湖北2010年考博英语联考真题及答案解析

绝密☆启用前试卷类型：B 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语本试题卷共16页。

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1.What will the man probably do?A.Take a rest.B.Go to a party.C.Meet his boss.2.What do we know about the man?A.He has been caught copying a report.B. He is not free at the moment.C.He won’t leave till the last minute.3.What is the woman concerned about?A.Her health.B.Her character.C.Her appearance.4.What does the man mean?A.The fridge will be fixed.B.The room will be warmer.C.The lights will be switched on.5.What does the man imply?A.The woman already has too many shoes.B.The new shoes do not look good enough.C.He doesn’t care where to put the new shoes.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

湖北省考博英语-试卷3（总分：96. 00，做题时间：90分钟）一、Reading Comprehension（总题数：5,分数：40. 00）The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the Government, it is not a rich Government department. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings of Britain. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty and places of historical interest. The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian, who left his great seventeenth-century house to the Trust together with the 4500-acre park and estate surrounding it. This gift attracted wide publicity and started the Trust's "Country House Scheme”. Und er this scheme, with the help of the Government and the general public, the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fifty of these old houses. Last year about one and three quarters of a million people paid to visit these historic houses, usually at a very small charge. In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills, nature reserves, five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand five hundred cottages or small village houses, as well as some complete villages. In these villages no one is allowed to build, develop or disturb the old village environment in any way and all the houses are maintained in their original sixteenth-century style. Over four hundred thousand acres of coastline, woodland, and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development or disturbances of any kind are permitted. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace, beauty and wildlife. So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and important organization and an essential and respected part of national life, preserving all that is of great natural beauty and of historical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions of tourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.（分数：8. 00）（1）. The National Trust is dedicated to.（分数：2.00）A.preserving the best public enjoymentB.providing the public with free access to historic buildingsC.offering better services to visitors home and abroadD.protecting the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings V解析：解析：细节题。

2010 医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let's begin with question Number 1.1. A. She's looking for a girl.B. She needs a new purse.C. She's going to give a birthday party.Sample AnswerA B C DD. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She bears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He'll go to see Mr. White at 10:30.B. He'd like to make an earlier appointmentC. He'd like to cancel the appointment.D. He'd like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B. To work one more day as chairman.C. To think twice before he makes the decision.D. To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn't do anything in particular.B. She send a wounded person to the ER.C. She had to work in the ER.D. She went t skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man's mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B. It feels like a kind of unsteadinessC. It feels as if she is falling down.D. It feels as if she is goingaround.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B. John himself should be blamedC. John has a dog that barks a lot.D. John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult,B. The chemistry homework is fun.C. The math homework is difficult.D. The math homework is fun.I2. A. His backache.B. His broken leg,C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B. Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C. Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles14. A. Saturday morning, B. Saturday night.C. Sunday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He's lost his notebook.B. His handwriting is messy.C. He'll miss class later this week.D. He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B. He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D. He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B. He had his gallbladder inflamed.C. He was suffering from influenza.D. He had developed a big kidney stone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn't be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B. To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C. To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D. To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D. From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B. The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C. The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D. The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080,D. More than 60,008.23. A. Seven-hour sleeper gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B. Five-hour sleepers gained mote weight over t/me than 7-hour ones.C. Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D. Short-sleepers consume fewer calories than long sleepers:24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B. Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C. Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D. Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep,25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B. She asks too many questions.C. She is always considerate of my feelings.D. She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor B. A teaching assistant.C. A Ph.D. student. D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no. B. They usually say yes.C. They usually wait and see.D. They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident. B. Their brains grow too fast.C. They are psychologically dependent.D. Their brains are still immature in some areas .30. A. Be easy on your teen. B. Try to be mean to your teen.C. Say no to your teen when necessary.D. Don't care about your teen's feelings.Part II. Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can best complete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. inoculatedD. intoxicated33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don't have definite proof.A. suspend B: supervene C. supervise D. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protect the properly rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent D, intelligible38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the general public.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following statements has a word or. phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Then mark. the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET,41. The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42. It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43. He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44. The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitment C; honesty D. talent45. He left immediately on the pretext that hah ad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. circumstance46. The nurse was filled with remorse for not believing her.A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47. The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48. Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49. The doctor ruled out Friday's surgery for the patient's unexpected complications.A, confirmed B. facilitated C. postponed D. cancelled50. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.' A. cautious B. motionless C: calm D. alertPart IlI Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D listed below the passage, Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at least 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or {he disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 6l pounds.A person with anorexia first develop joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in theblood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman's breathing, heartbeat,, and. blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, sometimes causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may suffer from fearfulness or continued deep sadness. Called depression. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 . lf it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A, specifically B. purposely C. particularly D .passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54, A. When B. While C . As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A, good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C motion D. action :60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, 13, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emitThe independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don't fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have sort ofbiological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation andResearch Agency's site at Portan Down, agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. "If you have a developing nervous system, it's known to be more susceptible to environmental insults," he says. "So if phones did prove to be hazardous -- which they haven't yet -- it would be sensible."In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain. "What we've found is an effect, but we don't know if it's hazardous," he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children's exposure would be greater. "There's a lot less tissue in the way, and the skull is thinner, so children's heads are considerably closer," he says.Stewart's report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. "The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary," says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. "But we accept that it's difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body."61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, it does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in term ofA. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UKA. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stewart's planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones' energy emissions65. Which of the following can be the best candidate for the title of the passage?A. Brain Wave.B. For Adults Only.C. Catch Them Young.D. The Answer in the Air.Passage TwoAdvances in cosmetics dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and mom openly today than even in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile's ascent may be seen in famous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs, voluptuous nudes, or middle-classfamily members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains (like the torturers inmartyrdom and crucifixion scenes) may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator of Yale University's Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples of Leonardo's Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the "Smiley Face" logo perfected (though not invented) in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R. Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarilyindicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to be openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public. "Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the 'true' smile," and .therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, body piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow's beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These corner-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one's favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except "Have a nice day"?66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A. people would not have been as happy as they are today .B. the rate of facial birth defects would not have declinedC. there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile et not in the portraits or pictures is decidedbyA. one's internal sense of the external worldB. one's identity or social positionC. one's times of existenceD. all of the above68. Trumble's study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB. the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB. further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70. At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB. an identical smile for everybodyC. future changes in life styleD. the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the help of penicillin made by theAllies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from- bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffiel , a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Thee Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler's desk, Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recenttranslation of Morrell's own diary .I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillinjumped out at me," he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got thedrug. At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies; German and Czechoslovakian: teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. "It's generally accepted that it was no good," says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectious if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. "My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy position as Hitler's doctor, would only have used pure stuff." And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright's investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such as Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children."I have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries," says Wainwright. 'I'm saying thiswould have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler's doctor and the higher echelons of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.""We can never be certain it saved Hitler's life," says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler's henchmen, Reinhard Heydrich, otherwise known as the "Butcher of Prague died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. "Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicaemia," says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf HitlerA. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an injection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, Hitler's personal doctorA. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third ReichA. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain penicillin75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B. Morrel Loyal to His German Premier?C. Hitler Saved by Allied Drugs?D. Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn't involve huffing andpuffing as you burn off calories, Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while themachine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body's effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. "The smart thing is that we've put them in one machine."And it is not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition aschildren develop, while patients remover from injury, or during pregnancy, And since it uses radiowaves rather than X-rays, Tapp's device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that is not fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body's volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject's volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body's resistance. But this method does not take body shape into account -- so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That is because skinny legs -- with a lower cross-sectional area -- will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower -- rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp's method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designedA. to picture the body's hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is thatA. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78. Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C, A water tank.D. All of the above.79. In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scannerA. quickens the pace of the patient's rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80. For scanning, all the subject has to do isA. take up a form of workout in the gymB. mm round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. stand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula atuniversities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare time to read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today lies at the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject.Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint yon see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract from the totality of the figure.So it is with science, Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminish the value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as "nerd" or "technocrats", generalists are often criticized for being too "soft" or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous accusations that deny a part of the reality of environmental science. Let us not be divided by our passion for depth or breadth. The beauty that awaits us on either route is too precious to stifle, too wonderful to diminish by bickering.81. From a broad education to interdisciplinary study, we can see。

2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解PartⅠCloze(0.5ｘ20＝10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup1994football game?What happened at the United Nations?How did the critics like the new play?(1)_____en event takes place,newspapers are on the street (2)_____the details.(3)_____anything happens in the world,reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic(4)_____,to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to(5)_____it.Radio,telegraph,television,and(6)_____inventions brought competition for newspapers.So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.(7)_____,this competition merely spurred the newspapers on.They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the(8)_____and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are(9)_____and read than ever petition also led newspapers to(10)_____out into many other fields.Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious(11)_____.Newspapers influence readers’economic choices(12)_____advertising.Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very(13)_____.Newspapers are sold at a price that(14)_____even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main(15)_____of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising.The(16)_____inselling advertising depends newspaper’s value to advertisers.This(17)_____in terms of circulation.How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends(18)_____on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment(19)_____in a newspaper’s pages.But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information(20)_____the community,city, county,state,nation and world—and even outer space.1.A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before2.A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given3.A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever4.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose5.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write6.A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other7.A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So8.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed9.A.spreadB.passedC.printedpleted10.A provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch11.A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events12.A.onB.throughC.withD.of13.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose14.A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in15.A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance16.A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success17.A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured18.A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something19.A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered20.A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案与解析】1.A just在此为副词，意为“刚刚”，与when连接后接状语从句。

英语试卷一Part I Reading Comprehension (35 minutes, 40 points)Passage 1题型解析1. In order to understand Jane‟s character better, one should know _________.【细节题】2. Which of the following words best describes Jane‟s character?【细节题】3. We may assume that the paragraph which goes before the first two paragraphs mainly introduced ____.【推理题】4. According to the passage, the tone of the book Cranford is ______.【主旨题】5. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.【推理题】篇章解析Jane, too, was no ordinary person in the novel ——Jane Eyre. To appreciate(欣赏) her character(性格), you must of course start at the beginning of the book and know her unhappy childhood and the crisis(危机) that drove her from her unfeeling(无情的，冷酷的) aunt; know her years at Lowood School and the nature of that school; know her love for Miss Temple who departed and for Helen Burns who died. You will then better understand what lay behind Jane‟s outlook(观点) and strength of mind(性格).With two such unusual characters and with some strange secret in the heart of the story, you will realize what possibilities are contained(包含) in Jane Eyre.Another book about early nineteenth century life that will attract many girls is Cranford by Mrs. Gaskell. It is a series of(一系列)sketches(素描)(with something of a story running through them) about the society —the feminine (女性的) society —of a Cheshire village. Their life is described with a mixture(混合) of quiet humor and a delicate(微妙的)sentiment(多愁善感) and with, indeed, deeper feelings openly displayed as well(也). The story is told by a girl named Mary Smith and it centers upon(将…当做中心) Miss Matty —Miss Matilda Jenkyns —an elderly, single lady whose character is one of simple goodness. Other characters are her ladies who form “society”in the village. Cranford has been called “a grown-up fairy tale”and, gentle though it may be, it‟s one of the notable(著名的) books about early Victorian England.习题解析1. In order to understand Jane‟s character better, one should know _________.A. the book she wroteB. the secret in her heartC. her early experiencesD. her feeling for those dear to herthat drove her from her unfeeling(无情的，冷酷的) aunt; know her years at Lowood School and the nature of that school【答案】C2. Which of the following words best describes Jane‟s character?A. strong-willedB. lovableC. unfeelingD. self-sacrificing【解析】You will then better understand what lay behind Jane‟s outlook(观点) and【答案】A3. We may assume that the paragraph which goes before the first two paragraphs mainly introduced ________.A. Jane‟s outlook on lifeB. the strange secret in the storyC. another extraordinary character in the bookD. another book describing the nineteenth century life【解析】Jane, too, was no ordinary person in the novel ——Jane Eyre. With two such unusual characters and with some strange secret in the heart of the story【答案】C4. According to the passage, the tone of the book Cranford is ______.A. gentle and friendlyB. humorous and sentimentalC. deep and impressiveD. optimistic and encouraging【解析】Their life is described with a mixture(混合) of quiet humor and a delicate(微妙的)and with, indeed, deeper feelings openly displayed as well(也).【答案】B5. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.A. both Jane Eyre and Cranford reflect life in the early 19th centuryB. the characters in Cranford have a deep feeling for simple country lifeC. Cranford tells about the life story of a girl named Mary SmithD. Cranford is a better known book than Jane Eyre.【解析】Another book about early nineteenth century life that will attract many girls is Cranford by Mrs. Gaskell. 【答案】A知识点总结✧ a series of 一系列✧center upon 把…当作中心Passage 2题型解析6. Well-nourished children tend to do all the following but _________.【细节题】7. Which of the following statement is NOT true?【判断题】8. Malnutrition may be caused by __________. 【细节题】9. It is implied in the passage that ________. 【推理题】10. What‟s the main idea of the passage?【主旨题】篇章解析Nutritional (营养的) status affects children‟s behavior. Well-nourished(营养良好的)children are more alert(警惕的，警觉的)and attentive(专心的)and are better able to benefit from physical(身体的)and learning experience. Poorly nourished(营养不良) children may be quiet and withdrawn(沉默寡言的), or too active during class activities. Fat children also face many problems. They are often slow and less able to participate in(参与) physical activity. They may suffer from(遭受)being laughed at(嘲笑)and emotional stress by being excluded from(排斥) playmates.Children‟s resistance(抵抗) to infection(感染) and illness is also definitely influenced by their nutritional status. Children who are well nourished are less likely to(不太可能做某事)become ill; they also recover(恢复)more quickly when they are sick. Poorly nourished children are more sensitive to(对…敏感) infections and illness. Illness also increases the need for some nutrients (营养物质). Thus poor nutrition creates a cycle of illness, poorer nutritional status, and lowered resistance to illness.Malnutrition(营养不良)is a serious problem for many young children but it is not always associated with(把…和联系起来) poverty or a poor environment. Children of middle and upper income families may also be malnourished(营养不良的)because of(由于) unwise food selections. Malnutrition occurs when there is prolonged (拖延的) imbalance(不平衡) of the nutrients that are required and the nutrients that are actually eaten. Malnutrition may be the result of under-nutrition or over-nutrition.It is important that both of these conditions be avoided in young child. An adequate(充足的)intake(摄入) of all required nutrients is most vital during early periods of growth and development. Also, the effects of nutritional deficiency(缺乏)on physical development during early childhood are less likely to be changed by improved dietary(饮食的) intake later.习题解析6. Well-nourished children tend to do all the following but _________.A. be attentive while learningB. be too active in classD. behave very properlychildren may be quiet and withdrawn(沉默寡言的), or too active during class activities.【答案】B7. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Children‟s resistance to illness is directly proportional to(与…成正比) their poor nutritional status.B. The well-nourished tend to recover quickly when they are ill.C. The poorly-nourished are most likely to(更有可能做某事) be the victims of any infections disease.D. The …cycle‟ indicates that illness can turn the poor nutritional condition for the worse.【解析】Children‟s resistance(抵抗) to infection(感染) and illness is also definitely influenced by their nutritional status.【答案】A8. Malnutrition may be caused by __________.A. a poor environmentB. unwise food selectionsC. under-nutritionD. all of the above…. but it is not always associated with(把…和联系起来)Children of middle and upper income families may also be malnourished(营养不良 unwise food selections Malnutrition may be the result of under-nutrition or over-nutrition.【答案】D9. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. over-nutrition is even more harmful than under-nutritionD. the nutrients intake can be improved as the child grows up【解析】It is important that both of these conditions be avoided in young child. An adequate(充足的)intake(摄入) of all required nutrients is most vital during early periods of growth and development. Also, the effects of nutritional deficiency(缺乏)on physical development during early childhood are less likely to be changed by improved dietary(饮食的) intake later【答案】C10. What‟s the main idea of the passage?A. The difference between well and poorly nourished children.B. The effects of nutrition on children.C. The cause of malnutrition.D. The importance of balanced dietary intake.【解析】It is important that both of these conditions be avoided in young child…. is most vital during early periods of growth and development…during early childhood are less likely to be changed【答案】B知识点总结✧participate in 参与✧suffer from 遭受✧laugh at 嘲笑✧be less likely to 不太可能做某事✧be more sensitive to 对…敏感✧associate with 把…和联系起来✧because of 由于✧benefit from 受益于✧be directly proportional to 与…成正比✧be most likely to 更有可能做某事✧have serious effect on 对…有严重影响Passage 3题型解析11. What is the best title for the passage?【主旨题】12. The women‟s answers to the in vestigation indicate that ______. 【细节题】13. According to the passage which of the following is NOT true?【判断题】14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. 【推理题】15. This passage was most probably written in _________. 【推理题】篇章解析In the year 1906 Woodrow Wilson, who was then president of Princeton University said, “Nothing has spread socialistic(社会主义的) feeling in this century more than the automobile(汽车),” and added that it offered “a picture of the arrogance(自大，傲慢)of wealth”. Less than twenty years later, two women of Muncie, Indiana, both of whom were managing on small incomes, spoke their minds to investigators(调查者)gathering facts for that admirable(令人钦佩的，值得赞扬的) study of an American community, Middletown. Said one, who was the mother of nine children. “We‟d rather(宁愿) do without clothes than give up(放弃) the car.” Said the other, “I‟ll go without food before I‟ll see us give up the car.” And elsewhere another housewife, in answer to(响应) a comment on the fact that her family owned a car but no bathtub, uttered(发出)a fitting theme song(主题歌)for the automobile revolution. “Why,” said she, “you can‟t go to town in a bathtub!”This change in the status of the automobile from luxury(奢侈) for the many —a change which, as we shall see, transformed(转变) American communities and daily habits and ideas throughout the half century —did not come about(发生)suddenly. It could not. For it depended upon(依靠)three things. First, a reliable(可靠的), manageable(易操纵的), and not expensive car. Second, good roads. And third, garages and filling stations(加油站) in great number. And all these three requirements had to come slowly, by degrees(逐渐地), each strengthening(加强) the others; a man who had tried to operate(经营) a filling station beside a dusty(落满灰尘的) road in 1906 would have speedily(迅速地)gone bankrupt(破产).习题解析11. What is the best title for the passage?A. The arrogance of AutomobilesB. The Necessity of AutomobileC. The Automobile RevolutionD. The American Automobiles【解析】This change in the status of the automobile from luxury(奢侈) for the many【答案】C12. The women‟s answers to the investigation indicate that __________.A. they usually had no clothes though they had the carB. they thought it more important to have a car than food or clothesC. they could not afford food because they wanted a car moreD. they did not like a bathtub because they had the car【解析】We‟d rather(宁愿) do without clothes than give up(放弃) the car…. I‟ll go without food before I‟ll see us give up the car.【答案】B13. According to the passage which of the following is NOT true?A. Great changes have taken place(发生) in automobiles since 1906.B. Automobiles have changed American daily habits.【解析】a man who had tried to operate(经营) a filling station beside a dusty(落满灰尘的) road in 1906 would have speedily(迅速地)gone bankrupt(破产).【答案】D14. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. only the wealthy people could afford a car in 1906B. many people would not give up the car because of its necessityC. the change of the status of automobiles did not happen suddenlyD. some women living on small incomes could not afford a car【解析】We‟d rather(宁愿) do without clothes than give up(放弃) the car…. I‟ll go without food before I‟ll see us give up the car.【答案】B15. This passage was most probably written in _________.A. 1920sB. 1930sC. 1950sD. 1970s【解析】In the year 1906…as we shall see, transformed American communities and daily habits and ideas throughout the half century【答案】C知识点总结✧would rather 宁愿✧give up 放弃✧in answer to 响应✧come about 发生✧depend upon 依靠✧go bankrupt 破产✧take place 发生Passage 4题型解析16. What is not said about the landscape in Iceland?【细节题】17. Icelanders‟ religion lies basically in _________. 【细节题】18. We can conclude from the passage that ________.【推理题】19. The underlined word “crucial” (Para. 4, line 4) means______.【词汇题】20. The best title for this passage would be ________. 【主旨题】篇章解析From the beginning of painting in Iceland, it has been the country‟s landscapes(风景) that has been the main subject(主题) for artists.And it should surprise nobody, as closeness to a magnificent(壮丽的) and imposing(壮观的) native land has been the great fountain(喷泉)which has nourished the country‟s children. Not only painters and artists have fed off(以…为食物来源) this source —all Icelanders have to some extent(在一定程度上) received spiritual(精神的) strength and inspiration(灵感) from the country‟s nature.It is because of this that the landscape, the appearance of the country and the moods of nature mean so such to Icelanders. They are moved by pictures from foreign lands. Many places hold a special place in people‟s hearts.Belief in the land is a common expression of those feelings an d views —that the destiny(命运) of land and nation are interrelated(相关的) and that nothing can change this. It is thus maintained(主张), both seriously andjokingly, that Icelanders‟religion lies in(在于)this “belief in the land.”No surprise that pictorial(图像的) representations(代表) of landscape are crucial to Icelanders.The modern age with its variation(变化) and experimentation(实验) in the arts and other fields has created many new outlooks which fly directly in the face of traditional attitudes. These new perspectives(观点) are often fresh winds which prompt(促进) us to reconsider and reform our viewpoints, even if they don‟t overturn(推翻) the old ones. And of course young, creative artists have other things in mind that simply recycling what others have done before them. Those who pioneer(开辟), who present(提出)original(新颖的，独特的)solutions, seldom achieve their breakthroughs(突破) quickly. Their struggle(奋斗) is always exciting —and often the one which bears the most fruit.习题解析16. What is not said about the landscape in Iceland?A. It has always been the main subject for paintings.B. It is the source of energy and inspiration for Icelanders.【解析】[A] it has been the country‟s landscapes(风景) that has been the main subject(主题) for artists.[B] all Icelanders have to some extent received spiritual strength and inspiration from the country‟s nature.[C] Icelanders‟ religion lies in(在于) this “belief in the land.”【答案】D17. Icelanders‟ religion lies basically in _________.A. PaintingB. natureC. the “belief in the land”D. tradition【解析】It is thus maintained(主张), …that Icelanders‟ religion lies in(在于) this “belief in the land.”【答案】C18. We can conclude from the passage that __________.A. traditional attitudes could never be overturnedD. young artists are not so successful because they refuse to follow tradition【解析】Those who pioneer(开辟), who present(提出)original(新颖的，独特的) solutions, seldom achieve their breakthroughs(突破) quickly. Their struggle(奋斗) is always exciting …often the one which bears the most fruit. 【答案】C19. The underlined word “crucial” (Para. 4, line 4) means_________.A. dangerousB. importantC. urgentD. attractive【解析】No surprise that pictorial(图像的)representations(代表) of landscape are crucial to Icelanders.【答案】B20. The best title for this passage would be ________.A. A Nature For ArtB. LandscapeC. CreativityD. Land and Nature【解析】根据全文内容可知，谈论的风景和艺术。

以下是[⽆忧★考]为⼤家整理的《历年湖北省华中科技⼤学英语考博真题》的⽂章，供⼤家参考阅读！　华中科技⼤学 2010年招收博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试试题 考试科⽬：英语 适合专业：各专业 Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%) Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 5 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space. 1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before 2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given 3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever 4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose 5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write 6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other 7. A. HoweverB. AndC. ThereforeD. So 8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed 9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch 11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events 12. A. on B. through C. with D. of 13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose 14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in 15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance 16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success 17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured 18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something 19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered 20. A. by B. with C. at D. about Part II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%) Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage One Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction". Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21. According to Bacon, facts 。

2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖北卷）英语第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1. 5分，满分7. 5分）1. What will the man probably do?A. Take a rest.B. Go to a party.C. Meet his boss.2. What do we know about the man?A. He has been caught copying a report.B. He is not free at the moment.C. He won’t leave till the last minute.3. What is the woman concerned about?A. Her health.B. Her character.C. Her appearance.4. What does the man mean?A. The fridge will be fixed.B. The room will be warmer.C. The lights will be switched on.5. What does the man imply?A. The woman already has too many shoes.B. The new shoes do not look good enough.C. He doesn’t care where to put the new shoes.第二节（共15小题；每小题1. 5分，满分22. 5分）听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. Why doesn’t the man want to fly?A. He wants to enjoy the scenery.B. He thinks it’s dangerous.C. He likes taking the bus.7. Which means of transport does the woman prefer?A. The bus.B. The train.C. The car.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。

2010年湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题Part I Reading Comprehension (40 % )Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:For most of us，work is the central，dominating factor of life. We spend more thanhalf our conscious hours at work，preparing for work，traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well.It is sometime said that because leisure has become more important，the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner; that because more work is pretty intolerable，the pople who do it should compensate for its boredom，frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done，will continue to playa vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer.. Yet onlya small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity，imagination，or mltlatlve.Inequalit y at work andiI1、wO'l'k is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We can not hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life，many of which arisse directly or indirectly from the inequality at work. Still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The mo st glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers，work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest andallow them to develop their abilities. They are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and the others' working lives. Most important of all，they have the opportunity to initiate. By contrast，for most manual workers，workis a boring，monotonous，even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable for themselves by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is305so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices，many jobs are so routine that workers• justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine. As a direct consequence of their work experience，many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm，whether it is in public or in private ownership.1. According to the author，it's true¡¢about work thatA. one's happy life largely depends on whether his work is rewardingB. concentrating on your 'work is a counsel when you are in despairC. people should try to avoid the intolerable unfairness of workD. dignity becomes more and more important than work2. What advantage do managers have over the other workers?A. They can control other people's lives.B. They can make their own decisions.C. They can work at whatever interests them.D. They can get time off to attend courses.3 . Working conditions generally remain bad becauseA. the workers lose their interests to change themB. few people can decide what to do about themC. office workers want to protect their positionsD. managers do not want to change them4. What frustrates the workers in a modern society?A. Their work interferes with their private lives.B. They are incapable of doing their work properly.C. They feel they are just a small and subordinate part of it.D. Their lives are complicated due to technological advances.Questions 5 to 8 are based onlflf~following passage:The u niqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to the traditional orientation. One of the famous spokesmen of Japan's “Enlightenment” claimed “the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere. ”Another break of relative liberalism followed World War I，when the democratic idealism ofPresident Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and especially students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again，in the early 1930s，nationalism and militarism became dominant.Following the end of World War IT，substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to306liberate the individual from authoritarian restrains. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers，students，intellectuals，and old liberals，but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values，and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today，democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life. School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted，particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most J apanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism，but leftovers of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions，including political parties and universities is，the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegance the group to which theyboth belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all，its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kobun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend，rising as far as abilities permit，so long as he maintains successful personal ties with «װ¶a superior in the vertical channel，the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence，there is little horizontal relationship between people with the same profession.5. The spokesman of Japan's“Enlightenmcent”thought thatA. the traditional culture should be replacedby western modernizationB. Japanese ought to forsake the Confucian civilization of the EastC. the Confucian civilization in Japan should be dominantD.Japan should introducewestern civilization6.Which of the following statements about Japan culture is true?A. Substantial change in democratic process have taken place during World War II.B. Nowadays the triditional Confucianism is a .necessary part of the society in Japan.C. Today the Confucianism outweighs the democratic value system in universities of Japan.D.The democratic idea was not accepted oy the society after World War II.7.The relationship of oyabun-kobun can be one betweenA. a shop owner and a customerB. a CEO and an employeeC. a politician and an opponentD. a judge and a lawyer3078.In the last paragraph，the author implies thatA.respect for authority plays a more important role in promotionB.western values have overwhelmed traditional Japanese attitudesC.colleagues are more closely related to each other than beforeD.most Japanese workers are members of a single partyQuestions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage:Before a big exam，a sound night's sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That，at least，is the folk wisdom. And science，in the form of behavioral psychology，supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day，but then “edited”at night，to flush away what is superfluoous.To tell the difference，it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person，andthat is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work，a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which theBelgian group is interested is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep，when brain and body are active，heart rate and blood pressure increase，the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie，and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams.Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day，and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fsat as possible，in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learntכ׃9wtb do this，their response times got faster. What they didnot know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern——what is referred to as an “artificical grammar”. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not.What is more，those with more to learn (i. e.，the “grammar”，as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The“editing” theorywould not predict that，since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposedto unlearning，their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep.The t eam，therefore，concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep，particularly if the brain detects aninherent structure in the material being learnt. So now，on the eve of that crucial test，308maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the nextday are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.9. The phrase“poring over” in the first sentence of the passage may be best interpreted asA.looking interestingly atB.learning without hesitationC.studying with¡¢close attentionD.memorizing with a fast pace10.The reason why sleep is good for the memoryA.is to be clarified by behavioral psychologyB.is rooted in its function of relaxing the brainC.lies in its contribution to the formation of lasting memoriesD.stems from its compiling memories and ridding things unwanted11.The experimenters found that their subjectsA.learned quickly how to respond to the light stimuliB.picked up the“artificial grammar” during their REM sleepC.pushed the button faster in the absence of the light patternD. increased their response time as they learn the “artificial grammar”12.The Belgian group reached the conclusion thatA.the brain works more efficiently by knowing a set pattern of thingsB.the second theory failed to cover all the brain responses during sleepC. REM sleep reactivates connections between the nerves and the memoryD. it's beyond doubt that the subjects were learning in contrast to unlearningQuestions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage:The histo ry of moden pollution problems shows that most have resulted fromnegligence and ignorance. We have a shocking tendency to interfere with nature before all of the possible consequen of our actions have been studied in depth. We produce anddistribute radioactive substances，synthetic chemicals，and many of other powerful compounds before fully comprehending their effects on living organisms. Our education is dangerously incomplete.It will be argued that the purpose of science is to move ipto unknown territory，to explore，and to discover. It can be said that similar risks have been taken before，and those risks are necessary to technological progress.Thes e arguments overlook an important element. In the past，risks taken in the nameof scientific progress were restricted to a small place and a brief period of time. The effectsof the processes we now strive to master are neither localized nor brief. Air pollution covers309vast urban areas. Ocean pollutants have been discovered in nearly every part of the world. Synthetic chemicals spread over huge stretches of forest and farmland may remain in the soilfor decades. Radi9active pollutants will be found in the biosphere for generations. The sizeand persistence of these problems have grown with the expanding power of modern science.One mi ght also argue that the hazards of modern pollutants are small compared withthe dangers associated with other human activity. No estimate of the actual harm done bysmog，fallout，or chemical residues can obscure the reality that the risks are being takenbefore being fully understood.The importance of these issues lies in the failure of science to predict and control humanintervention into natural processes. The true measure of danger is represented by thehazards we will encounter if we enter the new age of technology without first evaluating ourresponsibility to the environment.13.According to the author，the major cause of pollution is the result of .A. a strong desire to move into unknown territoryB. a lack of understanding the history of technologyC. designig synthetic chemicals to kill living organismsD. changing our environment without fully considering risks14.According to the passage，the risks brought about by modern science are greater than those by earlier scientific efforts becausA. the effects may be felt by morePt!B. technology has produced more dangerous chemicalsC. science is progressing faster than ever beforeD. the modern pollutants have been localized15.In the author's opinion，the key to the settlement of the modern pollution lies inA.the expansion of modern scienceB.the disposal of potential pollutantsC.the awareness of our responsibilityD.the human interference with nature16. It can be inferred that the attitude of scientists towards pollution has beenA. naiveB. concernedC. worriedD. nonchalantQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the following passage:Crimes by children have been rising at a faster rate than the juvenile population. Abouthalf of such crimes involve the traditional offenses of the theft，breaking and entering，andvandalism，but serious，violent crimes are going up at a startling rate. The rate of armedrobbery，rape，and murder by juveniles had doubled in a decade.If all the needs of the310adolescent could be met adequately and without delay，without violating laws，there wouldbe no point in violation，and a minimum of internal，indirect，and direct control wouldsuffice to secure conformity. The objection may be made that many violations are committedfor the excitement of the violation itself. However，other possibilities for excitement existbesides violating laws and regulations.No comp lete and generally satisfactory list of needs，either of children or adults，hasbeen compiled. There does seem to be essential consensus on the needs for affection，andsecurity. Although these categories do not exhaust the needs of children，they are，at least，a beginning.Only some of the child's needs，particularly those of the adolescent，can be satisfiedwithin the family. The family does，however，also greatly affect the chances the adolescentwill have in satisfying his needs in the school，in his peer group，and later，in hisoccupation.If he is able to satisfy his needs reasonably well out side the home, in sociallyapproved ways，there is less pressure to achieve them through delinquent behavior.As th ere are limitations upon what can be achieved by indirect and direct control，soalso are there limitations as to need satisfactions. Adolescents have wants that must bedeferred，at least，such as for foreign sport cars，sexual satisfactions，and adult income and status. Likewise，not everyone can be the captain of the football team，the campus queen orthe winner of scholarship honors. At present，there is no way that adolescents can alwaysbe made to feel loved and secured and no assurance that there will always be somethinginteresting to do. On the other side of the ledger，there is always some work to be done toobtain，in a legitimate manner，whatever recognition and privileges are possible.Even though complete and immediate satisfaction of needs is not ordinarily possible，families can go far toward the legitimate satisfaction of needs within the familyl, and theycan prepare and launch the adolescent in his interaction with school，peer group，and occupation，otherwise they can fail almost totally in helping to meet needs in and outside thefamily through acceptable behavior.1ח7. Ac½׀ n¶ײg´¨1豆二苟将5²«שח¾¶¾¶t'h'，忘or，j…il¾מֺ®­¡C∞omm´¨it v½׀iolations be´´ωωC臼∞a¸׳uA.they want to derive pleasure from the violation itselfB.their needs are not satisfied completely and immediatelyC.violating laws and regulations offers them greater excitementD.not enough control is exercised to make them conform to laws18.The fourth paragraph is written to illustrate thatA.the important thing is to give children something interesting to doB.all that children need，like adults，are recognition and privilegesC.children can be made to feel loved and secure only at home。

2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。

2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

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Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。

2008年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage:Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase”. The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art.The auction-rooms as Christie’s and Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.1. Why is the end of the bidding called “knocking down”?A. Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.B. Because the auctioneers knocks the rostrum down.C. Because the goods are knocked down on to the table.D. Because the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer.2. The Romans used to sell by auction _____.A. spoilt goodsB. old worn-out weaponsC. property taken from the enemyD. spears3. A candle used to burn at auction sales _____.A. because they took place at nightB. as a signal for the crowd to gatherC. to keep the auctioneer warmD. to limit the time when offers could be made4. The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots”out of the order because _____.A. he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB. he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC. he wants to keep certain people waitingD. he wants to reduce the number of buyers【答案与解析】1.D 根据第一段“This is called “knocking down”the goods, for the bidding endswhen the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands.”可知“knocking down”是“锤子落地的动作”，表示交易完成，故选项D正确。