The Legal Environment of Business (1)

ＭＡＮＡＧ１ＮＧ　ＢＵＳＩＮＥＳ　Ｓ　ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＳ　ＩＮ　ＴＩＥＲ　１　

ＡＮＤ　ＴＩＥＲ　２　ＣＩＴＩＥＳ　ＩＮ　ＣＨＩＮＡ：ＩＭＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＳ　ＦＯＲ　

ＴＡＸ　ＲＥＶＥＮＵＥ　ＡＮＤ　ＴＯＴＡＬ　ＩＮＶＥＳＴＭＥＮＴ　

Ｅｒ・ｉｋ　Ｂｅｎｒｕｄ　

Ｗｅ　ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ　ｈｏｗ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ　ｏｒ’Ｔｉｅｒ　１　ａｎｄ乃ｅｒ　２　ｃｉｔｉｅｓ　ｉｎ　Ｃｈｉｎａ　ｃａｎ　ｌｏＷｅＥ　ｄｉｒｅｃｔ　ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ　ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ　ｃｉｔｉｅｓ　ｆｏｒ　ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　Ｃｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅ　Ｔｉｅｒ　１　ｃｉｔｉｅｓ　ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ　ａ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ　ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ　ｉｎ　ｔｅｒｍｓ　ｏｆｌａＷ　ａｎｄ　ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ　ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　ｉｎｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，ｂｕｔｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｆｉｒｍｓ　ｄｏｉｎｇ　ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ　ｉｎ　Ｔｉｅｒ　１　ｃｉｔｉｅｓ　ｉｎｃｕｒ　ｈｉｇｈｅｉ—　ｅｘｐｌｉｃｉｔ　ｃｏｓ　ｆｒｏｍ　ａ　ｈｉｇｈｅｒ　ｔａｘ　ｒａｔｅ．Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｆｉｒｍｓ　ｃａｎ　ｃｈｏｏｓｅ　ｔｏ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔ　ｉｎ　ａｎｄ　ｏｐｅｒａｔｅ　ｉｎ　Ｔｉｅｒ　２　ｃｉｔｉｅｓ　ｔｈａｔ　ｈａｖｅ　ｌｏｗｅｒ　ｔａｘ　ｒａｔｅｓ，ｂｕｔ　ｔｈｅｒｅ　ａｒｅ　ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ　ｒｉｓｋｓ＇ｔｏ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｏｒｓ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｌｏ　ｅ　ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ　ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．　Ｗｅ　ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ　ｈＯＷ　ａ　ｓｔａｂｌｅ　ｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ　ｃａｎ　ｅｘｉｓｔ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ　ｆｏｒ　ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ，ｗｈｅｒｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｍａｎａｇｅｒｓ　ｏｆｅａｃｈ　ｃｉｔｙ　ｃｈｏｏｓｅ　ｔｈｅ　ｔａｘ　ｒａｔｅ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．Ｉｎ　ｅｑｕｉｌｉｂｒｉｕｍ．ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｃｈｏｉｃｅ　ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ　ａｒｅ　ｆ＿ｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ　ｏｆ　ｅｘｏｇｅｎｏｕｓ　ｆｏｃｔｏｒｓ　ｓｕｃｈ　ａｓ　ｔｈｅ　ｎｕｍｂｅｒ　ｏｔ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｏｒｓ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｉｒ　ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ　ｔｏ　ｄｅａｌ　ｗｉｔｈ　ａ　ｌｅｓｓ—ｔｈａｎ－ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ　ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ　ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．Ｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅ　ｓｔａｔｉｃｓ　ｃａｎ　ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔ　ｈｏｗ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｈｏｉｃｅ　ｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ　ｗｉＩＩ　ｃｈａｎｇｅ　ｉｎ　ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ　ｔｏ　ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｅｘｏｇｅｎｏｕｓ　ｃｔｏｒｓ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ．ｗｅ　ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ　ｈｏｗ　ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ　ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｔａｘ　ｒａｔｅｓ　ａｎｄ　ｑｕａｌｉｔｉｅｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｄｉｊｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｃｉｔｉｅｓ　ｃａｎ　ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ　ｔｏｔａｌ　ｔａｘ　ｒｅｖｅｎｕｅ　ｆｒｏｍ　ｔｈｅ　ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ　ｂｕｔ　ＷＯＨｌｄ　ａｌｓ０　ｃａｕｓｅ　ａ　ｄｅｃｌｉｎｅ　ｉｎ　ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ　ｉｎｖｅｓｔｍｅｎｔ．　

UNDERSTANDING CANADIAN BUSINESS

CHAPTER # 1 notes

chater1

MANAGING WITHIN THE DYNAMIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

动态商业环境下的管理

Business and Entrepreneurship: Revenues, Profits, and Losses

事业和企业家能力:收益，利益和损失

Business: Any activity that seeks to provide goods and services to others

while operating at a profit.

事业：寻求当在一笔利润操作时向其他人提供货物和服务的任何活动。

Profit: The amount a business earns beyond what it spends for salaries

and other expenses.

利益:一种商业在它为了薪金和其他话费所话费的以外赚的量

Entrepreneur: A person who risks time and money to start and manage a

business.

企业家能力:冒险用时间和金钱开始和管理一种商业的一个人

Revenue: The total amount of money a business takes in during a given

period by selling goods and services. 收益:一种商业在一段特定的时间期间通过出售商品和服务获得的金钱

Loss: When a business’s expenses are more then its revenue.

失去：当一种商业的花费超过其收益时

Risk: The chance an entrepreneur takes of losing time and money on a

2008—2009学年度第一学期

国际市场营销（双语）期末复习

任课老师：赵智 上课时间：周五第四大节

题型：

1、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）

2、不定项选择题（每题2分，共20分）

3、简答题（每题10分，共40分）

4、论述题（共20分）

复习重点：（名词、简答、多选的重点全部在以下资料中）

第一部分：市场营销与国际市场营销

1.Marketing: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing,

promotion and distribution of ideas, goods &services to create exchanges that satisfy individual

and organizational goals

2.Business orientations:

 Production 生产导向（一般是垄断地位的公司）

 Product 产品导向：注重产品的质量、技术（一般是高技术公司）

 Selling 推销导向：降价，急于在短期内将东西卖出去

 Marketing 营销导向（研究重点）

 Society Marketing

3.The marketing Mix: is the set of controllable tactical marketing tools, that the firm blends to

produce the response it wants in the target market. Marketing Mix is the core of morden

marketing.

4.4Ps

(1)Product developing the right “product” for the target market

商务交际英语（1）

1、A receiver will react favorably to a message that contain positive news.

Favorably means____.

A. 风味 B. 急切 C. 好意地 D. 粗鲁地

正确答案：C

2、Nonverbal symbols often accompany verbal symbols. Nonverbal symbols mean

____.

A. 非动词符号 B. 动词符号 C. 非语言符号 D. 语言符号

正确答案：C

3、When you receive a message ____ is accurate, easy to understand, you form

a positive image of the receiver.

A. where B. when C. there D. that

正确答案：D

4、Revamp your message because it contains some errors. Revamp means____ here.

A. 重新找回 B. 派遣 C. 改进 D. 退回

正确答案：C

5、A claim is a message that requests a refund, an exchange, or a discount on

merchandise or services. Discount means____.

A. 计算 B. 赊账 C. 折扣 D. 柜台

正确答案：C

6、Conditions outside the receiver and the sender that detract from the

communication process are called external barriers. Examples include environmental

A New Paradigm for the Teaching of Business Law and Legal

Environment Classes

Lampe, Marc

按 ESC 键关闭. Journal of Legal Studies Education23.1 (Winter 2006): 1-51.

选择“Enter”按钮以打开语音浏览器的匹配项突出显示

隐藏突出显示

显示来自于其他数据库的重复条目。

摘要 (概要)

翻译 摘要翻译

按 ESC 键关闭翻译

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全文文献

 翻译 全文文献翻译

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 开启检索词导航开启检索词导航

Headnote

There is a need to develop curriculum and materials on law-related topics better designed for

business students planning a career in business. Except incidentally, business school legal

faculty are not teaching future lawyers or paralegals. The world of the business practitioner is

very different from that of the lawyer. For most business people the law and lawyers are a

necessary nuisance. Furthermore, the legal world is changing. For example, methods of

Text 1（2010）

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps

the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when

high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most

significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read

such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in

general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the

商英1902班 武珂 201921110108

1

Week 2 Exercise

A. Questions about “Business Environment”

1. How can we define business environment?

Business environment may be defines as a set of conditions—social, legal, economic,

political or institutional that is uncontrollable in nature and affects the functioning of

organizations.

2. How can we define an organization’s internal environment?

Internal environment is a component of the business environment, which is composed

of various elements present inside the organization that can affect or can be affected

with the choices, activities and decisions of the organization.

3. How can we define an organization’s external environment?

An external environment is a group of factors or conditions that are outside the

1.International businessis the economic system of exchanging goods, services

and intellectual property, conducted between individuals and businesses in

multiple countries.

2. International business law is the body of rules and norms that regulates

business activities carried outside the legal boundaries of states. In particular, it

regulates the business transactions of private persons internationally, and the

relationship of international commercial organizations.

3.International treaties and conventions difference:treaties are binding

agreements between two or more states,and conventions are legally binding

agreements between states sponsored by international organizations.

4.Source of international business law: A.Nation law B.International treaties

and conventionsC.International model lawD.International trade customs and

摘 要 商业判断规则(Business Judgment Rule)是美国公司法中一项极具特色的法

律 制度,其几乎不曾在成文法中被完整表达过,但它是美国法院提供给董事的

免责

的保护制度,即董事在善意的且在充分了解相关信息的情况下,为公司的最大利

益做出的商业决策,即使事后看来是失误的或给公司带来了损害,法院也对做出

该决策的董事给予免责的制度。面临着现代逐渐明显的“董事会中心主义”

的趋 势和信息社会发展导致的董事决策的风险性的增大,探讨如何对董事决策权

给予 适当的保护,以鼓励企业家精神和促进社会效率,以及体现法律的公平、交易

安

全等法律价值,将具有积极的现实意义。 美国作为当今市场经济最发达的国家之一,其发达的公司法律制度对美国公

司 和整个国家经济的发展发挥着不可忽视的作用。作为公司法尚处于年轻阶段

的我

国,研究美国的公司法,无疑会在很多方面得到有益的启发。 本文各章的内容结构具体如下:绪论部分,介绍现代公司法领域“董事会中心

主义”的发展趋势,通过对董事和公司关系的一般法理分析突出董事会及其决策

对公司发展的意义和董事决策具有风险性的特点,从而证明对董事决策给予适当

保护的必要性,引出本文所介绍的商业判断规则。

文章通过对商业判断规则的概述,对商业判断规则的历史发展和基本内容进 行了介绍,在对商业判断规则形成和发展的历史追寻中,主要阐述了商业判

断规 则的概念、与商业判断原则(Business Judgment Doctrine)的关系、判例法

渊源及

成文法定义和适用对象,进而着重分析了商业判断规则的构成要素问题,总结了

它的法律特征。作为一个至今仍然在案例中活跃着的规则,因为几乎没有成文法

的渊源,也没有未来可预见期限内被成文法化的演进趋势,该规则松散的架

构体 系和不断扩充的内涵在案例中充满了生命力。法官在案例中创制了商业判断

规则, 在案例的环境中继续发展和丰富它。不在制定法中将该审查规则模式化,这

I. Matching

Part A Match the phrases with the Chinese meaning. （1%*10）

1. double check

2. front desk

3. Winter Solstice

4. morning call

5. check out

6. natural sites

7.travel itinerary

8. boarding pass

9. air conditioner

10. food service A. 自然景观

B. 旅游行程

C. 叫醒服务

D. 登机牌

E. 前台

F. 餐饮服务

G. 退房，结帐

H. 冬至

I. 复查

J. 空调

Part B Match the scenic spots with the Chinese meaning. （1%*10）

1. Jade Dragon Snow Mountain

2. Penglai Pavilion

3. Broad Narrow Alley

4. Silk Road

5. Jiuzhai Valley

6. Wolong Nature Reserve

7. Confucius Temple

8. Tiger Leaping Gorge

9. Stone Forest

10. The Bell Tower A. 丝绸之路

B. 卧龙自然保护区

C. 孔庙

D. 玉龙雪山

E. 钟楼

F. 虎跳峡

G. 宽窄巷子

H. 蓬莱阁

I. 九寨沟

J. 石林

II．Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words below. （2%*10）

prohibit

postpone

punctual

environment

reception

element

comparison

第1篇

Introduction:

Legal compliance is a critical aspect of any business or organization.

It ensures that all operations, policies, and practices adhere to the

laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which they operate. This

guide provides an in-depth understanding of legal compliance, covering

various aspects such as the importance of compliance, key legal

principles, compliance programs, and the consequences of non-compliance.

By the end of this article, you will have a comprehensive understanding

of the legal compliance landscape.

I. The Importance of Legal Compliance

1. Avoidance of Legal Penalties:

Non-compliance with laws and regulations can lead to severe penalties,

including fines, lawsuits, and even imprisonment. Legal compliance

ensures that businesses and organizations operate within the boundaries

committed in making contracts,especially that which involves sell-

ing the same thing (or the rights to the same thing) to different per-

sons,often a thing that is not the fraudster’s possession to begin

with”(p. 208). The text’s illustrative example of this term—“not just

selling the Brooklyn Bridge,but selling it twice”(p. 208)—would

liven up any hypothetical in a legal environment of business course.

Finally,no doubt,every successful businessperson should have at

least an awareness of the wordnod-crafty,“an adjective meaning

‘able to nod with an air of great wisdom’”(p. 146). Clearly,the

words selected for this text have the potential to intrigue many indi-

viduals both inside and outside of the business world.

In light of this potential,it is rather apropos that the text’s final

pages consist of sections that explain “How to Create Your Own Weird

国家开放大学《管理英语3》

边学边练1-8（全）

Unit 1 Organization Structure

边学边练

1、将职务头衔和对应的管理部门进行匹配。

Quality Controller（质检员） → Quality Control Dept.,

Marketing Manager（营销部经理） → Marketing Dept.,

Purchasing Officer（采购部经理） → Purchase Dept.,

Engineer（工程师） → Engineering Dept.,

Accountant（会计） → Finance Dept.,

President（总裁） → Board of Directors,

Production Manager（生产部经理） → Production Control Dept.,

Training Officer（培训主管） → Human Resources Dept.

2、回顾一下会话演练的内容，和Wendy一起完成公司的组织结构框架图。

1. Operations

2. Customer Service

3. Communications

4. Sales and Marketing

5. Finance&Administration

回顾文章内容，判断正误。

1、Companies today are responsible for employee's career.

对

错

正确答案是“错”。

2、It is the CEO who decides your place.

对

错

正确答案是“错”。

3、You need to understand your company well so that you can do things well.

对

错

正确答案是“错”。

4、Understanding yourself means knowing well about your strengths, weaknesses,

Text 1（2010）

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century,

perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts

coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time

when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the

most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper

reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the

1 中华人民共和国公司法

Company Law of the People's Republic of China

主席令第十六号

（Adopted at the Fifth session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's

Congress on December 29， 1993）

时效性：已被修正 颁布日期：19931229 实施日期：19940701 失效日期：19991225

颁布单位：全国人大常委会

Chapter 1 General Provisions

Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution in order to adapt to the

needs to establish a modem enterprise system， standardize the organization and activities of

companies， protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies， shareholders and creditors，

safeguard social and economic order and promote the development of the socialist market

economy.

Article 2 In this Law， the term “company” refers to a limited liability company or a

company limited by shares established within Chinese territory in accordance with this Law.

Unit 2 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

In today's business environment, there are three major forms of legal organization: sole proprietorship,

partnership, and corporation. Before starting a business, you need to make a number of decisions. One of the

decisions you have to make is the form of organization your business will take. Usually, it is recommended

that owners consider the following questions before choosing their form of organization:

What are the firm's goals, and what form contributes most to these goals?

How much control of operations does the owner have? What are the costs and procedures of starting a given form of

business?

How easy will it be to raise more capital? To attract qualified employees?

What is the size of the owner's liability (esp. financial responsibility) for the debts and taxes of the firm?