逻辑学的英文翻译PPT
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逻辑学是研究思维形式、思维规律、思维方法和论证的科学。
论述一:逻辑逻辑是英语logic的音译词,它起源于古希腊文λογοδ(逻各斯),原意为思想、言辞、理性、规律性等。
到了近代,欧洲用“逻辑”一词来指称研究推理或论证的学科,一直沿用至今。
在现代汉语中,“逻辑”是个多义词,语义大致有如下几种:(1)指客观事物的规律、规律性。
例如,我们要研究中国建设的逻辑。
(2)专指思维的规律、规则。
例如,说话写文章要讲逻辑。
(3)指某种特别的理论或观点(往往含贬义)。
例如,明明是侵略,却说成是友谊,这是强盗逻辑。
(4)指逻辑学。
例如,各个专业的大学生都应当学习逻辑。
论述二:思维思维与人的认识活动密切相关。
人的认识活动,即对客观事物的认识,是一个不断深化的过程。
人的认识发展,是由感性认识到理性认识,由形象思维到抽象思维的过程。
感觉、知觉与表象,属于形象思维与感性认识的阶段;概念、判断与推理,属于抽象思维与理性认识的阶段。
感觉,是人脑对直接作用于感官的客观事物的个别属性的反映,它是最初级的认识过程。
例如,当苹果作用于我们的感官时,我们通过视觉可以反映它的颜色;通过味觉可以反映它的味道;通过嗅觉可以反映它的气味;同时,通过触觉可以反映它的质感。
人正是通过对客观事物的各种感觉认识到事物的各种属性。
感觉不仅反映客观事物的个别属性,而且也反映我们身体各部分的运动和状态。
例如,我们可以感觉到双手在举起,感觉到身体的倾斜,以及感觉到肠胃的剧烈收缩等等。
感觉虽然是一种极简单的认识过程,但它在我们的生活实践中却具有重要的意义。
有了感觉,我们才可以分辨外界各种事物的属性,才能分辨颜色、声音、软硬、粗细、重量、温度、味道、气味等,才能了解自身各部分的位置、运动、姿势、饥饿、心跳,有了感觉,我们才能进行其它复杂的认识过程。
知觉,是客观事物直接作用于感官而在头脑中产生的对事物整体的认识。
例如,当苹果作用于我们的感官时,我们认识到的不只是某种颜色,而是一个具有颜色、香味、硬度...的苹果,这就是知觉。
目录目录 (1)学习逻辑学的思想准备 (1)1.全神贯注 (1)2.确认事实 (2)3.观念与其对象 (4)4.留意观念的本源 (4)5.观念联系事实 (5)6.将观念付诸语言 (6)7.有效沟通 (7)说完整的句子 (8)不要将主观看法当做客观事实 (8)避免使用双重否定 (9)根据对象选择合适的语言 (9)8.避免使用模糊和多义的语言 (9)9.避免闪避式语言 (11)10.真相 (11)逻辑学的基本原理 (14)1.基本原理 (15)同一律 (15)排中律 (15)充足理由律 (16)矛盾律 (16)2.灰色地带及人为灰色地带 (18)3.万物终有其根源 (19)4.对原因的探寻不要半途而废 (20)5.区分原因 (21)6.定义术语 (23)7.直言命题 (25)8.普遍命题 (26)论证:逻辑学的语言 (28)1.建立一个论证 (28)2.从全称到特称 (30)3.从特称到全称 (30)4.断言 (31)5.否定命题 (32)6.比较 (33)7.比较和论证 (35)8.正确论证 (36)联言论证 (37)选言论证 (38)9.条件论证 (39)10.三段论 (41)11.前提的真实性 (43)12.前提的相关性 (44)13.事实命题,价值命题 (45)14.论证架构 (46)15.结论必须反映前提的量 (48)16.结论必须反映前提的质 (50)17.归纳论证 (51)18.评定论证 (53)19.构造一个论证 (54)前提的真实性 (54)前提的力度 (55)非逻辑思维的根源 (56)1.怀疑论 (56)2.逃避性不可知论 (57)3.玩世不恭和盲目乐观主义 (58)4.眼界狭窄 (58)5.情感和论证 (59)6.推理的原因 (60)7.论证不是争吵 (61)8.真诚的局限性 (61)9.常识 (61)非逻辑思维的主要形式 (63)1.否定前件 (64)2.肯定后件 (65)3.中项不周延 (65)4.偷换概念 (66)5.窃取论题 (68)6.虚假假设 (69)7.稻草人谬误(扭曲论证过程) (70)8.误用传统 (70)9.以暴易暴 (71)10.民主谬误 (71)11.对人不对事 (72)12.压制理性 (72)13.滥用专家意见 (73)14.量化性质 (74)15.以出身论英雄 (74)16.止于分析 (75)17.简化主义 (76)18.分类错误 (76)19.混淆视听 (76)20.以笑饰非 (77)21.以泪掩过 (77)22.无力反驳不算证明 (78)23.两难陷阱 (79)24.以先后论因果 (79)25.情感误导 (80)26.功利误导 (80)27.避免结论 (81)28.简化推理 (81)后记 (83)译后记 (84)第1章学习逻辑学的思想准备Preparing the Mind for Logic学习逻辑学首先意味着我们要对语言保持高度敏感,并且掌握有效运用它们的技巧,因为逻辑和语言是密不可分的。
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《逻辑导论》第一章绪论一、"逻辑"的含义1、"逻辑"的由来"逻辑"一词由英文"Logic"音译而来。
"Logic"源于古希腊语"λγο"(逻各斯),原意是言辞、思想、理性、秩序、尺度、规律等。
直到近代,才用来表示逻辑学这门学科。
2、"逻辑"的含义(1)客观事物的规律(2)某种理论、观点或主张(3)思维的形式规律或规则(4)逻辑学二、逻辑学的起源--源于思想的自我反思逻辑学是一门历史悠久的学科,至今已有两千多年的历史。
这门学科是由古希腊思想家亚里士多德(Aristotle 公元前384--322年)创立的。
公元前6世纪-4世纪是思想争论的时代。
逻辑学是为了满足这个时期的政治与法庭的辩论、数学的证明、伦理学和形而上学的论证等思想争论的需要发展起来的,是在这个时代的思想的自我反思基础之上发展而来的。
三、逻辑学的对象、问题、任务逻辑学以推论作为研究对象。
逻辑学的研究问题:推论的必然性即有效性问题。
逻辑学的研究任务:解决判定问题:研究有效推论的判定程序与方法。
解决推导问题:发现有效推论的规则与方法。
四、逻辑学的性质和作用在联合国教科文组织颁布的学科分类中,逻辑学被列为七大基础学科之一。
逻辑学是一门基础性学科。
逻辑学是一门工具性学科。
逻辑学是一门应用广泛性的学科。
逻辑学具有重要的理论意义和实践意义逻辑学是思想分析与批判的工具。
逻辑学是思想推论与论证的工具。
逻辑学在理论研究和社会实践中具有广泛的应用。
第二章命题逻辑关于命题联结词的规律一、命题命题:有所陈述的语句。
命题结构:命题可以分解为联结词和被联结的部分。
联结词称为逻辑常项,它起联结作用并反映被联结的部分之间的逻辑关系。
命题形式:命题结构或命题内在逻辑关系的表达式。
由变项和逻辑常项组成。
命题的真假:二、命题联结词与复合命题命题联结词:联结命题的联结词。