employed. The second issue is to determine whether an FIR or IIR digital filter is to be designed. In the section ,we examine these two issues first . Next we review the basic analytical approach to the design of IIR digital filters and then consider the determination of the filter order that meets the prescribed specifications. We also discuss appropriate scaling of the transfer function.9.1.1 Digital Filter SpecificationsAs in the case of the analog filter,either the magnitude and/or the phase(delay) response is specified for the design of a digital filter for most applications. In some situations, the unit sample response or step response may be specified. In most practical applications, the problem of interest is the development of a realizable approximation to a given magnitude response specification. As indicated in section 4.6.3, the phase response of the designed filter can be corrected by cascading it with an allpass section. The designof allpass phase equalizers has received a fair amount of attention in the last few years. We restrict our attention in this chapter to the magnitude approximation problem only. We pointed out in section 4.4.1 that there are four basic types of filters,whose magnitude responses are shown in Figure 4.10. Since the impulse response corresponding to each of these is noncausal and of infinite length, these ideal filters are not realizable. One way of developing a realizable approximation to these filter would be to truncate the impulse response as indicated in Eq.(4.72) for a lowpass filter. The magnitude response of the FIR lowpass filter obtained by truncating the impulse response of the ideal lowpass filter does not have a sharp transition from passband to stopband but, rather, exhibits a gradual "roll-off."Thus, as in the case of the analog filter design problem outlined in section 5.4.1, the magnitude response specifications of a digital filter in the passband and in the stopband are given with some acceptable tolerances. In addition, a transition band is specified between the passband and the stopband to permit the magnitude to drop off smoothly. For example, the magnitude )(ωj e G of a lowpass filter may be given as shown in Figure7.1. As indicated in the figure, in the passband defined by 0p ωω≤≤, we require that the magnitude approximates unity with an error of p δ±,i.e.,p p j p for e G ωωδδω≤+≤≤-,1)(1.In the stopband, defined byπωω≤≤s ,we require that the magnitude approximateszero with an error of i s ,δ.e., ,)(s j e G δω≤ for πωω≤≤s .The frequencies p ω and s ω are , respectively, called the passband edge frequency and the stopband edge frequency. The limits of the tolerances in the passband and stopband,p δ and s δ, are usually called the peak ripple values. Note that the frequency response )(ωj e G of a digital filter is a periodic function of ω,and the magnitude response of a real-coefficient digital filter is an even function ofω. As a result, the digital filter specifications are given only for the range πω≤≤0.Digital filter specifications are often given in terms of the loss function,)(log 20)(10ωωζj e G -=, in dB. Here the peak passband ripple p α and theminimum stopband attenuation s α are given in dB,i.e., the loss specifications of a digital filter are given bydB p p )1(log 2010δα--=,dB s s )(log 2010δα-=. 9.1 Preliminary ConsiderationsAs in the case of an analog lowpass filter, the specifications for a digital lowpass filter may alternatively be given in terms of its magnitude response, as in Figure 7.2. Here the maximum value of the magnitude in the passband is assumed to be unity, and the maximum passband deviation, denoted as 1/21ε+,is given by the minimum value of the magnitude in the passband. The maximum stopband magnitude is denoted by 1/A.For the normalized specification, the maximum value of the gain function or the minimum value of the loss function is therefore 0 dB. The quantitymax α given bydB )1(log 20210max εα+= Is called the maximum passband attenuation. Forp δ<<1, as is typically the case, it can be shown thatp p αδα2)21(log 2010max ≅--≅The passband and stopband edge frequencies, in most applications, are specified in Hz, along with the sampling rate of the digital filter. Since all filter design techniques are developed in terms of normalized angular frequencies p ω and s ω,the sepcified critical frequencies need to be normalized before a specific filter design algorithm can be applied. Let T F denote the sampling frequency in Hz, and F P and F s denote, respectively,the passband and stopband edge frequencies in Hz. Then the normalized angular edge frequencies in radians are given byT F F F F p Tp T p p ππω22==Ω=T F F F F s Ts T s s ππω22==Ω= 9.1.2 Selection of the Filter Type The second issue of interest is the selection of the digital filter type,i.e.,whether an IIR or an FIR digital filter is to be employed. The objective of digital filter design is to develop a causal transfer function H(z) meeting the frequency response specifications. ForIIR digital filter design, the IIR transfer function is a real rational function of 1-z .H(z)=NMdNz z d z d d pMz z p z p p ------++++++++......2211022110 Moreover, H(z) must be a stable transfer function, and for reduced computational complexity, it must be of lowest order N. On the other hand, for FIR filter design, the FIRtransfer function is a polynomial in 1-z :∑=-=N n n zn h z H 0][)(For reduced computational complexity, the degree N of H(z) must be as small as possible. In addition, if a linear phase is desired, then the FIR filter coefficients must satisfy the constraint:][][N n h n h -±=T here are several advantages in using an FIR filter, since it can be designed withexact linear phase and the filter structure is always stable with quantized filter coefficients. However, in most cases, the order N FIR of an FIR filter is considerably higher than the order N IIR of an equivalent IIR filter meeting the same magnitude specifications. In general, the implementation of the FIR filter requires approximately N FIR multiplications per output sample, whereas the IIR filter requires 2N IIR+1 multiplications per output sample. In the former case, if the FIR filter is designed with a linear phase, then the number of multiplications per output sample reduces to approximately (N FIR+1)/2. Likewise, most IIR filter designs result in transfer functions with zeros on the unit circle,N with all of the zeros on the unit and the cascade realization of an IIR filter of orderIIRN+3)/2] multiplications per output sample. It has been shown that circle requires [(3IIRfor most practical filter specifications, the ratio N FIR/N IIR is typically of the order of tens or more and, as a result, the IIR filter usually is computationally more efficient[Rab75]. However ,if the group delay of the IIR filter is equalized by cascading it with an allpass equalizer, then the savings in computation may no longer be that significant [Rab75]. In many applications, the linearity of the phase response of the digital filter is not an issue,making the IIR filter preferable because of the lower computational requirements.9.1.3 Basic Approaches to Digital Filter DesignIn the case of IIR filter design, the most common practice is to convert the digital filter specifications into analog lowpass prototype filter specifications, and then to transform it into the desired digital filter transfer function G(z). This approach has been widely used for many reasons:(a) Analog approximation techniques are highly advanced.(b) They usually yield closed-form solutions.(c) Extensive tables are available for analog filter design.(d) Many applications require the digital simulation of analog filters.In the sequel, we denote an analog transfer function as)()()(s D s P s H a a a =, Where the subscript "a" specifically indicates the analog domain. The digital transfer function derived form H a (s) is denoted by)()()(z D z P z G = The basic idea behind the conversion of an analog prototype transfer function H a (s) into a digital IIR transfer function G(z) is to apply a mapping from the s-domain to the z-domain so that the essential properties of the analog frequency response are preserved. The implies that the mapping function should be such that(a) The imaginary(j Ω) axis in the s-plane be mapped onto the circle of the z-plane.(b) A stable analog transfer function be transformed into a stable digital transfer function.To this end,the most widely used transformation is the bilinear transformation described in Section 9.2.Unlike IIR digital filter design,the FIR filter design does not have any connection with the design of analog filters. The design of FIR filter design does not have any connection with the design of analog filters. The design of FIR filters is therefore based on a direct approximation of the specified magnitude response,with the often added requirement that the phase response be linear. As pointed out in Eq.(7.10), a causal FIR transfer function H(z) of length N+1 is a polynomial in z -1 of degree N. The corresponding frequency response is given by∑=-=N n n j j en h e H 0][)(ωω.It has been shown in Section 3.2.1 that any finite duration sequence x[n] of length N+1 is completely characterized by N+1 samples of its discrete-time Fourier transfer X(ωj e ). As a result, the design of an FIR filter of length N+1 may be accomplished by finding either the impulse response sequence {h[n]} or N+1 samples of its frequency response )H(e j ω. Also,to ensure a linear-phase design, the condition of Eq.(7.11) must be satisfied. Two direct approaches to the design of FIR filters are the windowed Fourier series approach and the frequency sampling approach. We describe the former approach in Section 7.6. The second approach is treated in Problem 7.6. In Section 7.7 we outline computer-based digital filter design methods.作者：Sanjit K.Mitra国籍：USA出处：Digital Signal Processing -A Computer-Based Approach 3eIIR数字滤波器的设计在一个数字滤波器发展的重要步骤是可实现的传递函数G（z）的接近给定的频率响应规格。

锁相环频率合成器介绍锁相环频率合成器（Phase Locked Loop Frequency Synthesizer）是一种广泛应用于电子通信、无线电设备和测量仪器中的电路。

它主要用于产生稳定且精确的输出频率信号，可以将输入信号的频率放大、分频或合成，以满足不同应用的需求。

原理锁相环频率合成器的基本原理是通过负反馈控制，将输出频率与参考频率（或参考信号）比较，然后通过调整VCO（Voltage Controlled Oscillator，电压控制振荡器）的控制电压，使其输出频率与参考频率保持同步。

简单来说，锁相环频率合成器就是将输入信号锁定到某个特定的频率上。

组成部分锁相环频率合成器由多个部分组成，包括相位比较器、环路滤波器、VCO和分频器。

相位比较器（Phase Comparator）相位比较器用于比较参考信号的相位与VCO输出信号的相位之间的差异，并产生一个误差信号。

常见的相位比较器有模型相位比较器和数字相位比较器。

环路滤波器（Loop Filter）环路滤波器用于滤波和增益控制，将相位比较器输出的误差信号转换为VCO控制电压。

环路滤波器的特性会影响系统的稳定性和锁定时间。

VCO（Voltage Controlled Oscillator）VCO是锁相环频率合成器的核心组件，它根据控制电压的变化来产生不同频率的输出信号。

VCO的输出频率与输入的控制电压成正比。

分频器（Divider）分频器用于降低输出频率。

在一些应用中，需要将VCO的高频输出信号分频得到稳定的低频信号。

工作原理锁相环频率合成器的工作过程可以分为以下几个步骤：1.参考信号与VCO输出信号经过相位比较器进行相位比较。

2.相位比较器产生误差信号，通过环路滤波器转换为控制电压。

3.控制电压作用于VCO，使其输出频率发生变化。

4.VCO输出信号经过分频器得到稳定的输出信号。

5.输出信号经过反馈回到相位比较器，与参考信号进行相位比较。

6.如果相位比较器检测到相位差异，则通过反馈机制调整控制电压，使输出频率与参考频率保持同步。

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入信号 ， 后经固定分频电路 分频 ， 成为 Ｐ Ｄ一端的输 人参考频率 Ｆ 。 Ｃ Ｖ Ｏ的输出信号频率 经可预置分频 器进行 Ｊ 分频后输入 Ｐ ７ ｖ Ｄ的另一端。这两种信号进行 比 较， 当其有相位差时 ，Ｄ便 向低通滤波器 （ Ｐ ） 出一 Ｐ ＬＦ 输 个对应 于 相位 差 的误差 电压 。Ｌ Ｆ将误 差 电压 中 的高 频 Ｐ 分量和噪声滤除 ， 并向 Ｖ Ｏ输送一个控制 电压 ， Ｃ 使 发 生改变 ， 从而使 Ｐ Ｄ的输入相位差逐渐消失， 使锁相环路
（ 西安近代化学研究所 ， 陕西 西安 ７ ０ ６ ） １０ ５
摘 要： 现代电子技术对信 号源频率 的准确度 、 稳定度要求愈来愈高 ， 而一个信 号源输 出频率的精度建立在主振器的稳定度上 。当前产生高精度 ， 高
稳定度的频率源主要是 石英晶体振荡器 和原子振荡器等 。然而它们只能产生单一 的频率 。 且造价 昂贵 。于是 ， 本文设计出一种数 字锁相环频率合成 器 。它能够输出若干高精度 。 高稳定度 的， 可调 的频率值 。 具有 电路简洁 ， 操作方便 ， 造价低 廉等优点 。本设计 可广泛应用 于需要输 出稳 定的信号频 率 的场合 。 关键词 ： 数字锁相环 ； 分频 ； 频率合 成器
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２１ ０ ０年 １ ２月第 ６期
现 代 导 航
锁相环频率合成器 的发展及应用
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（ 国 电子 科 技 集 团 公 司 第 二 十 研 究 所 ，西安 ７０ ６ ） 中 １０ ８
摘
要：锁相环频率合成器在现代 电子通信 系统 中有着广泛的应用。本文主要介绍 了锁相环
频率 合成 器 的发展 历程 ，各 阶段 的 工作 原 理 ，并描 述 了一个锁 相环 频 率合 成器 的应 用 实例 。 关键 词 ：锁相 环 ；频 率合成 器；小数 分频
频 率 合 成 器 一般 分 为直 接 模 拟 式 频 率 合 成 器 （ ＡＳ 、间接锁 相环 （Ｌ ） 率合 成器 和直 接数 字 Ｄ ） Ｐ Ｌ频 式频 率 合 成 器 （ ＤＤＳ 三种 基 本 类 型 。锁 相 环（ Ｌ ） ） Ｐ Ｌ 频率合 成器 具有 频率 稳定 性高 ，相位 噪声低 、体 积 小 、功 耗低 ， 电路 结构 简单 ，易 于集 成等优 点 ，因

1 前言频率合成(Frequency Synthesis)是指以一个或数个参考频率为基准，在某一频段内，综合产生并输出多个工作频率点的过程。

基于这个原理制成的频率源称为频率合成器(Frequency Synthesizer)目前，频率合成器已经成为电子技术、空间技术和通信技术中的一个重要组成部分。

例如在无线电收、发信机中，广泛采用频率合成器作为收、发信机的振荡频源。

频率合成器还广泛地应用于雷达、导航、频率时间标准等各个技术领域。

例如，在雷达及电子对抗中，利用频率合成器可以迅速而又准确地改变频率，以避开敌机的侦察和干扰。

在各种精密仪表中，频率合成器能够提供高分辨率、低噪声（相位噪声）的信号，以适应各种精密测量的需要。

频率合成器可分为直接式频率合成器,间接式（或锁相）频率合成器和直接式数字频率合成器。

直接式频率合成器是最先出现的一种合成器类型的频率信号源。

这种频率合成器原理简单,易于实现。

其合成方法大致可分为两种基本类型:一种是所谓非相关合成方法;另一种称为相关合成方法。

间接式频率合成器又称为锁相频率合成器。

锁相频率合成器是目前应用最广的频率合成器。

本设计的频率合成器也是利用锁相环来实现的。

频率合成器的主要性能指标有：频率范围，频率间隔，波道数，频率转换时间，频率稳定度与准确度等。

本设计中的频率合成器工作频率范围为200HZ～200KHZ，分为三个频段，即200HZ～2KHZ，频率间隔200HZ，2KHZ～20KHZ，频率间隔为2KHZ，20KHZ～200KHZ，频率间隔为20KHZ。

主要通过锁相环和倍频，分频器来实现。

最后输出的频率用LED 显示出来。

2 总体方案设计本设计要求设计频率合成器工作频率范围为200HZ ～200KHZ ，分为三个频段，即200HZ ～2KHZ ，频率间隔200HZ ，2KHZ ～20KHZ ，频率间隔为2KHZ ，20KHZ ～200KHZ ，频率间隔为20KHZ 。

锁相技术 是理论性和工程性都很强 的一 门课
程 。抽象性 、时效性 的概念很多 ，但实验过程 中不 容易观察 ，不利于更好地理解和掌握锁相环路的特
性 ，不 利于在 以后 的工程 实践 和后 续专 业课学 习 中
对锁 相 环 的灵 活应用 。
逻辑功能、开关 和非线性 装置组件 ，完 整 的信 号 源 ，内部系统诊断和连接检查 ，分析窗 口的多图显
Ｋｅ ｒ ｓ Ｓ ｓｅ ｙ ｗｏ ｄ ： ｙ ｔ ｍＶｉｗ； ｆ ｑ ｅ ｃ ｙ ｔ ｅ ｉ ｒ ｉ ｌ ａｉ ｎ ｅ ｒ ｕ ｎ ｙ ｓ ｎ ｈ ｓｚ ；ｓｍｕ ｔ ｅ ｅ ｏ
１ 引 言
锁 相环 路 （ Ｌ ） 一个 能 跟踪输 人 信 号相 位 的 ＰＬ 是
２ Ｓｓ ｍ ｉ 的主 要 功 能和 特 点 ｙｔ Ｖｅ ｅ ｗ
ＲＥＮ ｎ Ｌ ｎｇ Ｙａ — ｉ （ ｅａｔ ｎ ｆ ｌ ｔ ｎｃＩｆｒ ｔｎ ｈｎｉ ｉｅｓｙｏ ｅｈ ｏ ｇ ，Ｈ ｎｈ ｎ ７３ ０ Ｄ ｐｒ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｎｏ ｉ ，Ｓ ａｘ Ｕｎｖｒｉ ｆ ｃｎｌ ｙ ａ ｚｏ ｇ ２ ０ ３，Ｃ ｉａ ｍｅ ｏ Ｅ ｃ ｏ ｍａ ｏ ｔ Ｔ ｏ ｈｎ ）
闭环 自动控制系统。锁相环路系统在各个领域都有 很 多 的用途 ，锁 相环 路 的发展 将势 不可 挡 。锁 相 环 路 在宇 宙飞 行 目标 的跟 踪 、遥 测 和遥控 、机、电动机转速控制、自动跟踪调谐等领域都有更 域分析 ，模拟和数字滤波器 的设计 ，信号频谱和功
Ｅ ａｉ 公 司 的 Ｓｓ ｍＶｅ ｌ ｘ ｎ ｙｔ ｉ ｅ ｗ是 一个 完整 的动 态 系
统设计、仿真和分析 的可视化环境 ，是一个适合多 种操作系统 的单机和网络平 台。它提供了开发电子 系统 的模 拟和数 字工 具 。其 主要 功 能有 ：动态 系统 仿真、离散系统的 ｚ域分析 和连续 系统 的 Ｌｐ ｃ ａｌ ｅ ａ 率谱分析 ，支持嵌入式系统和多层子系统 ， 全部的

分数型PLL
分数型锁相环可以产生2的倍 数及其分数倍关系的频率， 例如1/2、1/4和1/8。
预定频率调整
锁相环通常能够以非常高的 准确性来调整输出频率，从 而适应各种应用需求。抖动问题Fra bibliotek什么是抖动
抖动是电子设备中不规则的时序 误差，可能导致信号的不稳定和 失真。
抖动的表现形式
通常以相位噪声、时钟抖动和计 数噪声等形式出现。
现代PLL芯片
20世纪90年代，现代PLL芯片逐 渐成为通用芯片
应用领域
通信
数字锁相环广泛用于现代数字通信系统中，如 调制解调器、数字电视、蓝牙，等等。
信号生成
数字锁相环可以生成高稳定度和精度的信号源， 例如射频信号合成器、稳定时钟、频率合成器， 等等。
测量仪器
数字锁相环在测量仪表中用来锁定参考信号和 待测信号，提高测量的精度和稳定性。
抖动抑制技术
数字锁相环可以采用各种方法来 抑制抖动，例如环路滤波、多倍 于分频、相位差控制，等等。
未来发展
1 基于深度学习的PLL自优化
使用人工智能技术优化PLL，以提高其各项性能。
2 集成数字锁相环
数字锁相环将更多地集成到芯片中，以降低成本和复杂度。
3 超低功耗数字锁相环
为便携式设备提供更高效和更能耗的数字锁相环方案。
数字锁相环比模拟锁相环具有更 高的灵活性、可编程性和可靠性。
相位控制
1
相位同步
相位锁定器偏置相位
2
相位差拍频
锁相环给出调整电压
3
调整VC O 的频率和相位
调整VCO的控制电压，以提供稳定性输出信号
频率合成器
整数型PLL
整数型锁相环能够产生与参 考频率fref具有整数倍关系的 纯净输出频率fout。

移动通讯词汇（中英）数字、英文1/4比特数quarter bit numberAGC恢复时间AGC recovery timeAGC启动时间AGC attack time ATM技术asynchronous transfer technics, 异步转移模式，为多种速率信息的情况下研究的一种合适的传输与交换方式。

GSM 泛欧数字蜂窝移动通信系统GSM PLMN接入能力GSM PLMN access capabilityGSM PLMN连接类型属性 GSM PLMN connection type attributeGSM公共陆地移动网 GSM PLMN用户身份模块：SIMJ-K触发器J-K flip-flopM-序列M-sequenceN进制数字信号n-ary digital systemRS-232总线RS-232 busA安全地线 safe ground wire安全特性 security feature安装线 hook-up wire按半周进行的多周期控制multicycle controlled by half-cycle按键电话机p ush-button telephone set按需分配多地址 demand assignment multiple access(DAMA)按要求的电信业务demand telecommunication service按组编码 encode by groupB八木天线Yagi antenna白噪声white Gaussian noise白噪声发生器white noise generator半波偶极子halfwave dipole 半导体存储器 semiconductor memory半导体集成电路semiconductor integrated circuit半双工操作semi-duplex operation半字节Nib包络负反馈peak envelop negative feed-back包络延时失真envelop delay distortion薄膜thin film薄膜混合集成电路thin film hybrid integrated circuit保护比（射频） protection ratio (RF)保护时段guard period保密通信secure communication报头header报文分组packet报文优先等级message priority 报讯alarm备用工作方式spare mode背景躁声background noise倍频frequency multiplication倍频程actave倍频程滤波器octave filter被呼地址修改通知 called address modified notification被呼用户优先priority for called subscriber本地PLMN local PLMN本地交换机local exchange 本地移动用户身份local mobile station identity ( LMSI)本地震荡器local oscillator 比功率(功率密度) specific power 比特bit比特并行bit parallel比特号码bit number (BN)比特流bit stream比特率bit rate比特误码率bit error rate比特序列独立性bit sequence independence必要带宽necessarybandwidth闭环电压增益closed loop voltage gain闭环控制closed loop control 闭路电压closed circuit voltage边瓣抑制side lobe suppression边带sideband边带非线性串扰sidebandnon-linear crosstalk边带线性串扰sideband linear crosstalk边带抑制度sideband suppression边角辐射boundary radiation 编号制度numbering plan编解码器codec编码encode编码律encoding law编码器encoder编码器输出encoder output编码器总工作时间encoder overall operate time编码效率coding efficiency编码信号coded signal编码约束长度encoding constraint length编码增益coding gain编译程序compiler鞭状天线 whip antenna变频器 converter变频损耗converter conversion loss变容二极管variable capacitance diode变形交替传号反转modified alternate mark inversion便携电台 portable station便携设备 portable equipment便携式载体设备 portable vehicle equipment 标称调整率（标称塞入率） nominal justification rate (nominal stuffing rate)标称值 nominal value标称呼通概率nominal calling probability标准码实验信号 standard code test signal (SCTS)标准模拟天线standard artificial antenna标准频率 standard frequency标准时间信号发射standard-time-signal emission标准实验调制standard test modulation标准输出功率standard power output标准输入信号standard input signal标准输入信号电平standard input-signal level标准输入信号频率standard input-signal frequency标准信躁比 standard signal to noise表面安装 surface mounting表示层 presentation layer并串变换器parallel-serial converter (serializer)并馈垂直天线 shunt-fed vertical antenna并行传输 parallel transmission 并行终端 parallel terminal拨号错误概率dialing mistake probability拨号后延迟 post-dialing delay拨号交换机 dial exchange拨号线路 dial-up line拨号音 dialing tone拨号终端 dial-up terminal波动强度（在给定方向上的）cymomotive force (c. m. f)波段覆盖 wave coverage波峰焊 wave soldering波特 baud泊送过程 Poisson process补充业务 supplementary service (of GSM)补充业务登记supplementary service registration补充业务询问supplementary service interrogation补充业务互连supplementary service interworking捕捉区（一个地面接收台） capture area (of a terrestrial receiving station)捕捉带 pull-in range捕捉带宽 pull-in banwidth捕捉时间 pull-in time不连续发送discontinuous transmission (DTX)不连续干扰discontinuous interference不连续接收discontinuous reception (DRX)不确定度 uncertainty步谈机 portable mobile stationC采样定理 sampling theorem采样频率 sampling frequency采样周期 sampling period参考边带功率reference side band power参考差错率reference error ratio参考当量 reference equivalent 参考点 reference point参考结构reference configuration参考可用场强 reference usable fiend-strength参考灵敏度reference sensibility参考频率 reference frequency参考时钟 reference clock参考输出功率 reference output power残余边带调制vestigial sideband modulation 残余边带发射vestigial-sideband emission操作维护中心operation maintenance center (OMC)操作系统 operation system (OS) 侧音消耗 sidetone loss层2转发 layer 2 relay (L2R)插入组装through hole pachnology插入损耗 insertion loss查号台 information desk差错控制编码error control coding差错漏检率 residual error rate 差分脉冲编码调制（差分脉码调制）differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)差分四相相移键控 differential quadrature phase keying (DQPSK)差分相移键控 differential phase keying (DPSK)差模电压，平衡电压 differential mode voltage, symmetrical voltage 差拍干扰 beat jamming差频失真 difference frequency distortion长期抖动指示器long-term flicker indicator长期频率稳定度long-term frequency stability场强灵敏度field intensity sensibility场效应晶体管field effect transistor (FET)超长波通信myriametric wave communication超地平对流层传播 transhorizon tropospheric超地平无线接力系统transhorizon radio-relay system超高帧 hyperframe超帧 superframe超大规模集成电路very-large scale integrated circuit (VLSI)超再生接收机 super-regeneratorreceiver车载电台 vehicle station撤消 withdrawal成对不等性码（交替码、交变码）paired-disparity code (alternative code, alternating code)承载业务 bearer service城市交通管制系统 urban traffic control system程序设计技术programming technique程序设计环境programming environment程序优化 program optimization 程序指令 program command充电 charge充电率 charge rate充电效率 charge efficiency充电终止电压end-of charge voltage抽样 sampling抽样率 sample rate初级分布线路primary distribution link初始化 initialization处理增益 processing gain传播时延 propagation delay传播系数propagation coefficient传导干扰 conducted interference 传导杂散发射 conducted spurious emission传递函数 transfer function传递时间 transfer time传声器 microphone传输保密 transmission security 传输层协议transport layer protocol传输集群 transmission trunking 传输结束字符end of transmission character传输媒体 transmission medium 传输损耗 transmission loss传输损耗（无线线路的）transmission loss (of a radio link) 传输通道 transmission path传输信道 transmission channel 传真 facsimile, FAX船舶地球站 ship earth station船舶电台 ship station船舶移动业务ship movement service船上通信电台on-board communication station ,ship communication station船用收音机 ship radio串并变换机 serial to parallel (deserializer)串并行变换serial-parallel conversion串话 crosstalk垂直方向性图vertical directivity pattern唇式传声器 lip microphone磁屏蔽 magnetic shielding次级分布线路secondary distribution link猝发差错 burst error猝发点火控制burst firing control存储程序控制交换机stored program controlled switching systemD大规模集成电路large scale integrated circuit (LSI)大信号信躁比signal-to-noise ratio of strong signal带成功结果的常规操作 normal operation with successful outcome 带宽 bandwidth带内导频单边带pilot tone-in-band single sideband带内谐波 in-band harmonic带内信令 in-band signalling带内躁声 in-band noise带通滤波器 band-pass filter带外发射 out-of-band emission 带外功率 out-of-band power带外衰减 attenuation outside a channel带外信令 out-band signalling带状线 stripline单边带发射single sideband (SSB) emission单边带发射机 single side-band (SSB) transmitter单边带调制 single side band modulation单边带解调single side band demodulation单边带信号发生器 single side band signal generaltor单端同步single-ended synchronization单工、双半工 simplex, halfduplex 单工操作 simplex operation单工无线电话机 simplex radio telephone单呼 single call单频双工single frequency duplex单频信令single frequency signalling单相对称控制symmetrical control (single phase)单相非对称控制asymmetrical control (single phase)单向 one-way单向的 unidirectional单向控制 unidirectional control 单信道地面和机载无线电分系统SINCGARS单信道无绳电话机single channel cordless telephone单信号方法single-signal method单音 tone单音脉冲 tone pulse单音脉冲持续时间tone pulse duration单音脉冲的单音频率tone frequency of tone pulse单音脉冲上升时间tone pulse rise time单音脉冲下降时间tone pulse decay time单音制 individual tone system单元电缆段（中继段） elementary cable section (repeater section) 单元再生段elementary regenerator section (regenerator section)单元增音段，单元中继段elementary repeater section当被呼移动用户不回答时的呼叫转移call forwarding on no reply (CFNRy) 当被呼移动用户忙时的呼叫转calling forwarding on mobile subscriber busy (CFB)当漫游到原籍PLMN国家以外时禁止所有入呼 barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country (BIC-Roam)当前服务的基站 current serving BS当无线信道拥挤时的呼叫转移calling forward on mobile subscriber not reachable (CENRc) 刀型天线 blade antenna导频 pilot frequency导频跌落pilot fall down倒L型天线 inverted-L antenna等步的 isochronous等幅电报continuous wave telegraph等权网（互同步网） democratic network (mutually synchronized network)等效比特率 equivalent bit rate 等效地球半径 equivalent earth radius等效二进制数 equivalent binary content等效全向辐射功率equivalent isotropically radiated power (e. i. r. p.)等效卫星线路躁声温度 equivalent satellite link noise temperature低轨道卫星系统 LEO satellite mobile communication system低气压实验low atmospheric pressure test低时延码激励线性预测编码 low delay CELP (LD-CELP)低通滤波器 low pass filter低温实验 low temperature test 低躁声放大器low noise amplifier地-空路径传播 earth-space path propagation地-空通信设备ground/air communication equipment地波 ground wave地面连线用户land line subscriber地面无线电通信terrestrial radio communication地面站（电台）terrestrial station第N次谐波比 nth harmonic ratio 第二代无绳电话系统cordless telephone system second generation (CT-2)第三代移动通信系统third generation mobile systems点波束天线 spot beam antenna点对地区通信point-area communication点对点通信point-point communication点至点的GSM PLMN连接 point to point GSM PLMN电报 telegraphy电报电码 telegraph code电波衰落 radio wave fading电池功率 power of battery电池能量energy capacity of battery电池容量 battery capacity电池组 battery电磁波 electromagnetic wave电磁波反射reflection of electromagnetic wave 电磁波饶射diffraction of electromagnetic wave电磁波散射scattering of electromagnetic wave电磁波色射dispersion of electromagnetic wave电磁波吸收absorption of electromagnetic wave电磁波折射refraction of electromagnetic wave电磁场 electromagnetic field 电磁发射 electromagnetic field 电磁辐射electromagnetic emission电磁干扰electromagnetic interference (EMI)电磁感应electromagnetic induction电磁环境electromagnetic environment电磁兼容性electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)电磁兼容性电平 electromagnetic compatibility level电磁兼容性余量electromagnetic compatibility margin电磁脉冲 electromagnetic pulse (EMP)电磁脉冲干扰electromagnetic pulse jamming电磁敏感度electromagnetic susceptibility电磁能 electromagnetic energy 电磁耦合electromagnetic coupling电磁屏蔽electromagnetic shielding电磁屏蔽装置electromagnetic screen电磁骚扰electromagnetic disturbance电磁噪声 electromagnetic noise 电磁污染electromagnetic pollution电动势 electromotive force (e. m.f.)电话机 telephone set电话局容量capacity of telephone exchange电话型电路telephone-type circuit电话型信道telephone-type channel电离层 ionosphere电离层波 ionosphere wave电离层传播ionosphere propagation电离层反射ionosphere reflection电离层反射传播ionosphere reflection propagation电离层散射传播ionosphere scatter propagation电离层折射ionosphere refraction电离层吸收 ionosphere absorption 电离层骚扰ionosphere disturbance电流探头 current probe电路交换 circuit switching电屏蔽 electric shielding电视电话video-telephone, viewphone, visual telephone电台磁方位 magnetic bearing of station电台方位 bearing of station电台航向 heading of station电文编号 message numbering电文队列 message queue电文格式 message format电文交换 message switching电文交换网络 message switching network电文结束代码end-of-message code电文路由选择 message routing电小天线 electronically small antenna电信管理网络 telecommunication management network (TMN)电信会议 teleconferencing电压变化 voltage change电压变化持续时间 duration of a voltage change电压变化的发生率rate of occurrence of voltage changes电压变化时间间隔 voltage change interval电压波动 voltage fluctuation 电压波动波形voltage fluctuation waveform电压波动量magnitude of a voltage fluctuation电压不平衡 voltage imbalance, voltage unbalance电压浪涌 voltage surge电压骤降 voltage dip电源 power supply电源电压调整率 line regulation 电源抗扰性 mains immunity电源持续工作能力continuous operation ability of the power supply电源去耦系数 mains decoupling factor电源骚扰 mains disturbance电子干扰 electronic jamming电子工业协会Electronic Industries Association (EIA)电子系统工程 electronic system engineering电子自动调谐electronic automatic tuning电子组装electronic packaging电阻温度计resistance thermometer跌落试验 fall down test顶部加载垂直天线top-loaded vertical antenna定长编码 block code定期频率预报periodical frequency forecast定时 clocking定时超前 timing advance定时电路 timing circuit定时恢复（定时抽取）timing recovery (timing extration)定时截尾试验 fixed time test定时信号 timing signal定数截尾试验fixed failure number test定向天线 directional antenna定型试验 type test动态频率分配 dynamic frequency allocation动态信道分配dynamic channel allocation动态重组 dynamic regrouping动态自动增益控制特性 dynamic AGC characteristic抖动 jitter独立边带 independent sideband 独立故障 independent fault端到端业务 teleservice短波传播short wave propagation短波通信short wave communication短路保护short-circuit protection短期抖动指示器short-term flicker indicator短期频率稳定度short-term frequency stability短时间中断（供电电压） short interruption (of supply voltage) 段终端 section termination对称二元码 symmetrical binary code对地静止卫星geostationary satellite对地静止卫星轨道 geostationary satellite orbit对地同步卫星geosynchronous satellite对讲电话机 intercommunicating telephone set对空台 aeronautical station 对流层 troposphere对流层波道 troposphere duct对流层传播troposphere propagation对流层散射传播troposphere scatter propagation多次调制 multiple modulation多点接入 multipoint access多电平正交调幅multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)多分转站网 multidrop network多服务器队列 multiserver queue 多工 multiplexing多工器 nultiplexer多功能系统 MRS多级处理 multilevel processing 多级互连网络multistage interconnecting network多级卫星线路multi-satellite link多径 multipath多径传播multipath propagation多径传播函数nultipath propagation function多径分集 multipath diversity 多径时延 multipath delay多径衰落 multipath fading多径效应 multipath effect多路复接 multiplexing多路接入 multiple access多路信道 multiplexor channel多脉冲线性预测编码multi-pulse LPC (MPLC)多频信令multifrequency signalling多普勒频移 Doppler shift多跳路径 multihop path多信道选取 multichannel access (MCA)多信道自动拨号移动通信系统multiple-channel mobile communication system with automatic dialing多优先级multiple priority levels多帧 multiframe多址呼叫 multiaddress call多址联接 multiple access多重时帧 multiple timeframe多用户信道 multi-user channelE额定带宽 rated bandwidth额定射频输出功率 rated radio frequency output power额定使用范围 rated operating range额定音频输出功率rated audio-frequency output power额定值 rated value爱尔兰 erlang恶意呼叫识别malicious call identification (MCI)耳机（受话器） earphone耳机额定阻抗 rated impedance of earphone二十进制码 binary-coded decimal (BCD) code二十进制转换 binary-to-decimal conversion二十六进制转换binary-to-hexadecimal conversion 二进制码 binary code二进制频移键控 binary frequency shift keying (BFSK)二进制数 binary figure二频制位 binary digit(bit)二频制 two-frequency system二维奇偶验码horizontal and vertical parity check code二线制 two-wire system二相差分相移键控binary different phase shift keying (BDPSK)二相相移键控binary phase shift keying (BPSK)F发报机 telegraph transmitter发射 emisssion 发射（或信号）带宽 bandwidth of an emission (or a signal)发射机 transmitter发射机边带频谱transmitter sideband spectrum发射机额定输出功率 rated output power of transmitter发射机合路器transmitter combiner发射机冷却系统 cooling system of transmitter发射机启动时间transmitter attack time发射机效率transmitter frequency发射机杂散躁声spurious transmitter noise发射机之间的互调iner-transmitter intermodulation 发射机对答允许频（相）偏transmitter maximum permissible frequency(phase) deviation发射类别 class of emission发射频段transmit frequency band发射余量 emission margin发送 sending发送响度评定值 send loudness rating (SLR)繁忙排队/自动回叫busy queuing/ callback反馈控制系统 feedback control system反射功率 reflection power反射卫星 reflection satellite 反向话音通道reverse voice channel (RVC)反向控制信道reverse control channel (RECC)泛欧数字无绳电话系统 digital European cordless telephone方舱 shelter方向性系数 directivity of an antenna防爆电话机explosion-proof telephone set防潮 moisture protection防腐蚀 corrosion protection防霉 mould proof仿真头 artificial head仿真耳 artificial ear仿真嘴 artificial mouth仿真天线 dummy antenna放大器 amplifier放大器线性动态范围linear dynamic range of amplifier放电 discharge放电电压 discharge voltage放电深度 depth of discharge放电率 discharge rate放电特性曲线discharge character curve非等步的 anisochronous非归零码 nonreturn to zero code (NRZ)非均匀编码 nonuniform encoding 非均匀量化nonuniform quantizing非连续干扰discontinuous disturbance“非”门 NOT gate非强占优先规则 non-preemptive priority queuing discipline非受控滑动 uncontrolled slip 非线性电路 nonlinear circuit非线性失真 nonliear distortion 非线性数字调制nonlinear digital modulation非占空呼叫建立off-air-call-set-up (OACSU)非专用控制信道non-dedicated control channel非阻塞互连网络non-blocking interconnection network分贝 decibel (dB)分辨力 resolution分布参数网络distributed parameter network分布式功能 distributed function 分布式数据库distributed database分别于是微波通信系统distributed microwave communication system分布式移动通信系统 distributed mobile communication system分布路线 distribution link分段加载天线 sectional loaded antenna分机 extension分集 diversity分集改善系数diversity improvement factor分集间隔 diversity separation 分集增益 diversity gain分集接收 diversity reception分接器 demultiplexer分频 frequency division分散定位 distributed channel assignment分散控制方式decentralized control分散式帧定位信号distributed frame alignment signal分同步（超同步）卫星sub-synchronous(super-synchronous) satellite分谐波 subharmonic分组交换 packet switching分组码 block code分组无线网 packet radio network 分组循环分散定位block cyclic distributed channel assigment分组组装与拆卸 packet assembly and disassembly封闭用户群 closed user group (CUG)峰包功率 peak envelop power峰值 peak value峰值-波纹系数peak-ripple factor峰值包络检波peak envelop detection峰值功率 peak power峰值功率等级（移动台的） peak power class (of MS)峰值检波器 peak detector峰值限制 peak limiting蜂窝手持机 cellular handset蜂窝系统 cellular system缝隙天线 slot antenna服务基站 serving BS服务访问点 service access point (SAP)服务弧 service arc服务可保持性service retainability服务可得到性service accessibility服务提供部门 service provider 服务完善性 service integrity 服务小区 serving cell服务易行性 service operability 服务支持性service supportability服务质量 quality of service服务准备时间service provisioning time符号率 symbol rate幅度检波 amplitude detection 幅度量化控制amplitude quantized cntrol幅度失真 amplitude distortion 幅度调制 amplitude modulation (AM)幅频响应amplitude-frequency response幅相键控 amplitude phase keying (APK)辐射 radiation辐射单元 radiating element辐射方向图 radiation pattern辐射干扰 radiated interference 辐射近场区 radiating near-field region辐射能 radiant energy辐射强度 radiation intensity辐射区 radiated area辐射实验场地radiation test site辐射效率 radiation efficiency 辐射源（电磁干扰） emitter (of electromagnetic disturbance)辐射杂散发射 radiated spurious emission辐射阻抗 radiation impedance俯仰角 pitch angle负极 negative electrode负离子 negative ion负荷容量（过荷点） load capacity (overload point)负逻辑 negative logic负码速调整（负脉冲塞入） negative justification (negative pulse stuffing)负载调整率 load regulation负阻放大器 negative resistance amplifier负阻效应negative resistance effect负阻振荡negative resistance oscillation附加符号 additional character 附加位 overhead bit复合音 complex sound复接器 multiplexer复节-分接器 muldex复接制multiple connection system复位 reset复用转接器 transmultiplexer复帧 multiframe副瓣 minor lobe副瓣电平 minor level覆盖区（一个地面发射台的）coverage area (of a terrestrial transmitting station)G概率 probability概率分布probability distribution概率信息probabilistic information概率译码 probabilistic decoding干扰 interference干扰参数 interference parameter 干扰限值 limit of interference 干扰信号 interfering signal干扰抑制interfering suppression干扰源 interfering resource干线 trunk line感应近场区 reactive near-field region港口操作业务port operation service港口电台 port station港口管理系统 harbor management system港口交通管理系统harbor traffic control system高[低]电平输出电流high (low)-level output current高[低]电平输出电压high (low)-level output voltage高波 high-angle ray高层功能 high layer function高层协议 high layer protocol高级数据链路控制规程high level data link control (HDLC) procedure高级通信业务advanced communication service高级研究计划署Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)高级移动电话系统Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)高频放大器high frequency amplifier高频提升 high frequency boost 高频增益控制high frequency gain control高斯信道 Gauss channel (AWG)高斯最小频移键控Guassian minimum shift keying (GMSK)高频制频率时的发射频偏transmitting frequency deviation of high frequency高通滤波器 highpass filter 高温高湿偏置试验high temperature high humidity biased testing (HHBT)高温功率老化 burning高温试验 high temperature test 告警接收机 warning receiver告警指示信号 alarm indication signal (AIS)戈莱码 Golay code戈帕码 Goppa codes格码调制trellis codes modulation schemes (TCM)隔离放大器 isolation amplifier 个人数字助理 personal digital assistant (PDA)个人电台 personal station (PS) 个人电台系统personal radio system个人识别号码personal identification number (PIN)个人通信personal communications个人通信网personal communication networks (PCN)个人携带电话personal handy phone (PHP)个人移动性 personal mobility个体接收（在卫星广播业务中）individual reception跟踪保持电路track and hold circuit跟踪带宽 tracking bandwidth更改地址插入 changed address interception工科医用（的） ISM工科医用频段 ISM frequency band 工业干扰industrial interference工作最高可用频率operational MUF工作比 duty cycle工作范围 working range工作频率范围operating frequency range工作站 work station (WS)工作周期 cycle of operation公共分组交换网 public packet switched network公共耦合点point of common coupling (PCC)公开密匙体制 public key system 公路交通管制系统highway traffic control system公用数据网 public data network 公众陆地移动电话网 public land mobile network (PLMN)功能键 function key功能群，功能群令 function group, function grouping功率合成 power synthesis功能控制报文power control message功率控制电平power control level功率谱密度power spectrum density功率损耗 power loss功率因子 power factor供电系统阻抗supply system impedance共道抑制co-channel suppression共道信令 co-channel signalling 共模电压，不平衡电压 common mode voltage, asymmetrical voltage共模电流 common mode current共模转换 common code conversion 共模干扰common code interference共模抑制比common code rejection ratio (CMRR)共模增益 common mode gain共模阻抗 common code impedance 共信道再用距离co-channel re-use distance贡献路线 contribution link固定电台 fixed station固定基地电台 fixed base station 固定信道指配fixed channel assignment 固态发射机solidstate transmitter固有可靠性 inherent reliability 固有频差inherent frequency error故障 fault故障安全 fault safe故障保护 fault protection故障弱化 failsoft故障修复 fault correcting故障原因 fault cause故障准则 fault criteria挂机信号 hang-up signal管理中心 administration center (ADC)广播控制信道（BCCH）划分 BCCH allocation (BA)广播寻呼系统 broadcast paging system广域网 wide area network (WAN) 归零码 return to zero code (RZ) 归一化的偏置 normalized offset 规程 protocol规范 specification规则脉冲激励编码regular-pulse excitation (RPE)规则脉冲激励长时预测编码regular-pulse excitation LPC (RPE-LPC)轨道 orbit国际标准 international standard 国际单位制 international system of units国际电报电话咨询委员会 CCITT国际电工委员会 IEC国际电信联盟 ITU国际互连网 Internet国际民航组织ICAO , international civil aviation organization国际通信卫星组织 INTERAT国际海事卫星组织 INMAR-SAT国际无线电干扰特别委员会 CISPR 国际无线电干扰委员会 CCIR国际移动识别码internationalmobile station equipment identity (IMEI)国际移动用户识别码international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)国际原子时间international automatic time (TAI)国家标准 national standard国家信息基础结构national information infrastructure (NII) 过充电 overcharge过滤带 transition band过放电 overdischarge过荷保护电路overload protecting circuit过荷分级控制 overload control category过荷控制 overload control过调制 overmodulation过流保护 overcurrent protection 过压保护 overvoltage protectionH海岸地球站 coast earth station 海岸电台 coast station海事卫星通信maritime satellite communications汉明距离 Hamming distance汉明码 Hamming code汉明重量 Hamming weight航空地球站 aeronautical earth station航空电台 aeronautical station 航空器地球站aircraft earth station航空器电台 aircraft station航空移动业务aeronautical mobile service航天器（宇宙飞船） spacecraft 毫米波 millimeter wave黑格巴哥码 Hagelbarger code恒比码 constant ratio code恒步的 homochronous恒流电源constant current power supply恒温恒湿试验constant temperature and humid test恒压充电constant voltage charge恒压电源 constant voltage power supply恒电磁波小室transverse electromagnetic wave cell (TEM cell)喉式传声器 throat microphone后瓣 back hole厚模电路 thick-film circuit呼叫 call呼叫支持 call hold (HOLD)呼叫存储 call store呼叫等待 call waiting (CW)呼叫改发 call redirection呼叫建立 call establishment呼叫建立时间 call set-up time 呼叫接通率percept of call completed呼叫控制信号call control signal呼叫清除延时call clearing delay呼叫释放 call release呼叫序列 calling sequence呼叫转移 call transfer (CT)呼救 distress call呼救系统 distress system呼损率 percept of call lost呼通概率 calling probability互补金属氧化物半导体集成电路complementary MOS integrated circuit (COMOS-IC)互连 interworking互连的考虑interworking consideration互连功能interworking function (IWF)互调 intermodulation互调产物（一个发射台的）intermodulation products (of a transmitting stastion)互调抗扰性intermodulation immunity互调失真intermodulation distortion互通性 interoperability互同步网 mutually synchronized network话路输入电平voice circuit input level话路输入电平差异 voice circuit input level difference话务量 telephone traffic话音活动检测voice activity detection (VAD)话音激活 voice exciting话音激活率 speech activity话音数字信令speech digit signalling话音突发 speech spurt环境试验 environment test环境系数 environment factor环境应力筛选environment stress screening (ESS)环境躁声 ambient noise环路传输 loop transmission环路高频总增益 loop RF overall gain环路可锁定最底（最高）界限角频率 loop lockable minimum (maximum) margin angular frequency 环路滤波器比例系数 loop filter proportion coefficient环路躁声带宽loop noise bandwidth环路增益 loop gain环路直流总增益 loop DC overall gain环路自然谐振角频率loop natural resonant angular frequency 环形波 ring wave环形混频器 ring mixer环行器 circulator环行延迟 rounding relay恢复 recovery恢复规程 restoration procedure 汇接交换 tandem switching汇接局 tandem office 会话（在电信中） conversation (in telecommunication)会话层 session layer会议电话 conference telephone 混合ARQ hybrid ARQ混合差错控制hybrid error control (HEC)混合分集 hybrid diversity混合集成电路 hybrid integrated circuit混合扩频hybrid spread spectrum混合路径传播mixed-path propagation混合信道指配hybrid channel assignment混频器 mixer混频器的寄生响应 mixer spurious response活动模式 active mode“或”门 OR gate“或非”门 NOR gateJ机壳辐射 cabinet radiation机载电台 aircraft station基本传输损耗（无线线路的） basic transmission loss (of a radio link) 基本接入 basic access基本业务（GSM的） basic service (of GSM)基本越区切换规程basic handover procedure基本最高可用频率basic maximun usable frequency基波（分量）fundamental (component)基波系数 fundamental factor 基带 baseband基地（海岸）（航空）设备 base (coast)(aeronautical) equipment 基地电台 base station (BS)基站控制器base station controller (BSC)基站识别码base station identity code (BSIC)基站收发信台 base transceiver station (BTS)基站系统 base station system (BSS)基站区 base station area基准条件 reference condition基准阻抗 reference impedance 奇偶校验码 parity check code 奇偶校验位 parity bit激活 activation吉尔伯特码 Gilbert code级联码 concatenated code即时业务 demand service急充电 boost charge急剧衰落 flutter fading集成电路 integrated circuit集成电路卡 integrated circuit card集群电话互连 trunked telephone connect集群电话互连器trunked telephone connector集群基站 trunked base station 集群效率 trunking efficiency 集群移动电话系统trunked mobile communication system集体呼叫 group call集体接收（在卫星广播业务中）community reception集中控制方式centralized control集中式帧定位信号 bunched frame alignment signal计费信息 advice of charge计算机病毒 computer virus计算机辅助测试 computer-aided test (CAT)计算机辅助工程 computer-aided engineering (CAE)计算机辅助管理 computer-aided management (CAM)计算机辅助教学 computer-aided instruction (CAU)计算机辅助设计 computer-sided design (CAD) 寄生反馈 parasitic feedback寄生调制 parasitic modulation 寄生振荡 parasitic oscillation 加密 encipherment加密保护encipherment protection加密方案 encipherment scheme 加权（互同步）网hierarchic (mutually synchrohous) network假负载 dummy load假设参考电路hypothetical reference circuit尖峰信号 spike间接分配 indirect distribution 间接调频indirect frequency modulation监测音峰频偏 supervisory audio tone peak deviation监测音频单音 supervisory audio tone (SAT)兼容话 compatible telephone兼容性 compatibility检波器的充电时间常数electrical charge time constant of a detector检波器的电流灵敏度 detector current sensitivity检波器的电压灵敏度 detector voltage sensitivity检波器的放电时间常数electrical discharge time constant (of a detector)检波失真 detection distortion 检波效率 detection efficiency 检错 error detection检错反馈系统error-detecting and feedback system检错码 error detecting code检错能力error-detecting capacity减载波单边带发射reduced carrier SSB emission减载波发射reduced carrier emission减振器 damper, antivibrator。