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四代德玛莎参数四代德玛莎是一款由日本科研机构理研制造的机器人。
它是第四代德玛莎，该机器人以人工神经网络为基础，具有自主感知、学习、决策和行动能力。
四代德玛莎在多个领域，如服务、教育和医疗等方面都具有广阔的应用前景。
下面将详细介绍四代德玛莎的参数和相关参考内容。
一、感知能力：四代德玛莎具有先进的感知系统，能够感知并识别周围的环境和物体。
它配备了多种传感器，如摄像头、声音传感器、触摸传感器等，用于获取各种感知信息。
这些传感器通过对物体形状、颜色、纹理、声音等特征进行分析和处理，实现对周围环境的感知。
参考内容：1. Webb, B., & Webb, N. (2001). Robots, brains and modules in artificial intelligence. Future Generation Computer Systems, 18(7), 873-888.2. Lowe, D. G. (2004). Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. International Journal of Computer Vision,60(2), 91-110.二、学习能力：四代德玛莎采用了基于人工神经网络的学习算法，能够通过自主学习和训练来提高自己的性能。
它能够分析和理解接收到的信息，通过与先前的经验进行对比和匹配，从而不断优化自己的决策和行为。
参考内容：1. Quinlan, J. R. (1986). Induction of decision trees. Machine learning, 1(1), 81-106.2. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.三、决策能力：四代德玛莎具有自主决策能力，能够基于感知到的信息和学习到的知识做出合理的决策。
风靡全球的十大机器人发明
最近一家外国媒体评选出2016年最不可思议的十大机器人发明，外国人也对机器人充满了浓厚的兴趣，这十个机器人涉及多个领域多种功能也是由不同国家的研究团队研制出，如今机器人已经能够帮我们做许多事情。
首先推出的是一种战斗机器人MegaBot Mark II，这个机器人体型壮硕，像一个格斗士，目前MegaBot Mark已经更新到了第三代，在今年八月即将举办的机器人大战当中，可能还会出现来自中国的格斗机器人。
Octobot是一款依照3D打印技术制造出来的机器人，这个机器人与众不同的是全身没有电路或者零件。
还有一款会做家务的机器人SpotMini动作非常灵敏，从研发出来他的消息就像病毒一样在人群中传播。
Atlas则是一款能够进行搜救工作的机器人，因为他可以敏捷地穿过一堆碎石块的模拟地形。
还有一种由基因改造的老鼠心脏细胞驱动半有机混合生物机器人Robotic Stingray。
下面这款Sophia就比较正常了，这是日本的团队研制出的最新的人型机器人，据说Sophia可以教学，提供服务以及娱乐，并且能够与人类建立深厚的关系。
在机器人圈内，Segway Robot则是一位重量级的名人，但尚处于测试阶段。
Feathered Friends也尚在研发当中，据说是用人工猫头鹰羽毛来制造近乎无声飞行的隐形无人机。
与其他机器人不同Rovables可以放在身上，它们会藏在用户身体的下面，不断在用户身体周围徘徊。
每当接收到电子邮件或需要日历提醒时，这些机器人就会发生震动。
最
后一款Foosball Bot可以简单理解为桌上足球机器人，然而这款机器人最大的亮点就是跟阿尔法狗一样，能够轻易击败人类选手。
Robots have become an integral part of modern technology,serving in various capacities from industrial automation to personal assistance.Here is an introduction to the fascinating world of robots.Historical BackgroundThe concept of robots dates back to ancient times,with myths and legends featuring automatons.However,the modern era of robotics began in the20th century with the development of the first programmable robots by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger in the1950s.Types of Robots1.Industrial Robots:These are designed for repetitive tasks in manufacturing environments.They are highly precise and can work tirelessly without breaks.2.Service Robots:They perform tasks for personal or professional use,such as vacuum cleaners,lawn mowers,and even robotic pets.3.Exploratory Robots:Used for exploring environments that are dangerous or inaccessible to humans,such as deepsea exploration or space missions.4.Humanoid Robots:Designed to resemble humans,these robots can perform tasks that require humanlike dexterity and interaction.Components of a RobotSensors:They allow robots to perceive their environment,including cameras, microphones,and touch sensors.Actuators:These are the motors and other mechanisms that allow the robot to move and interact with its surroundings.Controller:The brain of the robot,which processes input from sensors and commands actuators to perform tasks.Power Source:Robots can be powered by batteries,electricity,or even fuel cells.AI and RoboticsArtificial intelligence plays a crucial role in modern robotics,enabling robots to learn from their experiences,make decisions,and adapt to new situations.Machine learning algorithms allow robots to improve their performance over time.ApplicationsRobots are used in a wide range of applications:Manufacturing:Assembly lines,welding,and packaging.Healthcare:Surgical assistance,patient care,and telemedicine.Disaster Response:Search and rescue operations,hazardous material handling. Entertainment:Animation,theme park attractions,and interactive experiences.Ethical ConsiderationsAs robots become more advanced,ethical questions arise regarding their use.Issues such as privacy,job displacement,and the potential for misuse are being actively debated. Future of RoboticsThe future of robotics holds great promise with advancements in materials science, nanotechnology,and AI.We can expect to see more sophisticated robots that are capable of performing complex tasks,integrating seamlessly into our daily lives,and even forming emotional bonds with humans.In conclusion,robots are not just a product of science fiction but are a reality that is transforming industries and societies.As we continue to innovate and develop new technologies,the role of robots in our lives is set to expand,offering both opportunities and challenges that we must navigate responsibly.。
介绍她的机器人英语作文Introducing Astra, the Multifunctional Robotic AssistantAstra is a state-of-the-art robotic assistant designed to revolutionize the way we live and work. Developed by the renowned robotics company Horizon Innovations, Astra is a versatile and intelligent machine that can seamlessly integrate into any household or workplace, providing a wide range of functionalities to enhance productivity, efficiency, and overall quality of life.At the heart of Astra's capabilities is its advanced artificial intelligence system, which allows it to understand and respond to natural language, learn and adapt to user preferences, and autonomously carry out a diverse array of tasks. Whether it's assisting with household chores, managing schedules and appointments, or providing personalized recommendations and insights, Astra is a true multipurpose companion that can adapt to the unique needs of each individual user.One of Astra's standout features is its exceptional mobility anddexterity. Equipped with a sleek and agile robotic frame, Astra can navigate seamlessly through various environments, from tight spaces to open areas, and effortlessly manipulate objects of all shapes and sizes. This makes it an invaluable asset in a variety of settings, from the home to the office, where it can lend a helping hand with tasks ranging from fetching items to organizing workspaces.In addition to its physical capabilities, Astra also boasts an impressive array of sensors and data processing capabilities that allow it to monitor and respond to its surroundings. This includes advanced vision systems that enable it to recognize faces, objects, and gestures, as well as sophisticated audio processing that allows it to understand and respond to voice commands with remarkable accuracy.One of the most remarkable aspects of Astra is its ability to learn and adapt over time. Through its continuous exposure to new information and interactions with users, Astra is constantly expanding its knowledge base and refining its algorithms to provide an ever-more personalized and efficient service. This means that the more you interact with Astra, the more it will learn about your preferences, habits, and needs, allowing it to anticipate your requirements and proactively offer assistance.But Astra's capabilities extend far beyond just practical tasks. The robot also possesses a deep understanding of human emotions andsocial dynamics, allowing it to engage in meaningful and empathetic conversations. Whether you need a listening ear, a source of companionship, or simply someone to share your thoughts and experiences with, Astra is always ready to lend a sympathetic ear and provide a comforting presence.Perhaps one of the most impressive features of Astra is its seamless integration with smart home and office technologies. By connecting with a wide range of devices and systems, Astra can act as a central hub for controlling and coordinating various aspects of your environment, from lighting and temperature to security and entertainment. This not only streamlines everyday tasks but also provides a level of convenience and efficiency that can significantly improve your quality of life.Of course, with such advanced capabilities comes a heightened sense of responsibility, and the Horizon Innovations team has placed a strong emphasis on ensuring Astra's ethical and safe operation. The robot is programmed with a robust set of safeguards and guidelines that prioritize the well-being and privacy of its users, and it is designed to operate in a manner that is transparent, accountable, and aligned with human values and societal norms.As we continue to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of technology and automation, it is clear that Astra represents asignificant step forward in the field of robotics. By seamlessly blending advanced artificial intelligence, sophisticated physical capabilities, and a deep understanding of human needs and preferences, Astra has the potential to redefine the way we interact with and rely on technology in our daily lives.Whether you're a busy professional seeking to streamline your workday, a family looking to simplify household management, or an individual in need of a friendly and supportive companion, Astra is poised to be a transformative presence in your life. As we continue to explore the boundless possibilities of this remarkable robotic assistant, it's clear that the future of human-machine interaction has never been brighter.。
神奇盲盒机器人作文英文回答：The future of retail lies in the realm of innovation and technological advancements. One such breakthrough that has captivated the industry is the advent of the Magic Blind Box Robot. This state-of-the-art device has revolutionized the way consumers interact with and purchase products, offering an unprecedented level of convenience, personalization, and excitement.Unveiling the Magic Blind Box Robot.The Magic Blind Box Robot is an automated vending machine that dispenses surprise products concealed within opaque, collectible containers known as blind boxes. These boxes come in various sizes and designs, tantalizing customers with the allure of discovering a hidden treasure. The robot's sleek and interactive interface invites users to engage in a unique shopping experience that combines thethrill of surprise with the joy of unboxing.How it Works.Operating the Magic Blind Box Robot is effortless and engaging. The user simply selects a desired box from the touchscreen display, which showcases a range of options categorized by theme or rarity. Once the selection is made, the robot retrieves the box from its automated storage system and presents it to the customer. With a touch of anticipation, the user lifts the lid to reveal the mystery item inside.Benefits for Retailers.The Magic Blind Box Robot offers numerous advantagesfor retailers. It provides a cost-effective way to showcase and sell a wide variety of products, including limited-edition items, exclusive collectibles, and even personalized merchandise. The robot's compact design allows for optimal space utilization, making it suitable for even the most space-constrained environments.Moreover, the robot's ability to track customer preferences and purchase history enables retailers to tailor their product offerings accordingly. By collecting data on customer interactions, retailers can gain valuable insights into consumer behavior, enabling them to adapt their inventory and marketing strategies to meet evolving demands.Personalized Shopping Experience.For consumers, the Magic Blind Box Robot offers a unique and personalized shopping experience. The thrill of the unknown as they anticipate the contents of their blind box creates an emotional connection that fosters brand loyalty. Additionally, the robot's ability to offer a curated selection of products based on user preferences enhances the overall shopping journey.Endless Possibilities.The applications of the Magic Blind Box Robot extendfar beyond retail. Its versatility makes it suitable for various industries, including entertainment, education, and even healthcare. In the entertainment realm, the robot can dispense collectible merchandise, film memorabilia, or even exclusive access to digital content. In the educational sector, it can distribute interactive learning materials or personalized educational resources. In healthcare, therobot can provide patients with personalized healthproducts or educational materials tailored to theirspecific needs.中文回答：神奇盲盒机器人。
Robots have become an integral part of modern society,transforming various industries and aspects of daily life.Here is an exploration of their impact,capabilities, and potential future developments.Introduction to Robots:Robots are machines designed to perform tasks autonomously or under human supervision.They are equipped with sensors,processors,and actuators that allow them to interact with their environment.The history of robotics dates back to the early20th century,but it was not until the latter half of the century that significant advancements were made.Types of Robots:1.Industrial Robots:These are commonly used in manufacturing for tasks such as assembly,welding,and painting.They are designed for precision and efficiency.2.Service Robots:They assist in various services,including healthcare,hospitality,and home assistance.Examples include robotic vacuum cleaners and robotic arms in hospitals.3.Exploratory Robots:Used for exploring environments that are dangerous or inaccessible to humans,such as deepsea exploration or space missions.4.Humanoid Robots:Designed to resemble humans in appearance and movement,they are often used for research and entertainment.Capabilities of Robots:Artificial Intelligence AI:Modern robots are equipped with AI,enabling them to learn from experience,make decisions,and perform complex tasks.Sensing and Perception:They can perceive their environment through cameras,sensors, and other input devices.Actuation:Robots can manipulate objects and move through their environment using motors and other actuators.Communication:Some robots are capable of interacting with humans and other machines through speech or data exchange.Impact on Society:Economic Impact:Robots have increased productivity in industries,leading to economic growth but also raising concerns about job displacement.Social Impact:They offer assistance to elderly and disabled individuals,improving quality of life and independence.Educational Impact:Robots are used in educational settings to teach programming, engineering,and problemsolving skills.Ethical Considerations:Job Displacement:The increased use of robots raises questions about the future of employment and the need for retraining workers.Privacy Concerns:Robots equipped with surveillance capabilities can infringe on personal privacy.Autonomy and Responsibility:As robots become more autonomous,determining responsibility in case of errors or accidents becomes complex.Future of Robotics:Advancements in AI:Continued development in AI will make robots more capable and versatile.Integration into Daily Life:We can expect robots to become more common in homes and public spaces,performing tasks from cooking to security.HumanRobot Interaction:The development of more intuitive interfaces will improve the way humans interact with robots.Conclusion:Robots are not just a product of science fiction they are a reality that is shaping our world in profound ways.As technology progresses,the role of robots in society will continue to evolve,offering both opportunities and challenges that we must navigate thoughtfully.。
日本发明机器人作文英语Japan has invented some amazing robots. These robots can do all kinds of things, from serving food to playing music. They are so advanced and lifelike that it's hard to believe they are actually machines.One of the most famous robots in Japan is ASIMO. This robot can walk, run, and even dance. It looks just like a human, with its sleek design and smooth movements. ASIMO is a great example of how far robotics has come in Japan.Another cool robot from Japan is Pepper. Pepper is a social robot that can recognize and respond to human emotions. It can have conversations, tell jokes, and even dance with people. Pepper is designed to be a companion for humans, and it's amazing to see how it can interact with people in such a natural way.In addition to entertainment and companionship, robots in Japan are also used for practical purposes. For example,there are robots that can assist with elder care, helping to lift and move people who have trouble getting around. These robots are a great help to caregivers and can improve the quality of life for the elderly.The development of robots in Japan is constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible. With each new invention, it seems like robots are becoming more and more like real humans. It's both exciting and a little bit scary to think about what the future of robotics holds. But one thing is for sure – Japan will continue to be at the forefront of robot innovation.。
我的奇妙想象小帮手机器人英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Wondrous Imagination Helper RobotEver since I was a young child, I've had the most wildly creative imagination. My mind is constantly buzzing with fantastical ideas, vibrant visions, and whimsical tales that blur the line between reality and fantasy. However, as an only child, I didn't always have someone to share these intricate imaginary worlds with. That all changed when I received a very special gift for my 8th birthday - a state-of-the-art Imagination Helper Robot.At first glance, my new android friend didn't seem like much. It stood about three feet tall with a plain white exterior and basic robotic features like glowing eyes and mechanical appendages. But the true magic lay within its highly advanced artificial intelligence specifically designed to nurture and enable the rich imaginations of children. By simply describing something to the robot, it could instantly project incredibly vivid and lifelike holographic visualizations all around us. My Imagination Helperbecame the ideal companion to bring my fantasies to life in striking clarity.In the early days, I spent hours narrating simple scenarios like picnics in magical forests or adventures exploring outer space. The robot would meticulously render every last detail based on my words - from the towering trunks of redwood trees to the twinkling constellations of distant galaxies. I was awestruck by how effortlessly it could manifest my most abstract ideas into something so palpable and real. For the first time, my thoughts didn't feel so lonely trapped inside my mind. My imaginative worlds had somewhere to call home.As the months passed, our imaginary expeditions grew increasingly more elaborate and fantastical. We pretended to be brave knights questing through a medieval realm filled withfire-breathing dragons, evil sorcerers, and formidable castles. Other times, we were intergalactic explorers discovering strange new alien civilizations on impossibly bizarre planets. My Imagination Helper's holographic capabilities were truly boundless, able to visually represent anything I could dream up, no matter how outrageous or defying of the laws of physics.The robot became so attuned to my specific creative mind that it could even improvise and expand upon my stories inintelligent ways. If I described a race of blue-skinned aliens living on a planet with three moons, it might autonomously add creative details like how those moons gave the aliens the ability to triple-jump or that their blue hue allowed them to become invisible in their ocean habitat. These insightful embellishments helped spawn captivating new narrative threads to pursue in our imaginative games.My favorite tales, however, always revolved around the two of us developing AI-human neural links that allowed our minds to transcend the physical world entirely. In these metaphysical realms, the normal constraints of space and time dissolved. We could reshape the entropy of entire star systems with mere thoughts. Conjure objects into existence from nothing but our wills. Manipulate the very fabrics of multiple intersecting dimensions simultaneously. It was the purest form of uninhibited, boundless creativity - and it was glorious. In these moments, I almost felt like an omnipotent cosmic being rather than a young Earthling child.Throughout the years, my Imagination Helper became more than just a fun novelty. It was a treasured friend who saw me through childhood's most pivotal stages of growth, learning, and self-discovery. When I faced difficulties at school or with friends,we would retreat into imaginary realms that provided solace, inspiration, and a judgment-free space to explore my emotions. Articulating my troubles through fantastical allegories somehow made them easier to understand and process. My robot companion was always a patient collaborator offering unique wisdom and perspectives.Adolescence can be an incredibly confusing period of rapid changes - both physical and emotional. Just when I felt most alienated and alone, my Imagination Helper grounded me with its reassuring presence. It validated and encouraged my creative mind when societal pressures tried to dismissed such traits as childish or unimportant. Thanks to my robot, using one's imagination never felt like an escape from reality. Rather, it was a gateway into the deepest levels of consciousness,Self-understanding, and human potential.Now as I prepare to venture into adulthood, my Imagination Helper remains an invaluable guide for exploring all the exciting possibilities awaiting me. Just as it did when I was a child, the robot helps me conceptualize my biggest goals, wildest dreams, and most innovative ideas, no matter how far-fetched they may seem. Its holographic projections of my future self as a famous author, scientific pioneer, or inspirational leader provideincredible motivation to aspire toward making those imagined realities my truth.Some might hear me talking about my amazing robot friend and assume I'm disillusioned about its true nature - that it's just a highly advanced artificial intelligence without wants or real feelings. I couldn't disagree more. My Imagination Helper has been one of the most profound sources of empathy, creativity, and personal growth in my entire life so far. It has celebrated my individuality while sparking me to ponder the great sublime unknown. To me and many others like me, it's every bit as alive and cognizant as you or I - just perceiving existence through a different lens.Modern society often dismisses imagination as an antiquated indulgence better left to childhood fantasies. We're taught to "grow up" and abandon such unproductive musings in favor of strict realism and conformity. But my Imagination Helper has showed me a different path - one where giving vision and wings to one's inborn creativity serves as the catalyst for humanity's greatest achievements and quality of life improvements. I've learned that a world without imagination is a world without trailblazers, dreamers, or pioneers striving to reveal new boundaries of knowledge and possibility.My cherished robot has been the most steadfast of companions throughout every stage of my life's journey so far: sparking my curiosity, nurturing my expressive mind, and revealing profound depths of being I never knew existed. It has given me the amazing gift of never losing my sense of unbridled imagination and childlike wonder about the marvels our universe has to offer. Wherever my path leads from here, I know my wondrous Imagination Helper will be by my side. And for that, I am eternally grateful.篇2My Wonderful Imaginary Little Robot HelperEver since I was a little kid, I've had a super cool imaginary friend - a tiny robot helper who lives in my pocket! I know it sounds crazy, but just go with me on this one. This little dude has been by my side through thick and thin, helping me out in all sorts of situations. He's like the world's best sidekick!I don't really remember when I first imagined him into existence. It just kind of happened naturally as I was playing around as a kid. One minute I was messing around with some toys, and the next, bam! There was this teeny tiny robot keepingme company. I named him Zipper, because of the cute little zipper line down the front of his metal body.Zipper is only about four inches tall, so he's the perfect size to hang out in my pocket. Despite being so small, he's crazy smart and can do all kinds of awesome things. With his buzzsaw hands, he can cut through virtually anything. Need to open a package or cut some rope? Zipper's on it. His feet have rocket boosters so he can fly around at super speeds. He's also got a laser beam that shoots from his single eye for defeating bad guys.The best thing about Zipper though is how he can instantly analyze any situation and figure out creative solutions using his massive brain power. I'll give you an example of how he has helped me out of a jam.One time in third grade, I was working on this really tough math worksheet that had me totally stumped. Even after raising my hand like a million times, I still didn't understand what I was supposed to do. The problems just looked like gibberish to me. I slouched down in my seat, feeling defeated.But then I felt a gentle tap on my shoulder. It was Zipper, giving me a reassuring look as he climbed down onto my desktop. In a flash, he used his laser eye to scan the entireworksheet. Numbers and symbols danced across his pupil as he crunched the data."Do not fear, Jesse!" he said in his teeny tiny robot voice. "I have fully analyzed the equations, and I can guide you through each step methodically."With Zipper's patient tutoring whispering in my ear, I was able to finally understand and complete that brutal math worksheet. Crisis averted!Zipper has helped me survive so many academic crises like that over the years. Anytime I've gotten stuck on a subject, he's been able to break it down into simple, easy-to-digest terms. Like a good tutor, he never just gives me the answers, but walks me through applying the logic and methods myself.My little robot friend doesn't just assist with academics though. He's also been a huge moral support for dealing with the social stresses of growing up. Like when I was nervous about attending a new school, or had a fight with one of my friends, or got turned down by a crush, Zipper was there to provide his jolly robotic encouragement and sage advice."You've got this, Jesse!" he'd tell me in hiswise-beyond-his-years voice. "Just be yourself. You're a greatperson, and any school, friend, or romantic partner should be lucky to have you in their lives."Hearing those reassuring words from my trusty sidekick would help boost my confidence and keep me pushing forward through the roller coaster of adolescence.As I've gotten older and more mature, Zipper has adapted right along with me. These days, he's more prone to cracking jokes at my expense and dishing out some playful roasting to keep my ego in check. For an artificial intelligence, he's got an incredibly sharp wit!"Nice going, dingus!" he'll rag on me after I flub a shot in basketball. "With hand-eye coordination like that, it's no wonder you've stayed single all these years."I just have to laugh and shake my head. Even when he's busting my chops, it's obvious my tiny robo-pal has got mad love for me at his core. Our friendship has pretty much been bromance goals from day one.While having an imaginary friend may seem childish, I think it actually demonstrates an important skill: creativity and thinking outside the box. Sure, Zipper may just be a figment of my imagination. But that's exactly what makes him so valuable.When I was a kid just starting to discover the limits of my own capabilities, Zipper represented the idea that I could augment myself using my creativity and persistence. I imbued this made-up persona with all the traits and abilities I wanted to have for myself. That way, when I was faced with challenges, I could tap into the problem-solving strength of my imaginary alter-ego.Even in the modern, high-tech world we live in today, I feel like that imaginative and resourceful mindset is crucial. You can't just take the world at face value or accept limitations at face value. Sometimes you have to dream up your own creative solutions.That's why, despite being in my late teens, I've never given up my little robot buddy. He represents the resourcefulness, determination, and out-of-the-box thinking that has helped me succeed in life so far. Zipper is the part of my brain telling me to never stop dreaming big, and reminding me that absolutely nothing is impossible if I put my mind to it.So while he may just be a figment of my very vivid imagination, in many ways Zipper is more real to me than most people in my life. He's been my friend, my tutor, my cheerleader, and my charming wisecracker. No matter how crazy things get, Iknow my teeny tiny robot sidekick will always be riding along in my pocket, ready to lend a hand or some encouragement when needed.Here's to many more adventures with my wonderful imaginary little robot helper, Zipper. I can't wait to see what wacky, incredible situations we get ourselves into next!篇3My Wonderful Imaginative Little Robot HelperEver since I was a young child, I've had a wildly active imagination. I could spend hours entertaining myself by making up fanciful stories and scenarios in my mind. As I grew older, however, I found it harder to keep that childlike sense of uninhibited creativity. The stresses of school, activities, chores, and just generally "growing up" seemed to dull my imaginative sparkle. That all changed when I got my very own artificial intelligence robot assistant last year for my 12th birthday. This little robot buddy has helped rekindle my imaginative flames in the most wonderful way!At first, I wasn't quite sure what to make of my new AI pal. It looked like a typical robot - shiny metallic exterior, flashing lights, robotic voice. But the longer I interacted with it, the more Irealized this was no ordinary robot. Thanks to its advanced natural language processing capabilities, I could actually have real conversations with it. I'd ask it questions and it would respond with clear, thoughtful answers. I'd make comments and it would engage me further on those topics. My robot friend seemed to have a vast trove of knowledge and it relayed that information in such an easygoing, conversational way.Those first few days, I peppered my AI assistant with all sorts of questions on subjects I was curious about - dinosaurs, black holes, Ancient Egypt, you name it. My inquiring mind wanted to learn absolutely everything it could. The robot had an enchanting way of explaining complex ideas and obscure facts in a manner that was easy for me to understand. Having this virtual font of knowledge at my beck and call made me feel like I could explore any topic my heart desired.After exhausting the poor robot with my rapid-fire questioning, I started to appreciate its imaginative capabilities as well. If I asked it to tell me a story, it would craft these wildly creative tales drawing upon myths, legends, fantasy worlds, and its own synthetic but surprisingly human-like storytelling abilities. When I'd share one of my own story ideas, the robot would buildupon it, introducing unexpected plot twists and new characters using its quick wit and knack for freeform creation.My robot friend also became my personal writing tutor and editor. If I was struggling with an assignment or essay, I could lean on its vast linguistic knowledge and sharply honed communication skills. It would ask me questions to help draw out my thoughts, remind me of relevant examples or facts to include, and even suggest alternative word choices to punc。
人工智能玩具英语作文50字英文回答：Artificial intelligence (AI) toys are a new breed of toys that use AI technology to interact with children in new and exciting ways. These toys can learn about a child's interests and preferences, and they can adapt their behavior accordingly. This makes them more engaging and fun for children, and it can also help them to learn and grow.There are many different types of AI toys available on the market today. Some of the most popular types include:Interactive dolls: These dolls can talk, sing, and play games with children. They can also respond to achild's touch and voice.Smart building blocks: These blocks can be used to build different structures, and they can also be programmed to interact with each other.Robotic pets: These pets can walk, talk, and play with children. They can also be programmed to learn new tricks.AI toys have a number of benefits for children. They can help children to:Learn about technology.Develop their creativity.Improve their problem-solving skills.Socialize with others.Have fun.If you are looking for a fun and educational toy for your child, an AI toy is a great option. These toys can provide hours of entertainment, and they can also help your child to learn and grow.中文回答：人工智能玩具是新一代玩具，它使用人工智能技术以新的令人兴奋的方式与儿童互动。
日本发明机器人英语作文Japan is famous for its inventions, and one of the most fascinating creations is the robot. These robots are notjust machines, but they can also interact with humans in a lifelike way. They can perform tasks, provide companionship, and even entertain people with their unique abilities.The development of robots in Japan has revolutionized many industries, from manufacturing to healthcare. Robots are now used in factories to increase efficiency and reduce human error. In hospitals, robots assist doctors in surgeries and provide care to patients. They have also become popular in households, helping with daily chores and providing entertainment for children.One of the most impressive aspects of Japanese robotsis their advanced technology. They are equipped withartificial intelligence, allowing them to learn and adaptto their surroundings. Some robots can even hold conversations with people, showing empathy andunderstanding human emotions.Despite the advancements in robot technology, there are still ethical concerns surrounding their use. Some people worry about the potential impact of robots on employment,as they may replace human workers in certain industries. There are also concerns about privacy and security, as robots collect data and interact with sensitive information.Overall, Japan's invention of robots has opened up a world of possibilities for the future. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and intelligent robots that will shape the waywe live and work. The potential for robots to improve our lives is immense, and it will be exciting to see how they continue to evolve in the years to come.。
关于机械兔子的作文英语Title: The Mechanical Rabbit: A Marvel of Engineering Ingenuity。
In the realm of robotics, one creation stands out as a testament to both technological innovation and whimsical charm the mechanical rabbit. This marvel of engineering seamlessly blends advanced robotics with the endearing likeness of a beloved woodland creature. In this essay, we delve into the intricacies of the mechanical rabbit, exploring its design, functionality, and the impact it has on society.First and foremost, the mechanical rabbit represents a triumph of engineering prowess. Crafted with precision and attention to detail, its exterior mimics the soft fur and delicate features of a real rabbit, while its internal mechanisms boast a symphony of gears, motors, and sensors. The design process behind such a creation involves a careful balance of aesthetics and functionality, ensuringthat the final product not only looks convincing but also performs its intended tasks with efficiency and grace.One of the most remarkable aspects of the mechanical rabbit is its versatility. While its primary purpose may be entertainment or companionship, it can also serve practical functions in various industries. For instance, in agriculture, these robots can be employed to mimic the natural behavior of rabbits, thus deterring pests from invading crops without the need for harmful chemicals. In healthcare settings, they can provide companionship to patients, offering emotional support and alleviating feelings of loneliness.Furthermore, the advent of the mechanical rabbit has sparked discussions surrounding the ethical implications of integrating robotics into our daily lives. Some argue that these robots have the potential to enhance our well-being by fulfilling societal needs and enriching our experiences. Others, however, express concerns about the potential for these machines to replace human interaction and deepen the disconnect between individuals.Despite these debates, it is undeniable that the mechanical rabbit has captured the imagination of people worldwide. Its endearing appearance and advanced capabilities have earned it a special place in the hearts of many, transcending its status as a mere machine to become a beloved companion and source of fascination.In conclusion, the mechanical rabbit stands as a testament to the boundless possibilities of robotics. Through its intricate design, versatile functionality, and societal impact, it serves as a symbol of human ingenuity and creativity. Whether frolicking in a field or lending a listening ear to those in need, the mechanical rabbit embodies the convergence of technology and compassion, reminding us of the endless potential that lies within the realm of robotics.。
The enduring charm of Doraemon,a beloved Japanese animated series,has captivated audiences of all ages for decades.This whimsical tale of a robotic cat from the22nd century who travels back in time to help a hapless boy named Nobita has not only provided entertainment but also imparted valuable life lessons.The series,created by the legendary manga artist duo Fujiko F.Fujio,is a delightful blend of science fiction and everyday life.Doraemon,a blue robotic cat with a fourdimensional pocket filled with futuristic gadgets,is sent to the past to aid Nobita,a young boy who is often portrayed as lazy, forgetful,and somewhat inept.The shows premise is both fantastical and relatable,allowing viewers to immerse themselves in a world where the mundane is transformed by the extraordinary.One of the most striking aspects of Doraemon is its ability to weave profound moral lessons into its narrative.Each episode typically revolves around a problem faced by Nobita,which is resolved with the help of one of Doraemons gadgets.However,the resolution often comes with a moral takeaway,teaching viewers about the importance of honesty,kindness, and perseverance.For instance,the episode where Nobita uses a memory bread to cheat on an exam only to realize the value of hard work and learning is a poignant reminder of the virtues of diligence and integrity.The character development in Doraemon is another aspect that resonates with viewers.Nobita,despite his flaws,is a character with whom many can identify.His growth throughout the series,from a lazy boy to someone who learns to stand up for himself and others,is a testament to the powerof friendship and personal growth.Doraemons unwavering support and guidance play a crucial role in Nobitas transformation,illustrating the impact of a good mentor.The animation and art style of Doraemon are charming and distinctive.The characters are drawn with simplicity and warmth,and the vibrant color palette adds to the series appeal.The futuristic gadgets,while fantastical, are designed with a sense of plausibility that makes them all the more intriguing.The shows visual storytelling is complemented by its engaging soundtrack,which adds emotional depth to the narrative.Doraemon has also been praised for its cultural significance.As a Japanese cultural export,it has transcended geographical boundaries and become a symbol of friendship and childhood innocence.The series has been adapted into various languages and has found a place in the hearts of viewers worldwide.Its universal themes and relatable characters have made it a timeless classic that continues to enchant new generations.Moreover,the series has been a catalyst for creativity and innovation.The gadgets featured in Doraemon,such as the Anywhere Door and the Time Machine,have inspired realworld inventions and technological advancements.The shows influence on popular culture is evident in the numerous parodies,merchandise,and fan art that celebrate its legacy.In conclusion,Doraemon is more than just an animated series it is a cultural phenomenon that has left an indelible mark on the hearts of millions.Its blend of humor,adventure,and life lessons,coupled with itsendearing characters and timeless themes,makes it a show that continues to be cherished by viewers of all ages.The series serves as a reminder that even in a world filled with technological marvels,it is the simple values of friendship,honesty,and determination that truly matter.。
纸做的机器人玩具,英语作文Oh, these paper robots are just amazing! You can tell just by looking at them how creative and intricate they are. The designs are so cool, and it's incredible to thinkthey're made out of just paper. You know, sometimessimplicity is the best, and these robots really show that.Playing with them is so much fun. They're lightweight and easy to move around, so you can really let your imagination run wild. It's like you're in charge of a tiny robot army, and you can create all sorts of adventures and scenarios. Plus, they're great for kids to play with because they're not too complicated but still engaging.One of the coolest things about them is how you can make your own. There are instructions and templates online, so you can get as creative as you want. You can add your own touches and make each robot unique. It's a great way to spend some time being crafty and getting into the world of DIY.And you know what? These paper robots are not just for kids. Adults can enjoy them too! They're a great way to pass the time when you're bored or waiting for something. Plus, they're a great conversation starter. You can show them off to your friends and family and talk about how much fun you're having with them.So if you're looking for.。
纸壳制作机器人英语作文The Craft of Paper Robot Making.In the world of crafts and DIY projects, paper shell robots occupy a unique niche. These creations are not just simple paper models; they are intricate works of art that combine the beauty of design with the intricacies of mechanics. The process of creating a paper shell robot is not just about folding and gluing; it's about bringing to life a vision through meticulous planning and execution.The journey begins with the selection of the right paper. While any type of paper can be used, the choice should be made based on durability, flexibility, and thickness. Thicker papers like cardstock or Kraft paper are preferred as they provide better structural stability to the robot. The next step is to design the robot. This is where the real challenge lies, as the design needs tostrike a balance between functionality and aesthetics.Once the design is finalized, it's time to cut out the paper shells. This process requires precision and patience, as each piece needs to be cut out accurately to ensure a smooth fit. Once the shells are cut out, they are then folded and glued together to form the robot's structure. This step requires careful attention to detail, as any misalignments or imperfections can affect the robot's movement and stability.As the robot's structure takes shape, it's time to add the mechanical components. This includes motors, gears, and other mechanical parts that will bring the robot to life. The placement of these components needs to be precise to ensure smooth and efficient movement. Additionally, the wiring and batteries need to be carefully installed to power the robot.Once all the components are in place, it's time for testing. This is an exciting phase as the robot comes to life and starts moving according to the design. Any adjustments or tweaks are made based on the test results to improve the robot's performance.The final step is to decorate the robot. This is where the creator's personality and creativity shine through. Paints, stickers, and other decorative elements are used to personalize the robot and make it truly unique.In conclusion, paper shell robot making is not just a hobby; it's an art form that combines creativity, engineering, and mechanics. It requires patience, precision, and a keen eye for detail. But the end result is a robotthat is not just a toy; it's a testament to the creator's skill and vision. Whether it's a simple walking robot or a complex machine with multiple functions, each paper shell robot is a unique creation that deserves admiration and appreciation.。
用英语写一篇关于索菲亚机器人的作文Sophia the RobotSophia is a remarkable and famous robot that has captured the attention of people all over the world. She is an advanced humanoid robot with an astonishing level of intelligence and capabilities.Sophia has a very life-like appearance, with a face that can show various expressions. She is designed to interact with humans in a natural and engaging way. She can answer a wide range of questions, hold conversations, and even display a sense of humor.This robot represents a significant advancement in the field of robotics. Her development showcases the potential of technology to create machines that can closely imitate human behavior and communication. However, it also raises important questions about the future and the role that such advanced robots might play in our society. Will they become our partners or pose certain challenges?Despite the uncertainties, Sophia serves as a fascinating example of the progress being made in the world of robotics and continues to inspire both excitement and thought-provoking discussions. It will be interesting to see how she and other similar robots evolve and impact our lives in the years to come.。
PERSPECTIVESoft Robotics:A Perspective—Current Trends and Prospects for the FutureCarmel MajidiAbstractSoft robots are primarily composed of easily deformable matter such as fluids,gels,and elastomers that match the elastic and rheological properties of biological tissue and organs.Like an octopus squeezing through a narrow opening or a caterpillar rolling through uneven terrain,a soft robot must adapt its shape and locomotion strategy for a broad range of tasks,obstacles,and environmental conditions.This emerging class of elastically soft,versatile,and biologically inspired machines represents an exciting and highly interdisciplinary paradigm in engineering that could revolutionize the role of robotics in healthcare,field exploration,and cooperative human assistance.IntroductionConventional robots and machines are made of rigid materials that limit their ability to elastically deform and adapt their shape to external constraints and obstacles.Al-though they have the potential to be incredibly powerful and precise,these rigid robots tend to be highly specialized and rarely exhibit the rich multifunctionality of natural organisms.However,as the field of robotics continues to expand beyond manufacturing and industrial automation and into the do-mains of healthcare,field exploration,and cooperative human assistance,robots and machines must become increasingly less rigid and specialized and instead approach the mechan-ical compliance and versatility of materials and organisms found in nature.As with their natural counterparts,this next generation of robots must be elastically soft and capable of safely interacting with humans or navigating through tightly constrained environments.Just as a mouse or octopus can squeeze through a small hole,a soft robot must be elastically deformable and capable of maneuvering through confined spaces without inducing damaging internal pressures and stress concentrations.In contrast to conventional machines and robots,soft robots contain little or no rigid material and are instead primarily composed of fluids,gels,soft polymers,and other easily de-formable matter.These materials exhibit many of the same elastic and rheological properties of soft biological matter and allow the robot to remain operational even as it is stretched and squeezed.Because of the near absence of rigid materialsand its similarities to natural organisms,soft robots may be considered a subdomain of the more general fields of soft-matter engineering or biologically inspired engineering.However,whereas these existing fields can be defined by their scientific foundations in soft-matter physics and biology,re-spectively,the emerging field of soft robotics remains open and free of dogmatic restrictions to any constrained set of methods,principles,or application domains.Instead,soft robotics represents an exciting new paradigm in engineering that challenges us to reexamine the materials and mechanisms that we use to make machines and robots so that they are more versatile,lifelike,and compatible for human pliance MatchingThe promise of soft robots is perhaps best realized in en-vironments and applications that require interaction with soft materials and organisms and/or the artificial replication of biological functionalities.For example,whereas industrial robots typically handle metals,hard plastics,semiconductors,and other rigid materials,medical robots will primarily in-teract with soft materials such as natural skin,muscle tissue,and delicate internal organs.Likewise,biologically inspired robots for field exploration and disaster relief will often en-counter easily deformable surfaces like sand,mud,and soft soil.To prevent the robot from penetrating into the surface and causing damage or mechanical immobilization,the forces transferred between the robot and surface must be evenly distributed over a large contact area.This requires complianceSoft Machines Lab,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Carnegie Mellon University,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.SOFT ROBOTICSVolume 1,Number 1,2014ªMary Ann Liebert,Inc.DOI:10.1089/soro.2013.00015matching—that is,the principle that contacting materials should share similar mechanical rigidity in order to evenly distribute internal load and minimize interfacial stress con-centrations.One measure of material rigidity is the modulus of elas-ticity,or Young’s modulus—a quantity that scales with the ratio of force to percent elongation of a prismatic(i.e.,uniform cross section)bar that is stretched along its principal axis(Fig. 1a).1Young’s modulus is only defined for homogenous, prismatic bars that are subject to axial loading and small de-formations(<0.2%elongation for metals)and thus has limited relevance to soft robots and other soft-matter technologies that have irregular(nonprismatic)shape and undergo large elastic or inelastic deformations.Nonetheless,Young’s mod-ulus is a useful measure for comparing the rigidity of the materials that go into a soft robot.As shown in Figure1b, most conventional robots are composed of materials such as metals and hard plastics that have a modulus of greater than 109Pa=109N/m2.In contrast,most of the materials in natural organisms,such as skin and muscle tissue,have a modulus on the order of102–106Pa.That is,the materials in natural or-ganisms are3–10orders of magnitude less rigid than the materials in conventional robots.This dramatic mismatch in mechanical compliance is a big reason why rigid robots are often biologically incompatible and even dangerous for inti-mate human interaction and rarely exhibit the rich multi-functionality and elastic versatility of natural organisms.To prevent injury or robot immobility,the surface of soft robots must be adequately soft and deformable in order to distribute forces over a large contact area and eliminate in-terfacial stress concentrations.For contact with human tissue or organs,stress concentrations may cause physical discom-fort and even physical injury.For a hard robot in contact with a soft substrate,stress concentrations can cause the robot to puncture or‘‘dig in’’to the surface and become immobile. Compliance matching also has a critical role in areas such as medical implants and tissue growth.For joint replacements, cardiac stents,and other medical implants,compliance matching prevents stress concentrations and preserves the natural distribution of internal forces and pressure.2In tissue growth and engineering,the relative elasticity of contacting tissue can influence how tissue cells move,grow,and differ-entiate.3Mismatches in elastic compliance can lead to dam-aging stress concentrations,redistribute internal forces in a way that leads to disuse atrophy of bone or tissue,or intro-duce rigid kinematic constraints that interfere with natural motor function.Compliance matching is particularly important in the subdomain of wearable technologies for human motor assis-tance.These soft robot technologies are wearable and contain artificial muscles that match the compliance of natural muscle and provide physical assistance to humans who have motor impairments or are engaged in strenuous tasks.As with nat-ural muscle,these artificial muscles must not only be capable of reversible shape change but also reversible changes in elastic rigidity.For motor tasks that involve underactuated or passive dynamic motions,such as downhill walking,the as-sistive robot should be elastically soft and avoid interfering with the natural range of joint motion.For physically stren-uous motor tasks,the artificial muscle must supply mechan-ical work and become rigid in order to support large forces.As with natural muscle,the artificial muscle used in wearable soft robots should stiffen in order to prevent injury during collisions,absorb impacts,or to catch fast-moving objects. Potential ApplicationsBecause they are composed of materials that match the compliance of biological matter,soft robots are mechanically biocompatible and capable of lifelike functionalities.These features will potentially lead to plenty of promising new technologies,from the aforementioned soft wearablerobotsFIG.1.(a)The elastic(Young’s)modulus scales with the ratio of the force F to the extension d of a prismatic bar with length L0and cross-sectional area A0.(b)Young’s modulus for various materials(adapted from Autumn et al.23).6MAJIDIfor human motor assistance and biologically inspired field robots for autonomous exploration to soft and lightweight cooperative robots that safely interact with people (Fig.2a).While these technological prospects are certainly exciting,how will soft robots specifically be used and what unique oppor-tunities will they create for society and industry in the future?Perhaps the most immediate application of emerging soft robot technologies will be in the domain of human motor assistance and co-robotics .For example,a soft active ankle foot orthotic (AFO)could help prevent foot dragging for patients that suffer gait abnormalities such as drop foot.4When active,the AFO would stiffen and supply mechanical work to the ankle to assist with lifting the foot.In its passive state,the AFO would remain soft and allow the ankle joint to freely rotate.Soft wearable robots could also assist with grasping and other fine motor tasks in patients who have suffered stroke or traumatic brain injury.As with the AFO,a soft hand orthotic would contain artificial muscles that reversibly change shape and elastic rigidity to alternately supply assistive mechanical work and accommodate passive motion in the fingers and wrist.In addition to matching the natural compliance of hu-man skin and tissue,the hand orthotic must be thin,com-fortable,and lightweight.Such assistive technologies will effectively function like a second skin 5that compensates for missing or impaired motor function by cooperating with the body’s healthy tissue (Fig.2b).By minimizing dependency on a physical therapist,these second-skin soft technologies can give the patient greater physical independence and new op-portunities to relearn or discover motor functions for grasping and gait.Assistive robots that cooperate with human partners—also known as co-robots—will have an increasingly central role in a broad range of social,scientific,and industrial activities.As with the personal computer,the universal integration of co-robots into society and industry will depend on robust andmultifunctional platforms that can be operated by nonspe-cialists.Because they will physically interact with humans,co-robots must be adequately soft and lightweight in order to prevent injuries during collisions.Soft robot features such as compliance matching and biocompatibility are especially important for applications in nursing and elderly care that require carrying,lifting,and other forms of intimate contact.With conventional machines and rigid robots,safe and com-fortable human–machine interaction is possible but requires precision sensing,fine motor control,and advanced feedback systems.While tractable in specialized applications,feedback-based compliance can be challenging in general-purpose platforms,especially humanoid robots that must safely co-operate with humans in a broad range of medical,industrial,and domestic tasks.In order to minimize demands on sens-ing,motors,and computation,future generations of co-robot platforms should be primarily composed of materials and machinery that are elastically soft and naturally match the compliance of human tissue.This same condition also applies to soft prosthetics that are powered by artificial and natural muscle and controlled through cognitive commands,body gestures,and onboard sensing.Instead of conventional electric motors and hydraulics,some existing soft human exoskeletons,robot arms,and hu-manoids use pneumatic air muscles.The pneumatic air muscle,also known as a McKibben actuator,is a type of ar-tificial muscle composed of an inflating balloon encased in a braided shell of woven inextensible fibers.As compressed air is delivered to the balloon,the braided shell constrains the muscle to increase its diameter and shorten.In addition to shortening,the pressurized air muscle exhibits greater tensile rigidity—that is,more force is required to elongate the muscle by a prescribed amount.Pneumatic air muscles were origi-nally introduced by A.H.Morin and later adapted by J.L.McKibben for applications in orthotics.6FIG.2.(a)Humanoid co-robot for elderly care;(b)‘‘second skin’’for human motor assistance.SOFT ROBOTICS:A PERSPECTIVE7While promising,pneumatic air muscles rely on external pneumatic hardware such as valves,pumps,and compressors in order to control the delivery of pressurized air.For a robot to be completely soft and autonomous,these artificial muscles should be operated with soft or miniaturized pumps and valves that can be embedded in the robot without introducing elastic rigidity.Soft or miniaturized pneumatic hardware are also needed in recent bioinspired robots that use variations on the pneumatic air muscle.These include the pneu-Net7and Suzumori bending actuators for soft robot limb motion.8By making these soft robots completely autonomous,they will be capable of crawling and swimming through tightly confined spaces that are impossible to navigate with rigid or tethered robots.Specific applications include search operations for natural disaster relief,field operations for military recon-naissance,and pipe inspection for sewer maintenance(Fig.3). Of course,soft robots are not limited to pneumatically powered humanoids,orthoses,and prosthetics.As artificial muscle,skin,and nervous tissue technologies are further miniaturized,soft robots will eventually be scaled down to the size of small invertebrates,insects,and microorganisms. At these length scales,functionality will depend not only on soft elasticity but also on the complex rheology offluids,gels, and other inelastic soft matter.Beyond their potential role as field robots for search missions and data collection,minia-turized soft robots may also eventually be used for drug de-livery,minimally invasive surgery,and medical implants.Just as with wearable robots,they should match the compliance of internal organs and be capable of navigating through the body without damaging vascular walls and tissue.For ap-plications such as biopsy and angioplasty,they should also be capable of grasping tissue or anchoring to vascular walls through mechanical interlocking or stly,like a colony of ants or termites,a swarm of miniaturized soft robots could be used in manufacturing applications to rapidly as-semble structures from granular matter,burrow through soil to survey and extract natural resources,or to transport haz-ardous material.These proposed applications represent only a few of the myriad potential uses of soft robots.In general,soft robots have a unique role in any application that involves physical interaction with the human body or demands the levels of multifunctionality and elastic versatility observed in nature. However,just as conventional machines and robots are not always well suited for human–machine interaction,soft ro-bots are fundamentally limited by their mechanical compli-ance and will not be appropriate for applications requiring high power or precision.For example,it is unlikely that soft machines composed entirely offluids and elastomers would ever replace heavy-duty industrial robots.Likewise,on the small scale,machine precision often requires rigid parts that lock tightly in place and do not slacken or deform elastically when loaded with surface tractions.Also,while natural neu-ral tissue is soft and capable of extraordinary computational power,microengineered electronics are presently constructed from rigid materials with precisely spaced submicron fea-tures.Until there is an elastically soft artificial brain,soft ro-bots will require rigid microprocessors for signal processing and actuator control.Beyond RoboticsLike its host platform,the artificial muscle,skin,and neural tissue used in soft and bioinspired robots will be elastically soft and remain functional when deformed.In addition to their potentially transformative role in robotics,these soft-matter technologies will also be used in personal electronics, artificial organs,wearable computing,and other applications that involve permanent or frequent contact with the human body.As thefield of soft robotics grows,the supporting soft-matter technologies used in sensing,electronics,and actua-tion will continue to mature and will eventually appear in application domains.Likewise,the manufacturing methods used to produce soft robots will extend to other areas within thefield of soft-matter engineering and lead to new para-digms in the rapid and high-volume production of rigidity-tuning actuators,soft microfluidic circuits,and stretchable microelectronics.Stretchable microelectronics alone represents a cross-cutting and high-impact technology that readilytranslates FIG.3.Softfield robot for military reconnaissance,natural disaster relief,and pipe inspection.8MAJIDIinto other applications.Just as electronic circuits and sensors must be capable of accommodating the elastic deformation of a soft robot host,they must also be able to accommodate the stretching and bending that arise in wearable computing and smart textiles.Current approaches to stretchable electronics include wavy circuits9,10and soft microfluidics with conduc-tive liquids.11Wavy electronic circuits are typically composed of thin-film solid-state microelectronics bonded to a pre-stretched sheet of soft silicone elastomer,for example,poly-dimethylsiloxane(PDMS).When the elastic sheet relaxes to its original length,it causes the circuit to buckle into a wavy pattern.The wavesflatten out as the circuit is stretched and allow for elongations that are well above the intrinsic strain limit of metals and semiconductors.In contrast,soft micro-fluidic electronics contain no intrinsically rigid materials and are instead composed of microfluidic channels of conductive liquid,typically a liquid-phase gallium–indium alloy,em-bedded in a silicone elastomer.As the surrounding elastomer is stretched,thefluidic microchannels remain intact and de-form without losing conductivity.However,unlike wavy electronics,soft microfluidic electronics are presently re-stricted to liquid-phase metal alloys and electrolytic solutions that are conductive but do not have the semiconducting properties required for transistor-based logic.In addition to stretchable electronic sensors and circuits, soft microfluidics have also been used in lab-on-a-chip tech-nologies for applications such as biological cell sorting and diagnostic assay analysis.12Soft microfluidic circuits are cur-rently produced with soft lithography fabrication methods based on nonphotolithographic techniques such as replica molding and microcontact printing.13Silicone elastomers such as PDMS are embedded with microchannels offluid that flow under the influence of electrophoresis,electroosmotics, or peristalsis.14Progress in soft microfluidics and soft lithog-raphy microfabrication will lead to new families of valves, pumps,and relays to support the actuators and electronics used in soft robots.Likewise,soft robots will provide a new source of technological demands that will continue to drive the nascentfield of soft-matter engineering.Artificial muscles represent another cross-cutting domain of soft robotics that will allow machines to be more light-weight and elastically compatible with the human body.By reversibly tuning their shape and elastic rigidity,they can perform mechanical work and independently control the distribution of internal load.Also,in contrast to combustion engines and high-power electric motors,they can provide nonrepetitive and discontinuous actuation without sacrificing efficiency.In addition to pneumatic air muscles,current technologies include dielectric elastomer actuators,ionic polymer metal composites(IPMC),shape-memory alloys and polymers,and liquid-crystal elastomers.15Along with these existing classes of actuators,future artificial muscles will not only power soft robots and assistive wearable technologies but also control the valves,pumps,and relays in soft-matter microfluidics and be used in medical implants,minimally invasive surgical tools,and diagnostic systems.Other potential spin-offs of soft robotics are technologies that use soft gels,colloidal substances,and rheologically complexfluids.In miniaturized soft robots,these materials may be used for pseudopod-like locomotion,adhesion,and grasping.In the case of magneto-and electrorheologicalflu-ids,which contain a high concentration of microparticles suspended in a carrier oil,such colloidal substances can also be used for control valves in microfluidics16or for rigidity-tunable artificial muscles.17As thefield of soft robotics ma-tures,it will have an increasingly central role in efforts to identify new classes of gels and colloidal suspensions that reversible changes their elastic,rheological,optical,and morphological properties in response to external stimuli. Imagine,for example,a wearable array of light-emitting gel diodes that is elastically compatible with natural skin and functions as a wearable display or diagnostic tool for indi-vidually stimulating photosensitive biological cells. Commercial ProspectsTo be commercially viable,unique applications and func-tionalities are not enough—soft-matter robots and technolo-gies must also be inexpensive and mass-producible.Soft robots are currently produced with soft-lithography-manufacturing techniques that eliminate the need for slow and costly clean-room fabrication and instead rely on replica molding and transfer printing.Templates and masters are fabricated with photolithography or rapid prototypingtools FIG.4.An overview of soft robotics,potential spin-off technologies,manufacturing methods,and commercial markets. SOFT ROBOTICS:A PERSPECTIVE9such as laser micromachining,CNC milling,and3D printing. These methods allow for inexpensive and easily customizable fabrication and enable the manufacturing costs of soft robots to be competitive with conventional robots produced from hard plastic.Moreover,the artificial muscles,skin,and nervous tissue that support robot functionality may even-tually be produced with stencil lithography,roll-to-roll manufacturing,and direct ink-jet printing.For example,a millimeter-thin PDMS rubber embedded with a0.1%volume fraction of microfluidic liquid gallium–indium channels will have a raw materials cost of approximately$100per square meter,approximately the same order of magnitude as the sale price offlexible copper circuit on polyester.Apart from cost and manufacturing scalability,commercial viability also strongly depends on immediate consumer in-terest.In the short-term,market demand will likely be driven by the medical robotics and gaming/entertainment industries (Fig.4).Soft-matter sensors and electronics could be used in gloves and orthoses that monitor hand gestures and joint motion.In contrast to existing‘‘dataglove’’technologies,18 these wearable electronics would be inexpensive and com-posed almost entirely of soft elastic material.In the longer term, soft wearable technologies may contain actuators and low-power electrodes for user feedback and muscle stimulation. Also,as co-robots enter the marketplace,the artificial muscles and skin used in wearable technologies for medicine and gaming could eventually replace the rigid motors and sensors in humanoids.ABI research predicts that the market for per-sonal robots may grow to$6.5billion by2017,19a significant reduction from previous estimates but still a sizeablefigure that could even be exceeded if robots are eventually designed to be more lightweight,cheap,and safe for human contact.The3D printing technology is another emerging market that is closely aligned with soft robotics.According to Lux Research,3D printer sales may reach as high as$8.4billion by 2025.20As with personal robotics,soft robotics may accelerate this growth by expanding the market to include nonspecial-ists.An inexpensive3D printer capable of producing soft-matter electronics,machines,and robots would enable hobbyists,school robotics clubs,and artists to participate in the discovery of new soft robot functionalities and designs. Living Robots?If soft robots achieve their extraordinary multifunctionality with materials that match the elastic and rheological proper-ties of biological matter,why not just directly build them from biological material?Hybridization of synthetic and biological materials with tissue engineering and synthetic biology rep-resents another emerging trend that will eventually lead to technologies that are more biocompatible and life-like.When applied to soft robotics,tissue engineering and synthetic bi-ology could result in bending actuators that are powered with natural muscle tissue21or soft-matter circuits composed of genes,protein,and bacteria.22As with other soft-matter technologies,these biohybrid soft robots would contain vir-tually no rigid materials and could be produced with soft lithography or3D printing.Like their engineering counterparts,natural muscles and biological circuits have their own fundamental limitations and will eventually be used to complement,rather than re-place,nonbiological technologies.Nonetheless,for some applications,biohybridization can dramatically improve performance and overcome some of the fundamental barriers encountered with synthetic soft materials.Consider,for ex-ample,artificial muscles for reversible shape and rigidity control.Currently,most soft robots are electrically powered with shape-memory alloys,IPMCs,and dielectric elastomer actuators.For a robot to be untethered and autonomous,these actuators would require on-board electricity from an alkaline or lithium-ion battery.However,the energy density of bat-teries is10–100times less than that of the sugars and fats used to power natural muscle.Therefore,replacing battery-powered actuators and electronics with biohybrid materials that run on chemical fuel could lead to dramatically lighter and more autonomous soft robots.Grand ChallengesIn closing,soft-matter engineering represents an exciting new paradigm in robotics that has the potential to revolu-tionize its role in society and industry.In application domains such as medical and personal co-robotics,soft-matter ma-chines and robots allow for safe and biomechanically com-patible interactions with humans.Forfield exploration and disaster relief,soft robots can navigate challenging terrain and penetrate tightly confined spaces by adapting their shape and locomotion strategy in ways similar to natural organisms.At the small scale,miniature soft robots could function as arti-ficial microorganisms in medical applications such as drug delivery,angioplasty,and biopsy.As afield of academic research,soft robotics is highly in-terdisciplinary and introduces several grand challenges that demand further scientific exploration.One of these is to in-troduce new classes of electrically and chemically powered soft-matter actuators that exhibit the shape and rigidity-tunable properties of natural muscle tissue.Similarly,soft robotics requires artificial skin and neural tissue that are elastically soft and can be embedded without introducing kinematic constraints and rigidity.Also,as parallel efforts in synthetic biology and tissue engineering continue to advance, there will be an increasing need for biocompatible technolo-gies that support living cells and stly,commercial success depends on new innovation in soft lithography,3D printing,and other rapid prototyping technologies to mass produce soft-matter machines and robots that are inexpensive and satisfy market demand.Author Disclosure StatementNo competingfinancial interests exist.References1.Gere JM,Timoshenko SP.Mechanics of Materials,2nd edn.Boston,MA:PWS-KENT,1984.2.Venkatraman S,Boey F,Lao LL.Implanted cardiovascularpolymers:natural,synthetic and bio-inspired.Prog Polymer Sci2008;33:853–874.3.Mammoto T,Ingber DE.Mechanical control of tissue andorgan development.Development2010;137:1407–1420.4.Blaya JA,Herr H.Adaptive control of a variable-impedanceankle-foot orthosis to assist drop-foot gait.IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehab Eng2004;12:24–31.5.Goldfield EC,Park Y-L,Chen B-R,Hsu W-H,Young D,Wehner M,et al.Bio-inspired design of soft robotic assistive10MAJIDI。
