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雷霆沙赞比利巴特森obj式文件雷霆沙赞，比利巴特森，这是一部风靡全球的超级英雄电影。
影片讲述了一个普通少年比利·巴特森如何成为雷霆沙赞，拯救世界的故事。
在这个充满惊险与刺激的冒险之旅中，比利面临着各种考验和挑战，最终成长为一名真正的超级英雄。
比利·巴特森是一个被遗弃的孤儿，他一直在寻找着自己的家庭和归属感。
在一次偶然的机会下，他被一位神秘老人选中，赋予了变身成雷霆沙赞的能力。
通过说出“沙赞”这个咒语，比利可以变身成一个拥有超能力的英雄，能够飞行、强壮无比，甚至可以发出雷电般的能量。
随着比利逐渐掌握自己的超能力，他开始意识到超级英雄的责任和使命。
他不再只是为了自己而战，而是为了保护无辜的人们，对抗邪恶势力。
在面对邪恶反派萨瓦纳的挑战时，比利展现出了无畏的勇气和顽强的意志，最终击败了对手，拯救了世界。
影片中的雷霆沙赞不仅仅是一个拥有超能力的英雄，更是一个内心坚定、正直善良的年轻人。
他始终秉持着正义和勇气，不惧怕任何挑战和困难。
他的形象深深地触动了观众的内心，让人们对于正义和勇气有了全新的认识和理解。
比利·巴特森的成长之路充满了坎坷和挑战，但正是这些经历让他变得更加坚强和成熟。
他学会了如何正确地运用自己的超能力，如何面对困难和挑战，如何保护身边的人们。
他不再是一个孤独无助的少年，而是一个成熟自信的超级英雄，拥有着改变世界的力量。
雷霆沙赞比利巴特森，这个名字将永远铭记在观众的心中。
他不仅仅是一个虚构的英雄形象，更是一种精神的象征，代表着勇气、正义和拯救的力量。
在这个充满挑战和变数的世界里，我们每个人都可以成为自己生活中的雷霆沙赞，勇敢面对困难，守护所爱，成为自己内心的英雄。
愿雷霆沙赞的精神永远与我们同在，指引我们勇往直前，勇敢前行。
【OCG前】1996年《游☆戏☆王》漫画开始在《周刊少年Jump》连载原作者为漫画家高桥和希。
原作起初包括多种游戏内容，后来集中于集换卡牌游戏“M&W”。
1998年 Bandai推出以《游戏王》原作中登场的集换卡牌游戏“M&W”为题材的集换卡牌1998年 KONAMI在GB平台发售游戏《游戯王デュエルモンスターズ（游戏王决斗怪兽）》能造成5000点伤害的稀有魔法卡《火炎地狱》是其特征。
1999年 KONAMI获得《游戏王》版权【第1期】卡片特征：卡图右下方没有卡号。
卡片右下角没有银色的防伪标记。
怪物卡的攻击力、守备力印在很大的方框里，几乎和描述文字的方框一样大。
魔法陷阱卡没有效果类型标记，不容易区别装备魔法和通常魔法，不容易区别永续陷阱、通常陷阱、反击陷阱。
地形魔法、仪式魔法分别印着“魔法カード·フィールド”、“魔法カード·仪式”。
这时还没有永续魔法卡和速攻魔法卡。
规则有两种，分别是エキスパートルール（专家规则）和公式ルール（官方规则）。
专家规则：主卡组40枚以上，无上限。
SIDE15枚，额外卡组无限制。
MATCH战1胜2平时算平手。
决斗开始时双方LP8000。
决斗时有一方卡组耗尽的话，这时LP多的玩家获胜。
手札枚数没有上限。
先攻第1回合不能抽卡，不能攻击。
官方规则在上述“专家规则”的基础上追加：魔法卡、陷阱卡每回合只能出场1张。
召唤5星以上的怪物不需要祭品。
融合召唤时必须使用场上的怪物，自己场上和对手场上的怪物都可以用。
1999年2月4日《Vol.1》发售游戏王OCG的开端。
原作中游戏爱用的《ブラック·マジシャン（黑魔导）》《暗黒騎士ガイア（黑暗骑士盖亚）》登场。
除此两张外收录的怪物卡均为下级怪物。
《地割れ（地割）》是这时OCG最出色的怪物除去系魔法卡，《落とし穴（落穴）》是这时OCG 最强的怪物除去系陷阱卡。
虽然是最早的卡包，却收录了OCG最强的怪物除去系魔法卡之一《ブラック·ホール（黑洞）》。
absolute energy distribution 绝对能量分布abundance effect 丰度效应angular diameter—redshift relation 角径—红移关系asteroid astrometry 小行星天体测量bursting pulsar （GRO J1744-28 ）暴态脉冲星Caliban 天卫十七canonical Big Bang 典型大爆炸Cepheid binary 造父双星CH anomaly CH 反常chromospheric plage 色球谱斑circumnuclear star-forming ring 核周产星环circumstellar astrophysics 星周天体物理CN anomaly CN 反常colliding-wind binary 星风互撞双星collisional de-excitation 碰撞去激发collisional ionization 碰撞电离collision line broadening 碰撞谱线致宽Compton loss 康普顿耗损continuous opacity 连续不透明度coronagraphic camera 日冕照相机coronal active region 日冕活动区cosmic-ray exposure age 宇宙线曝射法年龄count—magnitude relation 计数—星等关系Cousins color system 卡曾斯颜色系统dating method 纪年法DDO color system DDO 颜色系统deep sky object 深空天体deep sky phenomena 深空天象dense star cluster 稠密星团diagnostics 诊断法dissociative recombination 离解复合Doppler line broadening 多普勒谱线致宽epicyclic orbit 本轮轨道extragalactic background 河外背景extragalactic background radiation 河外背景辐射flare particle emission 耀斑粒子发射flare physics 耀斑物理Fm star Fm 星focal plane spectrometer 焦面分光计focusing X-ray telescope 聚焦X 射线望远镜Friedmann time 弗里德曼时间galactic chimney 星系通道Galactic chimney 银河系通道gas relention age 气体变异法年龄Gauss line profile 高斯谱线轮廓GCR （Galactic cosmic rays ）银河系宇宙线Geneva color system 日内瓦颜色系统global oscilletion 全球振荡GW-Vir instability strip 室女GW 不稳定带Highly Advanced Laboratory for 〈HALCA〉通讯和天文高新空间Communications and Astronomy 实验室（HALCA ）Hipparcos catalogue 依巴谷星表Hobby-Eberly Telescope （HET ）〈HET〉大型拼镶镜面望远镜Hoyle—Narlikar cosmology 霍伊尔—纳里卡宇宙学Hubble Deep Field （HDF ）哈勃深空区human space flight 载人空间飞行、人上天imaging spectrograph 成象摄谱仪infrared camera 红外照相机infrared luminosity 红外光度infrared polarimetry 红外偏振测量in-situ acceleration 原位加速intercept age 截距法年龄inverse Compton limit 逆康普顿极限isochron age 等龄线法年龄Johnson color system 约翰逊颜色系统K giant variable （KGV ）K 型巨变星kinetic equilibrium 运动学平衡large-scale beam 大尺度射束large-scale jet 大尺度喷流limb polarization 临边偏振line-profile variable 谱线轮廓变星long term fluctuation 长期起伏Lorentz line profile 洛伦兹谱线轮廓magnetic arm 磁臂Mars globe 火星仪massive black hole 大质量黑洞mean extinction coefficient 平均消光系数mean luminosity density 平均光度密度microwave storm 微波噪暴Milli-Meter Array （MMA ）〈MMA〉毫米波射电望远镜阵molecular maser 分子微波激射、分子脉泽moving atmosphere 动态大气neutrino loss rate 中微子耗损率non-linear astronomy 非线性天文non-standard model 非标准模型passband width 带宽P Cygni type star 天鹅P 型星Perseus chimney 英仙通道planetary companion 似行星伴天体plateau phase 平台阶段primordial abundance 原始丰度protobinary system 原双星proto-brown dwarf 原褐矮星quiescent galaxy 宁静星系radiation transport 辐射转移radio-intermediate quasar 中介射电类星体random peculiar motion 随机本动relative energy distribution 相对能量分布RGU color system RGU 颜色系统ringed barred galaxy 有环棒旋星系ringed barred spiral galaxy 有环棒旋星系rise phase 上升阶段Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer （RXTE ）〈RXTE〉X 射线时变探测器RQPNMLK color system RQPNMLK 颜色系统Scheuer—Readhead hypothesis 朔伊尔—里德黑德假说Serpens molecular cloud 巨蛇分子云soft X-ray transient （SXT ）软X 射线暂现源solar dynamo 太阳发电机solar global parameter 太阳整体参数solar neighbourhood 太阳附近空间spectral catalogue 光谱表spectral duplicity 光谱成双性star-formation process 产星过程star-forming phase 产星阶段Stroemgren color system 颜色系统Sub-Millimeter Array （SMA ）〈SMA〉亚毫米波射电望远镜阵superassociation 超级星协supermassive black hole 特大质量黑洞supersoft X-ray source 超软X 射线源super-star cluster 超级星团Sycorax 天卫十七symbiotic recurrent nova 共生再发新星synchrotron loss 同步加速耗损time dilation 时间扩展tired-light model 光线老化宇宙模型tremendous outburst amplitude 巨爆幅tremendous outburst amplitude dwarf 巨爆幅矮新星nova （TOAD ）Tycho catalogue 第谷星表UBV color system UBV 颜色系统UBVRI color system UBVRI 颜色系统ultraviolet luminosity 紫外光度unrestricted orbit 无限制性轨道uvby color system uvby 颜色系统VBLUW color system VBLUW 颜色系统V enus globe 金星仪Vilnius color system 维尔纽斯颜色系统Virgo galaxy cluster 室女星系团VLBA （Very Long Baseline Array ）〈VLBA〉甚长基线射电望远镜阵V oigt line profile 佛克特谱线轮廓VRI color system VRI 颜色系统Walraven color system 沃尔拉文颜色系统waning crescent 残月waning gibbous 亏凸月waxing crescent 娥眉月waxing gibbous 盈凸月WBVR color system WBVR 颜色系统Wood color system 伍德颜色系统zodiacal light photometry 黄道光测光11-year solar cycle 11 年太阳周αCygni variable 天津四型变星δDoradus variable 剑鱼δ型变星Vainu Bappu Observatory 巴普天文台variable-velocity star 视向速度变星vectorial astrometry 矢量天体测量vector-point diagram 矢点图V ega 〈维佳〉行星际探测器V ega phenomenon 织女星现象velocity variable 视向速度变星V enera 〈金星〉号行星际探测器very strong-lined giant, VSL giant 甚强线巨星very strong-lined star, VSL star 甚强线星video astronomy 录象天文viewfinder 寻星镜Viking 〈海盗〉号火星探测器virial coefficient 位力系数virial equilibrium 位力平衡virial radius 位力半径virial temperature 位力温度virtual phase CCD 虚相CCDvisible arm 可见臂visible component 可见子星visual star 光学星VLT, Very Large Telescope 甚大望远镜void 巨洞V ondrak method 冯德拉克方法V oyager 〈旅行者〉号行星际探测器VSOP, VLBI Space Observatory 空间甚长基线干涉测量Programme 天文台计划wave-front sensor 波前传感器weak-line T Tauri star 弱线金牛T 型星Wesselink mass 韦塞林克质量WET, Whole Earth Telescope 全球望远镜WHT, William Herschel Telescope 〈赫歇尔〉望远镜wide-angle eyepiece 广角目镜wide binary galaxy 远距双重星系wide visual binary 远距目视双星Wild Duck cluster （M 11 ）野鸭星团Wind 〈风〉太阳风和地球外空磁层探测器WIRE, Wide-field Infrared Explorer 〈WIRE〉广角红外探测器WIYN Telescope, Wisconsin-Indiana- 〈WIYN〉望远镜Yale-NOAO TelescopeWR nebula, Wolf-Rayet nebula WR 星云Wyoming Infrared Telescope 怀俄明红外望远镜xenobiology 外空生物学XMM, X-ray Mirror Mission X 射线成象望远镜X-ray corona X 射线冕X-ray eclipse X 射线食X-ray halo X 射线晕XTE, X-ray Timing Explorer X 射线计时探测器yellow straggler 黄离散星Yohkoh 〈阳光〉太阳探测器young stellar object （YSO ）年轻恒星体ZAHB, zero-age horizontal branch 零龄水平支Zanstra temperature 赞斯特拉温度ZZ Ceti star 鲸鱼ZZ 型星γ-ray burster （GRB ）γ射线暴源γ-ray line γ谱线γ-ray line astronomy γ谱线天文γ-ray line emission γ谱线发射ζAurigae binary 御夫ζ型双星ζAurigae variable 御夫ζ型变星TAMS, terminal-age main sequence 终龄主序Taurus molecular cloud （TMC ）金牛分子云TDT, terrestrial dynamical time 地球力学时television guider 电视导星器television-type detector 电视型探测器Tenma 〈天马〉X 射线天文卫星terrestrial reference system 地球参考系tetrad 四元基thermal background 热背景辐射thermal background radiation 热背景辐射thermal pulse 热脉冲thermonuclear runaway 热核暴涨thick-disk population 厚盘族thinned CCD 薄型CCDthird light 第三光源time-signal station 时号台timing age 计时年龄tomograph 三维结构图toner 调色剂torquetum 赤基黄道仪TRACE, Transition Region and Coronal 〈TRACE〉太阳过渡区和日冕Explorer 探测器tracker 跟踪器transfer efficiency 转移效率transition region line 过渡区谱线trans-Nepturnian object 海外天体Trapezium cluster 猎户四边形星团triad 三元基tri-dimensional spectroscopy 三维分光triquetum 三角仪tuning-fork diagram 音叉图turnoff age 拐点年龄turnoff mass 拐点质量two-dimensional photometry 二维测光two-dimensional spectroscopy 二维分光UKIRT, UK Infrared Telescope Facility 联合王国红外望远镜UKST, UK Schmidt Telescope 联合王国施密特望远镜ultracompact H Ⅱregion 超致密电离氢区ultradeep-field observation 特深天区观测ultraluminous galaxy 超高光度星系ultrametal-poor star 特贫金属星Ulysses 〈尤利西斯〉太阳探测器unseen component 未见子星upper tangent arc 上正切晕弧unnumbered asteroid 未编号小行星Uranian ring 天王星环Ursa Major group 大熊星群Ursa Minorids 小熊流星群Sagittarius dwarf 人马矮星系Sagittarius dwarf galaxy 人马矮星系Sagittarius galaxy 人马星系Saha equation 沙哈方程Sakigake 〈先驱〉空间探测器Saturn-crossing asteroid 越土小行星Saturnian ringlet 土星细环Saturnshine 土星反照scroll 卷滚Sculptor group 玉夫星系群Sculptor Supercluster 玉夫超星系团Sculptor void 玉夫巨洞secondary crater 次级陨击坑secondary resonance 次共振secular evolution 长期演化secular resonance 长期共振seeing management 视宁度控管segregation 层化selenogony 月球起源学separatrice 分界sequential estimation 序贯估计sequential processing 序贯处理serendipitous X-ray source 偶遇X 射线源serendipitous γ-ray source 偶遇γ射线源Serrurier truss 赛路里桁架shell galaxy 壳星系shepherd satellite 牧羊犬卫星shock temperature 激波温度silicon target vidicon 硅靶光导摄象管single-arc method 单弧法SIRTF, Space Infrared Telescope 空间红外望远镜Facilityslitless spectroscopy 无缝分光slit spectroscopy 有缝分光slow pulsar 慢转脉冲星SMM, Solar Maximum MIssion 太阳极大使者SMT, Submillimeter Telescope 亚毫米波望远镜SOFIA, Stratospheric Observatory for 〈索菲雅〉机载红外望远镜Infrared Astronomysoft γ-ray burst repeater 软γ暴复现源soft γrepeater （SGR ）软γ射线复现源SOHO, Solar and Heliospheric 〈索贺〉太阳和太阳风层探测器Observatorysolar circle 太阳圈solar oscillation 太阳振荡solar pulsation 太阳脉动solar-radiation pressure 太阳辐射压solar-terrestrial environment 日地环境solitary 孤子性soliton star 孤子星South Galactic Cap 南银冠South Galactic Pole 南银极space density profile 空间密度轮廓space geodesy 空间大地测量space geodynamics 空间地球动力学Spacelab 空间实验室spatial mass segregation 空间质量分层speckle masking 斑点掩模speckle photometry 斑点测光speckle spectroscopy 斑点分光spectral comparator 比长仪spectrophotometric distance 分光光度距离spectrophotometric standard 分光光度标准星spectroscopic period 分光周期specular density 定向密度spherical dwarf 椭球矮星系spin evolution 自旋演化spin period 自旋周期spin phase 自旋相位spiral 旋涡星系spiral arm tracer 示臂天体Spoerer minimum 斯珀勒极小spotted star 富黑子恒星SST, Spectroscopic Survey Telescope 分光巡天望远镜standard radial-velocity star 视向速度标准星standard rotational-velocity star 自转速度标准星standard velocity star 视向速度标准星starburst 星暴starburst galaxy 星暴星系starburst nucleus 星暴star complex 恒星复合体star-formation activity 产星活动star-formation burst 产星暴star-formation efficiency （SFE ）产星效率star-formation rate 产星率star-formation region 产星区star-forming region 产星区starpatch 星斑static property 静态特性statistical orbit-determination 统计定轨理论theorysteep-spectrum radio quasar 陡谱射电类星体stellar environment 恒星环境stellar halo 恒星晕stellar jet 恒星喷流stellar speedometer 恒星视向速度仪stellar seismology 星震学Stokes polarimetry 斯托克斯偏振测量strange attractor 奇异吸引体strange star 奇异星sub-arcsec radio astronomy 亚角秒射电天文学Subaru Telescope 昴星望远镜subcluster 次团subclustering 次成团subdwarf B star B 型亚矮星subdwarf O star O 型亚矮星subgiant branch 亚巨星支submilliarcsecond optical astrometry 亚毫角秒光波天体测量submillimeter astronomy 亚毫米波天文submillimeter observatory 亚毫米波天文台submillimeter photometry 亚毫米波测光submillimeter space astronomy 亚毫米波空间天文submillimeter telescope 亚毫米波望远镜submillisecond optical pulsar 亚毫秒光学脉冲星submillisecond pulsar 亚毫秒脉冲星submillisecond radio pulsar 亚毫秒射电脉冲星substellar object 亚恒星天体subsynchronism 亚同步subsynchronous rotation 亚同步自转Sunflower galaxy （M 63 ）葵花星系sungrazer comet 掠日彗星supercluster 超星团; 超星系团supergalactic streamer 超星系流状结构supergiant molecular cloud （SGMC ）超巨分子云superhump 长驼峰superhumper 长驼峰星supermaximum 长极大supernova rate 超新星频数、超新星出现率supernova shock 超新星激波superoutburst 长爆发superwind galaxy 超级风星系supporting system 支承系统surface activity 表面活动surface-brightness profile 面亮度轮廓surface-channel CCD 表面型CCDSU Ursae Majoris star 大熊SU 型星SW AS, Submillimeter Wave Astronomy 亚毫米波天文卫星Satallitesymbiotic binary 共生双星symbiotic Mira 共生刍藁symbiotic nova 共生新星synthetic-aperture radar 综合孔径雷达systemic velocity 质心速度radial pulsator 径向脉动星radial-velocity orbit 分光解radial-velocity reference star 视向速度参考星radial-velocity standard star 视向速度标准星radial-velocity survey 视向速度巡天radio arm 射电臂radio counterpart 射电对应体radio loud quasar 强射电类星体radio observation 射电观测radio picture 射电图radio pollution 射电污染radio supernova 射电超新星rapid burster 快暴源rapidly oscillating Ap star 快速振荡Ap 星readout 读出readout noise 读出噪声recycled pulsar 再生脉冲星reddened galaxy 红化星系reddened object 红化天体reddened quasar 红化类星体red horizontal branch （RHB ）红水平分支red nebulous object （RNO ）红色云状体Red Rectangle nebula 红矩形星云redshift survey 红移巡天red straggler 红离散星reflex motion 反映运动regression period 退行周期regular cluster 规则星团; 规则星系团relaxation effect 弛豫效应reset 清零resonance overlap theory 共振重叠理论return-beam tube 回束摄象管richness parameter 富度参数Ring nebula （M 57、NGC 6720 ）环状星云ring-plane crossing 环面穿越Rosalind 天卫十三ROSAT, Roentgensatellit 〈ROSAT〉天文卫星Rosette Molecular Cloud （RMC ）玫瑰分子云Rossby number 罗斯贝数rotating variable 自转变星rotational evolution 自转演化rotational inclination 自转轴倾角rotational modulation 自转调制rotational period 自转周期rotational phase 自转相位rotational pole 自转极rotational velocity 自转速度rotation frequency 自转频率rotation phase 自转相位rotation rate 自转速率rubber second 负闰秒rubidium-strontium dating 铷锶计年pan 摇镜头parry arc 彩晕弧partial-eclipse solution 偏食解particle astrophysics 粒子天体物理path of annularity 环食带path of totality 全食带PDS, photo-digitizing system、PDS、数字图象仪、photometric data system 测光数据仪penetrative convection 贯穿对流pentaprism test 五棱镜检验percolation 渗流periapse 近质心点periapse distance 近质心距periapsis distance 近拱距perigalactic distance 近银心距perigalacticon 近银心点perimartian 近火点period gap 周期空隙period-luminosity-colour relation 周光色关系PG 1159 star PG 1159 恒星photoflo 去渍剂photographic spectroscopy 照相分光photometric accuracy 测光精度photometric error 测光误差photometric night 测光夜photometric standard star 测光标准星photospheric abundance 光球丰度photospheric activity 光球活动photospheric line 光球谱线planetary biology 行星生物学planetary geology 行星地质学Pleiad 昴团星plerion 类蟹遗迹plerionic remnant 类蟹遗迹plerionic supernova remnant 类蟹超新星遗迹plumbicon 氧化铅光导摄象管pluton 类冥行星p-mode p 模、压力模pointimg accuracy 指向精度point spread function 点扩散函数polarimetric standard star 偏振标准星polarization standard star 偏振标准星polar-ring galaxy 极环星系Portia 天卫十二post AGB star AGB 后恒星post-core-collapse cluster 核心坍缩后星团post-coronal region 冕外区post-main-sequence star 主序后星post red-supergiant 红超巨后星post starburst galaxy 星暴后星系post T Tauri star 金牛T 后星potassium-argon dating 钾氩计年precataclysmic binary 激变前双星precataclysmic variable 激变前变星preceding limb 西边缘、前导边缘precessing-disk model 进动盘模型precession globe 岁差仪precession period 进动周期preflash 预照光pre-main-sequence spectroscopic 主序前分光双星binarypre-planetary disk 前行星盘pre-white dwarf 白矮前身星primary crater 初级陨击坑primordial binary 原始双星principle of mediocrity 折衷原则progenitor 前身星; 前身天体progenitor star 前身星projected density profile 投影密度轮廓proper-motion membership 自行成员星proper reference frame 固有参考架proper reference system 固有参考系proplyd 原行星盘proto-binary 原双星proto-cluster 原星团proto-cluster of galaxies 原星系团proto-earth 原地球proto-galactic cloud 原星系云proto-galactic object 原星系天体proto-Galaxy 原银河系proto-globular cluster 原球状星团proto-Jupiter 原木星proto-planet 原行星proto-planetary disk 原行星盘proto-planetary system 原行星系proto-shell star 原气壳星proto-sun 原太阳pseudo body-fixed system 准地固坐标系Puck 天卫十五pulsar time scale 脉冲星时标pulsation axis 脉动对称轴pulsation equation 脉动方程pulsation frequency 脉动频率pulsation phase 脉动阶段pulsation pole 脉动极pulse light curve 脉冲光变曲线pyrometry 高温测量QPO, quasi-periodic oscillation 似周期振荡quantum cosmology 量子宇宙学quantum universe 量子宇宙quasar astronomy 类星体天文quiescence 宁静态naked-eye variable star 肉眼变星naked T Tauri star 显露金牛T 型星narrow-line radio galaxy （NLRG ）窄线射电星系Nasmyth spectrograph 内氏焦点摄谱仪natural reference frame 自然参考架natural refenence system 自然参考系natural seeing 自然视宁度near-contact binary 接近相接双星near-earth asteroid 近地小行星near-earth asteroid belt 近地小行星带near-earth comet 近地彗星NEO, near-earth object 近地天体neon nova 氖新星Nepturian ring 海王星环neutrino astrophysics 中微子天文NNTT, National New Technology Telescope国立新技术望远镜NOAO, National Optical Astronomical 国立光学天文台Observatoriesnocturnal 夜间定时仪nodal precession 交点进动nodal regression 交点退行non-destroy readout （NDRO ）无破坏读出nonlinear infall mode 非线性下落模型nonlinear stability 非线性稳定性nonnucleated dwarf elliptical 无核矮椭圆星系nonnucleated dwarf galaxy 无核矮星系nonpotentiality 非势场性nonredundant masking 非过剩遮幅成象nonthermal radio halo 非热射电晕normal tail 正常彗尾North Galactic Cap 北银冠NOT, Nordic Optical Telescope 北欧光学望远镜nova rate 新星频数、新星出现率NTT, New Technology Telescope 新技术望远镜nucleated dwarf elliptical 有核矮椭圆星系nucleated dwarf galaxy 有核矮星系number density profile 数密度轮廓numbered asteroid 编号小行星oblique pulsator 斜脉动星observational cosmology 观测宇宙学observational dispersion 观测弥散度observational material 观测资料observing season 观测季occultation band 掩带O-Ne-Mg white dwarf 氧氖镁白矮星one-parameter method 单参数法on-line data handling 联机数据处理on-line filtering 联机滤波open cluster of galaxies 疏散星系团Ophelia 天卫七optical aperture-synthesis imaging 光波综合孔径成象optical arm 光学臂optical disk 光学盘optical light 可见光optical luminosity function 光学光度函数optically visible object 光学可见天体optical picture 光学图optical spectroscopy 光波分光orbital circularization 轨道圆化orbital eccentricity 轨道偏心率orbital evolution 轨道演化orbital frequency 轨道频率orbital inclination 轨道倾角orbit plane 轨道面order region 有序区organon parallacticon 星位尺Orion association 猎户星协orrery 太阳系仪orthogonal transformation 正交变换oscillation phase 振动相位outer asteroid belt 外小行星带outer-belt asteroid 外带小行星outer halo cluster 外晕族星团outside-eclipse variation 食外变光overshoot 超射OVV quasar, optically violently OVV 类星体variable quasar、optically violent variablevquasaroxygen sequence 氧序Kalman filter 卡尔曼滤波器KAO, Kuiper Air-borne Observatory 〈柯伊伯〉机载望远镜Keck ⅠTelescope 凯克Ⅰ望远镜Keck ⅡTelescope 凯克Ⅱ望远镜Kuiper belt 柯伊伯带Kuiper-belt object 柯伊伯带天体Kuiper disk 柯伊伯盘LAMOST, Large Multi-Object Fibre 大型多天体分光望远镜Spectroscopic TelescopeLaplacian plane 拉普拉斯平面late cluster 晚型星系团LBT, Large Binocular Telescope 〈LBT〉大型双筒望远镜lead oxide vidicon 氧化铅光导摄象管Leo Triplet 狮子三重星系LEST, Large Earth-based Solar 〈LEST〉大型地基太阳望远镜Telescopelevel-Ⅰcivilization Ⅰ级文明level-Ⅱcivilization Ⅱ级文明level-Ⅲcivilization Ⅲ级文明Leverrier ring 勒威耶环Liapunov characteristic number 李雅普诺夫特征数（LCN ）light crown 轻冕玻璃light echo 回光light-gathering aperture 聚光孔径light pollution 光污染light sensation 光感line image sensor 线成象敏感器line locking 线锁line-ratio method 谱线比法Liner, low ionization nuclear 低电离核区emission-line regionline spread function 线扩散函数LMT, Large Millimeter Telescope 〈LMT〉大型毫米波望远镜local galaxy 局域星系local inertial frame 局域惯性架local inertial system 局域惯性系local object 局域天体local star 局域恒星look-up table （LUT ）对照表low-mass X-ray binary 小质量X 射线双星low-metallicity cluster 低金属度星团;低金属度星系团low-resolution spectrograph 低分辨摄谱仪low-resolution spectroscopy 低分辨分光low - z 小红移luminosity mass 光度质量luminosity segregation 光度层化luminous blue variable 高光度蓝变星lunar atmosphere 月球大气lunar chiaroscuro 月相图Lunar Prospector 〈月球勘探者〉Ly-αforest 莱曼-α森林MACHO （massive compact halo 晕族大质量致密天体object ）Magellan 〈麦哲伦〉金星探测器Magellan Telescope 〈麦哲伦〉望远镜magnetic canopy 磁蓬magnetic cataclysmic variable 磁激变变星magnetic curve 磁变曲线magnetic obliquity 磁夹角magnetic period 磁变周期magnetic phase 磁变相位magnitude range 星等范围main asteroid belt 主小行星带main-belt asteroid 主带小行星main resonance 主共振main-sequence band 主序带Mars-crossing asteroid 越火小行星Mars Pathfinder 火星探路者mass loss rate 质量损失率mass segregation 质量层化Mayall Telescope 梅奥尔望远镜Mclntosh classification 麦金托什分类McMullan camera 麦克马伦电子照相机mean motion resonance 平均运动共振membership of cluster of galaxies 星系团成员membership of star cluster 星团成员merge 并合merger 并合星系; 并合恒星merging galaxy 并合星系merging star 并合恒星mesogranulation 中米粒组织mesogranule 中米粒metallicity 金属度metallicity gradient 金属度梯度metal-poor cluster 贫金属星团metal-rich cluster 富金属星团MGS, Mars Global Surveyor 火星环球勘测者micro-arcsec astrometry 微角秒天体测量microchannel electron multiplier 微通道电子倍增管microflare 微耀斑microgravitational lens 微引力透镜microgravitational lensing 微引力透镜效应microturbulent velocity 微湍速度millimeter-wave astronomy 毫米波天文millisecond pulsar 毫秒脉冲星minimum mass 质量下限minimum variance 最小方差mixed-polarity magnetic field 极性混合磁场MMT, Multiple-Mirror Telescope 多镜面望远镜moderate-resolution spectrograph 中分辨摄谱仪moderate-resolution spectroscopy 中分辨分光modified isochrone method 改进等龄线法molecular outflow 外向分子流molecular shock 分子激波monolithic-mirror telescope 单镜面望远镜moom 行星环卫星moon-crossing asteroid 越月小行星morphological astronomy 形态天文morphology segregation 形态层化MSSSO, Mount Stromlo and Siding 斯特朗洛山和赛丁泉天文台Spring Observatorymultichannel astrometric photometer 多通道天测光度计（MAP ）multi-object spectroscopy 多天体分光multiple-arc method 复弧法multiple redshift 多重红移multiple system 多重星系multi-wavelength astronomy 多波段天文multi-wavelength astrophysics 多波段天体物理Ida 艾达（小行星243号）IEH, International Extreme Ultraviolet 〈IEH〉国际极紫外飞行器HitchhikerIERS, International Earth Rotation 国际地球自转服务Serviceimage deconvolution 图象消旋image degradation 星象劣化image dissector 析象管image distoration 星象复原image photon counting system 成象光子计数系统image sharpening 星象增锐image spread 星象扩散度imaging polarimetry 成象偏振测量imaging spectrophotometry 成象分光光度测量immersed echelle 浸渍阶梯光栅impulsive solar flare 脉冲太阳耀斑infralateral arc 外侧晕弧infrared CCD 红外CCDinfrared corona 红外冕infrared helioseismology 红外日震学infrared index 红外infrared observatory 红外天文台infrared spectroscopy 红外分光initial earth 初始地球initial mass distribution 初始质量分布initial planet 初始行星initial star 初始恒星initial sun 初始太阳inner coma 内彗发inner halo cluster 内晕族星团integrability 可积性Integral Sign galaxy （UGC 3697 ）积分号星系integrated diode array （IDA ）集成二极管阵intensified CCD 增强CCDIntercosmos 〈国际宇宙〉天文卫星interline transfer 行间转移intermediate parent body 中间母体intermediate polar 中介偏振星international atomic time 国际原子时International Celestial Reference 国际天球参考系Frame （ICRF ）intraday variation 快速变化intranetwork element 网内元intrinsic dispersion 内廪弥散度ion spot 离子斑IPCS, Image Photon Counting System 图象光子计数器IRIS, Infrared Imager / Spectrograph 红外成象器/摄谱仪IRPS, Infrared Photometer / Spectro- 红外光度计/分光计meterirregular cluster 不规则星团; 不规则星系团IRTF, NASA Infrared Telescope 〈IRTF〉美国宇航局红外Facility 望远镜IRTS, Infrared Telescope in Space 〈IRTS〉空间红外望远镜ISO, Infrared Space Observatory 〈ISO〉红外空间天文台isochrone method 等龄线法IUE, International Ultraviolet 〈IUE〉国际紫外探测器ExplorerJewel Box （NGC 4755 ）宝盒星团Jovian magnetosphere 木星磁层Jovian ring 木星环Jovian ringlet 木星细环Jovian seismology 木震学jovicentric orbit 木心轨道J-type star J 型星Juliet 天卫十一Jupiter-crossing asteroid 越木小行星Galactic aggregate 银河星集Galactic astronomy 银河系天文Galactic bar 银河系棒galactic bar 星系棒galactic cannibalism 星系吞食galactic content 星系成分galactic merge 星系并合galactic pericentre 近银心点Galactocentric distance 银心距galaxy cluster 星系团Galle ring 伽勒环Galilean transformation 伽利略变换Galileo 〈伽利略〉木星探测器gas-dust complex 气尘复合体Genesis rock 创世岩Gemini Telescope 大型双子望远镜Geoalert, Geophysical Alert Broadcast 地球物理警报广播giant granulation 巨米粒组织giant granule 巨米粒giant radio pulse 巨射电脉冲Ginga 〈星系〉X 射线天文卫星Giotto 〈乔托〉空间探测器glassceramic 微晶玻璃glitch activity 自转突变活动global change 全球变化global sensitivity 全局灵敏度GMC, giant molecular cloud 巨分子云g-mode g 模、重力模gold spot 金斑病GONG, Global Oscillation Network 太阳全球振荡监测网GroupGPS, global positioning system 全球定位系统Granat 〈石榴〉号天文卫星grand design spiral 宏象旋涡星系gravitational astronomy 引力天文gravitational lensing 引力透镜效应gravitational micro-lensing 微引力透镜效应great attractor 巨引源Great Dark Spot 大暗斑Great White Spot 大白斑grism 棱栅GRO, Gamma-Ray Observatory γ射线天文台guidscope 导星镜GW Virginis star 室女GW 型星habitable planet 可居住行星Hakucho 〈天鹅〉X 射线天文卫星Hale Telescope 海尔望远镜halo dwarf 晕族矮星halo globular cluster 晕族球状星团Hanle effect 汉勒效应hard X-ray source 硬X 射线源Hay spot 哈伊斑HEAO, High-Energy Astronomical 〈HEAO〉高能天文台Observatoryheavy-element star 重元素星heiligenschein 灵光Helene 土卫十二helicity 螺度heliocentric radial velocity 日心视向速度heliomagnetosphere 日球磁层helioseismology 日震学helium abundance 氦丰度helium main-sequence 氦主序helium-strong star 强氦线星helium white dwarf 氦白矮星Helix galaxy （NGC 2685 ）螺旋星系Herbig Ae star 赫比格Ae 型星Herbig Be star 赫比格Be 型星Herbig-Haro flow 赫比格-阿罗流Herbig-Haro shock wave 赫比格-阿罗激波hidden magnetic flux 隐磁流high-field pulsar 强磁场脉冲星highly polarized quasar （HPQ ）高偏振类星体high-mass X-ray binary 大质量X 射线双星high-metallicity cluster 高金属度星团;高金属度星系团high-resolution spectrograph 高分辨摄谱仪high-resolution spectroscopy 高分辨分光high - z 大红移Hinotori 〈火鸟〉太阳探测器Hipparcos, High Precision Parallax 〈依巴谷〉卫星Collecting SatelliteHipparcos and Tycho Catalogues 〈依巴谷〉和〈第谷〉星表holographic grating 全息光栅Hooker Telescope 胡克望远镜host galaxy 寄主星系hot R Coronae Borealis star 高温北冕R 型星HST, Hubble Space Telescope 哈勃空间望远镜Hubble age 哈勃年龄Hubble distance 哈勃距离Hubble parameter 哈勃参数Hubble velocity 哈勃速度hump cepheid 驼峰造父变星Hyad 毕团星hybrid-chromosphere star 混合色球星hybrid star 混合大气星hydrogen-deficient star 缺氢星hydrogenous atmosphere 氢型大气hypergiant 特超巨星Eagle nebula （M 16 ）鹰状星云earty cluster 早型星系团early earth 早期地球early planet 早期行星early-stage star 演化早期星early stellar evolution 恒星早期演化early sun 早期太阳earth-approaching asteroid 近地小行星earth-approaching comet 近地彗星earth-approaching object 近地天体earth-crossing asteroid 越地小行星earth-crossing comet 越地彗星earth-crossing object 越地天体earth orientation parameter 地球定向参数earth rotation parameter 地球自转参数eccentric-disk model 偏心盘模型effect of relaxation 弛豫效应Egg nebula （AFGL 2688 ）蛋状星云electronographic photometry 电子照相测光elemental abundance 元素丰度elliptical 椭圆星系elliptical dwarf 椭圆矮星系emulated data 仿真数据emulation 仿真encounter-type orbit 交会型轨道enhanced network 增强网络equatorial rotational velocity 赤道自转速度equatorium 行星定位仪equipartition of kinetic energy 动能均分eruptive period 爆发周期Eskimo nebula （NGC 2392 ）爱斯基摩星云estimated accuracy 估计精度estimation theory 估计理论EUVE, Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer 〈EUVE〉极紫外探测器Exclamation Mark galaxy 惊叹号星系Exosat 〈Exosat〉欧洲X 射线天文卫星extended Kalman filter 扩充卡尔曼滤波器extragalactic jet 河外喷流extragalactic radio astronomy 河外射电天文extrasolar planet 太阳系外行星extrasolar planetary system 太阳系外行星系extraterrestrial intelligence 地外智慧生物extreme helium star 极端氦星Fabry-Perot imaging spectrograph 法布里-珀罗成象摄谱仪Fabry-Perot interferometry 法布里-珀罗干涉测量Fabry-Perot spectrograph 法布里-珀罗摄谱仪face-on galaxy 正向星系face-on spiral 正向旋涡星系facility seeing 人为视宁度fall 见落陨星fast pulsar 快转脉冲星fat zero 胖零Fermi normal coordinate system 费米标准坐标系Fermi-Walker transportation 费米-沃克移动fibre spectroscopy 光纤分光field centre 场中心field galaxy 场星系field pulsar 场脉冲星filter photography 滤光片照相观测filter wheel 滤光片转盘find 发见陨星finder chart 证认图finderscope 寻星镜first-ascent giant branch 初升巨星支first giant branch 初升巨星支flare puff 耀斑喷焰flat field 平场flat field correction 平场改正flat fielding 平场处理flat-spectrum radio quasar 平谱射电类星体flux standard 流量标准星flux-tube dynamics 磁流管动力学f-mode f 模、基本模following limb 东边缘、后随边缘foreground galaxy 前景星系foreground galaxy cluster 前景星系团formal accuracy 形式精度Foucaultgram 傅科检验图样Foucault knife-edge test 傅科刀口检验fourth cosmic velocity 第四宇宙速度frame transfer 帧转移Fresnel lens 菲涅尔透镜fuzz 展云CAMC, Carlsberg Automatic Meridian 卡尔斯伯格自动子午环Circlecannibalism 吞食cannibalized galaxy 被吞星系cannibalizing galaxy 吞食星系。
5我父亲生前是个农民Well, my dad was a farmer.6那时大家都以此为生Um, like everybody else back then.7当然最初他并不干这行Of course, he didn't start that way.8电脑提示倾斜过度puter says you're too tight.9- 没事我能搞定 - 正在穿越直道- Nah, I got this. - Crossing the Straights.10- 关闭发动机库珀 - 不要!- Shutting it down, Cooper. - No!11- 已全部关停 - 不重新启动!- Shutting it all down. - No, I need power up!12爸爸?Dad?13抱歉墨菲回去睡吧Sorry, Murph. Go back to bed.14- 我还以为你是那幽灵呢 - 我不是- I thought you were the ghost. - No.15世界上没有幽灵宝贝There are no such things as ghosts, babe.16外公说有幽灵的Grandpa says you can get ghosts.17那是因为外公自己就快成幽灵了回去睡觉Maybe that's because Grandpa's close to being one himself. Back to bed.18你又梦见那次坠机了吗?Were you dreaming about the crash?19快回去睡觉墨菲哈Get your butt back in bed, Murph. Heh.20麦子都枯死了The wheat had died.21遇上枯萎病只能全烧了The blight came and we had to burn it.22我们还剩几亩地的玉米And we still had corn. We had acres of corn.23但最多的还是沙尘But, uh, mostly we had dust.24我无法描述它那风就刮个没完I guess I can't describe it. It was just constant.25就持续不断地刮着...Just that steady blow...26沙尘of dirt.27有时我们用碎布...We wore, um, little strips of sheet...28捂住口鼻...sometimes over our nose and mouth...29以免吸入过多尘土so that we wouldn't breathe so much of it.30收拾餐桌时我们总是把盘子...When we set the table, we always set the plate...31倒扣着放酒杯啊水杯啊不管是什么...upside-down. Glasses or cups, whatever it was...32都倒扣着放upside-down.33快点! 墨菲赶紧过来!Shake a leg! Murph, get a move on!34汤姆下午四点去谷仓我教你用除草剂Tom, 4:00 today, you and me in the barn, Herbicide Resistance 101.35- 明白? - 遵命- Check? - Yes, sir.36别放餐桌上墨菲Not at the table, Murph.37爸你能修好吗?Dad, can you fix this?38你对我的登月舱都...What the heck did you do...39- 干了什么? - 不能怪我- to my lander? - Wasn't me.40让我猜猜是幽灵干的?Let me guess. It was your ghost?41就是它撞的它总把书撞下来It knocked it off. It keeps knocking books off.42根本没有幽灵笨蛋No such thing as ghosts, dumb-ass.43- 嘿 - 我查过了这叫捣蛋鬼- Hey. - I looked it up. It's called a poltergeist.44爸跟她讲讲理Dad, tell her.45这说法并不太科学墨菲Well, it's not very scientific, Murph.46你说过科学就是去确定未知的事物You said science was about admitting what we don't know.47- 她驳倒你了 - 嘿- She's got you there. - Hey.48先看好我们的东西再说Start looking after our stuff.49库珀Coop.50好吧墨菲你想聊科学?All right, Murph, you want to talk science?51别只嚷嚷着怕幽灵你得深入研究Don't just tell me you're afraid of some ghost. No, you got to go further.52你得记录现象进展分析查明因果...You got to record the facts, analyze, get to the how and the why...53最后得出结论好吗?then present your conclusions. Deal?54- 好的 - 很好- Deal. - All right.55- 上学愉快 - 等等- Have a good day at school. - Hold up.56参加家长会的是家长Parent-teacher conferences. Parent.57不是家长的家长Not grandparent.58别着急小子!Slow down, turbo!59- 那不是沙尘暴吧 - 是尔森在烧他的庄稼- That's not a dust storm. - Nelson's torching his whole crop.60枯萎病?Blight?61他们说这是最后一茬秋葵了They're saying it's the last harvest for okra.62再也种不成了Ever.63他应该和我们一样种玉米的He should've planted corn like the rest of us.64听着对汉莉小姐客气点她可是单身Now, be nice to that Miss Hanley. She's single.65这话什么意思?What's that supposed to mean?66为地球繁衍后代出点力吧年轻人Repopulating the earth. Start pulling your weight, young man.67你还是操心你自己吧老人家Why don't you start minding your own business, old man?68好了墨菲挂二档All right, Murph, give me second.69啊哈Uh-huh.70三档Third.71- 找准档位笨蛋 - 用力按!- Find a gear, dumb-ass. - Grind it!72闭嘴汤姆!Shut it, Tom!73- 你都做了什么墨菲? - 啊她什么也没做- What'd you do, Murph? - Ah, she didn't do nothing.74- 车胎爆了而已 - 墨菲定律- Blew a tire is all. - Murphy's Law.75{\an8}墨菲定律, 指如果事情有变糟的可能, 那无论可能性多小都会发生这里是谐音76闭嘴!Shut up!77- 去拿备胎汤姆 - 爆的就是备胎- Grab the spare, Tom. - That is the spare.78去拿补胎工具!Get the patch kit!79在这儿要我怎么补胎?How am I supposed to patch it out here?80你自己想方法You got to figure it out.81我不可能一直在你身边帮你I'm not always gonna be here to help you.82怎么了墨菲?What's going on, Murph?83为什么你和妈妈要用坏事给我取名?Why did you and Mom name me after something that's bad?84我们没有We didn't.85那墨菲定律呢?Murphy's Law?86墨菲定律并不是说会有坏事发生Murphy's Law doesn't mean that something bad will happen.87而是说凡事只要有可能就会发生What it means is whatever can happen will happen.88而这没什么不好的And that sounded just fine with us.89哇哦!Whoa!90上车Get in.91上车我们走Get in, let's go.92瘪了的车胎怎么办?What about the flat tire?93好极了Yeah.94那是架印度空军的无人机搭载的太阳能电池能给整个农场供电It's an Indian Air Force drone. Solar cells could power an entire farm.95你来开汤姆Take the wheel, Tom.96快快快!Go, go, go!97把它对准飞机Keep that aimed right at it.98快点汤姆要跟丢了Faster, Tom. I'm losing it.99对准了Right at it.100保持住Stay on it.101就是这样Here we go.102哇哦Whoa.103追得好汤姆Nice one, Tom.104爸爸?Dad?105就快好了别停下别停下!I almost got it. Don't stop. Don't stop!106爸!Dad!107汤姆!Tom!108是你让我一直开的You told me to keep driving.109我让你开下悬崖你就真开下去吗Well, I guess that answers the old "If I asked you to drive off a cliff" scenario. 110- 我们跟丢了 - 没跟丢- We lost it. - No, we didn't.111想带它盘旋一圈吗?Want to give it a whirl?112这样子This way.113来Go.114让它降落在水库旁边Let's lay her down right there at the edge of the reservoir.115干得好Nicely done.116你估计它飞多久了?How long you think it's been up there?117德里地面指挥中心早关了跟美国的一样...Delhi Mission Control went down, same as ours...118已经十年了ten years ago.119所以飞了整整十年?So for ten years?120- 它怎么飞得这么低? - 不清楚- Why did it e down so low? - I don't know.121也许被太阳烧坏了引擎也许是在寻找东西Maybe the sun cooked its brain or it was looking for something. 122- 什么东西? - 给我把大号的一字螺丝刀- What? - Give me a large flatblade.123也许是某种信号? 我不知道Maybe some kind of signal? I don't know.124你打算拿它做什么?What are you gonna do with it?125让它尽点社会责任...I'm gonna give it something socially responsible to do...126比如驱动联合收割机like drive a bine.127就不能放它走吗?Can't we just let it go?128它又没伤害别人It wasn't hurting anybody.129这东西也要与时俱进墨菲...This thing needs to learn how to adapt, Murph...130就像我们一样like the rest of us.131接下来如何? 你们要跟来吗?How's this work? You guys e with?132我还有课I've got class.133至于这位需要再等等This one needs to wait.134- 你犯了什么错? - 你进去就知道了- What did you do? - They'll tell you about it in there.135- 我会生气吗? - 不是生我的- Am I gonna be mad? - Not with me.136- 尽量别吧 - 嘿放松- Just please try not to. - Hey. Relax.137交给我I got this.138有点迟啊库珀Little late, Coop.139是啊车胎爆了Yeah, we had a flat.140然后还逛了趟亚洲战斗机零售店And I guess you had to stop off at the Asian fighter plane store. 141不先生那其实是架无人侦察机No, actually, sir, that's a surveillance drone.142配备超强续航的太阳能电池印度产的With outstanding solar cells. It's Indian.143请坐Take a seat.144那么...So, uh...145汤姆的成绩出来了we got Tom's scores back.146他会成为一个出色的农民He's going to make an excellent farmer.147是啊他确实有那天赋那大学呢?Yeah, he's got a knack for it. What about college?148大学只招收少量学生教育资源不足以...The university only takes a handful. They don't have the resources to...149我一直在纳税I still pay my taxes.150那些钱都去哪了? 现在已经没有军队了Where's that money go? There's no more armies.151反正没拨款给大学Well, it doesn't go to the university.152听着库珀你得现实一点Look, Coop, you have to be realistic.153你现在就要拒我儿子于大学门外?You're ruling my son out for college now?154- 他才15岁 - 没方法汤姆分数还不够高- The kid's 15. - Tom's score simply isn't high enough.155你的腰围多少? 32英寸吗?What's your waistline? About what, 32?156- 缝呢? 33英寸长? - 我不懂你想说什么- About a 33 inseam? - I'm not sure I see what you're getting at.157量你屁股尚需两组数据可我儿子就要一考定终身?It takes two numbers to measure your ass but only one to measure my son's future? 158别这样你受过高等教育库珀e on. You're a well-educated man, Coop.159- 还是个飞行员 - 以与工程师- And a trained pilot. - And an engineer.160好吧但现在我们不需要工程师了Okay, well, right now we don't need more engineers.161我们不缺电视和飞机我们缺的是食物We didn't run out of television screens and planes. We ran out of food.162这世界需要农民像你这样的好农民The world needs farmers. Good farmers, like you.163- 像汤姆这样的 - 未受教育的农民- And Tom. - Uneducated farmers.164我们是守护家园的一代库珀情况会好转的We're a caretaker generation, Coop. And things are getting better.165也许你的子有机会成为工程...Maybe your grandkids will get to be engin...166完事了吗先生?Are we done here, sir?167还没有No.168汉莉小姐还要谈谈墨菲Miss Hanley's here to talk about Murph.169墨菲是个好孩子很聪明Murph is a great kid. She's really bright.170但她最近惹了些麻烦But she's been having a little trouble lately.171她带了这个给学生看关于登月的那章She brought this in to show the students. The section on the lunar landings. 172是啊这是我的旧课本Yeah, it's one of my old textbooks.173她很喜欢里面的插图She always loved the pictures.174这是旧版的联邦教材我们已经用修正版替换了It's an old federal textbook. We've replaced them with the corrected versions. 175修正版?Corrected?176解释了伪造阿波罗计划致使联破产的经过Explaining how the Apollo missions were faked to bankrupt the Soviet Union. 177你不相信我们登过月?You don't believe we went to the moon'?178我相信那是一次绝妙的政治宣传I believe it was a brilliant piece of propaganda.179联的破产就是因为将资源浪费在...The Soviets bankrupted themselves pouring resources...180火箭和其他没用的机器上into rockets and other useless machines.181"没用的机器""Useless machines."182假如我们不想重蹈二十世纪铺浪费的覆辙那么...If we don't want a repeat of the excess and wastefulness of the 20th century, then (183)就得教孩子认识这个星球而不是如何离开它we need to teach our kids about this planet, not tales of leaving it.184他们过去造的"没用机器"里有一种叫核磁共振仪One of those useless machines they used to make was called an MRI.185倘假如有一台剩余医生就能与时发现...If we had any of those left, the doctors would've been able to find...186我妻子脑的囊肿而不至让她死去the cyst in my wife's brain before she died instead of afterwards.187那么来这里听讲的就会是她而不是我...Then she'd have been the one listening to this instead of me...188那样就好多了因为她一直都...which would have been a good thing, because she was always...189比我冷静the calmer one.190你妻子的事我很遗憾库珀先生I'm sorry about your wife, Mr. Cooper.191但墨菲和几个同学打架就因为争论这...But Murph got into a fistfight with several of her classmates over this...192阿波罗的无稽之谈Apollo nonsense.193所以我们觉得最好找你沟通一下...So we thought it best to bring you in and see what ideas...194看看你作为家长有什么管教她的高招you might have for dealing with her behavior on the home front.195这样吧? 明晚有场球赛Yeah, you know what? Um, there's a game tomorrow night.196她最近挺迷棒球的She's going through a bit of a baseball phase.197她最爱的球队参赛了到时会有糖果和汽水...Her favorite team is playing. There's gonna be candy and soda and (198)我带她去看看吧I think I'll take her to that.199谈得如何?How'd it go?200我帮你申请停学了I got you suspended.201什么?What?202我是库珀请讲This is Cooper. Go.203库珀你改装的联合收割机出故障了Coop, those bines you rebuilt went haywire.204试试重置控制器Just reset the controllers.205我试过了你得回来看一眼I did that. Now you should e take a look.206它们接连不断地离开田地往这里跑One by one they've been peeling off the fields and heading over.207有东西在干扰指南针Something's interfering with the pass.208磁场之类的Magnetism or some such.209书本身没什么特别Nothing special about which book.210像你说的我一直在研究I've been working on it, like you said.211- 我数了书架的空格 - 为什么?- I counted the spaces. - Why?212说不定幽灵想要传达什么信息In case the ghost is trying to municate.213我在试莫尔斯I'm trying Morse.214莫尔斯?Morse?215没错Yeah.216- 用点和划来... - 我知道莫尔斯电码墨菲- Dots and dashes, used... - I know what Morse code is, Murph. 217我只是不觉得你的书架想和你说话I just don't think your bookshelf's trying to talk to you.218重置了所有指南针时钟和定位系统这才消除了异常Had to reset every pass clock and GPS to offset for the anomaly. 219- 什么异常? - 还不清楚- Which is? - I don't know.220假如房子建在了磁性矿上If the house was built on magnetic ore...221最初发动时就该遇上这情况了we'd have seen this the first time we switched on the tractor. 222听说你的家长会不太顺利I hear your meeting at the school didn't go so well.223你听说了?Heh. You heard?224我们似乎已经迷失了自我唐纳德It's like we've forgotten who we are, Donald.225我们是探索者是先驱而不是守护者Explorers, pioneers, not caretakers.226我小的时候...When I was a kid...227感觉每天都有新鲜事物诞生新的...it felt like they made something new every day. Some...228玩意或想法每天都像过圣诞gadget or idea. Like every day was Christmas.229但那时有六十亿人口...But six billion people...230你想象一下吧just try to imagine that.231而每个人都想拥有一切And every last one of them trying to have it all.232这世界还不算太糟This world isn't so bad.233汤姆也会过得很好And Tom will do just fine.234你才是不合时宜的人早生或晚生了四十年You're the one who doesn't belong. Born 40 years too late, or 40 years too early. 235我女儿明白上帝保佑她My daughter knew it, God bless her.236孩子们也明白特别是墨菲And your kids know it. Especially Murph.237我们过去常常仰望星空思考着...Well, we used to look up in the sky and wonder...238自己在繁星中何去何从at our place in the stars.239如今我们只能俯视担心自己在沙尘中无处立命Now we just look down and worry about our place in the dirt.240库珀你有你的长处...Cooper, you were good at something...241却从未有机会施展and you never got a chance to do anything with it.242真是遗憾I'm sorry.243没人预料到...You didn't expect...244哺育我们生长的土地...this dirt that was giving you this food...245会如此背叛并消灭我们to turn on you like that and destroy you.246我记得那天是四月... 十五号吧In April... I believe I'm right... Fifteenth of April, I think. 247大约一点半的时候沙尘暴...This happened about 1:30 when that thing...248从天而降席卷了峡谷came off the top of that canyon.249我那会儿的球手才叫球手In my day, we had real ballplayers.250哪像这群笨蛋?Who are these bums?251在我那会儿人们只顾着...In my day, people were too busy...252抢食物哪有闲工夫打棒球fighting over food to even play baseball.253看球赛吃爆米花多别扭我想吃热狗Popcorn at a ballgame is unnatural. I want a hot dog.254学校说你会紧随我的脚步School says you're gonna follow in my footsteps.255我觉得很不错I think that's great.256- 你觉得很不错? - 你讨厌种地爸爸- You think that's great? - You hate farming, Dad. 257外公说的Grandpa said.258外公这么说吗?Grandpa said, huh?259听着关键是你觉得这事怎么样Listen, all that matters is how you feel about it. 260我喜欢你的工作I like what you do.261我喜欢我们的农场I like our farm.262你会干得很出色的You're gonna be great at it.263我们走吧Let's get out of here.264好吧刮得挺猛All right, it's a doozy.265大家戴好口罩All right, gang, let's mask up.266- 汤姆? 墨菲? 戴好了? - 好了- Tom? Murph? Check'? - Yeah.267墨菲汤姆你们的窗户都关了吧?Murph, Tom, you guys shut your windows?268墨菲?Murph?269是幽灵The ghost.270拿上你的枕头Grab your pillow.271今晚去跟汤姆睡You're sleeping in with Tom.272这不是幽灵It's not a ghost.273是重力It's gravity.274我先送汤姆上学接着去镇上I'm dropping Tom, then heading to town.275等你们俩祷告完了方便收拾下吗?You want to clean that up when you've finished praying to it? 276不是莫尔斯墨菲是二进制It's not Morse, Murph. It's binary.277宽代表1 窄代表0Thick is one, thin is zero.278这是坐标Coordinates.279不是Nope.280这对了Here we go.28133度Thirty-three.282就是这里That's it.283我非去不可!I can't miss this!284外公几小时后就回来了墨菲Grandpa will be back in a couple hours, Murph.285可你都不知道会发现什么But you don't know what you're gonna find.286而这...And that...287正是不带上你的原因is why I can't take you.288墨菲?Murph?289外公一会儿就回来了告诉他我会用无线电跟他联系Grandpa will be home in a while. Tell him I'll call him on the radio. 290- 啊! - 天啊- Aah! - Jesus.291你在干什么?What are you doing?292你觉得这很好玩吗?Oh, you think this is funny? Huh?293要不是我你也来不了这You wouldn't be here if it wasn't for me.294那就帮点忙Make yourself useful.295嘿墨菲?Hey, Murph?296墨菲Murphy297看来路到这里就断了I think this is the end of the road.298你不是带了老虎钳吗?Didn't you bring the bolt cutters?299不愧是我女儿That's my girl.300退后!Step away!301别开枪! 我没有武器我女儿在车上Don't shoot! I'm not armed. My daughter's in the car.302- 请别害怕 - 啊!- Don't be afraid. - Aah!303北美防空联合司令部警告304你们怎么找到这地方的?How did you find this place?305我女儿在哪里?Where's my daughter?306你在地图上标记了此处的坐标它是哪里来的?You had the coordinates for this facility marked on your map. Where did you get them?307我女儿在哪里?Where's my daughter?308别逼我再撂倒你坐下!Don't make me take you down again. Sit down!309你以为你还是海军陆战队的吗伙计?Oh, you still think you're a Marine, pal?310海军陆战队早没了Marines don't exist anymore.311而你这种低等兵正适合帮我割草And I got grunts like you mowing my grass.312你从哪里得到这组坐标的?Where did you find those coordinates?313但你看着不大像割草机But you don't look much like a lawnmower.314还是浪费点儿改成吸尘器好了Think I'll turn you into an overqualified vacuum cleaner.315你不会的No, you won't.316TARS 退下吧TARS, back down, please.317使用前军防设备是有风险的You know, you're taking a risk using ex-military security.318它们又旧控制元件又不稳定They're old, and their control units are unpredictable.319政府财政只够提供这些It's what the government could spare.320你是谁?Who are you?321布兰德博士Dr. Brand.322我曾经认识一位布兰德博士他是个教授I knew a Dr. Brand once. He was a professor.323凭什么断定我不是教授呢?What makes you think I'm not?324看着不像也不够可爱Wasn't near as cute, either.325拜托了布兰德博士我不清楚现在什么状况Please, Dr. Brand. I don't have any idea what this is.326但我很担心我女儿想让她来我身边Now I'm scared for my daughter and want her by my side.327你带她过来我保证知无不言You give me that, I'll tell you anything you want to know.328麻烦带负责人和那女孩去会议室Get the principals and the girl in the conference room, please.329你女儿没事Your daughter is fine.330她很聪明Bright kid.331一定是遗传她母亲的Must have a very smart mother.332很显然你们不想有人到访It's pretty clear you don't want any visitors.333为何不放我们回围墙那儿? 我们会乖乖离开的嗯?So why don't you just let us back up from your fence and we'll be on our way? Huh?334- 没这么简单 - 就这么简单- It's not that simple. - Well, sure, it is.335我根本不认识你对这地方也一无所知I don't know anything about you. I don't know anything about this place.336不你知道的Yes, you do.337爸爸!Dad!338你好库珀Hello, Cooper.339布兰德教授Professor Brand.340解释一下你是如何找到这里的Explain to me how you found this facility.341纯属意外我们偶然发现的当时正在收集废品...Kind of an accident. We sort of stumbled upon it. We were on a salvage run (342)你此刻身处全世界最隐蔽的地方You're sitting in the best-kept secret in the world.343没人偶然来这也没人随意离开Nobody stumbles in here. Nobody stumbles out.344库珀拜托Cooper, please.345积极配合这些人Cooperate with these people.346听着Look.347这事很难解释It's kind of hard to explain.348由于一次异常现象我们找到了这组坐标We learned these coordinates from an anomaly.349什么异常现象?What sort of anomaly?350我不太想称之为超自然现象但它绝对不科学I hesitate to term it supernatural, but it definitely wasn't scientific.351你得讲具体点库珀先生抓紧时间You're going to have to be specific, Mr. Cooper. Right now.352是重力It was gravity.353怎样的重力异常? 在哪发生的?Um, what sort of gravitational anomaly? Where was this?354我很高兴你们对重力感兴趣但...Now, I'm real happy that you're excited about gravity, but...355但不得到保证我一个字也不会透露but you're not getting any answers from us until I get assurances.356- 保证? - 是的- Assurances? - Yeah.357比如放我们离开这儿不准绑在后备箱里Like, that we're getting out of here. And I don't mean in the trunk of some car. 358你不认识我们吗库珀?Don't you know who we are, Coop?359不教授我不认识No, professor, I don't.360你认识我父亲布兰德教授You know my father, Professor Brand.361我们是美国国家航空航天局We're NASA.362- 航天局? - 航天局- NASA? - NASA.363你当过飞行员的那个航天局The same NASA you flew for.364我听说他们把它关了先生...I heard they shut you down, sir...365因为你们拒绝从平流层往下投弹...for refusing to drop bombs from the stratosphere...366炸死挨饿的百姓onto starving people.367当他们意识到滥杀民众...When they realized that killing other people was...368不是长久之计时就召回了我们not a long-term solution, then they needed us back.369- 秘密地 - 为什么要?- In secret. - Why secret?370因为舆论不允许政府投资宇宙探索Because public opinion wouldn't allow spending on space exploration. 371至少不是在解决温饱之前Not while you're struggling to put food on the table.372枯萎病Blight.373七年前害死了小麦今年是秋葵Wheat seven years ago. Okra this year.374现在只剩玉米了Now there's just corn.375而我们种得前所未有地多And we're growing more than we ever have.376但就像爱尔兰的土豆俄克拉荷马尘暴区的小麦一样...But like the potatoes in Ireland and the wheat in the Dust Bowl (377)玉米迟早会消失the corn will die.378很快Soon.379我们会找到方法的教授总会有方法的We'll find a way, professor. We always have.380就凭"地球属于我们"的坚决信念吗Driven by the unshakable faith the Earth is ours.381当然不全属于我们Not just ours, no.382但它是我们的家园But it is our home.383地球的大气层80%都是氮气Earth's atmosphere is 80 percent nitrogen.384我们呼吸不了氮气We don't even breathe nitrogen.385但枯萎病原菌可以它越是肆虐空气含氧量就越低Blight does. And as it thrives, our air gets less and less oxygen. 386最后一批经历饥荒的人将会率先面临窒息The last people to starve will be the first to suffocate.387你女儿这一代人...And your daughter's generation...388会是活在地球上的最后一代will be the last to survive on Earth.389墨菲有点累了能不能让她去我办公室小睡一会儿Murph is tired. I was wondering if she could take a nap in my office. 390当然你Yeah. Thank you.391好了...Okay...392现在告诉我你们打算怎么拯救这个世界now you need to tell me what your plan is to save the world.393我们不打算拯救世界我们要逃离它We're not meant to save the world. We're meant to leave it.394漫游者Rangers.395这是仅存的在轨多功能舰船"永恒号"的最后组件The last ponents of our one versatile ship in orbit, the Endurance. 396我们最后的远征Our final expedition.397你派了人去外太空寻找新家园?You sent people out there looking for a new home?398拉撒路行动The Lazarus missions.399- 真是振奋人心 - 拉撒路经由耶稣呼唤死而复生- Oh, that sounds cheerful. - Lazarus came back from the dead.400话是没错但先得死了才能复生Sure, but he had to die in the first place.401整个太阳系没有一颗行星适合生存...There's not a planet in our solar system that could sustain life...402去系外最近的恒星也至少要飞一千年and the nearest star's over a thousand years away.403这连海底捞针都算不上That doesn't even qualify as futile.404你打算送他们去哪里?Where'd you send them?405库珀...Cooper...406我暂时不能多说除非你同意...I can't tell you anymore unless you agree...407驾驶这艘飞船to pilot this craft.408- 你曾是我们最好的飞行员 - 我都没飞出过平流层- You're the best pilot we ever had. - I barely left the stratosphere. 409这群人连模拟舱都没出过This team never left the simulator.410我们需要宇航员这正是你当初受训的目标We need a pilot, and this is the mission that you were trained for.411某个我压根不知道的目标?Without even knowing it?412一小时前你甚至不知道我还活着An hour ago, you didn't even know I was alive.413就算那样行动依然照常You were going anyway.414我们本来别无选择We had no choice.415但冥冥之中你来到了这里But something sent you here.416- 他们选择了你 - "他们"是谁?- They chose you. - Who's "they"?417我会离开多长时间?How long would I be gone?418很难说几年吧?Hard to know. Years?419我有孩子教授I've got kids, professor.420到太空去拯救孩子们Get out there and save them.421"他们"是谁?Who's "they"?422大约在50年前我们开始探测到重力异常现象We started detecting gravitational anomalies almost 50 years ago. 423大多是我们置于高层大气的仪器出现的微小畸变Mostly small distortions to our instruments in the upper atmosphere. 424事实上我相信你自己也遇到过In fact, I believe you encountered one yourself.425对在直道上Yeah, over the Straights.426我的那起事故电传操纵系统受到了干扰My crash. Something tripped my fly-by-wire.427正是Exactly.但所有的异常现象中最值得注意的是这个But of all these anomalies, the most significant is this:429在土星附近...Out near Saturn...430出现了时空畸变a disturbance of space-time.431- 那是个虫洞吗? - 它在48年前出现的- Is that a Wormhole? - It appeared 48 years ago.432{\an8}虫洞宇宙中可能存在的连接两个不同时空的狭窄隧道433它通向哪里?And it leads where?434另一个星系Another galaxy.435虫洞不是自然发生的现象A wormhole's not a naturally occurring phenomenon.436是有人把它放在那里的Someone placed it there.437- 是"他们"吗? - 嗯- "They"? - Mm.438不管他们是谁他们似乎在留意着我们And whoever they are, they appear to be looking out for us.439这个虫洞能通向其他星系That Wormhole lets us travel to other stars.440它来的正是时候It came along right as we needed it.441他们把潜在的宜居世界置于我们触手可与的地方They've put potentially habitable worlds right within our reach. 442事实上有十二个这是我们初步探测的结果Twelve, in fact, from our initial probes.443- 你们派了探测器进去? - 唔- You sent probes into that? - Mm-hm.我们派了人进去在十年前We sent people into it. Ten years ago.445拉撒路行动The Lazarus missions.446十二个可能的世界...Twelve possible worlds...447十二艘"漫游者"飞船载着...twelve Ranger launches carrying...448最勇敢的人类...the bravest humans ever to live...449由了不起的曼恩博士带队led by the remarkable Dr. Mann.450每个人的着陆舱里只有两年的补给Each person's landing pod had enough life support for two years.451但他们可以利用休眠来延长时间...But they could use hibernation to stretch that...452从而对有机生命进展长达十年的观察甚至更久making observations on organics over a decade or more.453他们的任务是对抵达的世界进展评估如果表现出可能性...Their mission was to assess their world, and if it showed potential...454他们可以发出信号躺下进入长期休眠等待救援到来then they could send out a signal, bed down for the long nap, wait to be rescued. 455要是抵达的世界没有希望呢?And what if the world didn't show promise?456所以需要勇敢的人Hence the bravery.457现有的资源不足以到访所有地方You don't have the resources to visit all 12.458是No.459通过虫洞回传数据的技术还不成熟。
Designing and Manufacturing an Appropriate Technology Shredder in a Developing CountryJeffrey P. WeissAn Engineering Project submitted to the faculty of the School of Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Masters of Manufacturing Systems Engineering degreeUniversity of St. ThomasSt. Paul, MinnesotaDecember 2005AbstractThe focus of this project was to redesign a simple manual shredding machine used to shred breadfruit for the Republic of Haiti. A breadfruit shredder previously designed by a student senior design team was used as the basis for this project. The objective was to apply manufacturing principles, such as Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA), to simplify and reduce the cost of this machine so that it would be more accessible to poor farmers in Haiti. Each part of the shredder was examined using the DFMA methodology to determine if it could be eliminated or redesigned to simplify it while still making a quality product that met the performance criteria. The limitations of manufacturing a product in a developing country were also taken into consideration and played a key role in the outcome of the design. The result was a design that had a reduced number of parts, was more robust, easier to clean, simpler to build in a developing country, used materials that were more commonly available, and cost less to make.Revised Tommy Breadfruit ShredderAcknowledgementsI would like to acknowledge and send my sincerest thanks to my Project Committee of Dr. Camille George, Dr. Fred Zimmerman, and Mr. John Walker. They contributed numerous ideas during both the project phase and during the writing process. This resulted in a much better product that will hopefully improve the lives of people around the world. Dr. George also spent a great deal of time correcting and critiquing the writing of someone who was unaccustomed to writing in the academic thesis style.Many other people also lent a voice to the project during the research and design review phases. This would include Karl Mueller, Bruce Humphrey, Hank Garwick, Dave Elton, John Schevenius, Gary Olmstead, Fred Hegele, Pat O'Malley, Troy Pontgras, Yvonne Ng, and Clay Solberg. These people took the time to help and offered ideas that had previously been missed, resulting in a better product.I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Mike Hennessey at the University of St. Thomas and the work of five of his undergraduate students. Justin Jackelen, Michael Boston, Angela Wachira, Keli Lais, and Matt Ellision took on the task of turning the revised breadfruit shredder drawings into computer animated Solidworks models. This contributed greatly to the visual understanding of the project and presentation. They also provided the fabrication prints that accompany this paper.Table of ContentsChapter I: Introduction (1)The Haitian Situation (2)Breadfruit (3)The Tommy Shredder (5)The Beneficiaries (5)Project Motivation (6)Chapter II: Research and Prior Work (7)UST Senior Design Team Work (7)Literature Search (9)Compatible Technology, International (11)Institutional Libraries (15)Research and International Organizations (15)Expert Inquires (17)Chapter III: Project Proposal (18)Project Objectives (18)Alternative Methods (20)Project Constraints (21)Project Budget (23)Financial Justification (23)Chapter IV: Findings and Results (24)Redesign Process (25)Design for Manufacture and Assembly Process (25)Alternative Designs (29)Design Reviews (30)Design Modifications (33)Fabrication Lessons (38)Design Variations (40)Shredder Blade Project (41)Testing the Redesigned Shredder (45)Redesign Results (47)Schedule (50)Final Budget (51)Chapter V: Discussion and Ramifications (52)Project Dissemination (52)Implementing the Shredder in Developing Countries (53)Project Obstacles (54)Bibliography: (57)Appendices (60)Appendix 1: Revisions 1 and 2 (60)Appendix 2: Revisions 3 and 4 (61)Appendix 3: Revisions 5 and 6 (62)Appendix 4: Revision 7 and 8 (63)Appendix 5: Breadfruit Shredder Exploded Layout (64)Appendix 6: Bill of Materials – Breadfruit Shredder (65)Appendix 7: Frame Plate Fabrication (67)Appendix 8: Drive Shaft Fabrication (69)Appendix 9: Feeder Tube Fabrication (70)Appendix 10: Blade Mount Fabrication (71)Appendix 11: Shredder Press Weight Fabrication (73)Appendix 12: Shredder Assembly Instructions (74)Appendix 13: Original Project Schedule (77)Appendix 14: Revised Project Schedule (78)Appendix 15: Preliminary Sketch by John Walker (79)Appendix 16: Contributions by Karl Mueller (80)Appendix 17: Drawing #001 – Frame Plate (82)Appendix 18: Drawing #002 – Drive Shaft (83)Appendix 19: Drawing #003 – Feeder Tube (84)Appendix 20: Drawing #004 – Drive Shaft Bearing (85)Appendix 21: Drawing #005 – Handle (86)Appendix 22: Drawing #006 – Blade Mount (87)Appendix 23: Drawing #007 – Center Divider (88)Appendix 24: Drawing #008 – Center Divider Spacer Tube (89)Appendix 25: Drawing #009 – Shredder Press Weight (90)Table of FiguresFigure 1: Map of the Republic of Haiti (CIA Fact Book, 2005) (3)Figure 2: Fruit of the Breadfruit Tree () (4)Figure 3: Senior Design Team Shredder (8)Figure 4: Garwick/Elton Breadfruit Shredder (13)Figure 5: Garwick/Elton Bicycle Drive Mechanism (14)Figure 6: Original Tommy Shredder Exploded View (28)Figure 7: Handle/Drive Shaft Changes (34)Figure 8: Drive Shaft Bearing Changes (35)Figure 9: Frame Plate Changes (35)Figure 10: Center Divider Changes (36)Figure 11: Blade Mount Changes (37)Figure 12: Combined Feeder Tube Hoop and Spacer (38)Figure 13: Alignment of Bushing Supports (39)Figure 14: Wooden Bushing Variation (41)Figure 15: Shredder Blade Profile Die, Profile Punch, and Hole Template (43)Figure 16: Fabricated Blade (45)Figure 17: The Revised Tommy Shredder (48)Table of TablesTable 1: Haiti Facts (CIA Fact Book, 2005) (2)Table 2: Proposed Budget (23)Table 3: Shredder Punch Hole Test (44)Table 4: Final Budget (52)Chapter I: IntroductionThis project will focus on redesigning for manufacture a simple breadfruit shredder for the Republic of Haiti. As one of the poorest nations in the Western hemisphere, Haiti is a country that lacks a stable government, education system, manufacturing base, or infrastructure. Malnutrition is a problem to the extent that the United States Department of State estimated that the child malnutrition rate was 22 percent in 2000(). Breadfruit is a natural food resource that is underutilized because it rots quickly and is difficult to store using traditional methods. Drying breadfruit can extend its shelf life and this process is best done when the shreds are even and consistent.A simple manual shredder was developed to produce consistent shreds for the inhabitants of Haiti by a group of senior engineering students at the University of Saint Thomas (UST) in conjunction with Compatible Technology International (CTI), an international non-profit organization. The student version of the shredder was designed and tested and found to meet all of the criteria that they had established. Despite meeting the requirements, the machine had the potential to be optimized to better reflect the manufacturing capabilities available in a developing country. This paper will document the redesign process and look at the manufacturing principles that drove this process. The end result was a machine that was simpler to build with the basic machine tools that would normally be found in a developing country such as Haiti, used materials that were more commonly available, had a reduced number of parts, was more robust, was easier to clean, and had a reduced cost.The Haitian SituationHaiti is considered to be the poorest and most destitute country in the Western hemisphere (CIA Fact Book, 2005). A majority of its population lives in poverty and relies on subsistence farming for survival. It has a long history of political upheaval and unrest since it gained its independence from France in 1804. The rotation of various governments and civil wars has hindered investment in the country and led to high unemployment and dismal living conditions for its inhabitants. The education system is broken or non-existent and there has been an exodus of knowledge from the island as people flee the dire conditions and turmoil.Table 1: Haiti Facts (CIA Fact Book, 2005)Population (Estimate, 2004): 8,121,622Land Area: 27,750 sq kmAverage Life Expectancy: 53 yearsPopulation Below Poverty Line: 80%Percentage of Population in Agriculture: 66%Unemployment Rate (no formal job): 66%Average Literacy Rate: 52%Figure 1: Map of the Republic of Haiti (CIA Fact Book, 2005)Most of the original Haitian forests have been cut down for fuel and the desire to cultivate more land. The weak governments have been unable or unwilling to confront this problem and it has continued unchecked. This deforestation has resulted in massive land erosion in the mountainous country and a net loss of arable land (CIA Fact Book, 2005). Breadfruit trees are abundant throughout the island and are one of the few trees that have survived the deforestation process.BreadfruitBreadfruit is an important food source and has become a staple for the inhabitants of warmer islands in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. It has some nutritional value anda high starch content (Adebowale, 2005). Typical ways of preparing breadfruit are grilling, roasting, adding it to soups, and mashing.Figure 2: Fruit of the Breadfruit Tree ()One of the unique properties of breadfruit is its limited shelf life. Once it ripens and comes off of the tree, it will last between one and three days ( ). The breadfruit trees of Haiti produce fruit twice a year for a three week period (six weeks per year). Much of the fruit rots on the ground because of the inability to consume it all for the short time that it is in season (Capecchi, 2005). Typical preservation methods for fruit, such as canning, can be done but these value-adding processes are not common in Haiti and will increase the price of the food. A more economical way of preserving the breadfruit needed to be developed to utilize its potential to alleviate long-term hunger on the island.The Tommy ShredderThe development of a breadfruit harvesting process was taken on by two groups of senior mechanical engineering students as their Senior Design Projects in the 2003-2004 academic year. The first team attempted to devise a solar drier to quickly dehydrate the shredded breadfruit. The drying project showed that the shredded fruit could be successfully air-dried with an optimal shred size of ½” wide (Emiliusen, Mauritzen, McGruder, and Torgerson, 2004). The dried product can be stored for up to a year.The second team worked on developing a small, economical shredder that could efficiently and quickly process the breadfruit down into shreds so that it could be dried (Anderson, Fox, Rick, and Spah, 2004). The concept and methodology for the basic shredder design was done by the senior design team as was the testing to prove out the final design and will not be repeated in this paper. The purpose of this project was to examine and simplify the design, focusing primarily on its manufacturability.The BeneficiariesThe target beneficiaries of this shredder will be women’s cooperative groups based in Haiti. CTI, whose mission is to bring appropriate technologies to help increase food supplies and storage capacities in the developing world, has been working with the Methodist Church missions in Haiti on preserving breadfruit. Dried breadfruit can be ground into flour and local CTI volunteers have created several recipes using this breadfruit flour as the bulk material. UST teamed up with CTI to develop a simple shredder that could be used to shred the breadfruit. The goal of this joint project was tocreate a shredder that was simple to use and economical to manufacture so that local versions could be bought with micro-loans managed by the Methodist Church of Haiti. CTI also planned on helping set up a program to buy the shredded/ground breadfruit and process it into a cereal for Haitian school children (Capecchi, 2004). The plan was to take a resource, preserve it and add value, and then process it to create a commercial good. The objective of this undertaking is to give the women’s co-ops a starter model shredder that would allow them to generate some income from a readily available raw material.This shredder is also capable of processing a variety of different produce. There have been inquiries into its ability to shred cassava, sweet potatoes, and red peppers. The alternative uses of the shredder will not be explored here but the final design for this project will be made readily available and has potential uses worldwide. It will also be submitted to appropriate technology journals to broaden its dissemination.Project MotivationThe author of this master’s engineering project has spent time in developing countries and realized that there are often raw materials that are not fully utilized and exploited. The people generally lack the knowledge to manufacture items in large volumes and have limited manufacturing equipment, start-up money, a reliable source of power, or an infrastructure to transport the goods (Obi, 1999). However, these people are extremely creative and will adapt what they have on hand to work in almost any situation (Humphrey, 2005). The motivation for this project was to help the people develop theirown economy and hopefully raise their standard of living. This project will not only benefit the women of Haiti, it will help the local machine shops, provide work at the processing plant, and give the children of Haiti a stable, year around diet.Chapter II: Research and Prior WorkThe research for this project consisted of searching major journals, books on manufacturing in developing countries, contacting major research libraries, and personal contacts with experts in various fields. Many avenues for help were explored to gather information to improve the final design. The research phase of this project found that the work done by the UST senior design team was one of the few to address the issue of constructing a simple shredder for manufacture and use in a developing country.UST Senior Design Team WorkThis project is based on the work previously done by a University of Saint Thomas (UST) senior engineering design team whose goal was to develop the original breadfruit shredder based on the needs of the country of Haiti and the criteria established by Compatible Technology, International (CTI). The purpose of the original project was to “find the most efficient means of mechanically shredding breadfruit to best prepare the fruit for the drying process” (Anderson et al, 2004). The team developed concepts and tested many different methods of shredding the breadfruit and the mechanical actuators that would be needed for each prototype. The concepts were evaluated and ranked and the team chose the method best suited for their needs. The ‘Tommy Shredder’ developedby the student senior design team is shown in Figure 3 and their paper can be found on the UST website at /cmgeorge/breadfruit_shredder/.Figure 3: Senior Design Team ShredderThe senior design team had originally planned on testing the shredder in its target environment of Haiti but that country was not accessible at the time due to political unrest. A prototype shredder was built and brought to the Caribbean island of St. Vincent where there was an ample supply of breadfruit and established contacts. On the island of St. Vincent, the design was field-tested using breadfruit and the results recorded. The shredder met all of the target criteria established by CTI and the design team. It produced an average shred rate of 200 pounds/hour and cost less than $100 dollars U.S. to build (Anderson et al, 2004). This shredder became the baseline for the current project.Literature SearchA literature search done using the Compendex database at the University of Minnesota found several articles that were possibly related or relevant to the design of the breadfruit shredder. These articles were retrieved and analyzed with the result being that a majority were not related or did not contain information relevant to the design of an appropriate technology machine. Many of the applicable articles are referenced throughout this paper while those with less relevance to the project are cited in this section.In ‘Functional Properties of Native, Physically and Chemically Modified Breadfruit (Artocarpus Artilis) Starch’, Adebowale, Olu-Owolabi, Olawumi, and Lawal (2005) dealt with extracting starch from breadfruit. In the ‘Rediscovery of Local Raw Materials: New Opportunities for Developing Countries’, El-Mously (1997) discussed ways that developing countries could use local, undervalued resources to reduce their dependence on foreign imports. Breadfruit would be an undervalued resource on most Caribbean islands but the article did not provide information that would be relevant to the design of a shredder or this project. In the ‘Framework for Selecting and Introducing Appropriate Production Technology in Developing Countries’, Bruun and Mefford (1996) looked at working with the culture and education of developing countries when setting up a production facility. These are issues that will not be dealt with in this paper. In the ‘Role of Materials in Developing Countries’, Villas-Boas (1990) discussed the lack of use of new, high-tech materials in developing countries due to their cost and availability. Every effort was made to design the shredder using only common materials that would typicallybe available in a poor, developing country. In the ‘Supplier Selection in Developing Countries: a Model Development’, Motwani, Youssef, Kathawala, and Futch (1999) discussed issues involving selecting or qualifying vendors to produce a product. This will be the responsibility of the organization having the shredder built, and is beyond the scope of this project.A search of the Internet using the Google – Advanced Scholar provided more papers that had some relevance. Thakur, Varma, and Goldey (2001) in the ‘Perceptions of Drudgery in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Operations: A Gender Analysis From Haryana State, India’ discusses the fact that women in developing countries spend much more time working in agriculture than men and the tasks given to them are more monotonous and tedious. The article supports the need for a device like the breadfruit shredder that has the potential to lift them out of that situation. In ‘A Framework for Implementing Appropriate Manufacturing Systems in Developing Economies’, Obi (1999) looked for explanations on why the Industrial Revolution passed by most developing countries and explored ways that these countries can start utilizing their vast manpower resources. He discusses the need to change workers attitudes. Finally, in ‘Meeting a Pressing Need’, Hynd and Smith (2004) discuss a simple oilseed ram press as an appropriate technology device for small scale extracting of oil from seeds and nuts. They examine some of the cultural issues that were associated with implementing the oilseed ram. The insights of this article could be used as a guide for undertaking the next phase of the shredder project; implementation into the Haitian culture. They briefly talk about some of themanufacturing difficulties, such as poor quality, associated with producing goods in a developing country.The best book relating to appropriate technology equipment used in developing countries is the ‘Appropriate Technology Sourcebook’ compiled by Darrow and Saxenian (1993). It is considered ‘The Bible’ by people in the appropriate technology field, such as those at CTI (Humphreys, 2005). The book is a resource listing appropriate technology machine books and papers that are available for purchase from other sources. It does not contain any designs of its own, but it does give a brief description of the contents of the papers and designs that are available for order. A search of this book and the updated website did not reveal any designs for manual shredders or grinders(/atnetwork/atsourcebook/index).Compatible Technology, InternationalCompatible Technology, International (CTI) () is an excellent local resource for dealing with appropriate technology in developing countries and has extensive connections throughout the world. It is an organization dedicated to using simple devices to improve food production and storage in the third world. They are a stakeholder in the design and development of the original shredder. The director of CTI is Bruce Humphreys who granted an interview on issues dealing with manufacturing in developing countries (2005). Some of the key points that he brought up were:Manufacturers in developing countries do not necessarily build parts to a fabrication print. Everything is custom and will look similar to what is desired,but is not quite the same.Creativity is not rewarded in many cultures and there is a desire to continue doing things the old way.Expectations in quality and standards will probably not be met. They do not typically produce to the same quality as is expected in the U.S.There are cultural norms and practices that will be slow to change and may not be overcome. This would primarily relate to the target market of women. Womentend to not use machines, thus the design must be easy to use and relatively toolfree.These assertions by Mr. Humphrey were reinforced in other literature relating to the topic (Obi, 1999).Hank Garwick and Dave Elton are the two CTI volunteers who are most closely tied into the Haiti mission. They have made several trips to Haiti on humanitarian missions associated with both CTI and the Methodist Church. The two offered insight into the Haitian mindset, manufacturing capabilities in Haiti, and experience in shredding breadfruit. Their comments on the manufacturing capabilities in Haiti were that “we would be lucky to find someone who could read a print, and even if they can they probably won’t follow it” (Garwick, 2005).Garwick and Elton were not satisfied with the work of the UST senior design team and continued to develop the shredder after the senior design team’s project ended. They made several small modifications to the design, built a prototype, and brought it down to Haiti to be tested (Fig. 4). The Garwick/Elton version of the shredder did not work as well as intended and did not produce the desired shred rate found by the UST engineering team (Garwick, 2005). It is unclear why this was the case. Several of the better design changes that they made to their shredder were incorporated into the current shredder design. These would include the sheet metal center divider and ideas on the retainer for the shredding blade.Figure 4: Garwick/Elton Breadfruit ShredderGarwick and Elton believed strongly that the prime power for the operation of the shredder should be a leg driven bicycle type mechanism instead of the current hand powered crank. Figure 5 shows a bicycle drive assembly that they added to a shredder (Garwick, 2005). This project is focused on producing a shredder for the poorest of people in Haiti and it was felt that a bicycle type mechanism would significantly add to the cost of the machine while making it unnecessarily complex. It is expected that this shredder will only be fully utilized for several weeks a year during the breadfruit harvest and would not justify the higher cost. The current design is one such that a bicycle type drive could be added to the shredder at a later date if desired by the user.Figure 5: Garwick/Elton Bicycle Drive MechanismInstitutional LibrariesThe United States Military Academy at West Point has an extensive library relating to military manuals and papers. The U.S. military routinely performs operations in developing countries and the units typically tasked with helping the local population are the Civil Affairs units and the Special Operations Forces. These units are often involved in nation building and community development and have close contact with the people. Daniel Prichard, a research librarian at the library, was contacted about any pamphlets, articles, or papers that the library may have on a shredder or appropriate technologies in developing countries. Mr. Prichard found nothing relevant at the Academy’s library (Prichard, 2004).A search of the University of St. Thomas’s and the University of Minnesota’s library systems found no books or on-site literature that was relevant to the design of the breadfruit shredder.Research and International OrganizationsThe Hawaiian Breadfruit Institute is an organization based in Hawaii whose mission is “to promote the study and use of Breadfruit for food and reforestation”( ). It tracks and propagates the 120 known varieties of breadfruit found on the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Dr. Diane Ragone, director of the Hawaiian Breadfruit Institute, was contacted regarding the shredding of breadfruit and the possible existence of similar devices. Dr. Ragone responded that she had not heard of any similar processing methods for breadfruit. Her primary concern for this wasthat the latex found naturally in breadfruit would ‘gum-up’ the machine and clog the shredding blade (Ragone, 2005). This issue was raised with Hank Garwick of CTI and he stated that most of the latex in breadfruit was found in the skin. The skin is removed before processing so this did not appear to be a concern for the shredder. The field tests in St. Vincent by the senior engineering student team did not report any excessive latex build up on the blades.The International Research Development Centre (IRDC) is a Canadian based organization whose purpose is ‘to build healthier, more equitable, and more prosperous societies’ (www.irdc.ca ). An e-mail was sent to IRDC explaining the project and asking about any information that they might have on shredders. The response was a link to their website which brought up nothing of value. A similar search of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) provided no additional information ().Research was done with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to see if there were requirements or recommendations for the food industry regarding food processing equipment or the components used in them. The purpose was to find out which materials were considered “Food Grade” and suitable for food contact. The goal is to make the shredder as sanitary and safe as possible regardless of the standards that may be present in a developing country. It was found that the FDA does not keep a list of recommended materials, but has established a list of requirements that manufactures must meet in order to state that it is a material approved for food contact. The premise of therequirements are that if any of the material could ‘migrate’ to the food, it must not pose a threat to humans (FDA, 1999).Expert InquiresThe Minneapolis/St. Paul area is home to several large food producing companies such as General Mills. Food Safety personnel at General Mills were contacted to ask about standards for their food production equipment and any suggestions that would help to make the shredder more sanitary and suitable for food contact. These inquiries covered guidelines that are typical of the food processing industry. Gary Olmstead, Food Safety Instructor at General Mills stated that equipment should be durable and easy to clean (Olmstead, 2005). General Mills avoids having any pieces of equipment over the product because of the risk of parts falling into the food. Fred Hegele, also part of food safety at General Mills, was concerned about the durability of any plastics used in the equipment. He emphasized that the machine cannot have any recessed pockets or hard to clean areas. These would trap bacteria and make it unsafe and unsanitary (Hegele, 2005). John Schevenius, a former General Mills Engineer and founder of CTI, was contacted about suggestions for the shredder. Although he was familiar with the breadfruit program, he could not offer any suggestions for improvement (Schevenius, 2005).The research done here showed that there is a lack of availability of information regarding the design of an appropriate technology machine. The design methodology varies from organization to organization and no standardized process appears to have been completed and published in a major journal regarding the topic. Appropriate。
游戏名称100万美元-幻之帝王篇 (100 Man $ Kid - Maboroshi no Teiou Hen) 日版10码大战-橄榄球大赛 (10 - Yard Fight) 日版10码大战-橄榄球大赛 (10 - Yard Fight) 美版1942 (1942) 日美版1943 (1943) 日版1943 (1943) 美版1944 (1944) 美版1999强手棋 (1999-Hore) 日版3D世界赛跑者 (The 3-D Battles of World Runner) 美版扑克4合1 (4 CARD G)4人麻将 (4 Nin Uchi Mahjong) 日版64合1 (64-in-1) 日版滑板720度 (720) 美版76合1 (76in1kh)8只眼 (8 Eye s) 日版8只眼 (8 Eye s) 美版89电脑占卜 (89 Dennou Kyuusei Uranai) 日版雪人小子 （A Boy and His Blob - Trouble on Blobolonia）欧版雪人小子 (A Boy and His Blob ： Trouble on Blobolonia) 美版A列车 (A Ressha De Ikou) 日版呜呼!野球人生一直线 (Aa Yakyuu Jinsei Icchokusen ) 日版阿贝道X (Abadox) 日版阿贝道X (Abadox) 美版超级乌鸦天狗 (Abarenbou Tengu) 日版ACES铁鹰战机3 (Aces - Iron Eagle 3) 日版52合1 (Action 52) 美版52合一（Action 52）欧版最终任务另一个/空中魂斗罗另一个 (Action in New York) 欧版AD&D龙之猎手 (AD&D Dragon Strike) 美版AD&D龙之火焰 （AD&D Dragons of Flame ）美版AD&D长枪英雄 (AD&D Heroes of the Lance) 日版AD&D长枪英雄 （AD&D Heroes of the Lance）美版AD&D英雄冒险（AD&D Hillsfar）美版AD&D英雄冒险（AD&D Hillsfar）日版AD&D龙之战士（AD&D Pool of Radiance）日版AD&D龙之战士（AD&D Pool of Radiance）美版阿达一族 (The Addams Family - Pugsley s Scavenger Hunt) 美版亚当斯一家 (The Addams Family) 美版高桥名人的冒险岛4 (Adventure Island 4 ) 日版(英文版)高桥名人的冒险岛（Adventure Island Classic）欧版迪士尼魔术王国 (Adventures In The Magic Kingdom)欧版迪士尼魔术王国 (Adventures In The Magic Kingdom)美版鳄鱼先生（Adventures of Bayou Billy, The）欧版鳄鱼先生（Adventures of Bayou Billy, The）美版宇宙船长冒险 (The Adventures of Captain Comic) 美版新人类 (Adventures of Dino Riki) 美版罗罗大冒险（Adventures of Lolo）美版罗罗大冒险（Adventures of Lolo）日版罗罗大冒险2（Adventures of Lolo 2）日版罗罗大冒险2（Adventures of Lolo 2 ）美版罗罗大冒险3（Adventures of Lolo 3 ）美版太空历险(The Adventures of Rad Gravity) 欧版太空历险(The Adventures of Rad Gravity) 美版Rocky和Bullwinkle和他们的朋友的冒险 (The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends) 美版汤姆索亚大冒险 (Adventures of Tom Sawyer) 美版冲破火网 (After Burner) 美版冲破火网2 (After Burner 2) 日版爱先生的占卜之星 (Ai Sensei no Oshiete - Watashi no Hoshi) 日版古代预言 (Aigiina no Yogen - From The Legend of Balubalouk) 日版空中大作战/空中要塞 (Air Fortress) 日版空中大作战/空中要塞 (Air Fortress) 美版飞狼（Airwolf）欧版飞狼（Airwolf）日版飞狼（Airwolf）美版赤川次郎的幽灵列车 (Akagawa Jirou No Yuurei Ressha) 日版阿基拉Akira (日版)恶魔君 (Akuma Kun - Makai No Wana) 日版恶魔的邀请书 (Akuma No Shoutaijou) 日版恶魔城传说 (Akumajou Densetsu) 日版恶魔城 (Akumajou Dracula) 日版恶魔城外传-王子传奇/德拉克拉君 (Akumajou Special - Boku Dracula Kun) 日版超级方程式赛车 (Al Unser Jr Turbo Racing) 美版阿拉丁 (Aladdin) 欧版阿拉丁2 (Aladdin2) 美版跳跳鸡 (Alfred Chicken) 美版异形3 (Alien 3) 美版霹雳神兵 (Alien Syndrome) 日版霹雳神兵 (Alien Syndrome) 美版全美职业篮球 (All-Pro basketball) 美版阿尔法任务/ASO战机 (Alpha Mission) 美版突然君 (Amagon) 美版美国大总统选举 (America Daitouryou Senkyo) 日版横断美国问答-史上最大的战斗 (America Oudan Ultra Quiz - Shijou Saidai no Tatakai) 日版柏青哥君美国之梦 (American Dream) 日版美国角斗士（American Gladiators）美版暗黑神话 (Ankoku Shinwa - Yamato Takeru Densetsu) 日版南极大冒险 (Antarctic Adventure) 日版机智问答（Anticipation）美版苍狼与白鹿-元朝秘史 (Aoki Ookami to Shiroki Mejika - Genchou Hishi) 日版苍狼与白鹿-成吉思汗 (Aoki Ookami to Shiroki Mejika - Genghis Khan) 日版阿拉伯之梦 (Arabian Dream Sherazaado) 日版双人篮球 (Arch Rivals) 美版星际争霸 (Archon) 美版北极圈（Arctic) 日版未来战士 (Argos no Senshi) 日版百眼巨神 (Argus) 日版打砖块 (Arkanoid) 日版打砖块 (Arkanoid) 美版打砖块2 (Arkanoid 2) 日版阿基斯塔之戒 (Arkista's Ring) 美版仙人掌 (Arumajiro) 日版亚尔迪留斯 (Artelius) 日版阿斯米君世界 (Asmik Kun Land) 日版ASO战机 (Armored Scrum Object) 日版高卢人 (Asterix) 欧版疯狂大赛车 (Astro Fang - Super Machine) 日版漂浮枪手 (Astro Robo Sasa) 日版斧王 (Astyanax) 美版（工程版）斧王 (Astyanax) 美版雅典娜 (Athena) 日版雅典娜 (Athena) 美版田径运动会 (Athletic World) 美版亚特兰蒂斯之迷 (Atlantis No Nazo) 日版攻击动物学园 (Attack Animal Gakuen) 日版夜游男孩 (Attack of the Killer Tomatoes) 美版体育集锦 (Aussie Rules Footy) 欧版花朴俱乐部 (AV (Card Game)柏青嫂 (AV Pachi Slot) 日版巴比伦塔 (Babel No Tou) 日版保护Baby (Baby Boomer) 美版回到未来 (Back to the Future) 美版回到未来2&3 (Back to the Future 2 & 3) 美版龙之忍者 (Bad Dudes) 美版坏消息棒球 (Bad News Baseball) 美版黑街 (Bad Street Brawler) 美版龙之忍者（Bad Dudes Vs DragonNinja）欧版马券必胜学 (Baken Hisshougaku Gate In) 日版爆笑爱之剧场 (Bakushou Ai no Gekijou) 日版爆笑人生剧场3 (Bakushou!! Jinsei Gekijou 3) 日版爆笑四天王 (Bakushou! Star Monomane Shitennou) 日版爆笑人生剧场 (Bakushou!! Jinsei Gekijou) 日版爆笑人生剧场2 (Bakushou!! Jinsei Gekijou 2) 日版滚球大战 (Ballblazer) 日版气球战士/气球大战 (Balloon Fight) 欧版气球战士/气球大战 (Balloon Fight) 日美版巴特龙战机 (Baltron) 日版香蕉 (Banana) 日版香蕉王子大冒险 (Banana Prince) 德版香蕉王子大冒险 (Bananan Ouji no Dai Bouken) 日版Bandai高尔夫球 (Bandai Golf - Challenge Pebble Beach) 美版水浒传-天命之誓 (Bandit Kings of Ancient China) 美版芭芘娃娃 (Barbie) 美版（Rev 3）芭芘娃娃 (Barbie) 美版（Rev X）条码世界（Barcode World） 日版冰城传奇/秘境魔宝（The Bard's Tale - Tales of the Unknown）美版冰城传奇/秘境魔宝（The Bard's Tale - Tales of the Unknown）日版冰城传奇/秘境魔宝2 (The Bard's Tale 2 - The Destiny Knight) 日版巴克比尔的射击游戏 (Barker Bill is Trick Shooting) 美版超空间棒球 (Base Wars) 美版棒球（Baseball）欧美版棒球 (Baseball) 日版棒球大战 (Baseball Fighter) 日版模拟棒球1000 (Baseball Simulator 1000) 美版棒球之星 (Baseball Star - Mezase Sankanou!!) 日版棒球之星（Baseball Stars） 美版棒球之星2 (Baseball Stars 2) 美版满垒王(Bases Loaded) 美版满垒王2(Bases Loaded 2) 美版满垒王3 (Bases Loaded 3) 美版满垒王4（Bases Loaded 4）美版蝙蝠侠 (Batman) 欧版蝙蝠侠 (Batman) 日版蝙蝠侠（Batman）美版（工程版）蝙蝠侠（Batman）美版蝙蝠侠2 (Batman - Return of the Joker) 美版蝙蝠侠3 (Batman Returns) 美版魔境铁人 (Batsu & Terii) 日版SD战斗棒球 (Battle Baseball) 日版国际象棋 (Battle Chess) 美版坦克大战/打坦克 (Battle City) 日版大海战 (Battle Fleet) 日版战斗方程赛车 (Battle Formula) 日版战地小子2(Battle Kid 2 Mountain of Torment)奥林匹斯之战 (The Battle of Olympus) 欧版奥林匹斯之战（The Battle of Olympus）美版战斗棒球大赛 (Battle Stadium - Senbatsu Pro Yakyuu) 日版战斗风暴（Battle Storm）日版战斗坦克 (Battle Tank) 美版战地小子(BattleKid)战斗舰船 (Battleship) 美版忍者蛙（Battletoads） 欧版忍者蛙（Battletoads） 日版忍者蛙 (Battletoads) 美版忍者蛙与双截龙 (Battletoads&Double Dragon) 欧版忍者蛙与双截龙 (Battletoads&Double Dragon) 美版美女与野兽 (Beauty and the Beast) 欧版高校生极乐传说 (Be-Bop-Highschool - Koukousei Gokuraku Densetsu) 日版蜜峰52 (Bee 52) 美版阴间大法师/哗鬼家族 (Beetlejuice) 美版德贝赛马（Best Keiba - Derby Stallion） 日版拳击 (Best of the Best： Championship Karate) 美版亚斯基职业野球 (Best Play Pro Yakyuu) 日版亚斯基职业野球（Best Play Pro Yakyuu (Shin Data)）日版亚斯基职业野球2 (Best Play Pro Yakyuu 2) 日版亚斯基职业野球 90 (Best Play Pro Yakyuu '90) 日版亚斯基职业野球特别篇 (Best Play Pro Yakyuu Special) 日版圣经大冒险 (Bible Adventures) 美版(v1.2)圣经大冒险（Bible Adventures）美版(v1.3)毕伯自助餐 (Bible Buffet) 美版大鸟学英语 (Big Bird`s Hide & Speak) 美版大鼻子怪人 (Big Nose Freaks Out) 美版大鼻子怪人 (Big Nose Freaks Out) 美版（Aladdin）大鼻子原始人 (Big Nose the Caveman) 美版大轮赛车 (Bigfoot) 美版热血新纪录（Bikkuri Nekketsu Shin Kiroku! - Harukanaru Kin Medal） 日版激斗圣战士 (Bikkuriman World - Gekitou Sei Senshi) 日版比尔与泰德的电视游戏大冒险（Bill & Ted's Excellent Video Game Adventure） 美版F1公路赛车 (Bill Elliott's NASCA Challenge) 美版企鹅先生 (Binary Land) 日版超级宝宝 (Bio Miracle Bokutte Upa) 日版超级战士-DAN (Bio Senshi Dan - Increaser To No Tatakai) 日版希特勒复活 (Bionic Commando) 欧版希特勒复活（Bionic Commando）美版鸟的故事 (Bird Week) 日版黑巴斯2 (The Black Bass 2 ) 日版黑巴斯（The Black Bass USA）美版黑巴斯 (The Black Bass) 日版黑杰克 (Blackjack) 美版冰球（Blades of Steel）欧版冰球 (Blades of Steel) 美版超惑星战记/超行星战记（Blaster Master）欧版超惑星战记/超行星战记 (Blaster Master) 美版（工程版）超惑星战记/超行星战记 (Blaster Master) 美版方块世界 (Blodia Land - Puzzle Quest) 日版血之战士 (Bloody Warriors - Shan Goo No Gyakushuu) 日版蓝色马林 (The Blue Marlin) 日版蓝色马林 (The Blue Marlin) 美版赤影战士 (Blue Shadow) 欧版布鲁斯兄弟 (The Blues Brothers) 美版杰克逊棒球 (Bo Jackson Baseball) 美版武士救美 (Bokosuka Wars) 日版炸弹之王 (Bomber King) 日版炸弹人 (Bomberman) 日版炸弹人（Bomberman）美版炸弹人2 (Bomberman 2) 日版炸弹人2（Bomberman 2）美版炸弹人合集 (BOMBMAN)FC原人 (Bonk's Adventure) 美版时空小子 (Booby Kids) 日版新地底探险 (Boulder Dash) 欧版新地底探险 (Boulder Dash) 日版新地底探险（Boulder Dash）美版德拉克拉伯爵 (Bram Stoker's Dracula) 欧版德拉克拉伯爵 (Bram Stoker's Dracula) 美版休息时间 (Break Time) 美版越野战车 (Breakthru) 美版美女气泡方块（Bubble Bath Babes）美欧版泡泡龙 (Bubble Bobble) 欧版泡泡龙（Bubble Bobble）美版泡泡龙2 (Bubble Bobble Part 2) 美版外星战将 (Bucky O'Hare) 美版外星战将（Bucky O'Hare）欧版外星战将 (Bucky O Hare) 日版公路追逐赛 (Buggy Popper) 日版兔子巴比（Bugs Bunny Birthday Bash）美版（工程版）兔子巴比 ( The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout) 欧版兔子巴比 ( The Bugs Bunny Birthday Blowout) 美版兔子巴比-疯狂城堡（The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle）美版兔子巴比-趣味屋（Bugs Bunny Fun House）美版（工程版）碰碰飞车 (Bump'n'Jump) 美版无赖战士 (Burai Fighter) 日版无赖战士 (Burai Fighter) 美版汉堡时代（Burger Time）美版汉堡时代 (Burger Time) 日版商业战争（Business Wars）日版B计划 (B-Wings) 日版勇士们 (Cabal) 美版扑克方块 (Cadillac) 日版老虎机 (Caesar's Palace) 美版加州运动（California Games） 欧版加州运动（California Games） 美版6合1 (Caltron 6-in-1) 美版巴塞罗那奥运 92 (Capcom Barcelona '92) 日版上尉密令/美国队长 (Captain America and the Avengers) 美版ED上尉 (Captain Ed) 日版地球超人 (Captain Planet and the Planeteers) 美版救援队长 (Captain Saver) 日版银色上尉 (Captain Silver) 日版空鹰队长 (Captain SkyHawk) 美版天使之翼/足球小将 (Captain Tsubasa) 日版天使之翼2/足球小将2 (Captain Tsubasa Vol 2 - Super Striker) 日版竞马赛场 (Casino Derby) 日版赌城小子 (Casino Kid) 美版赌城小子2 (Casino Kid 2) 美版卡斯特里安 (Castelian) 欧版卡斯特里安 (Castelian) 美版精致之城/城堡探险 (Castle Excellent) 日版诡秘之城 (Castle Of Deceit) 美版龙之军团/龙之城堡 (Castle Of Dragon) 美版勇者之城 (Castle Quest) 日版精致之城 (Castlequest) 美版恶魔城（Castlevania）欧版恶魔城 (Castlevania) 美版恶魔城2（Castlevania 2 - Simon's Quest） 欧版恶魔城2 (Castlevania 2 - Simon's Quest) 美版恶魔城3 (Castlevania 3 - Dracula's Curse) 欧版恶魔城3 (Castlevania 3 - Dracula's Curse) 美版功夫猫党/忍者猫 (Cattou Ninden Teyandee) 日版原始人运动会 (Caveman Games) 美版战斗原始人 (Caveman Ninja) 欧版流行恰克 (Chack 'n Pop) 日版挑战巨龙 (Challenge of the Dragon) 美版列车寻宝 (Challenger) 日版保龄球大赛 (Championship Bowling) 美版金块/淘金者 (Championship Lode Runner) 日版台球锦标赛 (Championship Pool) 美版火暴拉力赛车 (Championship Rally) 美版混乱世界 (Chaos World) 日版FC原人2 (Cheetahmen 2) 美版国际象棋大师 (The Chessmaster) 美版暗黑之挑战 (Chester Field - Ankoku Shin heno Chousen) 日版樱桃小丸子 (Chibi Maruko Chan - Uki Uki Shopping) 日版可爱三人组(Chiisana Obake - Acchi Socchi Kocchi) 日版顽皮狗 (Chiki Chiki Machine Mou Race) 日版恐怖射击(Chiller) 未授权松鼠大作战（Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers）美版松鼠大作战 (Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers) 欧版松鼠大作战2 (Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers 2) 美版松鼠大作战 (Chip To Dale No Daisakusen) 日版松鼠大作战2 (Chip to Dale no Dai Sakusen 2) 日版地底大作战/地底战记 (Chitei Senkuu Vazorudaa) 日版千代大相扑/千代富士之大银杏 (Chiyo No Fuji No Ooichou) 日版直升机大战 (Choplifter) 日版蝶变（Chou Hen） 日版超时空要塞 (Choujikuu Yousai - Macross) 日版超人狼战记 (Chou Jinrou Senki - Warwolf) 日版超惑星战记/超行星战记 (Chou Wakusei Senki - Metafight) 日版超人棒球 (Choujin - Ultra Baseball) 日版鸟人战队 (Choujin Sentai - Jetman) 日版爱天使(Chubby Cherub) 美版中华大仙 (Chuuka Taisen) 日版东风-中国麻将 (Chuugoku Janshi Story - Tonpuu) 日版中国占星术 (Chuugoku Senseijutsu) 日版马戏团 (Circus Charlie) 日版城市冒险-接触 (City Adventure Touch - Mystery of Triangle) 日版碰碰车 (City Connection) 日版电击作战 (Clash At Demonhead) 美版集中力竞赛秀（Classic Concentration ） 美版绝岭雄风 (Cliffhanger) 美版CLU CLU 世界 (Clu Clu Land) 日美版眼镜蛇指挥官 (Cobra Command) 日版飞艇 (Cobra Triangle) 欧版飞艇 (Cobra Triangle) 美版魔法世界 (Cocoron) 日版人间兵器 (Code Name Viper) 美版为恐龙上色 (Color A Dinosaur) 美版拳王97 (Colour 2001 Streetfighter II) 日版哥伦布传 (Columbus - Ougon no Yoake) 日版战场之狼 (Commando) 美版王者之剑（Conan）三军大作战 (Conflict) 美版三军大作战 (Conflict) 日版魔天童子 (Conquest of the Crystal Palace) 美版魂斗罗 (Contra） 美版魂斗罗力量/魂斗罗外传 (Contra Force) 美版美女闯通关 (Cool World) 美版ZR-1挑战赛（Corvette ZR-1 Challenge）欧版宇宙战机 (Cosmic Epsilon) 日版宇宙争霸战/太空模拟战 (Cosmic Wars) 日版宇宙创世纪 (Cosmo Genesis) 日版宇宙刑警 (Cosmo Police - Galivan) 日版西部小子（Cowboy Kid）美版裂缝 (Crackout) 欧版热血新纪录 (Crash'n The Boys Street Challenge) 美版蜡笔小新 (Crayon Shin Chan - Ora to Poi Poi) 日版疯狂爬梯工 (Crazy Climber) 日版帝国战机 (Crisis Force) 日版脱狱2/血火纵横 (Cross Fire) 日版水晶矿 (Crystal Mines) 日版天神之剑 (Crystalis) 美版天神之剑（Crystalis）美版（工程版）未来美式足球 (Cyberbal) 美版外星小子 (Cybernoid:The Fighting Machine) 美版单车王 (Cycle Race - Road Man) 日版第2次机器人大战 (Dai 2 Ji - Super Robot Taisen (J).nes) 日版大怪兽迪普拉斯 (Daikaijuu - Deburas) 日版大航海时代 (Dai Koukai Jidai) 日版大迷路 (Dai Meiro - Meikyuu no Tatsujin) 日版大战略 (Dai Senryaku) 日版大力工头-阿源君 (Daiku No Gen San) 日版大力工头-阿源君2 (Daiku No Gen San 2 - Akage No Dan No Gyakushuu) 日版超人迪瓦 (Daiva - Imperial of Nirsartia) 日版韵律体操（Dance Aerobics） 美版印地之热赛车 (Danny Sullivan is Indy Heat) 美版黑暗统治者 (Dark Lord) 日版上海教父 (Darkman) 美版怪鸭历险记 (Darkwing Duck) 欧版怪鸭历险记（Darkwing Duck）美版（工程版）怪鸭历险记 (Darkwing Duck) 美版银河避难所 (Dash Galaxy in the Alien Asylum) 美版冲刺野郎 (Dash Yarou) 日版条码版战斗机器人 (Datach - Battle Rush - Build Up Robot Tournament) 日版蜡笔小新条码版 (Datach - Crayon Shin Chan - Ora to Poi Poi) 日版龙珠Z-激斗天下一武道会 (Datach - Dragon Ball Z - Gekitou Tenkaichi Budou Kai) 日版J联盟条码足球 (Datach J League - Super Top Players) 日版SD高达-高达战争条码版（Datach - SD Gundam - Gundam Wars） 日版咸蛋超人俱乐部条码版(Datach - Ultraman Club - Supokon Fight!) 日版幽游白书-爆斗暗黑武术会 (Datach - Yuu Yuu Hakusho - Bakutou Ankoku Bujutsu Kai) 日版脱狱 (Datsugoku) 日版梦幻日子 (Day Dreamin' Davey) 美版雷电之日 (Days of Thunder) 美版魔钟/死亡之塔 (Deadly Towers) 美版死亡飞车（Death Race） 美版毁灭机器人 (Deathbots) 美版星际俄罗斯方块 (Deblock) 日版深入地底3-勇者之旅 (Deep Dungeon 3 - Yuushi heno Tabi) 日版深入地底4-黑暗妖术师 (Deep Dungeon 4 - Kuro no Youjutsushi) 日版深入地底4-黑暗妖术师 (Deep Dungeon 4 - The Black Sorcerer) 英文版飞机救人2 (Defender 2) 美版王冠保卫战 (Defender of the Crown) 欧版王冠保卫战 (Defender of the Crown) 美版城市保卫战 (Defenders of Dynatron City) 美版超时空效应 (Deja Vu) 日版超时空效应 (Deja Vu) 美版不动明王传 (Demon Sword) 美版电击作战 (Dengeki - Big Bang) 日版传说骑士 (Densetsu no Kishi - Elrond) 日版达比大赛全国版/德贝赛马全国版 (Derby Stallion - Zenkoku Ban) 日版沙漠之狐 (Desert Commander) 美版目标地球 (Destination Earthstar) 美版吞食天地 (Destiny of an Emperor) 美版吞食天地2-诸葛孔明传 (Destiny of an Emperor 2) 美版恶魔人 (Devil Man) 日版恶魔世界（Devil World）欧版恶魔世界 (Devil World) 日版描绘卫门 (Dezaemon) 日版描绘卫门 (Dezaemon) 英文版狄克探案/模拟警察 (Dick Tarcy)虎胆龙威 (Die Hard) 日版虎胆龙威 (Die Hard) 美版打空气/叮当 (Dig Dug) 日版打空气/叮当2（Dig Dug 2）美版打空气/叮当2 (Dig Dug 2) 日版失落城市传说 (Digger - The Legend of the Lost City) 美版失落城市传说 (Digger T. Rock - The Legend of the Lost City) 欧版女神转生 (Digital Devil Story - Megami Tensei) 日版女神转生2 (Digital Devil Story - Megami Tensei 2) 日版肮脏的哈利 (Dirty Harry) 美版小蛋大冒险 (Dizzy The Adventurer) 美版游园地 (Doki! Doki! Yuuenchi) 日版独眼龙正宗 (Dokuganryuu Masamune) 日版工人战记/咚咚 (Don Doko Don) 日版工人战记2/咚咚2 (Don Doko Don 2) 日版唐老鸭 (Donald Duck) 日版麦当劳世界 (Donald Land) 日版大金刚 (Donkey Kong) 日美版大金刚3 (Donkey Kong 3) 日美欧版经典大金刚/大金刚JR (Donkey Kong Classics) 美版大金刚JR (Donkey Kong Jr) 日美版大金刚JR+数学学习（Donkey Kong Jr. + Jr. Lesson） 日版大金刚JR算数游戏（Donkey Kong Jr. Math） 美版大金刚JR算数游戏（Donkey Kong Jr. no Sansuu Asobi） 日版门门 (Door Door) 日版~@@门门 (Door Door) 日版 磁碟机版（f1）机器猫小叮当冒险 (Doraemon) 日版机器猫小叮当冒险RPG (Doraemon - Gigazombie No Gyakushuu) 日版机器猫小叮当冒险RPG (Doraemon - The Revenge of Giga Zombie) 美版保龄球挑战 (Double Dare) 美版双截龙（Double Dragon） 欧版双截龙 (Double Dragon) 日版双截龙（Double Dragon） 美版双截龙2 (Double Dragon 2 - The Revenge) 日版双截龙2（Double Dragon 2 - The Revenge）美版双截龙3 (Double Dragon 3 - The Rosetta Stone) 日版双截龙3（Double Dragon 3 - The Sacred Stones) 欧版双截龙3（Double Dragon 3 - The Sacred Stones）美版立体篮球（Double Dribble）美版双月传说 (Double Moon Densetsu) 日版双重打击者 (Double Strike) 美版(V1.0)双重打击者 (Double Strike) 美版(V1.1)美国大兵 (Dough Boy) 日版热血进行曲 (Downtown - Nekketsu Koushin Kyoku - Soreyuke Dai Undoukai) 日版热血物语 (Downtown - Nekketsu Monogatari) 日版热血时代剧（Downtown Special - Kunio Kun no Jidaigeki Dayo Zenin Shuugou!）日版混沌博士 (Dr Chaos) 美版仿魔之刻 (Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde) 美版马里奥医生 (Dr Mario) 欧版马里奥医生 (Dr Mario) 日美版复活之夜 (Drac is Night Out) 美版（工程版）龙珠-神龙之谜（Dragon Ball - Le Secret Du Dragon）法版龙珠-神龙之谜 (Dragon Ball - Shen Long no Nazo) 日版龙珠2-大魔王复活 (Dragon Ball 2 - Daimaou Fukkatsu) 日版龙珠3-悟空传 (Dragon Ball 3 - Gokuu Den) 日版龙珠Z-强袭塞亚人 (Dragon Ball Z - Kyoushuu! Saiya Jin) 日版龙珠Z - 超武斗传2 (Dragon Ball Z - Super Butoden 2) 日版龙珠Z2-激斗弗利撒 (Dragon Ball Z 2 - Gekishin Freeza!!) 日版龙珠Z3-激战人造人 (Dragon Ball Z 3 - Ressen Jinzou Ningen) 日版龙珠Z外传-塞亚人灭绝计划 (Dragon Ball Z Gaiden - Saiya Jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku) 日版倚天屠龙记 (Dragon Buster) 日版倚天屠龙记2 (Dragon Buster 2 - Yami no Fuuin) 日版龙战士 (Dragon Fighter) 日版龙战士 (Dragon Fighter) 美版龙之忍者 (Dragon Ninja) 日版龙珠-神龙之迷 (Dragon Power) 美版勇者斗恶龙 (Dragon Quest) 日版勇者斗恶龙2 (Dragon Quest 2) 日版勇者斗恶龙3 (Dragon Quest 3) 日版勇者斗恶龙4 (Dragon Quest 4) 日版复活魔龙 (Dragon Scroll - Yomigaerishi Maryuu) 日版屠龙记4 (Dragon Slayer 4 - Drasle Family) 日版龙魂 (Dragon Spirit - Aratanaru Densetsu) 日版龙魂 (Dragon Spirit - The New Legend) 美版龙之军团 (Dragon Unit) 日版勇者斗恶龙 (Dragon Warrior) 美版勇者斗恶龙2 (Dragon Warrior 2) 美版勇者斗恶龙3 (Dragon Warrior 3) 美版龙之战争（Dragon Wars）日版龙的传说（Dragon's Lair）欧版龙的传说（Dragon's Lair）日版龙的传说（Dragon's Lair）美版梦境之王 (Dream Master) 日版跌落地带 (Drop Zone) 欧版打猎 (Duck Hunt) 日美欧版唐老鸭梦冒险（Duck Tales） 欧版唐老鸭梦冒险（Duck Tales） 美版（工程版）唐老鸭梦冒险（Duck Tales） 美版唐老鸭梦冒险2 (Duck Tales 2) 日版唐老鸭梦冒险2 (Duck Tales 2) 美版多德的态度 (Dudes With Attitude) 美版地下城与魔法 (Dungeon & Magic - Swords of Element) 日版地下城与魔法 (Dungeon & Magic - Swords of Element) 日版-旧版迷宫小子 (Dungeon Kid) 日版地下城与魔法 (Dungeon Magic - Sword of the Elements) 美版全明星垒球（Dusty Diamond's All-Star Softball）炸弹人2 (Dynablaster) 欧版蝙蝠侠2 (Dynamite Batman) 日版爆炸保龄球 (Dynamite Bowl) 日版龙枪手 (Dynowarz - Destruction of Spondylus) 美版妈妈 (Earth Bound) 美版（工程版）蚯蚓吉姆 3 (Earthworm Jim 3) 美版罗罗大冒险 (Eggerland - Meikyuu No Fukkatsu) 日版埃及 (Egypt) 日版电梯大战 (Elevator Action) 美版电梯大战 (Elevator Action) 日版赛艇决战 (Eliminator Boat Duel) 美版勇士屠魔 (Elysion) 日版10倍力量职业棒球 (Emo Yan No 10 Bai Pro Yakyuu) 日版少年梦冒险 (Erika To Satoru No Yume Bouken) 日版艾鲁那财宝 (Ernarc No Zaihou) 日版冒险队 (Esper Bouken Tai) 日版世界之梦2 (Esper Dream 2 - Aratanaru Tatakai) 日版网球赛 (Evert & Lendl Top Player's Tennis) 美版火爆机车赛（Excitebike）欧版火暴机车赛 (Excitebike) 日美版火爆拳击（Exciting Boxing） 日版世界拉力锦标赛（Exciting Rally - World Rally Championship） 日版太空大战 (Exed Exes) 日版火凤凰 (Exerion) 日版大法师 (Exodus) 美版爆炸拳(Exploding Fist) 美版(工程版)F1竞赛场 (F1 Circus) 日版F1公路赛车 (F-1 Race) 日版新F1赛车（F-1 Sensation）欧版新F1赛车 (F-1 Sensation) 日版F117a战机 (F-117a Stealth Fighter) 美版F15城市之战 (F-15 City War) 美版F15打击之鹰 (F-15 Strike Eagle) 美版白熊历险记 (Famicom Doubutsu Seitai Zukan! - Katte ni Shirokuma - Mori wo Sukue no Maki!）日版 家庭围棋入门 (Famicom Igo Nyuumon) 日版英雄列传 (Famicom Jump - Eiyuu Retsuden) 日版英雄列传2 (Famicom Jump 2 - Saikyou No 7 Nin) 日版任天堂围棋名人战 (Famicom Meijin Sen) 日版家庭将棋龙王战 (Famicom Shougi - Ryuuousen) 日版顶尖经营者 (Famicom Top Management) 日版任天堂战争 (Famicom Wars) 日版任天堂棒球 (Famicom Yakyuu Ban) 日版Family Basic （V2.0a） 日版Family Basic （V2.1a） 日版Family Basic （V3.0） 日版家庭方块 (Family Block) 日版家庭拳击赛 (Family Boxing) 日版家庭赛车 (Family Circuit) 日版家庭赛车91 (Family Circuit 91) 日版家庭五子棋 (Family Computer Othello) 日版家庭问答 (Family Feud) 美版家庭赛马 (Family Jockey) 日版家庭麻将 (Family Mahjong) 日版家庭麻将2-上海之道 (Family Mahjong 2 - Shanghai Heno Michi) 日版家庭弹珠台 (Family Pinball) 日版家庭问答 (Family Quiz) 日版家庭学校 (Family School) 日版家庭网球 (Family Tennis) 日版家庭训练者-韵律体操（Family Trainer - Aerobics Studio） 日版家庭训练者-田径运动会 (Family Trainer - Athletic World) 日版家庭训练者-大运动会 (Family Trainer - Dai Undoukai) 日版家庭训练者-皇室赛车 (Family Trainer - Jogging Race) 日版家庭训练者-街头警察 (Family Trainer - Manhattan Police) 日版家庭训练者-迷路大作战 (Family Trainer - Meiro Dai Sakusen) 日版家庭训练者-来来大冒险（Family Trainer - Rairai Kyonshiizu） 日版家庭训练者-体感田径赛 (Family Trainer - Running Stadium) 日版家庭游戏-突击风云城 (Family Trainer - Totsugeki Fuuun Takeshi Jou) 日版明星职业棒球89 (Family Stadium 89-Kaimaku Ban!!) 日版明星职业棒球90 (Family Stadium 90) 日版明星职业棒球91 (Family Stadium 91) 日版明星职业棒球92 (Family Stadium 92) 日版明星职业棒球93（Family Stadium 93）日版明星职业棒球94 (Family Stadium 94) 日版小蛋大冒险 (The Fantastic Adventures of Dizzy) 美版小蛋大冒险（The Fantastic Adventures of Dizzy）美版（93版本）梦幻地带/幻想空间 (Fantasy Zone) 日版梦幻地带/幻想空间 (Fantasy Zone) 美版梦幻地带2/幻想空间2 (Fantasy Zone 2 - The Teardrop of Opa-Opa) 日版法利亚 (Faria) 日版法利亚 (Faria) 美版饿狼传说2 (Fatal Fury 2) 美版沙纳多 (Faxanadu) 欧版沙纳多 (Faxanadu) 日版沙纳多（Faxanadu）美版FC原人 (FC Genjin - Freakthoropus Computerus) 日版真侍魂-霸王丸地狱变 (SAMURAI Spirits 2) 日版菲利克斯猫 (Felix the Cat) 美版法拉利赛车 (Ferrari - Grand Prix Challenge) 美版法拉利大赛车 (Ferrari - Grand Prix Challenge) 日版爱登斯家族（Fester's Quest） 美版（工程版）爱登斯家族(Fester's Quest) 美版杀戮战场/原野战斗 (Field Combat) 日版战斗高尔夫 (Fighting Golf) 日版战斗之路 (Fighting Road) 日版最终幻想/太空战士 (Final Fantasy) 日版最终幻想/太空战士 (Final Fantasy) 美版最终幻想1+2/太空战士1+2 (Final Fantasy 1 & 2) 日版最终幻想2/太空战士2 (Final Fantasy 2) 日版最终幻想3/太空战士3 (Final Fantasy 3) 日版最后直路/最后冲刺 (Final Lap) 日版最终任务/空中魂斗罗 (Final Mission) 日版快打旋风3 (Final Fight 3) 美版最终幻想3 (Final Fantasy 3) 英文版火炎之纹章/圣火徽章 (Fire Emblem) 日版火炎之纹章外传/圣火徽章外传 (Fire Emblem Gaiden) 日版火炎之纹章外传/圣火徽章外传 (Fire Emblem Gaiden - English v97b2) 英文版火鹰直升机（Fire Hawk） 美版所罗门之匙2 (Fire 'n Ice) 美版Fisher Price - Firehouse Rescue 美版北斗之拳 (Fist of the North Star) 美版顽皮精灵 (Flappy) 日版紧急命令 (Fleet Commander) 日版捍卫入侵者（Flight of the Intruder） 美版摩登原始人 (The Flintstones ： The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy) 欧版摩登原始人（The Flintstones ： The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy） 日版摩登原始人（The Flintstones ： The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy） 美版摩登原始人2 (The Flintstones 2：The Surprise at Dinosaur Peak!) 美版趣味方块 (Flipull - An Exciting Cube Game) 日版飞龙之拳 (Flying Dragon - The Secret Scroll) 美版救火英雄 (Flying Hero) 日版飞龙之拳4 (Flying Warriors) 美版变形战机 (Formation Z) 日版Formula One Built To Win 美版光战士(Foton - The Ultimate Game on Planet Earth) 日版四人网球赛（Four Players Tennis） 欧版弗兰肯斯坦 (Frankenstein：The Monster Returns) 美版自由落体 (Free Fall) 美版（工程版）自由力量 (Freedom Force) 美版黑色13 (Friday The 13)前线（Front Line） 日版不动明王传（Fudou Myouou Den） 日版欢乐屋 (Fun House) 美版不可思议之海-莱利娅（Fushigi no Umi no Nadia）日版雪人小子（Fushigina Bloby - Blobania no Kiki） 日版奇幻勇士 (Fuzzical Fighter) 日版蝶变（Galactic Crusader） 美版大蜜蜂 (Galaga) 日版大蜜蜂（Galaga） 美版小蜜蜂 (Galaxian) 日版Galaxy 5000 (美版)头脑战舰 (Galg) 日版自我中心派麻将 (Gambler Jiko Chuushin Ha - Maajan Game) 日版自我中心派2麻将 (Gambler Jiko Chuushin Ha 2) 日版游戏派对 (Game Party) 日版大盗伍佑卫门2 (Ganbare Goemon 2) 日版大盗伍佑卫门外传-黄金财宝 (Ganbare Goemon Gaiden - Kieta Ougon Kiseru) 日版大盗伍佑卫门外传2-天下财宝 (Ganbare Goemon Gaiden 2 - Tenka No Zaihou) 日版大盗伍佑卫门 (Ganbare Goemon - Karakuri Douchuu) 日版棒球锦标赛 (Ganbare Penant Race!) 日版元祖西游记（Ganso Saiyuuki - Super Monkey Dai Bouken） 日版加菲猫 (Garfield no Isshukan: A Week of Garfield) 日版魔界村外传-红魔历险（Gargoyle's Quest 2 - The Demon Darkness） 欧版魔界村外传-红魔历险（Gargoyle's Quest 2 - The Demon Darkness） 美版饿狼传说特别版 (Garou Densetsu Special) 未知国家铁手套 (Gauntlet)铁手套2 (Gauntlet 2) 欧版铁手套2 (Gauntlet 2) 美版鬼太郎-妖怪大魔境 (Gegege no Kitarou - Youkai Dai Makyou) 日版鬼太郎2-妖怪军团挑战 (Gegege no Kitarou 2 - Youkai Gundan No Chousen) 日版宇宙大射击 (Geimos) 日版激龟忍者传 (Gekikame Ninja Den) 日版激斗四驱车 (Gekitotsu Yon Ku Battle) 日版激斗斗魂传说 (Gekitou Pro Wrestling!! Toukon Densetsu) 日版激斗TECMO棒球 (Gekitou Stadium!!) 日版皇室血裔 (Gemfire) 美版苍狼与白鹿-成吉思汗 (Genghis Khan) 美版源平讨魔传 (Genpei Touma Den - Computer Boardgame) 日版格罗致KO拳击 (George Foreman's KO Boxing) 美版月风魔传 (Getsufuu Maden) 日版古巴战士 (Gevara) 日版捉鬼敢死队（Ghostbusters） 美版捉鬼敢死队 (Ghostbusters) 日版捉鬼敢死队2 (Ghostbusters 2) 美版魔界村（Ghosts'n Goblins）欧版魔界村（Ghosts'n Goblins）美版幽灵学校 (Ghoul School) 美版眼镜蛇部队 (Gi Joe) 美版眼镜蛇部队2 (GI Joe - The Atlantis Factor) 美版哥里干岛 (Gilligans Island) 美版史上最强问答王决定战 (Gimmi a Break - Shijou Saidai Quiz Ou Ketteisen) 日版史上最强问答王决定战2 (Gimmi a Break - Shijou Saikyou No Quiz Ou Ketteisen 2) 日版吉米克（Gimmick!） 日版银河英雄传说 (Ginga Eiyuu Densetsu) 日版银河三人组 (Ginga No Sannin) 日版足球（Goal!）欧版足球（Goal!）美版足球2（Goal! 2）欧版足球2（Goal! Two）美版足球（Goal!!）日版天神之剑 (God Slayer - Haruka Tenkuu No Sonata) 日版哥斯拉 (Godzilla) 日版哥斯拉（Godzilla - Monster of Monsters!） 欧版哥斯拉 (Godzilla - Monster of Monsters!) 美版哥斯拉2（Godzilla 2 - War of the Monsters） 美版巴塞罗那奥运会 92（Gold Medal Challenge 92）美版高尔夫（Golf） 欧版高尔夫 (Golf) 日美版高尔夫球92 (The Golf '92) 日版高尔夫球锦标赛 (Golf Club - Birdy Rush) 日版高尔夫球公开赛 (Golf Grand Slam) 日版高尔夫球公开赛（Golf Grand Slam） 美版高尔夫公开赛 (Golf Ko Open) 日版骷髅13-众神的黄昏 (Golgo 13 - Dai 1 Shou - Kamigami no Tasogare) 日版。
新手入门3A的游戏是比较注重系统的，可玩的东西很多。
最好的玩法就是自己多练多研究:)新游戏的难度选择总共3种：Easy、Normal、Hard。
一般玩Hard即可，能拿全8枚红莲宝珠，能收到全部角色。
Easy因为拿不到好东西，只有最初级的配列变换，所以打起来反而有点难，一般没必要玩。
另外有几个迷宫是Easy和Normal专有的，所以Hard通关后可以考虑玩玩Normal:)在迷宫的操作△菜单□发射水晶Ｘ跳跃○攻击，砍中敌人可以先制攻击R2看迷宫地图开宝箱的提示：在宝箱正面蹲下按○Q：如何先制攻击？A：迷宫中挥剑击中敌人，就能先制攻击，而且CT=0BOSS战中装备“探测晶球”后有一定几率先制攻击在天上的操作△菜单□平移（按住□再按方向）Ｘ飞行○确定SELECT更换地图模式START感应/冥想。
如果本章没事做了，想快速进入下一章可以休息(天上开菜单后再按START)战斗战斗中△Ｘ□○四个键位控制4个人的行动，这种操作方式是独一无二的。
通过按键来组合连招，有点动作游戏的成分。
画面左下可以显示hits数。
绿色的就是EN槽，当槽满100的时候，就能够使用威力强大的“决定技”。
另外发决定技以及魔法都会产生CT(可以理解成疲劳度)，在人物血槽下面可以看到有几格CT。
CT 每回合自动减1。
还有其他的减CT的方法，即紫炎石与专用的饰物。
对倒地的敌人追打，可以打出来“紫炎石”，效果是一个石头CT-1对浮空的敌人追打，可以打出来“魔晶石”，效果是一个石头经验值+5%，本次战斗最多打出来40个。
就是说经验值＝3倍，相当可观。
装备1、武器。
除了要看攻击力，还要看攻击次数。
按△键查看物品说明。
再按□键切换物品属性与说明文字。
如果武器属性是1○2Ｘ3Ｘ，就是只能攻击一次的，角色只能出第一招。
如果3个都是○就是能攻击三次。
剧情中同一时期得到的武器，大致分只能攻击一次的强力型，以及攻击多次的低攻击型两种。
一般攻击次数多的会有很大优势。
密码学报 ISSN 2095~7025 CN HM195/TNJournal of Cryptologic Research, 2019, 6(6): 786-802 ©《密码学报》编辑部版权所有. Tel/Fax: +86-10-82789618分组密码专刊S M B A 分组密码算法王克，贾文义，黄念念兴唐通信科技有限公司，北京100191通信作者：王克，E-mail: wangke3107@摘要：SM BA 算法是一个安全性高、实用性强、创新设计的分组密码算法.S M B A 算法支持三种版本， 当分组长度为128比特时，密钥长度支持128比特和256比特，当分组长度为256比特时，密钥长度支 持256比特.SM BA 算法采用经典的Feistel 结构，加解密过程一致，轮函数采用S P 结构，密钥扩展算法 使用广义Feistel 结构.算法创新设计了非线性部件S 〇和，以及线性部件L 64,均具有良好的密码学性 质.S0和&均由代数构造生成，具有较优的差分概率、线性概率和代数次数，且乘法复杂度低，側信道防 护代价小.i 64由简单线性变换组合构成，具有较高的差分和线性分支数，关鍵路径短，延时低.SMBA 算 法在不同版本中共用主要部件5〇、&和i 64,扩展自然.SM BA 算法的安全界清晰，可以有效评估抵抗 差分攻击、线性攻击、积分攻击等已知攻击的强度，有较大的安全冗余.算法的基本运算为查表、循环移 位以及异或等逻辑运算，易于软件和硬件实现.算法实现方式灵活，软硬件速度快，可适用于多种平台（如 8/32/64位平台）.关键词：SM BA 算法；S 盒；线性变换；差分攻击；线性攻击中图分类号：TP309.7 文献标识码：A DOI: 10.13868/ki.jcr.000341中文引用格式：王克，贾文义，黄念念.SMBA 分组密码算法[J].密码学报，2019, 6(6): 786-802.英文引用格式：WANG K，JIA W Y，HUANG N N. On the SMBA block cipher[J]. Journal of Cryptologic Research, 2019, 6(6): 786-802.On the SM BA Block CipherWANG Ke, JIA Wen-Yi，HUANG Nian-NianXingtang Telecommunication Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing 100191, ChinaCorresponding author: WANG Ke, E-mail: wangke3107@A b s tr a c t: SMBA is a block cipher with high security, good flexibility, and novel design. SMBA supports three versions, which are 128-bit block size with 128-bit and 256-bit keys, and 256-bit block size with 256-bit keys. SMBA uses the classical Feistel structure which has the same encryption and decryption procedure, the round function uses the SP network, and the key schedule uses a generalized Feistel structure. Two nonlinear transformations S 〇 and 5i, and a linear transformation L 64, are novelly designed, all of which have good cryptographic properties. S 〇 and Si are algebraically constructed, with good differential probability, linear bias and algebraic degree, and both of them have lower multiplication complexity which leads to low cost on side-channel resistance. L q a is constructed by simple linear transformations, and it has large differential and linear branch number and short 收稿日期：2019-11-17 定稿日期：2019-12-10王克等：S M B A分组密码算法787implementation path. SMBA has a natural expansion by commonly using 5〇, Si,and L q a in different versions. SMBA has a clear security margin with enough redundancy, and it can efficiently evaluate the ability to resist many known attacks, such as differential attacks, linear attacks, and integral attacks. The basic operations in SMBA are table lookups, rotations, and XOR logical operations, which is suitable for software and hardware implementation. SMBA has flexible implementations, high speeds and suitable for implementations on various platforms (8/32/64-bit platforms).K e y w o rd s: SMBA; S-box; linear transformation; differential attack; linear attacki算法描述i.i概述SM BA是一个分组密码算法，分组长度支持128和256比特.分组长度为128比特时密钥长度支持 128和256比特，分组长度为256比特时密钥长度为256比特.分组长度（比特数，记为BL)和密钥长度 (比特数，记为K L)对应的SM BA的迭代轮数（记为iV)如表1所示.表1 SMBA算法的三个版本和迭代轮数Table 1Three versions of SMBA and the iterated round number分组长度密钥长度128比特256比特128比特1824256比特-24分组长度为128比特的SM BA记为SMBA-128,其中密钥长度为128或256比特时也分别记为SMBA-128-128 或SMBA-128-256.分组长度为256 比特的SMBA 记为SMBA-256,也可记为SMBA- 256-256.1.2符号、运算符和约定1.2.1符号和运算符列表O x用前缀Ox表示16进制数=赋值运算符，也可表示相等m t向量或矩阵M的转置©逐比特异或运算符I I字符串连接运算符《：n操作数循环左移r i比特运算符on n比特0组成的比特串BL分组长度，比特数.KL密钥长度，比特数N迭代轮数MSBt(x)由；r的最左（即最高）t比特组成的亡比特数LSBf(a:)由；r的最右（即最低”比特组成的亡比特数1.2.2比特、字节和子块顺序约定所有数据变量用最高比特（或子块）在左边，最低比特（或子块）在右边表示，而且从左到右从〇开始 编号.例如，一个r i比特数从左到右分别称为它的第0比特、第1比特、第2比特、…、第n - 1比特.当一个变量被分成几个子块时，最左边（最高）子块由原始数据的最高部分组成，等等一直到最低.当密码算法的输入（或输出）是字节流时，我们按地址小的是高位（即左边)，地址大的是低位（即右 边）的顺序把每4 (或2)个字节组成一个32 (或I6)比特字.32 (或I6)比特字之间的顺序是先左后右，即存储时，左边地址小，右边地址大.约定比特串吻丨丨心丨丨巧丨丨…整数+2n-3a;2 +... + 2a;…_2+i、行向量(a；0，Xl，X2,... ,a：n-l)、列向量（2：0,2；1,3；2,…，a：n-l)T 是等价的，可互相转化.788JoumaZ 〇/ CryptoZogic i?eseanc/i 密码学报 Vol.6, No.6, Dec. 20191.3加解密过程1.3.1加密过程算法1 SMBA 加密算法 胃1. 将B L 比特明文p la in te x t 分为各B L /2比特的左、右两部分x 0和，即plaintext = lo llx i 2. 对于 i = 0, 1,. . .，A T — 1x i+2 = Xi © F [E K i](x i+i)3. o ：n +i 和尤尺连接成 BL 比特密文 ciphertext ,即 ciphertext = a:其中，F 为轮函数，EKJO 彡i 彡iV -1)为iV 个BL /2比特的加密子密钥，由密钥K ey 用密钥扩展算法 派生.1.3.2解密过程算法2 SM BA 解密算法1. 将B L 比特密文c ip h e rte x t 分为各B L /2比特的左、右两部分〇:〇和X i ，即ciphertext = xollo^2. 对于 i = 0，l ，...，iV — 1x »+2 = Xi © F [D K i](xi+i)3. X a t +i 和 连接成 BL 比特明文 p la in te x t,即 plaintext = x^v+dlrr/v.其中，F 为轮函数，DKi (0彡i 彡；V -l )为TV 个BL /2比特的解密子密钥，由密钥K ey 用密钥扩展算法 派生.解密子密钥与加密子密钥满足如下关系：DKi = EK ^v q -jO < i - 1).1.4轮函数及其组件1.4.1轮函数轮函数2/ = 的输入是一个BL /2比特数x 和一个BL /2比特子密钥X ，输出是一个BL /2比特数 2/，2/ = F [K ](x ) =即 F [/C ] = L o S o P o W [K ](参见图 1、图2)•各变换P 、5、L 见下面定义.图1 S M B A -128轮函數F ig ure 1 R ound function of SM B A -128图2 S M B A -256轮函数 F igure 2 R ound function of SM BA-2561.4.2白化变换i y [K ]对于BL /2比特数a :和BL /2比特子密钥K ,= x ® A ：.1.4.3换位变换P换位变换P 对于SMBA -128使用换位变换户64,对于SMBA -256使用换位变换P 128.P 64是一个64比特数到64比特数的变换，具体为：把64比特数a :分为8个8比特数叫0《i 彡7, 即a : = xollxill …丨丨尤7,令识=a ：T (i )，则■P 64(a 〇 = y 〇||j /i || …丨丨2/7王克等：S M B A分组密码算法789其中 T(i)，0 彡i彡 7,依次为：3, 4, 5, 6, 0, 1，2, 7.P128是一个128比特数到128比特数的变换，具体为：把128比特数〇:分为16个8比特数而，0 彡i< 15,即x=x〇||xi||…||怎15,令2/i =〜⑴，贝l jP i28(a〇=y〇||yi||•••I I2/15其中 7T(i)，0 彡i彡 15,依次为：3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11，12, 13, 8, 9, 14, 15, 0, 1，2, 7.1.4.4代替变换S代替变换5对于S M B A-128使用代替变换<S64,对于S M B A-256使用代替变换&28.S32是一个32比特数到32比特数的变换，具体为：将32比特数a:分为4个8比特数，即x =X〇||xi||X2||x3,令y〇=S〇(x〇),yi =S i(x\),2/2 =S〇(x2),2/3 =^(xa)则S32(r r)=y o l l y L H w其中，没)、&都是8比特到8比特的代替盒（S盒).是一个64比特数到64比特数的变换，具体为：将64比特数x分为2个32比特数，即x=r r o l l x i令y〇 =*S，32(x〇),yi =^32(^1)则S64(a〇=2/o||y i.&28是一个128比特数到128比特数的变换，具体为：将128比特数x分为2个64比特数，即x=r r〇||a；i，令y〇 =Sa4(x〇),yi =564(xi)则 *5128(2：)=y〇||y i.1.4.5线性变换线性变换L对于S M B A-128使用线性变换L64,对于S M B A-256使用线性变换L128.L32是32比特数到32比特数的变换，具体为：将32比特数x分为4个8比特数，即x = X〇||xi||x2||x3,令2/0 =X〇㊉X2㊉X32/1 =X I 0X20X32/2 =功㊉ X i ©X2t/3 =©Xi ©X3W J L32{x) = 2/0I I2/1I I2/2H2/3.L64是一个64比特数到64比特数的变换，具体为：将64比特数0：分为2个32比特数，即x=a;〇||xi，令2〇=1/32(工0)，21=1/32(工1)U=Z〇^Z\v=u9y〇 =20㊉2/1 =㊉v则Z/64〇c)=y〇||yi.L128是一个128比特数到128比特数的变换，具体为：将128比特数x分为2个64比特数，即X=X〇||xi,令y〇 =L64(x〇),yi =L q a{x\)则厶128(工）=y o l l y i.790Jemma/ 〇/ (7n/pfo/o仍c J?esea7r/i 密码学报 Vol.6, N o.6,Dec.20191.5密钥扩展密钥扩展算法根据密钥Key,生成TV个BL/2比特加密子密钥E K t和N个BL/2比特解密子密钥 DKi,0 ^i^N— 1.常数C为自然对数的底e的小数部分的前128比特，用16进制表示为C=0xb7e l5162,0x8a e d2a6a,0x b f715880,0x9c f4f3c71.5.1变换a、卢、7变换 a、0、7对于 S M B A-128-128 和 S M B A-128-256 使用 a64、卢64、764,对于 S M B A-256-256 使用 〇!128、卢128、7128.a64、炎4、764都是64比特到64比特的变换，分别如下.把64比特数x分为8个8比特数而，0彡i彡7,即x=x〇||xi||…||x7,令y i =xa i pha64⑴，则a64⑷=y〇|j y i||…|丨2/7其中 a l p h a64(i)，0 彡i彡7,依次为：2, 7, 1,4, 6, 3, 5, 0.^64 (x) =x16把 64 比特数 r r 分为 8 个 8 比特数 X i，0 彡i< 7,即x=x〇||x i||…||a；7,令 2/i=m o d2(X i),则764(x)=2/〇||y i||…||y7a128、卢128、7128都是128比特到128比特的变换，分别如下.把128比特数:r分为16个8比特数而，0彡i< 15,即x=xolhll…||x15，令扒=r r alp h a i28(i),则ai28(x)=y〇||yi||…||y i5其中 a l p h a128(i), 0 彡i彡 15,依次为：13, 4, 12, 0, 8, 10, 2, 6, 14, 3, 11，15, 7, 9, 1，5.卢i28(z) =a:32把128比特数x分为16个8比特数而，0彡i彡15,即x=a;0||x1||...||x15,令队=民moddxi)，则7128(工）=2/〇丨丨2/1丨|... ||yi51.5.2 S M B A-128-128的子密钥生成算法3 S M B A-128-128子密钥生成算法1. U〇=M S B64(K e y),V〇=LSB64(K ey)2. D=i V||B l o c k L e n||K e y L e n||04()，这里BlockLen =BL/8 为分组长度（字节数)，KeyLen =KL/8 为密钥长度（字节数)，iV、BlockLen、KeyLen都用8比特表示3. C〇=M S B64(C) ©D4. 进行TV个密钥扩展轮变换（参见图3),即对于i=0到i V—1Xi=Ui^CiYi =O L^X i)Z i= 764(V i)E K i =DK^r-i-i =ZiUi+i =Zi Q V ivi+1 = M U i)C t4-i=Ci23王克等：S M B A分组密码算法7911.5.3 S M B A-128~256的子密钥生成算法4 S M B A-128-256子密钥生成算法1. C/〇,o||C/〇,i||C/〇,2||C/〇,3=Key，其中的长度都是64 比特，0 <i彡3;2. D=A T||B l o c k L e n||K e y L e n||04()，这里BlockLen =BL/8 为分组长度（字节数)，KeyLen =KL/8 为密钥长度（字节数)，_/V、BlockLen、KeyLen都用8比特表示3. C〇=MSB64(C) ©D4•进行iV个密钥扩展轮变换（参见图4)，即对于i=〇到7V—1Xi =C/t,〇©CiZ i= 764 (Vi)E K i =DK^_i_i =Zif/t+1,0 =2T i©UitiC^<+1,1 =^t,2C^i+1,2 =^i,3CA+1,3 =卢64(%，0)C i+1 =Ci231.5.4 S M B A-256-256的子密钥生成算法5 S M B A-256~256子密钥生成算法1.U〇=M S B128(K e y),K〇=LSB128(Key)2. D=7V||B l o c k L e n||K e y L e n||0104,这里BlockLen =BL/8 为分组长度（字节数)，KeyLen =KL/8 为密钥长度（字节数)，W、BlockLen、KeyLen都用8比特表示3.C〇 =C®D4. 进行T V个密钥扩展轮变换（参见图3)，即对于i=0到i V—1兄=%©QV i=〇C l28(X i)Z i =7128(Vi)EK» =DK；v_i_i =Z iU i+i=Z i Q Viv i+1 =Pl2B(Ui)C i+i =C i57图3 SMBA-128-128和SMBA-256~256密钥扩展过程 图4 SMBA-128>256密钥扩展过程Figure 3 Key s c h e d u l e o f SMBA-128-128 and SMBA-256-256 Figure 4 Key schedule o f SMBA-128-256 1.6 S盒灸和Si用16进制表示的代替盒&和&分别如下：S〇：0x18,0x32,0x6b,0x69,0x9e,0xcb,0x0b,0x2f,0x03,0x94,0x9f,0x21,0x c8,0x86,0x26,0x f4,0x46,0x67,0x0d,0x6d,0x39,Ox cO,0x09,0x29,0xal,0xda,0x82,0x f3,0x78,0x6a,0x e e,0x3b,0x84,0x87,0xdl,0x f8,0x70,0xb9,0xa3,0x3f,0x f e,0x3d,0x37,0x f7,0x f b,0x48,0x c6,0xbc,792Jemma/ 〇/CVypfoZo仍c i?esearc/i 密码学报 Vol.6,N o.6, D ec. 20190x65,0x4e,0x6e,0x64,O x a f,0x91,0xdb,0x l c,0x71,0x8e,0x59,0x8d,0x01,0x74,0x e3,0xa8,0xb4,0x b f,0x4b,0x2d,0xea,0x95,0x6f,0x2b,0x5f,0xb3,0x98,0x57,O x f d,0x24,0x85,0x e9,0x5d,0x6c,0x4d,0x4f,0x13,Ox el,0x49,0x0f,0xdc,0x36,0x55,0x3c,0x e f,0x11,0x50,0x4a,0x73,0x5b,0x8a,0xa9,0x92,0x58,0x35,0x80,0x38,0x04,0x06,0x12,0xb7,0xc7,0x68,0xd2,0x45,0x66,Oxcd,0x47,0xac,0xba,0x f2,0x16,0x4c,0xb2,0x5c,0x99,0x c2,0x8b,0x23,0x7c,0x e5,0x9b,0xab,0x42,Oxad,0x05,0x28,0x c e,0x c a,0x5e,0x79,0x2e,0x f5,0x72,0x43,0x77,0x96,0x33,0x7a,0xa4,0x40,Oxde,0x75,0x f9,0x89,0xd9,0xb5,0xla,0x9a,0xb6,0xd6,0x8f,0xb0,0x e4,0x62,0x88,0x7e,0x83,0x15,0x3a,0x2c,0x51,0x56,Oxeb,0x90,0x f l,0xlb,0x00,0x9d,0x19,0x52,0xa7,0x34,0x53,0x97,0x25,Oxbe,0x30,0xaa,0x f0,0xa2,0x02,0x0c,0x e7,0xd3,0x08,0xcl,0x f6,0xa0,0x76,0x10,O x l f,0x61,0xa5,0x14,O x e c,0x22,0x31,0xd8,0xbb,0x c5,0x e8,0x54,0x93,0x3e,0x7b,0x9c,0x27,0xdd,0xld,0x c c,0x e2,0x0e,0x e6,0x81,0x20,0x2a,0x f a,0x f f,0x e0,0x07,0xae,0x c f,0x0a,0xed,0xle,0xa6,0x41,0x7f,0x63,0x5a,0x f c,0xd5,0x c9,0xd4,0xb8,0x60,0xd7,0x7d,0xd0,0x c4,0x c3,0x44,0x17,0x d f,0x8c,0xbl,0xbd5i：0x6a,0x05,0x e8,0x16,0x7f,0x37,0x68,0x54,Oxbe,0x01,Ox cl,0x87,0x b f,0xb3,0xdl,0x44,0x f8,0x f9,0xd4,0x f5,0x l f,0x77,0xa5,0x3b,0x04,0x92,0x62,0xd7,0x c6,0xa7,0x0c,0xbl,0xbd,0x5c,0x f f,0x f4,0x17,0x3d,0xa3,0x32,0x9e,0x09,0x8c,0x63,0x66,0x10,0x e9,0x47,0xa8,0x f e,0x3c,0x c0,0x7d,0xld,0x f d,0x4d,0x4c,0xd8,0xd9,0x9c,0x34,OxdO,0x25,Oxeb,0x91,0x61,0x e0,0xlb,0x95,0x98,0x e5,0xba,0x e3,0x64,0xad,0x0f,0x73,0x19,0x39,Oxbb,0x00,0x e7,0x f2,0x3a,0x43,0x79,0x8d,0x f0,0x78,0x23,0x c4,0xa0,0x0b,0x03,0xb4,0x52,0x69,0x f l,0x f6,0x c9,0x0d,0xb6,0x8a,0x a9,0x27,0x f3,0x86,0x88,0xea,0x c2,0x29,0x14,0x8f,0x22,0x9b,0x c7,0x26,0xed,0xa2,0xab,0xd5,0xaa,0x c5,0x6d,0x60,0x42,0x65,0xa6,0x99,0xb2,0xac,0x81,0x3f,0x5d,0xal,0x72,0x74,0x30,0x c3,0x e f,0x9a,0xle,0x7b,0x2a,0x67,0x48,0x24,0x31,0x35,0x15,0x f7,0x2f,0x89,0x20,0x40,Oxdd,0x50,0x2e,0x08,Oxll,Oxde,0x80,0x5b,0x6c,0x5f,0x75,0x4a,0x7e,0x5e,0x70,0x c e,0x6b,0x c f,0x84,0xda,0x e c,0x76,0xb7,0x83,O x e e,0x55,0x57,Oxcd,0x51,0x8b,0x02,0xb9,0xbc,0xd3,0xb5,0xae,0x90,0x46,0x e2,0x71,0x c8,0x6e,0x85,0x8e,0x36,0x38,0x2b,0x18,0x0a,0xb0,0x f a,0x3e,0x21,0x59,0x7c,0x7a,0xb8,0x6f,0x96,0x c c,0x l c,0x e l,0x2c,0x06,O x f c,0x97,0x9d,0x e4,0x07,0xca,0x0e,0xcb,0xd6,0x4b,0x13,0x4f,0x49,O x d f,0x82,0x4e,0xdc,0x5a,0xla,0xdb,0x53,0x56,0x33,0x a f,0x f b,0x9f,0xd2,0x2d,0x41,0x45,0x93,0x58,0x28,0x e6,0xa4,0x12,0x941.6.1 %构造过程设Z是G F(2)中的不可约多项式d 2 +1的根，则（Z,l)是G F(22)在G F(2)上的一组多项式 基.设y是G F(22)中的不可约多项式y2+y+Z (因为t r4/2(Z) =Z+Z2 = 1)的根，则（广1)是G F(24)在G F(22)上的一组多项式基，（Z y，y，Z，l)是G F(24)在G F(2)上的一组基.有22+z+1 =(z+Z)(z+Z2),y2+y+Z=(y+Y)(y+Y4)G F(22)在基（Z，l)上的乘法：(b〇Z+bi)(c〇Z+c i) =(b〇c〇+b〇〇i+b\c〇)Z+(b〇c〇+6i C i)=((6〇+6i)(c〇+c j)+b id)Z+(6〇c〇+bici)G F(22)在基（Z，l)上的乘法：Z(b〇Z+bi)(c〇Z+c i) = ((6〇c i+b\c〇)+b\C\)Z+(b〇c〇+(b〇C i +6i c〇))=(((>〇+6i)(c〇+c i)+b〇c〇)Z +((b〇+b\)(c〇+C i)+bici)王克等：S M B A分组密码算法793G F(24)在基（F,l)上的乘法：{b〇Y +6i)(c〇y + c i)=((6〇+ 6i)(c〇+ c i)+b\C\)Y + (Zb〇c〇 + b id)设为的8比特输入为;r,则如算法6计算的8比特输出算法6 S〇构造算法（见图5)_________________________________________________________________1.a=M〇X(x©Con〇),将a分为2 个4 比特a〇、a i,即a=a〇||a i2. 6 =a〇<S>t t i3.c=6134.d=c(8>a i5.e〇=Q〇[a〇],e i =Qi[a i]6•若c为0,则 / =e o l l e n 否则 / =d||c7.S〇[x] =Mi x (/) ®C o n i其中，符号®表示G F(24)在基（Z n Z，l)上的乘法，x表示矩阵与列向量相乘.b13表示G F(24)在 基（Z Y,Y,2,1)上6的13次幂，该变换用16进制表示为：0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x9,Oxb,O x c,O x f,O x e, 0x5,Oxd, 0x4, 0x7, 0x8,Oxa, 0x6 两个4比特S盒(?〇、g i分别为：0x0, 0x8, 0x4, 0x2,Oxa,Oxd, 0x9,O x l,Oxb, 0x6,O x f,Oxe, 0x5,Oxc, 0x3, 0x70x0, 0x2, 0x8,Oxl, 0x6, 0x9, 0x7, 0x5, 0x4,Oxa,Oxc,Oxd, 0x3,O x f,O x e,Oxb两个矩阵M〇和从都是置换矩阵，M〇的第i行第r〇⑷列为1,其余为0;i V^的第i行第n⑷列为1,其余为0; 0 <i < 7.T〇和n分别为：0,4,2,6,5,3,1,71,4,7,0,2,5,6,3两个8比特常数分别为：Con〇=0x52, Com =0x4d.1.6.2 Si构造过程当g= 2n时，（〇,〇■*)是G F(g2)在G F(g)上的一组正规基，当且仅当t V/g(a) =a+a9 /0.设Z是G F(2)中的不可约多项式z2+z+l的根，则（Z2，Z)是G F(22)在G F(2)上的一组正规基.设Y是G F(22)中的不可约多项式y2+2/ +Z(因为t r4/2(Z) = 1)的根，则（y4，l〇是G F(24)在G F(22)上的一组正规基，（Z2y4，Z y4,Z2y，Zl〇 是 G F(24)在 G F(2)上的一组基.设X是G F(24)中的不可约多项式+(因为t r16/4(Z2r*) = 1)的根，则（X16,X)是G F(28)在 G F(24)上的一组正规基.有 P+2+1 =(z+Z)(2 +Z2)，y2+y+Z =(y+y)(y+Y4)，x2+r e+Z2y4 = (a:+X)〇c+X16)•约定 0—1 =0.G F(22)在基（Z2，Z)上的乘法：(b〇Z2+b\Z){c〇Z2 +c\Z) = ((b〇+6i)(c〇+c i)+b〇c〇)Z2+((6〇+6i)(c〇+c i)+b\C\)ZG F(22)在基（Z2，Z)上的乘法：Z(b〇Z2+b\Z)(c〇Z2+c\Z) = (b〇c〇+bi〇\)Z2+((b〇+b i)(c〇+C i)+b〇c〇)ZG F(24)在基（y4，y)上的乘法：(6〇y4 +b iY)(c〇Y4 +c iY)=(Z(6〇+6〇(c〇+c i)+b〇c〇)Y4+(Z(6〇+&!)(c〇+c i)+b id)Y794Jowrna/ 〇//?esearc/i 密码学报 Vol.6, N o.6,Dec.2019G F(24)在基（y4，l〇上的乘法：Z2Y\b〇Z2Y4 + h Z Y4 + b2Z2Y +b3Z Y)2=b〇Z1234567Y4 + (6〇+b^Z Y4 +(6X+b3)Z2Y + {b〇+b2)Z YG F(28)在基（X16，；〇上的求逆：(b〇X16+h X)-1= (b〇b!+Z2Y4(b〇+h f y^h X16 + b〇X)算法7 &构造算法（见图6)1. a =M2x(x ®Con2)，将a分为2个4比特a〇、ai，即a =如丨丨〜2. 6〇=a〇©a i,f e i =a〇0a i3. c=Z2Y406^4. d =c®6i5. e=d-16./〇=e®ai,/i= e 0a〇7. S i[x]=M3x(/〇||/i)®Con3设&的8比特输入为:r，则如算法7计算&的8比特输出(8)表示G F(24)在基上的乘法.d-1表示G F(24)在相同基上d的逆，该变 换用16进制表示为：0x0,0x4,Oxc,0x8,0x1,Oxa,O x e,Oxd,0x3,Oxb,0x5,0x9,0x2,0x7,0x6,O x f两个矩阵M2和M3都是置换矩阵，M2的第i行第r2⑷列为1，其余为0;M3的第i行第7*3⑷列为1，其余为0; 0 <i <7.t2和t3分别为：4,6,5,1,〇,7,2,35,1,3,6,2,4,0,7两个8比特常数分别为：C o r i2 =0xa4,C0113 =0x5f.2设计原理2.1加解密过程设计原理整体结构采用标准F e i s t e l结构，其优点在于：王克等：S M B A分组密码算法795(1) 加解密过程除子密钥的顺序外完全相同，降低软硬件的实现代价.(2)与S P N结构相比，其使用的硬件资源更小.更易做资源与效率的折中.轮函数使用S P结构，其主要考虑如下：(1)安全性和有效性的综合性能更高.(2) 基本运算为查表、固定位数的循环移位，以及异或等逻辑运算，易于硬件实现以及软件的查大表快速实现.通过整体结构以及轮函数的设计，S M B A算法具备软硬件多种平台上实现的有效性和灵活性. S M B A-128与S M B A-256共用主要的密码部件，一起实现所付出的额外代价低.同时，算法可以准确 评估抵抗差分攻击、线性攻击、代数攻击和积分攻击等己知攻击所需的轮数，安全界清晰.所选迭代轮数 确保算法有较大的安全冗余.在算法设计上不隐藏任何“后门2.2密钥扩展设计原理(1) 一次加密子密钥、解密子密钥的生成速度分别高于一个分组加密、解密运算的速度.这样可以尽量降低在短消息条件下密钥扩展过程对算法性能的影响.C2)加密子密钥和解密子密钥均可在加解密过程中实时计算，且与加解密过程相比硬件实现电路深度 更小，可以为硬件实现提供更多的灵活性、更好的有效性.综合以上的考虑，我们设计了 S M B A的密钥扩展算法.S M B A-128-128和S M B A-256>256密钥扩展 的结构本质上是广义F e i s t e l结构[11，S M B A-128-256密钥扩展是广义F e i s t e l结构的推广.此外密钥扩展 与加解密过程共用S盒&和&，在特定场景下可通过复用的方式降低硬件资源.2.3 S盒设计原理S M B A使用8比特S盒，主要的考虑是8比特S盒逻辑更加复杂，相比较4比特S盒，其抵抗潜在 的攻击能力更强.在非轻量级环境下，一般这样的S盒的实现代价是可以接受的.S M B A所用的8比特S盒和&通过两种不同的方式构造生成（设计思想分别参考了文献丨2,3]和文献M)，其用到的非线性运算为查4比特S盒，G F(24)上的乘法，以及多路选择器.相比于随机产生 然后进行检测生成的S盒（还包括梯度下降、遗传算法等的迭代优化)，和&有如下优势：(1)更好的密码强度指标.(2)更优的硬件实现性能.在4比特S盒的选取上，我们尽量采用硬件资源小的S盒，同时通过选取特定的基，使得G F(24)上的乘法运算可以节省一定的资源，可以追求更小的面积.我们也有追求 更小深度的实现方式，更适用于追求更高速度的环境.(3)更低的侧信道攻击防护代价.在4比特S盒的选取上，我们除了实现资源外，更考虑了其中与门的个数.通过采用具有更少与门的S盒，并配以搜索得到的前后仿射变换，我们获得的S盒在抵 抗侧信道攻击的指标更优.(4)可清楚地表明和&的设计均无后门.2.4线性变换和换位变换设计原理由于64比特的M D S线性变换软硬件实现代价较大，关键路径深，资源占用多，我们希望在密码学性 质和实现代价之间取得折中.S M B A线性变换的主要设计思想是将少量简单的线性变换组合起来，获得具 有更高分支数、更好密码学性质的大规模线性变换.我们采用了两个简单的i32变换，以及一个L>M结 构的简单线性变换，成功构造了一个新的变换其具有如下的特性：(1) 164、i^4的差分分支数和线性分支数都为6.(2) i64、都将1个非零字节变换到7个非零字节.(3)不是面向字节的运算.(4)各种软件平台（8/32/64比特）及硬件都可有效实现.对S M B A-256,换位变换P128不仅确保算法的加解密过程都形成一个整体，并且使得算法抗差分、线 性等攻击能力显著提升.796■Z ournaZ 〇/CVyptoZogic i?esearc/i 密码学报 Vol.6, N o.6,Dec. 2019 3安全性分析3.1整体结构安全性S M B A的整体结构采用标准F e i s t e l结构，F e i s t e l结构已广泛应用于分组密码算法的设计中，具有很 好的结构安全性，可证明：在轮函数是伪随机函数的假设下，3轮F e i s t e l结构是伪随机置换，4轮F e i s t e l 结构是超伪随机置换.另外，对于S M B A-256,若假设函数i64〇S64为伪随机函数（相对于轮函数是伪随机函数的假设是更 弱、更合理的假设)，则可证明：4轮是伪随机置换，6轮是超伪随机置换.3.2密码部件安全性3.2.1非线性部件安全性S M B A算法使用了 2个8比特到8比特的S盒灸和&，其密码学性质如表2.表2 S o和S i的密码学性质Table 2 Cryptographic property o f S〇and S±对比项S〇S!不动点无无平衡性平衡平衡完全性完全完全代数次数77最大差分概率6/256 =2-5 4152-6最大线性概率(20/128)2=2一5.3562-6非线性度108112二次关系不存在39个线性无关的二次关系三次关系441个线性无关的三次关系471个线性无关的三次关系透明阶M7.7707.857改进的透明阶P16.8526.940D P A信噪比7.4709.059H a m m i n g重量的混乱系数方差⑵0.2250.133其中，透明阶、改进的透明阶、D P A信噪比、Hamming重量的混乱系数方差是为了评估S盒抵抗侧信 道攻击（SCA)的能力引入的指标.通常认为，透明阶、改进的透明阶和D P A信噪比越小，表明S盒抵抗 差分能量攻击（D P A)的能力越强；Hamming重量的混乱系数方差越大，表明S盒抵抗侧信道攻击的能 力越强.A E S算法S盒的透明阶、改进的透明阶、D P A信噪比、Hamming重量的混乱系数方差分别为 7.860、6.916、9.600、0.111，根据表2知，S〇和&比A E S算法的S盒具有更强的抗侧信道攻击的能力 (唯一的例外是A E S算法S盒改进的透明阶小于&改进的透明阶).3.2.2线性部件安全性S M B A的线性变换有i32、i64、i128三种.i32具有以下性质：(1) L32 是对合变换，即L32(L32(x)) =6(2) i32的差分分支数和线性分支数都是4.厶64具有以下性质：(1) i64的差分分支数和线性分支数都是6;(2) y=L64(x), w(x)= 1B t,w(y)^7;(3) y=Z/Jj(工)，wO1)=1时，w(2/)彡7;⑷（J A)||y i)=乙64(3；〇|丨3：1)，若=〇,A /0,则 j/o #0,且 j/i =0 X i =O x f f f f i f f f;王克等：S M B A分组密码算法797(5) (y〇H y i)=厶64(工〇丨丨工1)，若工〇#〇,=〇,则2/1 #〇,且 2/〇 =〇<=>工〇 =O x f f f f f f f f;i128分支数等指标与L64 —致.3.3抗攻击安全3.3.1差分攻击采用截断差分的思想分析S M B A算法抵抗差分攻击的能力.M o u h a W给出了一种采用混合整数规 划模型搜索差分活动S盒的方法，我们结合洗和S i的差分概率权重，分别评估S M B A-128和S M B A-256具有的最大差分特征概率.S M B A-128经过13轮迭代后最大差分特征概率不大于2_129'96,小于安 全界2_128;S M B A-256经过18轮迭代后最大差分特征概率不大于2_264 6M，小于安全界2_256.最大差 分特征概率搜索结果详见表3、表4.表 3 S M B A-128差分概率Table 3 D i f f e r e n t i a l p r o b a b i l i t y of S M B A-128轮数差分特征概率上界轮数10722 —5.41583 2 —1〇.8309 40-32.490105 2 —43.320116 2 —54.15012差分特征概率上界轮数2 — 61.320132 —75.810142 — 86.640152 — 97.470162~1〇8.300172~11913018差分特征概率上界轮数2 —129.960192 —140.790202—151.620212~162.450222-173.280232~184.H024差分特征概率上界2 —194.9402-205.770〇-216.6002 —227.4302 —238.2602 —249.090表 4 S M B A-256差分概率Table 4 D i f f e r e n t i a l p r o b a b i l i t y o f SMBA-256轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界轮数107 2 —87.8101322~5.41582—105.2251432~1〇-8309 2 — 116.640154 2 —38.49010 2 — 137.715165 2 —55.320112~149.13017 69-76.395122~170.79018差分特征概率上界轮数2—184.110 i q2-194.940 202 —210.450 212~232.U0222 — 244.110 222一264.600 24差分特征概率上界2~276.6002-288.600Q_309.0902~321.0902 —333.0902 —354.1653.3.2线性攻击与差分攻击方法相似可得，S M B A-128经过13轮迭代后最大线性特征概率不大于2-128544,小于安 全界2-128;S M B A-256经过18轮迭代后最大线性特征概率不大于2_262 24Q,小于安全界2_256.最大线 性特征概率搜索结果详见表5、表6.3.3.3代数攻击S M B A算法的不存在二次关系，民存在39个二次关系，可构造的二次方程数量低于AES,涉及 的变量数不低于AES,使用X L算法求解构造的二次方程组求解复杂度应高于AES，可认为S M B A能够 抵抗代数攻击.3.3.4积分攻击对于128比特分组的S M B A-128算法，令算法输入的多重集合具有可除性L>i16,则经7轮加密后 输出的多重集合的第9到第16个字节为平衡字节，而经8轮加密后输出的多重集合的每个字节都是不确 定字节，即算法存在7轮积分区分器.对于256比特分组的S M B A-256算法，令算法输入的多重集合具 有可除性£>g32,则经8轮加密后输出的多重集合的第17到第32个字节为平衡字节，而经9轮加密后输 出的多重集合的每个字节都是不确定字节，即算法存在8轮积分区分器.798Jowma/ 〇/i?esearc/i 密码学报 Vol.6,N o.6,Dec.2019表 5 S M B A-128线性概率Table 5 L in ea r p r o b a b i l i t y of SMBA-128轮数线性特征概率上界轮数10722~-5.35683 2 一10.71294 2 一32.13610 52_42.84811 6 2 一53.56012线性特征概率上界轮数2 —60.848132 —74.984142_85.696152-96.408162—1〇7.120172—117.83218线性特征概率上界轮数2—128.544192 —139.256202—149.968212~160.680222~171.392232—182.10424线性特征概率上界2 —192.8162 —203.528〇-214.2402 —224.9522 —235.6642 —246.376表 6 S M B A-256线性概率Table 6 L inea r p r o b a b i l i t y o f SMBA-256轮数线性特征概率上界轮数线性特征概率上界轮数线性特征概率上界轮数线性特征概率上界1072—86.984132—182.104192~274.24022 —5.35682-104.340142—192.816202 —286.24032-1071299-115.69615 2 —208.68021 2 —306.3764 2 —38.13610 2 —136.47616 2 —230.10422 2 —318.3765 2 —54.84811 2 —147.832172~242.10423 2 —330.37662~75.62812 2 —169.256182—262.24024 2 —351.3563.3.5不可能差分攻击利用文献[6]中的方法，对S M B A-128可找到5轮不可能差分，与F e i s t e l结构天然具有的不可能差 分一致.对S M B A-256找到了 17 786条8轮不可能差分，如下即为一条8轮不可能差分.(10000000000000000000000000000000) — (00000000000000000100000000000000)3.3.6相关密钥差分攻击采用截断差分的思想分析S M B A算法抵抗相关密钥差分攻击的能力，可得9轮S M B A-128-128的相关密钥差分特征概率不大于2-133 47Q，小于安全界2—128; 21轮S M B A-128-256的相关密钥差分特征 概率不大于2_259+62()，小于安全界2_256; 12轮最大S M B A-256-256相关密钥差分特征概率为2—3Q4'U，小于安全界2_256.相关密钥差分特征概率搜索结果详见表7、表8、表9.表7 SMBA-128-128相关密钥差分概率Table 7 Related-key d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o b a b i l i t y o f SMBA-128-128轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界1052—16.24592—133.47013 2 —214.54522 —5.41562—39.07510Q—156.88514 2 —237.9603 2 —5.4157 2 _88.980112—181.470152-257.1304 2 —10 •83082-111-225122~203.13016 2 —279.3753.3.7飞去来器攻击9轮S M B A-128算法任意分成两段至少具有12个差分活动S盒，飞去来器攻击成功的概率不大于 2-s'w x u x2 =2-m'96 < 2_m; 13轮S M B A_256算法任意分成两段至少具有27个差分活动S盒，飞去来器攻击成功的概率不大于2_5415x27x2 =2-292 41 < 2—256.因此，可认为S M B A算法能抵抗飞去来 器攻击.王克等：S M B A分组密码算法799轮数2 3 4 5 6表8 SMBA-128-256相关密钥差分概率Table 8 Related-key d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o b a b i l i t y o f SMBA-128-256差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界07q-54.7352 —5.41582 — 66.1502 —5.41592~72.7359-10-83010 2 — 84.1502—16.24511 2 —1〇6.9802 —39.075122~122.640轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界13 2 —134.05519 2 —233.865142~148.54520 2 —248.205152-165.37521 2 —259.620162~176.79022 2 一281.865172~198.45023 2 —294.450182~213.96024 2 —324.600表9 S M B A-25&256相关密钥差分概率Table 9 Related-key d i f f e r e n t i a l p r o b a b i l i t y o f SMBA-256-256轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界轮数差分特征概率上界1040-32.49072~1〇3.320102—201.810 22-5.41552~55.3208 2 — 126.735112—251.865 32~16.24562—69.07592—156.73512 2 —304.1103.3.8滑动攻击由于S M B A密钥扩展算法的设计，可证明S M B A-128-128和S M B A-256-256对相同密钥或是两个 不同密钥，不会有任意连续3轮子密钥均相同；对S M B A-128-256,对相同密钥或是两个不同密钥，不会有 连续5轮子密钥相同.因此我们认为S M B A可以抵抗滑动攻击.3.3.9密钥扩展安全性S M B A的密钥扩展算法具有保熵性.通过仔细的分析，我们认为S M B A不具有等价密钥、弱密钥或 半弱密钥.3.4侧信道攻击安全防护S M B A算法的2个S盒都采用代数构造的方式设计，具有较好的透明阶、改进的透明阶、Hamming 重量的混乱系数方差等指标，使得在相同安全防护条件下，抵抗侧信道攻击的能力更强.另外，S盒掩码防 护实现难度（芯片面积占用、随机数使用量等）和S盒逻辑表达式的乘法复杂度密切相关，逻辑复杂度越 低，安全防护实现时使用的随机数量越少、芯片占用面积越低，因此，在^和构造过程中本算法尽量使用乘法复杂度低的部件、运算，使得洗和氏的乘法复杂度低.4性能分析4.1软件性能算法的软件性能测试标准是在C B C模式下，用256字节数据作为输入进行性能测试，每次测试变换 密钥，取105次C B C模式运算测试结果的平均值作为速率测试的结果.32比特A R M环境采用基于S T M32 F103的开发板（主频72 Mhz):stm32f l z e t6核心板6、512 K 片内F l a s h、64 K片内R A M.算法采用查表方式实现，实现结果见表10.表10 32比特A R M环境下S M B A算法性能Table 10 Performance o f S M B A on 32-b i t A R M platform算法加密速率（Mbps)解密速率（Mbps) SMBA-128-1286.846.71SMBA-128-2563.483.48SMBA-256-2563.913.90800>7o«maZ 〇/iiesearc/i 密码学报 Vol.6，N o.6, Dec.2019S M B A 的 64 位软件实现平台采用 I n t e l Core(T M)i7-9750H C P U、主频 2.6 GHz、WindowslO、内存32 G、M i c r o s o f t V i s u a l S t u d i o2017编译器.算法加密过程采用查表方式实现，解密过程使用A V X指令实现，实现结果见表11.表11 64比特W i n d o w s环境下S M B A算法性能Table 11 Performance o f S M B A on 64-b i t Windows platform算法加密速率（Mbps)解密速率（Mbps) SMBA-128-12814052751SMBA-128-25611102035SMBA-256-256165528314.2硬件性能算法的ASIC实现环境，采用的设计库为HJTC0.11 u m工艺库，采用的综合工具为S y n o p s y s D e s i g n V i s i o n (F-2011.09-SP1V e r s i o n).仿真环境为Modelsim SE 10.1a.算法测试32个分组长度数据，测试 结果见表12.表12 A S I C环境下S M B A算法性能Table 12 Performance o f S M B A on ASIC对比项SMBA-128-128SMBA-128-256SMBA-256-256运算周期627825825时钟约束11n s11n s11 n s加密速率566.37Mbps430.44Mbps860.88Mbps解密速率566.37Mbps430.44Mbps860.88Mbps面积69065 u m287851 u m2164683 u m2加密吞面比0.008200.004900.00523解密吞面比0.008200.004900.005235优缺点分析S M B A是安全性高、实用性强、创新设计的分组密码算法，算法的设计具备简洁性、灵活性和兼容性,完全能够满足本次算法设计竞赛的要求.5.1算法特色(1)算法设计简洁，三个版本共用非线性变换和&，以及线性变换L64,扩展自然.(2)算法适用于多种软件平台，如8/32/64位平台，且算法的软件性能高，实用性强.(3)算法安全性分析充分，安全界清晰，具有较高的安全冗余.(4)算法具有良好的抵抗侧信道攻击的能力.由于我们在S〇和&的设计中充分考虑到了侧信道防护的问题，和&在透明阶、D P A信噪比、Hamming重量混乱系数方差等评价侧信道防护能 力的指标上都优于A E S的S盒.在％和&构造过程中本算法尽量使用乘法复杂度低的部件、运算，使得知和&的乘法复杂度低.由于针对线性变换的侧信道防护策略是平凡的，所以我们 认为S M B A具有良好的抗侧信道攻击能力.5.2创新点(1)创新设计了密码性质优、软硬件实现性能高的线性变换L64:与同等规模的M D S变换相比，L64的实现代价非常小，其只由两个简单的L32变换和一个L-M结构线性变换构成，软硬件实现简 单，但同时其分支数可达到6,且能够将1个非零字节变换为7个非零字节，具有良好的密码学王克等：S M B A分组密码算法801性质.利用心4的密码性质，通过理论证明和计算机搜索（两者结果相同）均可证明，S M B A-128 具有很高的抵抗差分攻击和线性攻击的能力.(2) S M B A-256整体设计保证安全：换位变换P128结合两个并置的线性变换164,确保S M B A-256的加解密过程都形成一个整体，大幅度提升密码算法的扩散性和抗攻击能力.(3) 面向实现优化设计：设计了密码指标高的S盒和&，尤其是&的设计.与己有主要密码指标相同的S盒相比，硬件实现电路的门数和深度均有减少.5.3不足由于设计中采用了 8比特S盒，且分组长度/密钥长度大，因此S M B A算法不适用于低功耗和硬件 资源受限的轻量级应用环境.References[1]SUZUKI T, M I N E N A T S U K. 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[D O I: 10.1007/978-3-642-34931-7_17]作者信息王克（1985-)，辽宁盖州人，硕 士，工程师.主要研宄领域为密 码理论与应用.wangke3107@黄念念（1989-),福建莆田人，硕士，工程师.主要研宄领域 为密码理论与应用.nnhuang205@ 贾文义（1982-)，山西吕梁人，硕士，高级工程师.主要研究领域为密码理论与应用.jiawyl63@。
