《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)

题目: Semantic Change of English Words学期2011/2012学年第一学期科目英语词汇学班级学号姓名摘要语言作为人类表达思想和交流的工具随着人类社会的发展不断变化，在语言诸多要素中，词汇的变化是最快、最显著，这表现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、借用外来词和旧词添新义。

本文首先介绍了词义变化的定义，然后介绍词义变化的历史原因和社会原因，最后介绍了词义变化的方式，同时主要通过介绍委婉语的词义变化，通过列举具体事例更好的了解词义变化的方式，使英语学习者能在日后的学习中，更好的了解英语词汇的意思并且正确的使用英语词汇，使英语学习更上一层楼。

关键词：语言；词义变化；委婉语；英语学习IntroductionLanguages are not confined in a fixed state, instead, they are not only constantly changing but also changes quickly. The most noticing change in the process of language development is the sematic change of words. Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings.Why the meaning of a word changed? Changes of meaning can be brought about by many cause. There are three major causes.Historically,changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideals, etc. change atcourse of time, but the meaning changes, because the object which it describehas changed. Socially, it is natural that in the course of the development ofsociety a number of new words are needed to describe new ideas. Scientificdiscoveries are a main kind of social cause. Psychologically, the speaker'sstate of mind may bring about semantic changes.(Feng shimei, P163-165)In fact, we can see clearly from the euphemism to types of semantic changes. Euphemism is substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation or avoided taboos. It is an important social cause of semantic changes. It is also the reflection of semantic change.According to different semantic books, semantic change can be divided into many types. But types of semantic change generally can be divided into four types.1.Generalization, for instance, alibi. A legal term signifying 'plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed', has now come into common use, meaning any 'excuse'.2.Specialization, for instance, barbarian was originally a vague designation for a 'foreigner of any kind', and later was specialized to mean an 'uncivilized person'.3.Elevation, for instance, Chamberlain, now a 'high official of royal courts', was formerly a 'servant'.4.Degeneration,for instance, cunning was originally 'knowing and skillful', and later was specialized to 'sly'.Almost all the words concerning female are pejorative to use as euphemism for prostitute. For example, housewife, lady, girl, mistress, nun and so on. Even nurse, spinster, daughter, mother have the same meaning. The appearance of euphemism also change the meaning of the words that are used for pleasant connotation. Accident originally meaned 'in a way that is not planned or intended', now it means 'car accident or air accident such bad things'. Gay , the original meaning is 'happiness', later becomes the euphemistic statement of 'homosexual'.These are the example of degeneration.We know more about euphemism is the euphemistic statement of death. Avoided the unpleasant felling of death, people think of many phrase to substitute death. For example, to be no more, to be deceased, to be gone, to pass away, to pass on, to lose one's life, to join the silent majority, to go the way of all flesh, to be gathered to one's fathers, to go west, to yield up the ghost, to go to one's last reckoning, to go hence, etc. So all these extend the vocabulary. Shakespeare wrote death his play Julius Caesar as surcease, taking-off. Another we know better is toilet, such as rest room, comfort room, comfort station, powder room. Go to the toilet only say "May I use the rest room?" or "May I wash my hands?" The real meaning of "Commit no nuisance!" which sticks on the wall is "no peeing! " The euphemistic statement of pregnant is big, big with child, expectant, great, great with child, heavy, heavy with child, laden, in the family way, in an interesting condition, being with child.There are a lot of euphemism concerning unpleasant professions. Garbage collector became sanitation engineer or barbologist in America, while in England it became disposal operative; Gardener became landscape architect; Servant became engineer. Hairdresser becomes beautician; Foreman became plant superintendent; shoemaker became shoes rebuilders;Undertaker became funeral undertaker,mortician, funeral director. These are a kind of specialization.Some euphemisms are concerning the life in society. People think of some phrase for avoiding empressement.The disadvantaged , the underprivileged and the low-income group for the poor people. Forgotten man for the people who doesn't have a job. Upward price readjustment for rise of prices. Culturally deprived environment for slum. Food insecure for starve. Pre-owned car for second-hand car. Termination of employment, declaring staff redundant for firing. Medically indigent person for people who can't afford for medicine.Above all, we can see many phrases are created which reflect euphemism is a cause of semantic change.ConclusionIn a word, semantic change is an important part of change of English words. From this paper, first we know the definition of semantic change. Second, the cause of semantic change. Last, we talk about the relation between euphemism and semantic change. At the same time, we talk bout the types of semantic change. In a word, the relation between euphemism and semantic change in this paper we talk about is that euphemism is an important cause of semantic change, and is the reflection of semantic changeWhile semantic change was, due to its apparently complete unpredictability, for a long time the black sheep of the family of areas of language change, as a result of recent developments it is now very well respected, and as such is likely to attract a lot more research in the future.References[1]Koenraad Kuiper and Li fuyin. Semantics:A Course Book[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999.[2]Feng shimei. English Lexicology[M]. Shenyang: China WaterPower Press,2002.[3]Wang rongpei and Lu xiaojuan. A Survey of English Lexicology[M].Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press,1997.[4]Li jianbo.Studies on the Development and Structure of English Words[M]. Wuhan:ChinaUniversity of Geosciences Press,2007.[5]Freeborn, Dennis. From Old English to Standard English[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2002。

英语词汇学教程第四版中文版1、Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.在全国大部分城市都有“洁净空气区”因此工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟燃料。

2、He knows that the pursuit of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort. 他知道，追求社会地位可以消耗大量的时间和精力。

3、The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to inhibit the spread of the disease.医生们正在进行损失，因为到目前为止，没有任何药物能抑制疾病的传播。

4、We see many special education directors trying to maintain the qualityof their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.我们看到许多特殊教育董事试图保持他们的节目的质量以少得多的钱和更少的工作人员。

5、People there are told it is their patriotic duty to support the na t ional cconomy by buying their own products. 人们有人告诉他们，通过购买自己的产品来支持国民经济是他们的爱国义务。

6、Darwin' s thinking both drew upon and transcendedthe conventional ideas of his time.达尔文的思想是借鉴和超越他的时代的传统观念。

Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。

然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。

除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径V ocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation（关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning Englishwell. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less”change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded peopleto be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.参考文献（5条）：外语语言文学系列教程张维友英语词汇学教程2009学术论文魏红构词法是迅速扩大英语词汇量的有效方法2009期刊论文丁琳徐玲English word formation processes 2009期刊论文张莉浅谈英语构词法中的词缀发2008广州大学学报卢春媚浅谈英语构词法2002。

词汇学论文英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究摘要词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。

文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。

英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。

本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。

关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异1. 引言人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。

英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。

2. 文化内涵2.1 文化内涵的定义英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。

这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。

文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。

语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。

2.2 文化与词汇的联系3.3 谚语谚语是心理，语言与文化的综合产物。

英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语，如：火上浇油——pour oil in the flame半斤八两——sin and half dozen破釜沉舟——burn one's boats以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯，思维方式，因此谚语联想，引申和比喻上有很大的不同。

英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]第一篇：英语词汇学的论文怎么写英语词汇学的论文怎么写？英语词汇学习在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。

可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。

一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy）词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。

有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。

然而，Gaims 和Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。

语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。

二．语境策略（Context strategy）语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。

语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。

但是，Channell(Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89)认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。

为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。

从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。

三．精加工策略（Elaborative strategy）精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。

皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。

英语词汇学课程论文题目：网络英语的词汇类型及其特点院系：辽宁大学外国语学院英语国际商务系班级：09级01班学号：290811507姓名：金文Abstract: With the development and popularity of Internet, English thereupon develops and changes as main language in Internet. New vocabulary of English on Internet has a new vocabulary which either describes the new things, or the newly formed abbreviation for easy inputting, or the common symbolic language of the world. New vocabulary of the English has the character of easy- to- understand, vivid and proper, succinct and easy to remember the meaning of a word and swift input. It also has certainmetaphor nature. The semantics of the English neologisms of network appears and upgrades fast and in large quantity.Keywords: Internet; English; V ocabulary; CharacteristicBody:In twenty-first Century, the mankind has entered the era of the Internet network, as the economic, social development of the most powerful agents, to promote human. The society enters a new era. The development of society, the progress of language development is the important soil. With the development and popularity of Internet, Englishas the main language in Internet thereupon develops and changes.I. New vocabulary of English on InternetSince the Internet has been generated, about generate more than1000English new words. The lexicons mainly has the following kinds. 一．Describing the new thing new vocabulary.Taking the information technology as the representative of a series of new technologies, human social life appeared a few new things. These new things and computer technology are inseparable, describe these things new vocabulary in the network produces and began to be widely used, such as knowbot, mailbot, infobahn, coopetition, E- mail, infwindow, Internet, internet, download, netspead and so on. These new vocabulary is a portmanteau word, such as interpedia, Telnet and so on. There are compound words, such as multimedia, homepage, componentware and so on. In the new course of old words, sometimes directly was given a new meaning, its meaning has been further development, it becomes the new words in a large class. For example “mouse” translate to “老鼠”，in computer technology says “鼠标”；“flame”translate to “火焰激情”，in computer technology says“反病毒程序”.二．AbbreviationsThe Internet to narrow the distance between people, and also the main way to communicate with the main text. In the Internet chat or send e-mail, in order to speed up typing speed appeareding a lot of new English abbreviations and non-standard spelling. Internet abbreviations is a major formation means, they have made use of the characteristics of simplicity, simple, has the very strong vitality. Abbreviation sentence is generally used for connecting role phrases, even if the initial network of people do not understand its meaning, will not understand each other's intentions affect too much. These abbreviations are usually soon accepted by the majority of Internet users. These words abbreviated method basically has the following kinds:1. Homophone use abbreviationsThe English emphasize shape, Chinese emphasize meaning, and the Internet words emphasize pronunciation. According to the pronunciation of the words or sentences to simplify the rewritten as Internet language characteristic there a new method to spell a word: for example “IC” means “I see”, “Y” means “Why”, “U” means “You”. There is a phrase to describe only according to pronunciation, which no longer has one one corresponding to the substitution alphabet. For example, ICQ ( I seek you ) seek K and you note together with pronunciation the same letter Q instead of.2. The beginning letter abbreviationThe beginning letter abbreviation use the first letter of each word ( usually capitalized ) are combined to replace the phrases or sentences, is the most common internet language, also the one that most early Internet users understand. Among them, also have a letter on behalf of the entire word, there is also a letter represents partial word abbreviations. For example, IOW( In other words) , LOL( Laughing out loud) , BTW( By the way) , TLA( Thanks in advance) , ASL( Age Sex Location).3. Truncated abbreviationIn order to facilitate the importation, users are sometimes truncated suffix, prefix or remove the vowels, write some new words. Section termination: hang on a sec=hang on a second, rep=reputation.Some words even as only the first letter:P=Pardon、G=Grin or Giggle.Section header: cause(or cuz) =because、m=am. To remove the vowels refers to words of vowels, consonants, retaining only the pronunciation of the prominent appearance marked the letters. For example, “ MSG” means MESSAGE“、PLS” means PLEASE“、PPL” means PEOPLE“、THX” means THANKS.4. Borrow digit abbreviationInternet English is a special abbreviated forms, namely digital alternative to repeated letters or homophones numbers instead of a letter, it can becalled a numeral abbreviation. This is a development of abbreviations, and Internet English new things. For example, B2B(商家与商家, Business to business)、3W(万维网,World Wide Web)、4P's(4p 营销策略, 电子商务中的一种营销术语, 指consumer's wants and needs, costto satisfy wants and needs, convenience, communication) 、3A( 3A 服务,anyone, anytime, anywhere).三．Universal symbol languageWith the development of Internet, also generates some features of English hieroglyphic words：“ {}”means “拥抱“, “＄- )” means “贪婪”,“ X=”means “希望成功“, XOXO”means”拥抱和亲吻“, ZZZ”means ”无聊或在睡觉”.As in Hotmail, Internet users to type in a left parenthesis, a specific letter and a right parenthesis, there will be unexpected image effect. For example, type" ( R )", there will be a rose ( because R is rose. ); type " ( G )", then there will be a gift box ( because G is gift. ). Japanese also created some of these words, and on the Internet has been recognized, as in the use of"@^- ^@" said blushed. These words and phrases first in English in the network appears, has gradually been accepted by users, has become a kind of special no pronunciation symbols, vividly expressed the people's thought. Of course, the letters and letter combinations expression power is very limited, and the different chat room setting, therefore, here is notto do further discussion. It can be expected with the development of the network, is very likely there will be unified alphabet emoticons.II. The characteristics of Internet English new wordsLanguage dynamic development process of people to meet the communicative needs, but also reflects the society and language, cognition and communication relationship. Network English is in the rapid development of network technology and social context of increasingly rich, develop gradually rise, and embodies the media popularization and the progress of science and technology. Network English is the product of net culture, with the rule of development of the language. Internet words semantic has vivid characteristics of practice, in the network communication can better express one's thoughts or ideas, but also is easy to be accepted by people.一．Word easy to understand, vividNetwork communication is different from face-to-face communication, communicators exchange information only with words, not with the help of body language, this requires the network English new words must be easy to understand. Its formation should be familiar, even if the reader has not been previously in contact vocabulary, can also according to the most familiar vocabulary guess. Network English popular mainly reflectin the word-building ways to use a large number of derivatives and synthesis, so that Internet users need to understand the meaning of the affix, can be inferred and master derived from the large number of new words: “cyber” comes from the Greek, meaning the helmsman, can be understood as " computer, network" or transliterated as " cyber", derived from cyber. The word cyber activist, cyber addict, cyber attack, cyber cop, cyber brain, cyber surfing etc. Network English compound words in large quantity, variety. Many new words are common words and has specific meaning word combinations, the newsemantic equally easy to understand, easy to understand memory. As of web means " spider's Web", extended to the network, its synthesis in the word webmaster, webster, webzine, web site work people in addition to the use of some language symbols to represent tone and emotion, but also often use a few words to describe some nonverbal behavior, such as describing the netizen action, emotion and posture. People are facing the cold screen, used to describe the language users, emotion and action figure, with pure text there is nothing comparable to this role, can make the network more humane, more vivid and attractive, closer to the actual exchange. Such as" haha" means" LOL" laugh, laugh" Smile said," said smiling," Rose" means send roses," ROTFL" means roll with laughter," jump" means happy like children like skipping in the chat room," think" means tilted his head like a down" praise said," said" really smart, admire, admire".二．Succinct and easy to remember, quick inputMany novel and unique internet vocabulary is the use of commonly used roots and affixes, grouped by lexical rules, creative recombination. This kind of vocabulary has to be Yi Ming, easy reading, easy memory characteristics. Simple, easy to remember network English so that visitors will not remembering the tedious terms and jargon, effectively improve the keyboard input speed, to network dissemination of information. Network English brevity mainly embodies in the network on the emergence of abbreviated terms, abbreviations are made by simplicity, ease of use, more colloquial, less formal, lack of social other fields widely accepted rules of use. But because of its user-friendly, simple, easy to remember and spread, therefore, this kind of abbreviation in Internet communication by Internet users consistent recognition and widely accepted and used. These words common features are simple in form, with no single, rich associative meaning.The use of abbreviations can not only simplify the printing, saving space and time for reading, but also can effectively increase the input speed, so as to adapt to the computer science and network technology high speed development requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the input speed, network English often ignore the first letters.三．MetaphoricalMetaphor is an important cognitive style and mode of thinking. Richards ( Richards ) once said, metaphor is omnipresent principle. P.F'ontanier (1830) for the metaphor cognitive characteristics further elaborated, he points out that metaphor is a kind of thing as another kind of thing.Any kind of art form embodies the features of metaphors, either as a thing to experience another kind of the way things are called metaphor, network language which contains. Net language the main formation is in a category to another.A category of things, either the digital category digital network language, network language or symbols category symbols and netizen created the network language reflects its metaphorical, embodies the netizen know world usually cognitive form.Network new words often rely on people familiar vocabulary, with the aid of the metaphorical meaning, stimulate the readers' Association and imagination, showing old things or concepts similarity or relevance, endowing the old words with new meanings, to create the vivid, figurative rich description of new things, new ideas of vocabulary. The network includes a number of professional English vocabulary and vocabulary of computer network technology. In general, the metaphor cognition in humans has two functions: to create new meaning and offer new angles of viewing things. We found that, in the development ofnetwork and computer technology in the process, people continuously by means of metaphor to create new words and concepts. The general vocabulary through the semantic change of metaphor and the modification of the original meaning, extended, extension, from a new point of view to look at it, it has a new meaning. Such as the computer virus virus refers to the biology of the virus. In the computer field, is defined by the programmer designed to hide in a computer program, intended to destroy the computer operating system to disturbance or missing data and other secret program. Similar terms and gopher, archive, menu, memory, run, path etc.Thus, in the role of metaphor, reification of abstract concepts, complex meaning of scientific terminology, popular, well strengthen social science and science communication, so that a subject from another discipline of inspiration. It is because of known from concept to cognitive unknown concepts from the known to the unknown, register register mapping, network English technical terms and people's daily life vocabulary, both concise and vivid, and easy to remember. This has largely contributed to the development of network technology and the development and popularization of computer knowledge.四．Novel words in the semantic representation and update speed, numberThe rapid development of computer, the popularization of the Internet, resulted in a network of new words have emerged, including a rich network of English new words. The presentation of the new words and update speed, number of any one dictionary is difficult to collect. So in the network era of rapid development of new English words so, understanding of its structure and semantic features, contribute to the accumulation of knowledge, broaden our horizons.Nowadays, network culture influences people's learning, life, job, thinking mode, value concept. Therefore, to strengthen the network of new words in English study, the structure and semantic features, the people familiar with the Internet, learning English and daily life will be of great help.Biliography：[1]Gao Liwei ,Digital age, digital English [J]. English Today 2001(17):12-13[2]Steward ,Doug. Flame thrower [A].[3] W.H.&Turgeon Gregoire . About languages: A Reader for Writers[C][4] 付辛斌,张雪梅.英语因特网语的形式与功能[J].外语电化教学,2006(2).[5] 杨金菊.网络英语词汇特点初探[J].嘉兴学院学报,2002(3).[6] 乐勇.网络英语缩略语[J].中国科技翻译,2002(1).[7] 干福.论因特网英语的特点及意义[J].连云港师范高等专科学校学报,2001(2).[8] 林丽芳.论计算机英语的隐喻性[J].厦门大学学报: 社科版,2001(1).。

题目：Semantic Analysis of English Words学期2011/2012学年第一学期科目英语词汇学班级学号姓名摘要语言教学领域的变革从来没有停止过，而在近年变革中，其中最主要的一个变化是人们研究的焦点已经从教师的教转移到学生的学。

因此，学生自主学习能力的培养越来越受到外语教育界的重视。

同时，国家教育部提出了“优化学习方式，提高自主学习能力”的基本理念。

这样，传统的课堂教学正面临着一次巨大的挑战，并逐步被以“学习者为中心”的教学模式所取代。

不少人误认为“学生自主学习”就是“孤立地学习”或“没有教师的自学”，而有时候，学生自主能力被认为是完全独立于教师、其他学生和被认可的教学大纲，而实际并非如此。

完全的独立并不是自主能力，而是自闭。

本文首先分析了大学生英语自主学习的现状和必要性。

传统的教学方法，缺乏关注学生的情感需要导致了目前我国大学阶段的英语教学整体效率较低，成为大学英语教学的最大障碍。

接下来回顾了自主学习定义、自主学习的“最近发展区”理论、认知建构主义学习理论和罗杰斯的人本主义学习理论等。

最后根据大学生英语自主学习的现状和以自主学习的理论为基础，探讨了培养大学英语自主学习的方法，培养学生自主性的关键是要转换教师角色，创造一个宽松积极的学习氛围和进行系统的英语学习策略训练。

通过本文的研究，我们知道什么是学习动机，以及如何提高学生的学习动机。

我们要改变传统的教学理念，转换师生角色，提高学生的英语水平。

关键词：自主学习；角色转换；策略训练；大学英语I．IntroductionEver since its birth in the 1980s, the concept of learner autonomy has long been a hot topic in the field of linguistics both at home and abroad. Substantial research on learner autonomy has hence been carried out and turned out to be fruitful. It is generally accepted that language learning requires the active involvement of learners. Language can only be learned and not be taught. The focus of classroom activities has been shifting from teacher-centered to learner-centered. The goal of language teaching is to help learners to become independent from their teachers in their learning and use of language. “Although there has always been the Chinese idea of zi xue (self-teaching)，the idea is different from the concept of learner autonomy and is only peripheral in the Chinese educational culture.”(Bai & Jing,P52)Learning how to learn is more important than being taught something from the superior vantage point of teachers. (Cao, P39)Furthermore, recent research in psychology, sociology and linguistics, has shedlight on language teaching, learning and the roles of learners in the language learning process. The learner-centered approach, constructivism, humanism and social cognition all support and emphasize a learner’s central place in the classroom. (Qin Shen, P9-P11)Personal construct theory holds that individual learners bring their own systems of constructs to bear on learning tasks. When learning is a matter of adding information to an existing construct, it is likely to be relatively unproblematic. When new knowledge contradicts existing construct systems, learning is likely to be more difficult and resistance may be encountered. Both in therapy and in education, resistance is overcome by helping individuals to become more aware of their existing personal construct systems and gradually to assume control of their psychological processes. In education, this means helping learners to become more aware of their assumptions about learning and to assume control of their own learning processes. Humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of inner world of the learners and affective factors in learning process. Teachers should pay attention to and respect learners with decision-making power. Learner autonomy used to be considered as a concept only suitable for Western countries, but it is now regarded as an unquestionable goal and a prerequisite for lifelong learning also in China.Over the last few decades, English teaching in China has made remarkable progress. Many educational reforms have been undertaken, new frontier language learning theories have been introduced and much research on teaching has been carried out. V arious innovative teaching methods have been explored. Even new technology like computer and the Internet has been introduced into the teaching process. The achievement of these reforms cannot be denied. Y et many problems still exist and much room for improvement remains, especially in the field of lea rner’s learning. Therefore, learner autonomy catches the eye of many researchers.However, teacher-centered approaches and spoon-fed methods have been prevalent for a long time in China’s EFL context.Teachers are regarded as authority, knowledge-givers and error correctors, while students tend to limit their work to what is taught in class. As a result, many learners are accustomed to depending on teacher’s feeding. Without teacher’s timely and adequate help, students will feel disoriented, lose confidence and fail to pinpoint their goals in learning. So there is a need for a shift in English language studies from focusing on how to teach language to how to learn it, with a consequent change of perspective from the teacher to the learner.Global changes in the availability of information indicate that there is no longer a fixed body of knowledge that can be transmitted to learners. It is no longer possible toteach all students all they need to know. Learning is a lifelong endeavor. Only when learners are able to know their situation, their learning strength, weakness and avail themselves of each learning opportunity rather than simply react to various stimuli from the teacher can they be confident enough to involve into their learning and eventually become successful language learners. The situation calls for the urgent need of fostering learner autonomy in college English teaching.II．Current Situation of English Learning and Necessity of Learner Autonomy1. Current Situation of English LearningCollege English teaching in China is still focusing on teacher’s teaching rather than student’s learning. It ignores student’s individua l variables and thus produces passive learners. Recently, with the boom in curriculum reform, more and more teachers have begun to accept new educational concepts and try new teaching methods, but influenced by traditional educational theory and exam-oriented education, China’s education reform still has a long way to go. Some existing problems need to be addressed.1.1 Teacher-Centered Classroom TeachingTeacher-centered classroom teaching is a traditional teaching style in which teaching is carried out by the teacher who is the focus of the classroom, and students only listen to him or her.In China’s EFL context, teacher-centered approaches and spoon-fed methods have been prevalent for a long time. Teachers are regarded as authority, knowledge-givers and error correctors, while students tend to limit their work to what is taught in class. Classes are usually driven by “teacher-talk”and depend heavily on textbooks. Instruction in the classroom is based on the misconception that there is a fixed body of knowledge that students must know. There is little or no room for student-initiated questions, independent thought or interaction between students. Teachers often tend to focus on teaching the target language by carefully designed steps. As a result, many le arners are accustomed to depending on teacher’s feeding. Without teacher’s timely and adequate help, students will feel disoriented, lose confidence and fail to pinpoint their goals in learning. Such situation is getting worse and worse with the expansion of college school enrolment, too many students in a class and inadequate teaching staff, who find it hard to take every student’s need into consideration.This teaching style focuses on knowledge delivery, instead of language skill training. It prevents learners from exploring their learning potentiality anddeveloping the abilities to manage their learning effectively. So there is a needfor a shift in English language studies from focusing on how to teach languageto how to learn it, with a consequent change of perspective from the teacher tothe learner.(Mo Liqun and Liu Jian, P11-P13)1.2 Exam-Oriented Language LearningSince the time we learn English, the exam-oriented system has made a lot of students feel not much interest in English. Teachers cannot escape from this notorious system either, because we have to complete the textbook within a term, and simultaneously, devote everything in the classroom to equipping students with necessary skills to get a high score in tests. Moreover, a high score in exams is considered to indicate that both teachers and students are “good”, and the prestige of parents and schools relies heavily on student’s performance. The focus of failure and extrinsic motivation sends the wrong message to students and parents. Many educators and psychologists believe that competition and comparison should not be the basis for accountability, because it puts all the emphasis on high-test scores instead of self-motivated learning for intrinsic interest and improvement. This exam-oriented language teaching decouples self-directed learning from assessments, destabilizes student’s feeling of personal responsibility and suppressed their motivations and learning at school.III.IV.…VI. Conclusion“Give a man a fish, you will feed him a day; teach the man to fish, and you will feed him for a lifetime.”Obviously, this argument shows the importance of learner autonomy.According to the paper, we can see that the current college English teaching system in China is that college English teaching is still focusing on teacher rather than students’learning. It ignores students’individual variables and thus produces passive learner. So it is important for us to shift the roles of teachers and students. And thetraditional classroom teaching should be replaced by the “learner-centered”teaching style. And the traditional exam in the field of language teaching and learning, English teachers must improve their teaching methodology and lay stress on learner’s learning in order to guide them to learn autonomously instead of learning in a passive way.According to current situation of English learning in college, teachers should shift their roles, create a relaxing and positive learning atmosphere in which students can actively involve into their language learning process, help students learn how to learn English effectively through strategy training. Only by doing this, students can finally move towards learner autonomy. In addition, English classes should be arranged in accordance with the law of human memory. In many colleges and universities, there are four or five English lessons a week. During English classes, there is no extra time to review the learning contents before. Consequently, English lesions should be added more lessons for practice. Only when students put English into practice, they can master English completely. It is suggested more English classes to learn it would be more effective.For teachers’aspect, in autonomous learning environment, the role of teachers should be identified newly. According to the current situation of the college English teaching, teachers are expected to play more various roles: guide, promoter, assessor and psychological coordinator etc. school and teachers should offer more conditions which can develop students’ faculty in autonomous learning process.It is also suggested that organization of English corner should be considered in college English teaching and learning plan. Colleges and universities should think over a complete and suitable teaching and learning system for college English. And the teaching and learning plan for college English should be more systematical, scheming and well-designed.However, language learning is a lifelong endeavor. Fostering learner autonomy in college is our long-term pedagogical goal. The author hopes this research may make contribution to the future study in this field. This paper is merely an attempt in this field and there id enormous untouched room left. With the development of science and learners. They can meet the demands for higher and higher levels of competence of English in work. And it is expected that more research will be done to accelerate students’ autonomous learning.This study is still limited, as we have only skimmed the surface of the subject called learner autonomy, and all my discussions about the ways of fostering learner autonomy in China are made only on theoretical level. But it will do great help toimprove English teaching.References[1] Bai, Shuqin and Jing, Jiangbo. Promoting EFL Learner Autonomy in China: From Theory toPractice [J]. Teaching English in China. 2003(03).[2] Benson, P. Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning [M]. Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press, 2005.[3] Benson, P. and V oller, P. Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M]. London:Longman, 1997.[4] Candy, P. C. Self-direction for Lifelong learning [M]. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991.[5] Cao, Rongping. Respecting Individual Differences and Promoting Learner Autonomy in China’sForeign Language Teaching[J]. Teaching English in China. 2003(02).[6] Crabbe, D. Fostering autonomy from within the classroom: the teacher’s responsibility[J].System, 1993(04).[7] Dickinson, L.Self-instruction in Language Learning [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1987.[8] Gardner, D. and Miller, L. Establishing Self-access: from Theory to Practic e [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.[9] Gardner, R. Social Psychology and Second Language Learning: The Role of Attitude andMotivation [M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1985.[10] Little, D. Taking Control: Autonomy in Language Learning[M]. Hong Kong: Hong KongUniversity Press, 1996.[11] 何沂, 张利华．A New Role for Teachers in Autonomous Learning Contexts[J]．内蒙古师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）, 2004(06)．[12] 莫群俐，刘坚．非英语专业大学生的英语学习动机与激发策略[J]．湖南工程学院学报（社会科学版），2003(01)．[13] 秦琛．英语教学中多种激励方式的探讨[J]．成都航空职业技术学院学报，2001(02)．[14] 束定芳，庄智象．现代外语教学—理论、实践与方法[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996．[15] 杨建萍．大学生学习动机的培养与激发[J]．交通高教研究，2001(03)．[16] 张秋玲．浅论情绪激励法在英语教学中的应用[J]．嘉应大学学报，1995(04)。

现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。

该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。

第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。

2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。

3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。

4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。

5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。

总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。

英语词汇学实用教程陈新仁中文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary by Chen XinrenAs an English learner, one of the biggest challenges I've faced is expanding my vocabulary. Words are the building blocks of language, and having a rich vocabulary is essential for effective communication, both in speaking and writing. That's why I was thrilled to discover Chen Xinren's "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary".This book has been an invaluable resource for me, and I can't recommend it enough to my fellow students. Chen Xinren's approach is incredibly practical and user-friendly, making the process of learning new words not only effective but also enjoyable.One of the things that struck me from the very beginning was the book's organization. Instead of presenting words in a random order or categorizing them by arbitrary themes, Chen Xinren groups them based on their roots, prefixes, and suffixes. This approach is genius because it helps you understand theunderlying patterns and logic behind word formation, enabling you to grasp and retain new vocabulary more effectively.The book is divided into several chapters, each focusing on a specific aspect of vocabulary building. The first chapter introduces the concept of word roots, explaining how many English words are derived from Greek and Latin roots. Chen Xinren provides a comprehensive list of common roots, along with their meanings and examples of words that incorporate them. This chapter alone has been a game-changer for me, as it has empowered me to decipher the meanings of unfamiliar words by breaking them down into their constituent parts.The next chapter delves into prefixes and suffixes, those little word parts that can significantly alter a word's meaning. Chen Xinren meticulously explains the nuances of each prefix and suffix, illustrating their usage with clear examples. I found this section particularly helpful for expanding my vocabulary in specific contexts, such as academic writing or professional settings.But Chen Xinren's approach goes beyond mere memorization. Throughout the book, he emphasizes the importance of actively using new words in context, whether through writing exercises, speaking practice, or even creatingflashcards. This hands-on approach has been instrumental in solidifying my understanding of the vocabulary and ensuring that the words become a permanent part of my lexicon.One of the most refreshing aspects of "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" is its emphasis on real-world applications. Chen Xinren doesn't just present words in isolation; instead, he incorporates them into authentic contexts, such as conversations, news articles, and literary excerpts. This approach has been incredibly valuable for me, as it has helped me understand how words are used in natural, everyday situations, enhancing my comprehension and fluency.Additionally, the book includes a wealth of practice exercises and quizzes, allowing me to test my knowledge and reinforce what I've learned. These exercises range from simplefill-in-the-blank questions to more complex tasks that require me to analyze and synthesize information. I particularly appreciate the answer keys provided, as they enable me toself-assess and identify areas that need further attention.One aspect that sets "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" apart is its cultural insights. Chen Xinren recognizes that language is deeply intertwined with culture, and he skillfully weaves in cultural references and idioms throughout the book.This added dimension has not only enriched my vocabulary but has also deepened my understanding of the English-speaking world, fostering a greater appreciation for the nuances and nuances of the language.Furthermore, the book is incredibly user-friendly and visually appealing. The layout is clean and organized, with clear headings and subheadings that make it easy to navigate. The inclusion of illustrations, diagrams, and mnemonic devices further enhances the learning experience, catering to different learning styles and making the material more engaging and memorable.In conclusion, Chen Xinren's "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" has been an invaluable companion on my journey to mastering English vocabulary. Its systematic approach,real-world applications, and engaging exercises have transformed the way I learn and retain new words. Whether you're a student preparing for exams, a professional seeking to enhance your communication skills, or simply someone with a passion for language learning, this book is an essential resource that will undoubtedly enrich your vocabulary and deepen your understanding of the English language.篇2A Practical Guide to Mastering English Vocabulary by Chen XinrenAs students, one of the biggest challenges we face when learning English is expanding our vocabulary. We spend countless hours memorizing word lists and definitions, only to forget them a few days later. However, effective vocabulary learning doesn't have to be a tedious and frustrating process. In this guide, I'll share practical strategies that have helped me build a solid English vocabulary foundation.Embrace ContextOne of the most powerful ways to learn new words is through context. When you encounter an unfamiliar word while reading or listening, pay attention to the surrounding sentences and try to infer its meaning. This not only helps you understand the word in context but also aids in remembering it better. Additionally, keep a vocabulary notebook and jot down new words along with their context and your guessed meaning. Later, you can check the actual definition and reinforce your understanding.Utilize Word Roots, Prefixes, and SuffixesMany English words share common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, which can provide valuable clues about their meanings. For instance, the prefix "re-" often indicates repetition or going back (e.g., "redo," "rewrite"), while the suffix "-able" denotes capability or possibility (e.g., "readable," "avoidable"). By familiarizing yourself with these word parts, you can develop a better understanding of new words and expand your vocabulary more efficiently.Immerse Yourself in EnglishSurrounding yourself with English media and materials is a fantastic way to reinforce your vocabulary learning. Read books, magazines, or online articles that interest you, listen to podcasts or watch movies and TV shows in English. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, make a note of them and look them up later. Immersion not only exposes you to new vocabulary but also helps you understand words in context and observe their usage patterns.Use Vocabulary Apps and Online ResourcesIn today's digital age, there are numerousvocabulary-building apps and online resources available. Apps like Anki, Quizlet, and Wordly offer interactive flashcards, games, and quizzes to help you memorize and review new words.Additionally, websites like and FreeRice provide engaging exercises and explanations to expand your word knowledge. These tools can make vocabulary learning more enjoyable and effective.Practice, Practice, PracticeThe key to solidifying your vocabulary knowledge is practice. Make an effort to use the new words you've learned in your writing and conversations. Start a vocabulary journal and write sentences or short paragraphs using the new words. Participate in language exchange platforms or join English conversation clubs to practice using your new vocabulary in real-life situations. The more you actively use the words, the better they'll stick in your memory.Learn Through Stories and MnemonicsStories and mnemonics can be powerful tools for remembering new words. Create vivid stories or mental images that associate the word's meaning with something memorable. For example, to remember the word "euphoria," you could imagine a cheerful elephant (eu-phoria) dancing with joy. Alternatively, use mnemonics, which are short phrases or sentences that incorporate the word or its definition. The morecreative and personal these techniques are, the more effective they'll be for you.Embrace Mistakes and Celebrate ProgressLearning a new language is a journey, and making mistakes along the way is inevitable. Don't be discouraged by stumbling over unfamiliar words or forgetting ones you've learned. Embrace these mistakes as opportunities to improve and reinforce your understanding. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and acknowledge the effort you're putting into expanding your vocabulary.Remember, building a strong English vocabulary takes time and consistent effort. But by incorporating these practical strategies into your learning routine, you'll gradually develop a rich and diverse vocabulary that will enhance your communication skills and open up new opportunities for personal and professional growth.Happy learning, and may your vocabulary journey be rewarding and enjoyable!篇3English Vocabulary: A Practical Guide by Chen Xinren (Chinese Edition)What's up, fellas? Tired of feeling like a kindergartner when it comes to your English vocab? Yeah, me too. That's why I'm here to give you the real deal on building a killer vocab that'll make you sound like a total boss.First things first, let's get real about why vocabulary matters. Sure, you can get by with the basics, but if you want to level up your English game, you need to expand that word bank. A rich vocabulary doesn't just make you sound smarter (although, let's be honest, that's a major perk). It also helps you express yourself more precisely and communicate your ideas more effectively.But where do you even start? With so many words out there, it can feel overwhelming. That's where this guide comes in. I'm going to break it down for you, sharing practical tips and strategies that have worked for me and my friends.Tip #1: Read, Read, ReadThis one's a no-brainer, but it's also the most powerful tool in your vocabulary-building arsenal. Reading exposes you to new words in context, which makes them easier to understand and remember. Don't just stick to textbooks and boring stuff, though. Read novels, magazines, blogs – anything that interests you. The more you enjoy the material, the more likely you are to stick with it.Tip #2: Use Context CluesWhen you come across an unfamiliar word, don't immediately reach for the dictionary. Try to figure out its meaning from the surrounding words and phrases. This not only helps you learn the new word, but it also trains your brain to become a better context detective.Tip #3: Keep a Vocab JournalAs you encounter new words, write them down in a dedicated journal or notebook. Include the definition, the context in which you found the word, and even a sample sentence or two. Regularly reviewing your journal will help reinforce these new additions to your vocabulary.Tip #4: Play Word GamesWho says learning has to be boring? There are tons of fun word games out there that can help expand your vocabulary while keeping your brain engaged. Try apps like Wordle, Spelling Bee, or even good old-fashioned crossword puzzles.Tip #5: Use Flashcards (But Make Them Fun)Flashcards might seem old-school, but they're still an effective way to memorize new words. But instead of boring, plain-text cards, get creative! Draw silly pictures, createmnemonics, or even record yourself saying the word and its definition. The more sensory associations you create, the better you'll remember.Tip #6: Learn Word Roots, Prefixes, and SuffixesUnderstanding the building blocks of words can help you decipher unfamiliar terms and remember their meanings more easily. For example, if you know that the prefix "bi-" means two, and the root "ped" means foot, you can figure out that "biped" refers to a two-footed creature.Tip #7: Use New Words in ConversationOnce you've learned a new word, use it! Actively incorporating new vocabulary into your daily conversations and writing will help solidify it in your memory and make it a natural part of your language.Tip #8: Subscribe to a "Word of the Day" ServiceThere are plenty of free online services that will send you a new word and its definition every day. Adding one new word to your vocabulary each day might not seem like much, but over time, those daily additions will really add up.Tip #9: Watch English Movies and TV ShowsImmersing yourself in English-language media is not only entertaining, but it also exposes you to a wide range of vocabulary in a natural, conversational context. Pay attention to the words and phrases used, and look up any unfamiliar ones.Tip #10: Don't Be Afraid to Make MistakesLearning a new language is all about trial and error. Don't be afraid to use unfamiliar words in your speech or writing, even if you're not 100% sure about their meaning or usage. Making mistakes is part of the process, and it's often the best way to reinforce what you've learned.Bonus Tip: Have Fun with It!Learning new vocabulary doesn't have to be a chore. Approach it with a sense of curiosity and playfulness, and you'll be surprised at how quickly your word bank grows. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and enjoy the journey of becoming a more articulate and confident English speaker.Remember, building a solid vocabulary is a marathon, not a sprint. Stick with it, and before you know it, you'll be dropping linguistic bombs left and right. Who knows, you might even become the next Shakespeare (or at least the next Cardi B)!。

中学英语词汇教法探析摘要：任何一种语言的最基本单位当属该种语言的词汇，一个人从出生那天开始用语言表达自己的想法时，也是从最基本的词汇开始。

随着时代的进步，全世界沟通日益频繁，英语—当今最普及的一种语言已经成为各国的一种必修语言，在当前我国中小学英语课堂上，英语的地位十分显著，然而学生们在学习这种语言时却不那么一帆风顺，而究其原因，就是很多学生对词汇的记忆不是十分重视，背起单词来十分头疼。

因此，本文着眼于当前中小学英语教学中有关词汇的一些问题进行深入分析，在此基础之上提出一些个人建议。

关键词：词汇思维能力教学方法一中学英语词汇教学中存在的问题1、教师缺乏培养学生的思维能力开发智力，培养观察、记忆、思维、想象和创造能力原本是广大中小学英语教师的教学目的之一。

但有的教师只一味关注自己的教，而忽视了学生的学和学生才是课堂教学的主要目标，从而忽视了对学生思维能力和创新能力的培养。

2、完全依照书本教单词在课堂教学中只教课本上出现的单词，而没有与学生的实际生活相结合，适量地地扩展一些学生感兴趣的词汇。

适当扩大一点课外的相关内容、适当的引申，可以不断激起学生的求知欲，同时也展现了因材施教的精神。

3、教学方法单一教学方法以教师讲解单词、学生记背单词为主。

这种单一、被动的教与学方式往往使学生感到枯燥、乏味，而且负担很重，造成恶性循环，最终导致学生一提到背单词就感到十分头疼的感觉。

二提高词汇记忆能力的一些方法1、利用字母和字母组合的读音规则，掌握单词的拼写形式单词的读音和拼写形式是词存在的最基本基础，是各个词相互区别的首要因素。

因此，作为英语老师，在词汇教学中，要注意音和形的统一与结合，通过反复练习在大脑中建立起来一类一类词的音、形模式联系。

2、借助具体情景掌握单词的读音和语义具体情景指的是生活情景、模拟情景、表演情景、直观教具情景、想象情景，在具体情景中教单词、学单词，不但可以克服孤立记单词容易遗忘的缺陷，而且能培养学生灵活运用单词的能力，学会在交际中使用单词。

英语词汇学论文词汇使我们在英语学习过程中的最大障碍,。

然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,就是我们学习英语的有力武器。

本学期上了词汇学,学到了一些以前学不到的东西。

总体的感觉就就是“原来英语中的词汇也像中文一样博大精深,而且很活,有很多学问”。

在语言的发展过程当中,词汇也就是起着举足轻重的作用。

在教学实践中,有相当多的教师与学生对词汇的教学认识就是片面的,认为学生只要记住单词的发与拼写及词义就足够了。

于就是,许多学生就只会机械地背诵课本后词汇表中每个英语单词与与之相对应的汉语解释。

而当她们要把这些词汇运用到写作与口语中的时候,结果却就是错误百出。

究其原因,就在于教师的教学方法使学生认为:词汇就是静止的单个词语的总与,只要掌握单个的词语就足够了。

其实这种认识就是有局限性的,谈不上就是真正的掌握。

其结果就就是遣词造句时的生搬硬套,逐字逐句的别扭翻译。

事实上,词语就是有生命的,就是活动的,而不就是孤立的。

“词与词在很多方面都就是相联系的,这也就是掌握词汇并将其储存在记忆中的方式”。

因此, 教师在词汇教学中除了教会学生单词的发音及其词意外,还应注重核心词汇的教学与词语搭配的教学。

这两个方面虽然同属于词汇教学的范畴,但却就是紧密相连,缺一不可的。

只有把这两方面的内容真正搞清楚了,才能准确无误地运用各类词汇。

语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性。

英语词汇可以通过自身形态的变化引起自身词性的变化,这就使得英语的构词法有着灵活性与多样性的优势。

例如:英语的名词通过添加词缀可以变成动词或形容词;动词通过添加词缀也可以变成名词或就是形容词等。

英语构词法中词汇的变化大部分都就是通过词汇本身形态的变化而产生的。

英语的这一特性使英语具有强大的派生能力,许多的词都就是由其它词通过词形的变化派生而来的。

其中在英语词汇中变化最多的就是英语的动词、名词与形容词。

比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语(不定式、分词)的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。

姓名：丁君怡学号：2012125112 班级：英语1213 课程：英语词汇学引论英语词素的类型摘要：词素也叫语素，是语言中最小的而又具有意义的单元。

不同的分类方法可以将理据分为不同的类型。

依据语素能否单独出现的特性，语素大体上可分为两大类，分别为：自由词素，黏着词素。

依据词素的词汇的和语法的关系，词素可化分为词汇词素，语法词素。

关键字：词素，词素，分类，不同依据，不同类型一、依据词素能否单独出现自由词素自由词素是可以单独出现并能独立成词的词素。

也就是说，一个自由词素自身就是一个具有一定意义的单词。

比如，单词boy, girl, table, nation, faith等都是自由词素，因为他们单独出现时就表示一个单词，并具有意义，分别表示男孩，女孩，桌子，民族，忠诚。

像homework, airsick, and takeoff 这样的单词，home, work, air, sick, take, off都能单独出现并独自成词，它们拥有一个以上的自由词素，被称为复合词。

黏着词素黏着词素是不能作为一个词而单独出现的词素，也就是当它单独出现时，不能表示一个单词。

因此，他们不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现,这样的语素叫做粘着语素。

黏着词素大多是词缀。

例如：-s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- in disclose等，他们都不能单独出现，必须与其他词素一起出现。

一个英语单词可以拥有一个或多个黏着词素。

比如，单词unfaithful中-un与-ful ,都是黏着词素。

值得注意的是单词contain 与receive 都不仅仅只有一个黏着词素。

因为con, tain, re, ceive 都不能单独出现并独立成词。

二、依据词素词汇的和语法的关系词汇词素词汇词素是用来构成新的单词的词素。

可以构成复合词。

比如单词blackbird就是在black和bird这两个词汇词素的基础上创造的。

Lexical motivation and implications for language learning and teaching IntroductionMost English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols. There is no connection between the word form and its meaning. Some English words are motivated symbols. What is motivation?Motivation means relation between the form of the word and the original fact or reality. More specifically, if there is a relationship between phonic (sound) form of a word/lexeme and an object/fact of extra-lingual reality, or between a new word and the original word, we speak of motivated words. There are four principal types of motivation: Onomatopoeic motivated, syntactically motivated, semantically motivated and etymologically motivated.1)Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound.The sounds of such words as cuckoo, ding-dong, swish, buzz, seem to beappropriate to their senses. Some of these onomatopoeic terms have certainelements in common. For Example, the sounds / sn / may express three types of experiences: "breath-noise (sniff, snuff, snore, snort), "quick separation ormovement" (snip, snap, snatch), and "creeping" (snake, snail, sneak, snoop).Another interesting feature of onomatopoeic patterns is that they often work by vowel alternation. By substituting one vowel for another one can express different noises: snip - snap, sniff - snuff, flip - flap - flop. It should be noted that many onomatopoeic forms are based on alternations of not vowels but of initialconsonants: higgledy-piggledy, helter-skelter, namby-pamby, roly-poly, etc.2)Syntactic motivation means that by analyzing the formation of the word, one cangain the meaning of it. Apparently, words which have syntactic motivation are almost derivative or compound words. So, syntactic motivation, namely, thesyntactic relations between the two bases of compounds, account for a large part of self-explaining compounds. A possible sub classification of compound nouns could be made by the part of speech of each base. 'Daydreaming' and 'sightseeing' are compound nouns from 'N+V-ing'. And others such as teacher, worker, leader, and singer, etc --- these derivative words are not non-motivation. They all consist of a verb and –er. These words mean people who do these actions. And from the affix of the derivation words, we can often infer their meaning. Take collapse for example. It is made up of col (which means doing things together) and lapse(which means falling down), so the word means falling down together. And then we can imagine it into subside or cave in. But we can not take this regulation for granted. Eggplant has no egg in side; pineapple has neither pine nor apple; and there’s no ham in hamburger at all. Some abrogative words have allegoricsignificance, so their motivation is unobvious. For example, night-cap means the wine drunk before sleep instead of the cap used for sleep.3)Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors. It is akind of mental association. When we speak of the bonnet or the hood of a car, of a coat of paint, or of potatoes cooked in their jackets, these expressions aremotivated by the similarity between the garments and the objects referred to. In the same way, when we say the cloth for the clergy, silk for a Q. C., or "town and gown" for "town and university", there is semantic motivation due to the fact that the garments in question are closely associated with the persons they designate.Both types of expression are figurative: the former are metaphorical, based onsome similarity between the two elements, the latter are metonymic, founded on some external connection.1. MetaphorMetaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another, as in "He has a heart of stone.", "The curtain of night has fallen."2. MetonymyMetonymy is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes, as in crown for king, the turf for horse-racing, the White House for the President.3. SynecdocheSynecdoche means using a part for a whole, an individual for a class, a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these - for example, bread for food, the army for a soldier, copper for penny.4. AnalogyAnalogy is a process whereby words are created in imitation of other words.It is illustrated by motorcade and aquacade, created on the model of cavalcade;cashomatic coined after automatic; flash-forward after flash-back; earthrise after sunrise; without-it after with-it.4) Etymological motivation means that the meanings of words can be explained with reference to etymological information. Very often, the history of the word can explain why a form has acquired a particular meaning. Like human beings, the word also has history. History helps to understand and to memorize words. In 1880, Charles Stewart Parnell attempted to break the shackles of landlords living outside of Ireland, he initiated that the tenant occupying the land but can not afford to pay rent should be punished. Then in Russia within the Earl of Erne the land, since the tenant can not afford to pay rent, they asked Earl to lower rent, however, the butler Charles Cunningham Boycott refused. In retaliation, the tenant not only refused to harvest their crops and arable land, but also detained Boycott’s food and letters. They humiliated him threatened his life. Their disposal has become very famous as a result; the newspaper will use Boycott to replace any non-violent resistance approach. Today, boycott means “to refuse to buy, use or take part in something as a way of protesting”.E.g. China porcelain or ceramic ware (originally imported from China)Japan a hard varnish (brought from Japan)Braille from the creator Louis BrailleWalkman from a trade markMotivation’s history and rela tion with cultureEnglish has a long history, the development of English witness changes and developments in British history. Etymologically if you explore the rationale of a word,it is not difficult to find words provided a rich cultural connotations. Each nation has its own unique language and cultural heritage, including the national psychology, religious culture, way of thinking, ethical concepts, historical facts and so on.1 An alien cultural integrationFor example, in English means that sheep, mutton, cream is from Old English. The British have suffered Norman invasion, after three hundred years, the British aristocracy and upper classes mostly francophone, English is spoken by inferior peoples and peasant. Norman's cultural superiority and social status to the British left a lot Normandy vocabulary. Now English has a high proportion of French presence, and today no one can change them.2 the role of historical figuresSuch as August, this word comes from the ancient Roman emperor Julius Caesar’s first name, whose full name is Julius Caesar Augustus Caesar. Also July is also derived from the name of Julius Caesar Julius Caesar, which is Caesar's birth month, people named after him to commemorate his achievements. Some inventor, scientist's name is also used as a synonym for a particular area. Amp comes from the French scientist Ampere, ohm from the German physicist Ohm and so on.3 Some vocabulary words from the title of masterpiece, the meaning of the word is relevant with the books. Like utopia from "Utopia" this book, odyssey from Homer’s "Odyssey".Loss of motivationThere may be two factors which lead to loss of motivation. One is a change in the morphological structure of a word. The other is the change of meaning. When the gap between original and transferred meaning becomes too wide, motivation is lost and two senses will be felt to belong to two separate word.Lexical motivation’s implications for language learning and teachingAnyway, motivation (and lack of motivation) is a language universal, that is a linguistic phenomenon that characterizes all languages without exception, no matter whether they are genetically related and structurally close or not. It is vitally important to study lexical motivation in typological perspective, because it not only makes it possible to classify tongues according to the degree and type and subtypes of motivation, but also gives insights into the nature of the word, into the human brain that verbalizes attributes of an object to name this object. A contrastive research into lexical motivation contributes to comprehension why some attributes are lexicalized more often than others, and why some attributes are never lexicalized at all. In the final analysis, it contributes to the cognitive science aimed at ascertaining how information is acquired, processed and stored by the human mind. Based on heuristic，associative and practical principles，this theory can be applied into vocabulary teaching，and make vocabulary teaching various，effective and economic．Vocabulary is one of the most important and basis unit for language constitution．An English learner’s language proficiency largely depends on his mastery of vocabulary．It is allimportant task in consideration that how to activate students’ knowledge in memory，spread their plentiful association，and deepen their comprehension．Reference1 汪榕培;卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程.上海:上海外国语出版社20052 王艾录;司富珍. 语言理据研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002.3 黄慧平. 福建商业高等专科学校学报.2007。

Brief introduction about Word Formation Abstract:English vocabulary has several Word-formation methods. The major three greatest word formation are affixation, compounding, and conversion. The other six kinds of word-formation methods include blending, clipping, acronymy, back-formation, sound reduplication, and communization of proper names.Keywords: Morphemes, classifying, word-formation1.IntroductionWhen you are learning a language,you have to learn pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and so on. in these factors, vocabulary has a very important role in language-studying. A famous scholar said”without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” He emphasized that in most cases, the vocabulary is much more important than grammar. Another famous lexicologist said, when a student learn the second language, no matter how well the student learns grammar, no matter how successfully he masters the second language ，without words to express a wide range of meanings, communication in the language cannot happen in any way.From these two examples and of course include many other cases that are not mentioned here now, we can conclude that if you don’t care vocabulary at all, it is impossible to learn a language in some way. What’s more, you cannot express your real feeling no matter you are happy, sad, fortune, or you are unlucky, because you don’t know what words you can say or can write.2.ContextBefore talking about word formation, maybe we should know the morphological structure of English words first. So what we will discuss next is morphological structure of English words. It includes morphemes, morphs and allomorphs, classifying morphemes, identifying morphemes, morphemes and word-formation.3.morphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of alanguage to make sentence, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’. Syntactically, however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.Morphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories:① Free versus Bound Morphemes ---- morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.②Derivational versus Inflectional Morphemes ---- morphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.③ Content versus Grammatical Morphemes ---- On a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes. Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as we see above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes.4.Morphemes and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.Affixes are forms that are attached to words or elements to modify meaning or function. Affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. Derivational and inflectional affixes areidentical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of word, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix.Before we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying:1.Root: a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzedwithout total loss of identity.2.Stem: a stem may consist of a single root morpheme or of two rootmorphemes. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.3.Base: a base is referred to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Itcan be a root or a stem.5.Word FormationThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.⑴AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to base. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation includes:Negative Prefixes (a-, dis- ,in-, non-, un-…)Reversative or Privative Prefixes (de-, dis-, un,…)Pejorative Prefixes (mal-, mis-, pseudo- …)Prefixes of Degree or Size (arch-, co-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-, mini-,out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under- …) Prefixes of Orientation and Attitude (anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-…)Locative Prefixes ( fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-…)Prefixes of Time and Order ( ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re- …)Number Prefixes ( bi-, multi-, semi-,tri-,uni- …)Conversion Prefixes ( a-, be-, en- …)Miscellaneous Prefixes ( auto- , neo-, pan-, proto-, vice- …)Suffixation includes:Noun suffixes (denominal nouns, deverbal nouns, de-adjective nouns, non andadjective suffixes)Adjective suffixes (denominal suffixes, deverbal suffixes )Adverb suffixes (Omit example)Verb suffixes (Omit example)⑵CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Wordsworth formed in this way are called compounds. Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.1.Characteristics of compoundsCompounds have noticeable characteristics which may in most cases differentiate themselves from noun phrases in the following four aspects:Phonological features, semantic features, grammatical, orthographical features.2.Formation of compoundsCompounding can take place within any of the word class, but the productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent.Noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds.⑶ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs.Conversion to nouns (deverbal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )Conversion to verbs (denominal, de-adjectival, miscellaneous conversion )conversion to adjectives (voiceless to voiced consonant, initial to end stress)Annotation:《英语词汇学教程》张伟友著，《词汇学学习指南》杨春慧著。

PINGDINGSHAN UNIVERSITY《英语词汇学》课程论文论文题目词汇学的重点内容及其在外语学习中的辅助作用院系: 外国语学院专业年级： 2012级英语师范专业*名：**学号: *********指导教师：韩福领副教授2015年6月25日词汇学的重点内容及其在外语学习中的辅助作用摘要英语词汇普遍存在于各种语体中而且对各种语体的言语交际至关重要，因此引起许多语言学家的关注，他们从不同的角度对其进行研究。

本文在对这些研究进行回顾和总结的基础上，尝试分析英语词汇学与二外学习的关系、主要内容及其现实意义.关键词：英语词汇学；内容；作用.目录摘要-—-——-————-————------——--—-—-——---—-—-———--—-———-—-—-———--——---————---—-——---—-—---——---—-—2目录—--————---—--—----———-———-—----—-———--—---——-———--—--———————-—----——-——-—---——--—-——----—————3内容 1英语词汇学的内容简介——-——-————-----—-——-————-—————---—-——-—-————-—-——---—--—41。

1词的概述-————-—--—-—---———-————-——-——————--—-—--———---—-———--———-———-—————-—--——---—错误!未定义书签。

1。

2 英语词汇学的主要内容--——-——-—-—-—--———-—————-—---—-——-—---——-—------—-—-—--——-—错误!未定义书签。

1.3英语词汇学中的重点—-———--——-—---—-—-—-—-———-——-—-—-————-———-——-—---—-----————-42词汇学在第二语言学习中的作用-—-————-—--—————--——-—--—-——-——-————-—-—---—-———---—52.1构词法在第二语言学习中的作用-—-—-----—-——-———-——---——-—-——---—-——--——-—-—-——-—52.2词义变化在第二语言教学中的作用-———-—-——-—-—-———-—-—————-——-——--——--—--—--—-———----——52。

词汇学论文对英语构词法的一点认识英语116班说实话，整本英语词汇学教程学下来，留在我脑子中的东西并不多，但惟独对第四章构词法（word formation）印象很深。

这一章一共介绍了9种构词法，分别是：词缀法（affixation）、组合法（compounding）、转换法（conversion）、混合法（blending）、缩略词法（clipping）、首字母缩写法（acronymy）、逆构法（back-formation）、声音重复法（sound reduplication）以及专有名词的泛化（commonization of proper names）。

今天我在这里想谈谈主要的4种构词法：词缀法（affixation）、合成法（compounding）、转换法（conversion）、混合法（blending）以及对它们的一些认识。

（一）词缀法（affixation）在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。

1.前缀法（prefixation）：在词根前加前缀，多数情况下词类不变。

主要有一下几种情况：表否定意思的前缀、表示相反的或者剥夺性质的前缀、表示变坏的前缀、表示范围和程度的前缀、表示方向和态度的前缀、表示方位的前缀、表示时间和顺序的前缀、表示数字的前缀、转化前缀以及其他类型的前缀。

2.后缀法(suffixation):在词根后面加后缀，多数情况下词类改变。

后缀主要有名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和动词后缀。

3.中缀法（infixation）：很少见，加中缀通常表明演讲者的态度，并且不会改变单词的词性和意思。

事实上，在词汇学的书里也没有提到中缀，我也只是在语言学的课上知道还有中缀这么一种词缀。

（二）合成法（compounding）合成也许是最常见的扩大英语词汇量的方式，它允许使用者将两个或两个以上熟悉的词组合在一起形成一个新的词，产生新的语义。

[标签:标题]篇一：《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)英语词汇学论文(中文版)单词记忆法细谈一，读音规则记忆法它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。

例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。

还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。

掌握了这些规则，记单词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。

二.字母变化记忆法英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。

具体方法如下：1.前面加字母。

例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread2.后面加字母。

例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet3.中间加字母。

例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four4.减字母。

例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar5.换字母。

例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。

例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign，from/form三.联想记忆法在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。

例如：打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。

On native words and borrowings in the English vocabulary AbstractAs time goes on, great changes have taken place in native English vocabulary. In addition to the inner evolvement of itself, it has also absorbed more and more borrowings from other culture. This essay will focus on exactly this subject. The main parts in this paper are: ①to exhibit the basic conceptions regarding native words and borrowings in English vocabulary;②to discuss the major features of English native words;③to discuss the major sources and features of borrowings in the English vocabulary; ④to explore the interrelation between the native and foreign elements in the English vocabulary.⑤to make a conclusion of the whole paper.Key words native words borrowings English vocabularyChapter 1 Basic Information about Native Words in English Vocabulary1、1 Definition of Native WordsWe should first make clear the exact definition of native words or borrowings no matter what we are going to discuss about them next.According to some dictionaries and books of lexicology, native words refer to words which originated in the region where it is used. To put it simple, native words are words that are not foreign or imported.Specifically, as for English vocabulary, native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the Germanic tribes, namely the angles, the Saxons, and the jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Though words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, they stand at the core of the language.1、2 Features of native wordsGenerally speaking, native words have these features below:First, they are neutral in style. That is to say, native words are usually neither formal nor informal. This is because native words denote the commonest things in human society. Almost all the people use them in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Take the word begin and commerce for instance. Begin is a typical native word and commerce is a borrowing.Obviously, we use begin neither formally or informally. However we use commerce mostly in formal occasions.Second, they are frequent in use. Native words are the foudation and the core of the English vocabulary. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The percentage of native words in use reaches usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Third, in structure they are mostly monosyllabic words.Fourth, in meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things. At the same time, they are highly polysemic words, that is, they have many meanings.Fifth, in grammar they include most parts of speech.Sixth, they are of collocability. Many commonly-used expressions and phrases in English are made up of native words.Seventh, they are good at forming word in modern English. Native words in modern English can form a great number of derivatives. For example, watery and waterless are both the derivatives of water. Native words in modern English can also form many compounds. For example, the word fire can form many compounds, such as fireman, firefighter, fireplace and firebrand and so on.Chapter 2 Basic Information about Borrowings in English Vocabulary2.1 Definition and Main Features of BorrowingsBorrowings, or borrowed words, or loan words, refers to the words taken from foreign language.As a language which owns the most speakers, English has adopted words from almost all other major languages in the world. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “the English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”. Thus the English language is called “a heavy borrower”. Here “borrowing” is not real “borrowing”. It has nothing to with returning. It’s merely a metaphor stands for the foreign words from a different culture. But not all foreign words do become borrowings. If they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the borrowing stage.Through analyzing the borrowings in English vocabulary, we can find some common features among them.First, borrowings in English vocabulary usually do not have relative native words with the same meaning with them. When this is the case, certain concepts, ideas or objects of the “lending”language community are new to the people of the “borrowing” language community. So instead of making up a complete whole new word for the idea or object they simply borrow the word from the people they came in contact with.Second, borrowings are usually words that refer to exotic ideas, concepts or objects. An example of this is how names of animals that do not inherently come from Great Britain are often loanwords in English. The name of the animal is borrowed from the language that is spoken in the country in which the animal originally comes from or lives in.Third, most of the borrowings in English vocabulary are nouns. Nouns and lexical words in general, are borrowed more frequently than grammatical words. An example of this is the word “bagel”. The word was adopted from the Yiddish language, since the Jews were those who introduced bagels to the rest of the world. Many other languages, including English, therefore borrowed the word “bagel”.Fourth, borrowings are often even more widely known than native words since their borrowing served a certain purpose, for example to provide a name for a new invention. An example of such a borrowing is “pizza”. Since the Italians were those who introduce pizzas in England, the England borrowed the word from them.2.2 Major Sources of Borrowings in the English VocabularyTo discuss this question, we should first get to know the exact meaning of “source of borrowing”. Here it refers to the place where the borrowing was borrowed.Generally speaking, Latin, Greek and French are the three languages that have contributed most to the English language. Other foreign languages that have contributed words are of less importance.That is to say, Latin, Greek and French are the three main sources where borrowings in English vocanulary come from. Apart from the three, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish are also the main sources of borrowings in English vocabulary. Some examples of borrowings in English voabulary are as follows.Among those borrowings that come from the Germanic are the words father, mother, brother, man, wife, tree, grass, summer, winter, bring, come, get, hear, meet, and think and so on.Such words as constitution, president, parliament, congress, city, place, , diner, café, liberty, veracity, carpenter, draper, haberdasher, mason, painter, plumber, and tailor are from France.English has acquired many words from Spanish. Some of these have been borrowed directly: cigar, armada, guerrilla, matador, mosquito, and tornado.Borrowings from Latin have been especially numerous. Many of these represent combinations of Latin words: alnutrition, transfer, circumference, supernatural, submarine, suburb, substantial, contemporary, multilingual, conjunction, compassion, and hundreds more.Borrowings from Greek are heavy in the sciences and technology. In addition to macro and micro, often-used prefixes include poly and tele. Among the well-known English words from Greek are alphabet, geometry, geology, photography, psychology, pathology, biology, philosophy, telephone, logistics, and metamorphosis.Among the common English words that have come from Arabic are: alcohol, alchemy, algebra, alkali, almanac, arsenal, assassin, cipher, elixir, mosque, naphtha, sugar, syrup, zenith, and zero.Borrowings in English vocabulary are so numerous that they can not be listed one by one The above are the language sources that English vocabulary comes from. Below are the specific sources or we’d better say specific channels that borrowings come from. Generally speaking, English vocabulary mainly comes through conquest, commerce, travel, literature, mass media or some other ways. In other words, those borrowings have come into English vocabulary through the spoken word, on one hand, and through the written word, on the other hand.Chapter 3 The Interrelation between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn fact, no language has so complex and varied a vocabulary as English. The English vocabulary has been adopted from more than fifty languages. As a cosmopolitan language English has no rival. That is to say, up to seventy percent of the English vocabulary consists of loan-words, and only thirty percent are native words.In spite of large-scale borrowings, it is the native words that form the basic stock of modern English vocabulary. And what’s more, native words are used in everyday speech and writing more frequently than borrowed words.Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.In the course of historical development borrowed words have extended the total number of the English vocabulary, and Latin or Greek roots, prefixes or suffixes have changed the structures of English words.Chapter 4 conclusionTo sum up, we can say that English vocabulary has been marked by the word ‘borrowing’. Since early times, English has been in contact with other languages such as Greek, French, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and Spanish and so on, and as a result, English vocabulary has been riched under the influence of other languages. It is native words and borrowings together help strengthen the English vocabulary and make it a very open and the most poewrful language in the modern world.Bibliography参考书目??/~kemmer/Words04/structure/borrowed.htmlhttp://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdfhttp://dooku.miun.se/engelska/englishC/C-essay/VT06/Final/NicoleFerm.pdf/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html/media_file/200708/huashi/0809/cihuix/web/unit02.htm。