国际商务环境 International Business Environment Globalization Ch 1

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国际商务环境 International Business Environment Ex-Im & Countertrade Ch. 13

– Ad-hoc effort on an opportunistic and often naï basis ve

Exports require volumes of specialized paperwork
US Export Support

Exporting Opportunities and Risks

Perception: Exports
– Offer huge revenue / profit opportunities overseas – Are “there for the pickings”

Large firms are more successful
Export Performance Improvement Factors

Government information sources – US: various parts of the Dept. of Commerce – Other countries: similar entity – Embassies and consulates: commercial sections Export management companies – Act as the export department of firms – Experienced specialists – Not exclusive Focused export strategy
Steps in the Export Process
Determine ene trade terms (INCOTERMS: ex works, FOB, CIF, etc.) determine tasks to be performed in the foreign market

国际商务环境 International Business Environment Production, Outsourcing & Logistics Ch. 14

Quality and Cost Management
TQM: technique to improve products and services quality Six Sigma: Statistically based cost cutting system
– Reduces defects, boosts productivity, eliminates
Logistics:
– controls physical transmission of materials
through the value chain
Production and logistics decisions
– Lower costs of value creation – Add value through better attention to customer
Other Issues
Strategic alliances with suppliers Just-in-time inventory system management The role of information technology The role of the internet
through the supply chain suppliers –> customers
Relationship Between Quality and Costs
Quality …
Increases Productivity Improves Performance Reliability Lowers Rework and Scrap Costs Lowers Warranty Costs Lowers Manufacturing Costs Lowers Service Costs Increases Profits

国际商务环境 International Business Environment HRM Ch.16

Expatriate Success Predictors
Self-orientation
– Strengthen self-esteem, self-confidence, mental well-being – Adapt to food, music, sport, outside interests – Superior technical competency
Human Resource Management
Human Resource Management
Different approaches to staffing policy Foreign postings
– Why do managers fail? – How can they increase their chances of
Japanese MNCs
1. Manager cannot cope with broader responsibility 2. 3. 4. 5.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
overseas Manager cannot adjust culturally Manager’s lack of personal or emotional maturity Lack of technical competence Spouse cannot adjust culturally
Polycentric Multidomestic • key overseas positions staffed by local managers Geocentric Global and Transnational • best for job gets it
Expatriate Managers Failure Rates

《国际商务环境》课程简介

《国际商务环境》课程简介课程名称：国际商务环境英文名称：International Business Environment总学时（含授课学时和实验学时）：18先修课程：《国际贸易理论与实务》、《外贸函电》、《商务英语谈判》、……。

内容简介：《国际商务环境》能够为从事国际商务活动的人士提供具有实用价值的商务环境指南，其内容涵盖了国际商务活动所面临的最重要的环境因素。

具体内容包括对国际商务活动的基本概念和特点的概述以及国际商务企业活动中的各种环境，具体为：国际商务所面临的政治环境；国际商务所面临的经济环境；国际商务所面临的文化环境；国际商务所面临的社会环境；国际商务所面临的法律环境；国际商务所面临的伦理环境；国际商务所面临的技术环境以及贸易环境、投资环境、金融环境。

通过对著名企业的案例分析，剖析了国际商务竞争方法、基本原理和竞争奥秘，分析了掌握国际商务的运作办法，包括通过国际化创造财富、进行竞争的商务要素、国际商务市场竞争中经常采取的竞争模式以及竞争优势的来源和企业在国际市场竞争中经常采取的商务手段等。

最后阐述了国际全球化对国际商务环境的影响，以及环境的变化对国际商务人员的挑战。

通过学习本课程，可以了解国际大范围内的资源整合，把握国际市场的巨大机会，了解并进一步掌握国际游戏规则的形成与制定过程。

适用专业及层次：高等学校经济管理类和商务英语专业高年级学生选修专业课。

考核方式：考试选用教材：窦卫霖《国际商务环境(英文版)》为对外经济贸易大学出版社,2009参考书目：1.齐绍洲，刘威，亢梅玲，《国际商务环境》，武汉大学出版社，20082.约翰D. 丹尼尔斯，《国际商务环境与运作》，机械工业出版社，20083.杨言洪，《国际商务环境研究》，对外经济贸易大学出版社。

国际商务双语知识点总结

国际商务双语知识点总结一、国际商务的定义国际商务是指在国际范围内进行的商业活动，包括跨国贸易、国际投资、跨国合作等多方面内容。

国际商务在全球化背景下愈加重要，对国际企业的经营和管理提出了新的挑战。

通过国际商务，企业可以拓展市场，获取资源，增加收入，提升竞争力，促进经济发展。

International Business SummaryI. Definition of International BusinessInternational business refers to commercial activities carried out on the international level, including cross-border trade, international investment, and multinational cooperation. International business is becoming increasingly important in the context of globalization, posing new challenges for the operation and management of international enterprises. Through international business, companies can expand their markets, acquire resources, increase revenue, and enhance competitiveness, promoting economic development.二、国际商务环境与市场1. 国际商务环境国际商务环境包括政治、经济、文化、法律等因素。

政治稳定、经济状况、文化差异和法律制度都会影响国际商务的运作。

2. 国际商务市场各国市场的规模、结构、需求以及消费习惯存在差异，了解不同国家的市场特点对于开展国际商务至关重要。

02国际商务环境

第一节国际商务的环境因素

⑶ 经济全球化的特征
①新市场——外汇和资本市场； ②新工具——互联网、移动电话等；
③新主角——世界贸易组织；
④新规则——服务、知识产权和投资等规则。
第一节国际商务的环境因素

⑷ 经济全球化的实质
①它是人类社会生产力发展的必然结果和客观要求； ②是资本主义生产关系向全球扩张的产物

联邦贸易委员会法案（1914年）
设立专家组，有广泛权力的联邦贸易委员会负责调查和签发中止与停止执行命令以贯彻本法第五节条款，即宣布“商
业中使用不正当竞争方法为非法”。
第二节国别商务环境

克莱顿法案（1906年）对谢尔曼法案进行补充，禁止某些做法（某些形成的差别
价格，附带条件及独占交易，公司间相互拥有股份及连锁董

⑵法律环境
国际商务的法律环境相当复杂，一般企业会面临三个层面的法律： ①国内法律； ②国际商法； ③东道国法律；
第二节国别商务环境

目前，世界上关于商法的国际公约： ①调整国际货物买卖关系的公约——《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》

②调整国际海上货物运输关系的公约——《联合国海上货物运输公约（汉堡规则）》
事会），“如果这些做法在任何一条商业战线上将严重减少竞争可能导致产生垄断时”。

罗宾逊-帕特曼法案（1936年）
是对克莱顿法案的修正，增添“伤害、破坏或妨碍竞争”

一语。此法规定差别价格为非法行为（差别价格只能用于某些防御性情况），并授予联邦贸易委员会对数量折扣施加限
制，禁止推销补贴或提供服务的权力。
第二节国别商务环境

米勒-泰丁斯法案（1937年）是对谢尔曼法案的修正，州际公平贸易（设定价格）的协

国际商务环境 International Business Environment Ethics Ch4

Straw men: often adopted, offer inappropriate guidelines for MNC behavior
– Friedman doctrine – Righteous moralist – Naïve immoralist
Utilitarian and Kantian Ethics Rights theories Justice theories
Ethical Decision Making
Hiring and promotion Organization culture and leadership Decision-making processes
– Stakeholder perspectives
Ethics officers
– Codes of ethics
Ethics in International Business
Ethics in Internatioe of ethical challenges in IB – Effect of ethical challenges on decisions in IB – Causes of poor ethical decisions in IB – Different conceptual underpinnings for
Human Rights
A manager can assume as universal her/his views on freedom of:
– – – – –
Association Speech Assembly Movement Political repression
What is the responsibility of an MNC to uphold different standards of human rights?

国际商务环境 International Business Environment Market Entry Ch. 12

Licensee typically gives licensor
– Quality assurance rights – Strategic brand control if licensee sells to consumers using
the licensor’s brand name
External or “arms-length” Modes “armsFranchising, Alliances Franchising
Ies
– Cooperative agreements between competitors
from different countries (Chapter 12)
“Internal” Modes of Entry
These involve Foreign Direct Investment
– Wholly owned subsidiaries Firms owned 100% by a company in a foreign country – International joint ventures Firms that are owned jointly by two or more otherwise independent firms; most IJVs are between two firms One (or more) parent firms are non-resident in the host market Foreign participation varies from majority owned, to 50% owned, to minority owned
Transport costs Trade barriers Motivation of local agents a challenge

国际商务环境 International Business Environment Political Economy of Trade Ch. 6

Tariffs
Taxes levied on imports (also sometimes on exports)
– Specific tariff: fixed charge for each good imported – Ad valorem tariff: a % of imported goods value
Instruments of Trade Policy
Tariffs Subsidies Import quotas Voluntary export restraints Local content requirements Administrative policies Anti-dumping policies
– – – –
125 countries by 1994 small staff in Geneva tariffs fm 40% in ‘47 to 3% in ‘95 trade 15x to $6.75 trillion in ‘92
WTO superceded GATT in 1995
GATT/WTO
Services given prominence: developed set of principles Intellectual Property Rights protected further: patents, copyrights, trademarks, brand names WTO created: to implement Uruguay round, controversial
Administrative policies
– Bureaucratic rules that make it difficult

国际商务的环境Introduction to the course

Learning objectives (Cont.)
To list the main types of legal systems and explain how they differ, describe the major legal issues facing international companies, and explain how home and host country laws can affect the international marketplace.
Assignments
Preview Chapter 1 Form groups of 4 students ;select a group
leader . Insert the phrase “international business
environment” into a search engine on the internet and report to your group what you can find out about the studies of IBE.
Prerequisite: Fundamental business courses are required.
Learning objectives
To highlight the diverse character of the international environment and to indicate how that environmental diversity affects international business.
To point out that international business firms face different types of problems and opportunities in each of those economic groups and to show how such firms have reached to those problems and opportunities.

国际商务环境 International Business Environment Intl Monetary System Ch. 10

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Who is right?
Recent Activities and the IMF
Mexican Crisis 1995 Russian Ruble crisis1995 Asian crisis 1997/1998
– Events The investment boom Excess capacity The debt bomb Expanding imports The crisis
Case for Floating Exchange Rates
– Monetary policy autonomy – Trade balance adjustments helped
The Case for Fixed Exchange Rates
– – – –
Monetary discipline Speculation limited Uncertainty reduced Trade balance adjustment effects on inflation controlled
Value of exports should equal value of imports Flow of gold used to make up differences
– Abandoned in 1914
Failed resumption after WWI Great Depression
Monetary System
Monetary System
Relationship between monetary system and foreign exchange rates Historical development Fixed vs floating exchange rates Role of the IMF and World Bank Implications for managers

国际商务环境课件1

A
Expanding sales
B
Acquiring resources
C
Minimizing risks
BHP Billiton (必和必拓) expanded its business to the food & agriculture industry. What's the purpose？
A
Expanding sales
B
Acquiring resources
C
Minimizing risks
However, globalization is less pervasive than you might think in most parts of the world.
In rural Africa, Asia and Latin America, many people still don't have enough resources to connect to the global market.
Least globalized Iran, India
Mainland China 51/72
United States 1/72 in technology, 71/72 in economics
What drives globalization?
Increase in and expansion of technology Liberalization of cross-border trade and resource movements
Concentration
Paul Krugman 2008 Nobel prize winner

第2章1 国际商务环境

间接环境也被称为一般环境客观环境或间接环境也被称为一般环境、客观环境或社也被称为一般环境、会环境（会环境（ Social Environment）。它是所有企业在）国际经营过程中必须面对而又无法控制无法控制的各因素的总国际经营过程中必须面对而又无法控制的各因素的总它包括政治、经济、法律、社会文化和技术等。和，它包括政治、经济、法律、社会文化和技术等。间接环境对企业的影响主要通过直接作用于企间接环境对企业的影响主要通过直接作用于企业活动和透过直接环境作用于企业等两种渠道实现的等两种渠道实现的。业活动和透过直接环境作用于企业等两种渠道实现的。各间接环境因素的作用方向与强度并非一致，各间接环境因素的作用方向与强度并非一致，其作用大小也因产业特征或产品生命周期的不同而互有差别也因产业特征或产品生命周期的不同而互有差别。大小也因产业特征或产品生命周期的不同而互有差别。
研究报告 2006年世界经济走势分析及预测 2006年世界经济走势分析及预测
2.2.1 世界经济的发展与变化趋势
案例 GE的全球化的全球化劳资纠纷被渲染-中国企业虐待外国员工” 中国企业“ 纪实摘要劳资纠纷被渲染中国企业“虐待外国员工” 真相
2.1 国际商务环境概述
2.1.2 国际商务环境构成
（l）以其对国际经营活动的影响方式为标准，）以其对国际经营活动的影响方式为标准，可以将其区分为直接和间接环境两大类型。可以将其区分为直接和间接环境两大类型。
2.2.1 世界经济的发展与变化趋势世界主要国家和地区GDP GDP增长率表世界主要国家和地区GDP增长率七国集团GDP GDP增长速度表七国集团GDP增长速度世界经济GDP年增长率预测(1997-2007年 GDP年增长率预测表世界经济GDP年增长率预测(1997-2007年) 2006年世界经济形势预测研究报告 2006年世界经济形势预测

国际商务-第三讲国际商务环境

2、世贸组织的创立
1990年12月年月 1993年2月15日年月日 1993年12月年月责成其体制职能小组负责“ 责成其体制职能小组负责“多边贸易组织协的谈判起草工作。议”的谈判起草工作。对设立多边贸易组织达成了一致。对设立多边贸易组织达成了一致。在乌拉圭回合结束前形成了“ 在乌拉圭回合结束前形成了“建立多边贸易组织协议” 并根据美国的动议，组织协议”，并根据美国的动议，把“多边贸易组织”更名为“世界贸易组织” 易组织”更名为“世界贸易组织”。在摩洛哥马拉喀什部长会议上通过了世界贸易组织协议。贸易组织协议。
例如：货物贸易：如果中国政府对本国生产的商品不征对其他成员方的产品、对其他成员方的产品、服务或服务提供者及 2、国民待遇收销售税，那么对外国商品在支付了进口关税后、知识产权所有者和持有者所提供的待遇，知识产权所有者和持有者所提供的待遇，不原则也不征收。低于本国同类产品、服务或服务提供者及知低于本国同类产品、产品服务贸易：中国承诺入世五年后完全开放银行业识产权所有者和持有者所享有的待遇。识产权所有者和持有者所享有的待遇。务，那么五年后外国银行进入中国将享受不低于中国各银行的待遇。知识产权：外国知识产权所获得的保护程度应该不低于对本国知识产权的保护。注意：“不低于”不是“等同”。主要是防止国外产品和外国企业的歧视。即政府给国外产品更多的优惠是不违反国民待遇的原则的。
4、自由贸易原则
通过多边贸易谈判，实质性削减关税和减少通过多边贸易谈判，实质性削减关税和减少其他贸易壁垒，其他贸易壁垒，扩大成员方之间的货物和服务贸易。务贸易。
关税稳定与减让原则各缔约方通过谈判确定的关税减让需列入减让表中，各缔约方通过谈判确定的关税减让需列入减让表中，不得随意提高，得随意提高，从而使谈判达成的关税税率成为有关缔约方的最高税率；如果减税要求提高税率，则必须在3 的最高税率；如果减税要求提高税率，则必须在3年后经过谈判以其他产品的税率减让相补偿，过谈判以其他产品的税率减让相补偿，从而确保总体关税水平不至于过高。水平不至于过高。一般取消数量限制原则在各种非关税措施中，数量限制最为普遍。数量限制的在各种非关税措施中，数量限制最为普遍。具体形式包括配额、许可证、自动出口限制、禁止等。具体形式包括配额、许可证、自动出口限制、禁止等。由于数量限制措施缺乏透明度，与非歧视原则明显相违背，于数量限制措施缺乏透明度，与非歧视原则明显相违背，严重扭曲了国际贸易，所以，严重扭曲了国际贸易，所以，世界贸易组织特别反对数量限制措施的使用。限制措施的使用。

国际商务环境 International Business Environment Forex Ch. 9

– Assumptions:
Competitive markets No transportation costs; no trade barriers
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP):
– If the law of one price holds for all goods / services, the
Prices and Exchange Rates
The law of one price:
– Identical products sold in different countries must sell
for one price if their price is expressed in one currency
The Foreign Exchange Market
Minimizes foreign exchange risk (unpredictable rate swings) To do so there are different ways to trade currencies
– Spot exchange rates: the day’s rate offered by a
Countertrade
– Barter agreements by which goods and services can
be traded for other goods and services – Used to get around the non-convertibility of currencies
Currency conversion in the foreign exchange market

国际商务环境

中国的通货膨胀率及政府负债率
中国通货膨率的变化趋势
中国政府负债率的变化趋势
通货膨胀率是指物价平均水平的上升幅度;表了货币购买力的下降程度; 可以体现国家经济发展的稳定性。对于国际企业来说，一国的通货膨胀率影响了在该国进行商业活动的成本，中国曾在改革开放初期有过较高的通货膨胀率，随着经济发展的逐渐稳定，中国的通货膨胀率逐渐下降且趋于平缓。最新的数据显示，中国的通货膨胀率的世界排名为第126位，属于较低通胀率国家
根据中国美国商会与贝恩公司联合发布的2018中国商务环境调查报告显示;有 52%的受访企业任然认为，相比世界其他地区，在知识产权泄露及信息技术和数据安全方面，企业在中国面临更大的风险
同时该报告还指出;中国知识产权最大的问题是中国知识产权保护法律法规不够完善以及企业难以想法院或行政机关诉讼知识产权侵权行为
在中国的周边国家中;并没有经济特别发达的国家，但在中国的主导下，从东欧到东亚共 66个国家及独联体共建了一带一路经济带，为中国的经济发展提供了源源不断的动力;
中国常规能源的资源品种齐全且矿产种类多分布广、储量大;是大部分矿产资源能够自给的少数国家之一
10
国际商务环境
International Business Environment
中国知识产权保护现状
中国的知识产权意识一直以来都是较为薄弱的;但中国政府正在尝试做出改变; 2008年中国政府颁布了国家知识产权战略纲要的通知，随后又陆续出台了《商标法》《专利法》、《技术合同法》、《著作权法》和《反不正当竞争法》等法律法规文件。从宏观层面上讲，中国已经在法律制度层面为企业知识产权权益的保护提供了较强的法律依据，为企业在制定知识产权保护制度及具体实施方法指明了方向，但是目前还缺乏侵权案件的单独法律法规详细文件。

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Globalization and the MNE
The national heritage of the largest MNEs
United States Japan UK France Germany 1976 1997 2001 45% 25% 27% 4 25 8 19 6 18 7 8 12 8 8 9
Global Institutions’ Emergence
Supra-national organizations define the “rules” of international economic activity:
World Trade Organization (succeeded GATT) International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank United Nations
Globalization
An international system Replaced Cold War system (’89) Free-market capitalism “Americanization” - ??
The Shrinking Globe
1500 -1840 1850 - 1930 1950s 1960s
Jet passenger aircraft, 500 - 700 mph.
Globalization
1975 8% of world’s countries had a free-market system 28% had one with $644 billion FDI
1997
Globalization
converging (??)
MNCs creating global marketplace? MNCs more vulnerable to competition in their home markets
“Driversห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ of Globalization:
Technological Change Globalization of markets and production
“Mini-multinationals” a world economy factor
Globalization of Markets
Distinct/separate markets merging into a huge global marketplace
– Mostly NOT consumer product markets – Mostly industrial products – Tastes and preferences of consumers
The “Electronic Herd”
Power in the hands of stock, bond and currency traders moving funds around the world Multinational corporations looking for most efficient, low-cost producers Beginning to replace governments as primary source of capital for both companies and countries
deregulate capital markets open up stock and bond markets to direct foreign investment and ownership open banking, telecommunications systems to private ownership
Labor, land, capital, energy, expertise
Host governments have a stake in the successful establishment of an MNC’s operations
Globalization
“Golden straitjacket” straitjacket”
Globalization
Lexus and the Olive Tree Friedman, Thomas L., New York: Anchor Books, 2000
382
365 140 137 Rest of world intratrade: 175 313
More evidence of Globalization
FDI bilateral treaties up more than 10x from ’80 to ’02 By 1998 60,000 parent companies:
Illustrative world trade flows
($billions)
194 Western Europe intratrade: 1430 227 241 North America intratrade: 465 200 Asia / Pacific Rim intratrade: 632 393 279 381
Globalization
“Golden straitjacket” straitjacket”
citizens able to chose from variety of competing pension options including foreign-run pension and mutual funds deregulate economy to promote domestic competition eliminate government corruption, kickbacks and subsidies
– operated away from home markets through
500,000 subsidiaries / affiliates – Produced US$11 trillion in global sales, 25% of global output
US, Japanese, Western European companies the major investors in Europe, Asia, and North America
Globalization
alternative systems failed
private sector primary engine of economic growth maintain low inflation and price stability shrink government bureaucracy balance budget
Global Telecommunications
“Drivers” of Globalization:
Declining Trade and Investment Barriers
Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products
(% value)
France Germany Italy Japan Holland Sweden Britain USA 1913 21 20 18 30 5 20 – 21 1950 18 26 25 – 11 9 23 18 1990 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.9 4.4 5.9 5.9 2002 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
– result of lowering of trade barriers – enabled by technological change
Telecommunications and microprocessors The internet and the world-wide web Transportation technology
International Trade patterns
– Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows – Economic growth rates – Multinational corporations and their impact
Globalization
Globalization and the MNE
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is any business that has productive activities in two or more countries
MNCs
1-4
Evidence of Globalization
eliminate or lower tariffs, quotas, domestic monopolies increase exports encourage FDI privatize state owned industries and utilities
Globalization
“Golden straitjacket” straitjacket”
Best average speed of horse-drawn coaches and sailing ships, 10 mph.
Propeller Steam locomotives aircraft average 65 mph. 300 - 400 Steamships average mph. 36 mph.
World trade increased more than:
– 20x between ’50 and ’98 – 25x from ’70 to ’02
FDI annual flows increased more than: