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朗文6A Chapter One 学习提要亲爱的同学们，学习了这个章节后，请按照要求检测你的学习结果吧～～Part A and BNew words and phrases（要求：知道中文意思，听懂，会读，会拼写。
）grow up 长大dream job 梦想职业(a) dentist 牙医(an) engineer 工程师(a) vet 兽医(a) fashion designer 时装设计师《(an) astronaut 宇航员(an) inventor 发明家(a) pilot 飞行员(a) film director 电影导演explore space 探索太空look after animals 照顾动物fly planes 开飞机make films 拍电影build and repair things 建造、修理东西think up new things 想出新事情(事物)design new styles of clothes 设计新款服装take care of people’s teeth 爱护(呵护)人们的牙齿#the winner of a drawing competition 绘画比赛获胜者（以下词汇要求：知道意思，会读，听得懂）theme 主题Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。
）1.What do you want to be when you grow up 你长大后想要做什么2.I want to be an engineer. Engineer s build and repair things.我想做一名工程师。
工程师建造和修理东西。
3.I want to be a dentist. Dentist s take care of people’s teeth.》我想成为一名牙医。
牙医爱护人们的牙齿。
4.I want to be an astronaut. Astronaut s explore space.我想做一名宇航员。
Chapter One How to Introduce One’s ProductsDialogue 1:A: W e are really quite impressed by your product. But we have some questions about the after-sale service.B: I’m glad you asked about that. Please take a look at our organization chart.A: I see you have several regional offices in the USA. Are they all equipped to provide repair service?B: Y es. Fully-trained engineers staff each office. If any trouble arises, we can deal with it promptly. Repairs take a maximum of 10 days.A: How long is the warranty?B: The main mechanism carries a three-year warranty. Any peripheral equipment is guaranteed for 1 year. Within the warranty periods, all repairs are free.A: What about after the warranty expires?B: All repairs are billed at cost.Dialogue 2:A: Fir st of all, let me tell you a little bit about our product, “Colleen”.Colleen is a revolutionary new building material. It is very easy to assemble and has a reasonable price. The particulars are given in this brochure.B: How does Colleen compare in cost performance to Duraface?A: It is difficult to judge by a single standard. Colleen is more expensive than Duraface, but definitely offers a higher level of performance and esthetics.B: What kind of end uses does Colleen go into?A: It can be used in most conventional horizontal and vertical areas in residential houses and can also be used in high-rise buildings.B: How does the color of Colleen hold up over a period of time?A: It holds up quite well. The outdoor exposure tests show that it is superior to others.B: I wonder whether it can be bent and joined to other materials.A: Y es, it can be bent to a certain extent, and normal adhesives can be used. B: How strong is it against stains?A: It is not easily stained, and, even if it is, stains can be removed by a simple wipe with a cloth.B: Y ou have told us about the merits of Colleen. Now, I would like to ask you about its shortcomings.A: To be frank, there is not much that comes to mind. While it does burn when subject to flames, almost everything burns eventually.W e are really quite impressed by your product.=Y our product is quite ____________.=Y our product has _____________________________ us.impress: vt.使铭记, 印入心中; 使得深刻印象; 打动(常用被动语态)be impressed byafter-sale service: 售后服务e.g. Man y consumers have turned to the Consumers’ Association for help,complaining about the company’s poor after-sale service.organization chart:组织图表，组织系统图chart: n.图, 图表, 示意图e.g. detail flow chart详细流程图operational chart工作[业务, 操作]图表, 作业流程图equip: vt.1.装备, 配备, 装束2.使做好准备, 训练; 使具备(with)e.g. The training is aimed at equipping the workers with the necessary skills.fully-trained: adj.训练有素的=well-trainedIf any trouble arises:如果有任何问题发生arise: vi.出现，发生e.g. It’s stipulated in the contract that the buyer is entitled to cancel thewhole deal if any delay in shipment arises.staff: vt.给...配备职员,作…的雇员,雇[聘]用职员e.g. This family-owned factory is staffed with 50 employees.n.全体职员e.g. a staff member (=a member of the staff)职员之一Repairs take a maximum of 10 days.维修时间最多10天。
Chapter One IntroductionThis book is about the taxing and spending activities of government, a subject usually called public finance.This term is something of a misnomer, because the fundamental issues are not financial (that is, relating to money). Rather, the key problems relate to the use of real resources. For this reason, some authors prefer the label public sector economics or simply public economics.We focus on the microeconomic function of government- the way government affects the allocation of resources and the distribution of income.This book follows tradition by focusing on governmental spending and revenue-raising activities.Public Finance and IdeologyOpinions on how government should function in the economic sphere are influenced by ideological views concerning the relationship between the individual and the state. Political philosophers have distinguished two major approaches.1. Organic View of GovernmentSociety is conceived of as a natural organism. Each individual is a part of this organism, and the government can be thought of as its heart. The individual has significance only as part of the community, and the good of the individual is defined with respect to the good of the whole. Thus, the community is stressed above the individual.The goals of the society are set by the state, which attempts to lead society toward their realization. The choice of goals differs considerably.Because societal goals can differ, a crucial question is how they are to be selected. Proponents of the organic view usually argue that certain goals are natural for the societal organism.2. Mechanistic View of GovernmentGovernment is not an organic part of society. Rather, it is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their individual goals.Virtually everyone agrees that it is good for individuals when government protects them from violence. To do so government must have a monopoly on coercive power.Opinions within the mechanistic tradition diverge. Libertarians, who believe in a very limited government, argue against any further economic role for the government. Libertarians are extremely skeptical about the ability of governments to improve social welfare.Social democrats believe that substantial government intervention is required for the good of individuals.3. Viewpoint of This BookThe mechanistic view of government has come to dominate Anglo-American political thought. Not surprisingly, Anglo-American economic thought has alsodeveloped along individual lines. Within the individualistic tradition there is much controversy with respect to how active government should be.Economic policy is not based on economic analysis alone. The desirability of a given course of government action inevitably depends in part on ethical and political judgments.Government at a Glance1. The Legal Framework2. The Size of GovernmentA more sensible (and common) approach is to measure the size of government by the volume of its annual expenditures, of which there are basically three types:(1) Purchase of goods and services.(2) Transfers of income to people, businesses, or other governments.(3) Interest payments.The federal government itemizes its expenditures in a document referred to a as the unified budget. However, some government activities have substantial effects on resource allocation even though they involve minimal explicit outlays. For example, issuing regulations per se is not very expensive, but compliance with the rules can be very costly. Some have suggested that the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations be published in an annual regulatory budget. Unfortunately, computing such costs is exceedingly difficult so it is unlikely there will ever be an official regulatory budget.The figure is a misleading indicator of the growth of government for several reasons:(1) Because of inflation, the dollars decreased in value over time.(2) The population has also grown over time. An increasing population by itself creates demands for a larger public sector.(3) It is sometimes useful to examine government expenditure compared to the size of the economy. If government doubles in size but at the same time the economy triples, then government has relatively shrunk.Government expenditures have increased in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of GDP.3. ExpendituresNational defense and Social Security are the largest spending items in the federal budget.Much of the government budget consists of so-called entitlement programs-programs determined by the number of people who qualify which are out of hands of the current government. The fast-growing areas such as Social Security and interest payments are relatively fixed in the sense that they are determined by the previous decisions.The share of national defense spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time, while Social Security, public welfare, and payments on outstanding debt have increased in importance. The combination of entitlement programs and interestof the payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures. About 34federal budget is relatively uncontrollable.It is useful to break down total expenditures by level of government. State and local governments are clearly important players.4. RevenuesAt the federal level, personal income taxation is currently the single most important source of revenue, accounting for about 45% of the tax collections. Socialof federal revenue collections, which are payroll tax Insurance accounting for 13collections used to finance Social Security and Medicare. The federal corporate income tax decreases. In the state and local sector, the property tax decreases and individual income taxes increase.Changes in the Real Value of Debt When the government is a debtor and prices increase, changes in the real value of the debt may be an important source of revenue.。
Chapter OneⅡ. 1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k of the rulesof his language.2. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.5. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s .6. Human capacity for language has a g basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.7. P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.8. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a linguistics.9. Language is p in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before..10. Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.11. Language is a system of a symbols used for human communication. use, it is said to be d ; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior,it is said to be p .14. In modern linguistics, S study seems to enjoy priority over d study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.15. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community; and parole refers to the r of langue in actual use.16. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s k of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual r of this knowledge in linguistic communication.17. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature ofa .18. The property of d of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.19. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of Sounds, and the other of w . This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.20. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally t .III.1. The study of _____ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. morphologyD. sociolinguistics2. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _____ come into being.A. syntaxB. semanticsC. morphologyD. pragmatics3. Which of the following statements is no the concern of psycholinguistics?A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use languageB. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquisition in childrenD. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.4. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?A. bookB. beautifulC. crashD. newspaper5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language？A. arbitrarinessB. competenceC. displacementD. productivity6. The difference between modern linguistics and traditional grammar are all of the following EXCEPT _______A. descriptive vs. prescriptiveB. non Latin-based vs. Latin-based frameworkC. spoken vs. writtenD. competence vs. performance7. The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stage.A. synchronicB. comparativeC. diachronicD. historical comparative8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. carefulB. handbagC. crackD. table9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics10. ______ is regarded as the “Father of modern linguistics”.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf11. Competence refers to ________.A. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his languageB. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterancesC. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesD. what speakers can actually do with language12. The subject area on the borders of linguistics and literature has become known as _____ .A. anthropological linguisticsB. linguistic stylisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. mathematical linguistics13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between ________.A. prescriptive & descriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC. speech and writingD. langue & parole14. _____ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. applied linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropological linguistics15. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ______.A. language is arbitraryB. language is productiveC. language is used for communicationD. language is basically vocal16. _____ means the lack of logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. FuzzinessC. AbstractnessD. Arbitrariness17. Which of the following statements about language is NOT TRUE?A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabularyB. Language includes animal and artificial features of languageC. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular purposeD. Language refers to the common features of all human languages18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level –meaningless, the grammatical level – meaningful. This means language has the design feature of _______.A. dualityB. changeableC. creativeD. arbitrary19. ____ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. morphology and semanticsB. morphology and syntaxC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and phonology20. ____ dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.A. LongmanB. OxfordC. Webster’sD. Johnson’s21. Langue & Parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by_______ .A. ChomskyB. LyonsC. SaussureD. Halliday22. Language has the feature of ____ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. dualityB. interchangeabilityC. displacementD. productivity23. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because ______.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languagesC. we have recording devices to study speech in modern timesD. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world24. The distinction between competence and performance is made by _____ in _______.A. F. de. Saussure; SwissB. Noam Chomsky; USAC. M. A. K. Halliday; UKD. L. Bloomfield; USA25. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic26. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness27. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable28. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above29. A historical study of language is a_______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative30. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmaticD. semantic, linguistic31. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language32. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas33. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission34. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B。
