S-Parameter(Part I)

Varactor SPICE Models for RF VCO ApplicationsAPN1004Varactor Equivalent Circuit Model DefinitionsA simplified equivalent circuit of varactor is shown in Figure 1.This varactor model is useful for RF VCO applications although it neglects some parasitic components often needed for higher frequency microwave applications, such as the distributed line package model and some capacitance due to ground proximity.For most RF VCO applications, to about 2.5 GHz, these parasiticcomponents would not be important unless higher harmonics generated by the varactor affects performance of the VCO.In this case, a more detailed equivalent circuit model is needed.The technique used should be based on the varactor model extraction procedure from S-parameter data.A SPICE model, defined for the Libra IV environment, is shown in Figure 2, with the description of the parameters employed.It neglects the package capacitance, C P , its typical 0.10 pF value is absorbed within the junction capacitance C V .Application NoteParallel CapacitanceFigure 1.Simplified Equivalent Circuit of VaractorFigure 2.Libra IV SPICE ModelParameterDescriptionUnit Default IS Saturation current (with N, determine the DC characteristics of the diode)A 1e-14R S Series resistanceΩ0N Emission coefficient (with IS, determines the DC characteristics of the diode)-1TT Transit timeS 0C JO Zero-bias junction capacitance (with V J and M define nonlinear junction capacitance of the diode)F 0V J Junction potential (with V J and M define nonlinear junction capacitance of the diode)V 1M Grading coefficient (with V J and M define nonlinear junction capacitance of the diode)-0.5E G Energy gap (with XTI, helps define the dependence of IS on temperature)EV 1.11XTI Saturation current temperature exponent (with E G , helps define the dependence of IS on temperature)-3KF Flicker noise coefficient -0AF Flicker noise exponent-1FC Forward-bias depletion capacitance coefficient -0.5B V Reverse breakdown voltageV Infinity I BV Current at reverse breakdown voltage A 1e-3ISR Recombination current parameter A 0NR Emission coefficient for ISR -2IKF High-injection knee current A Infinity NBV Reverse breakdown ideality factor -1IBVL Low-level reverse breakdown knee current A 0NBVL Low-level reverse breakdown ideality factor-1T NOM Nominal ambient temperature at which these model parameters were derived °C 27FFEFlicker noise frequency exponent-1Table 1.SPICE Model ParametersT able 1 describes the model parameters.It shows default values appropriate for silicon varactor diodes, which may be used by the Libra IV simulator unless others are specifically defined.The effect of the diode junction is ignored in this model.This simplification ignores the rectifying effect of diode during a positive voltage swing.However, for most RF VCO applications, the lowest practical DC control voltage value is 0.5 V and the magnitude of RF voltage rarely exceeds 0.2 V peak.Therefore, the varactor is maintained in its reverse bias state.However, in a large signal application where it is necessary to consider the diode’s rectifying properties, it may be done by entering the additional diode parameters in the SPICE model defined for the LIBRA IV environment.According to the SPICE model in T able 1, the varactor capacitance, C V , is a function of the applied reverse DC voltage, V R , and may be expressed as follows:C V =+ C P1 +C JOMV R V J()This equation is a mathematical simulation of the capacitance characteristic.The model is accurate for abrupt junction varactors (SMV1400 Series);for hyperabrupt junction varactors the model is less accurate but very reliable.The form is similar to the traditional varactor equation but uses values for V J , M and C P , that were extracted individually from measured C V (V R ) data for each varactor part number.Series resistance, R S , is a function of applied voltage and operating frequency and may be considered constant.The value used should be taken from the specified maximum value or derived from its Q specification.Series inductance, L S , is also considered constant at a value of 1.7 nH.This incorporates the 1.5 nH package inductance with some insertion inductance typical for PC boards in RF wireless applications.Table 2 gives values for Alpha’s plastic packaged varactors that may be used for SPICE model simulation equation.It may be employed for each varactor junction in the SOD-323 and SOT-23 package.It also gives calculated values for the capacitance ratio between 0.5–2.5 V for each diode that is a typical voltage range for battery operated wireless VCO circuits.Note:The values listed for V J, M and C P in the table were empirically determined and do not represent the precise physical or electronic properties of the semiconductor or the package.C JO V J C P R S L SPart Number(pF)(V)M(pF)(Ω)(nH)C0.5/C2.5 SMV112723.9 2.2100.5 1.7 1.68 SMV112927.5 2.8 1.100.4 1.7 1.73 SMV11398 1.20.6500.6 1.7 1.68 SMV114070.44 3.5 1.400.3 1.7 1.68 SMV11417.32 2.2100.7 1.7 1.66 SMV114213.38 2.2100.7 1.7 1.67 SMV114318.99 2.2100.65 1.7 1.67 SMV114424.01 2.2100.65 1.7 1.67 SMV114541.8 2.5 1.100.6 1.7 1.68 SMV114661.13 2.5 1.100.6 1.7 1.68 SMV114789.52 2.5 1.100.55 1.7 1.68 SMV1148104.7 2.25 1.100.5 1.7 1.7 SMV117513.433 1.150 1.0 1.7 1.68 SMV120626.114 1.450.30.7 1.7 1.69 SMV120759.4 6.5 2.320.4 1.7 1.73 SMV121272.4711067 4.50.45 1.7 2.82 SMV121328.9190105 2.20.8 1.7 2.53 SMV121422.74190106 1.50.7 1.7 2.60 SMV121514.36190115 1.1 1.0 1.7 2.73 SMV122325.1910045 2.5 1.5 1.7 2.10 SMV122425.1910045 2.5 1.5 1.7 2.10 SMV122517.4611047 1.6 1.8 1.7 2.05 SMV122752.465 1.800.55 1.7 1.75 SMV1228130.15 1.800.32 1.7 1.75 SMV1229271.725 1.800.25 1.7 1.75 SMV1232 4.2 1.70.90 1.5 1.7 1.87 SMV1233 4.12 1.70.90.7 1.2 1.7 1.71 SMV12348.75 2.3 1.1 1.20.8 1.7 1.82 SMV123516.138420.6 1.7 1.84 SMV123621.638 4.2 3.20.5 1.7 1.86 SMV123766.1610 5.390.13 1.7 2.05 SMV1245 6.9 3.5 1.70.472 1.7 1.82 SMV12479.221001000.552 1.7 2.15 SMV124821.541310.50 1.8 1.7 6.2 SMV12493917140 1.5 1.7 6.75 SMV12504717140 1.5 1.7 5.41 SMV12516017140 1.3 1.7 5.86Table 2.Plastic Packaged Varactor Values for SPICE Model Simulation EquationC JO V J C P R S L S Part Number (pF)(V)M (pF)(Ω)(nH)C0.5/C2.5SMV12537017140 1.2 1.7 5.88SMV125582171401 1.7 4.42SMV129913.73190110 1.1 2.5 1.7 2.61SMV1405 2.920.680.410.050.8 1.7 1.41SMV1408 3.70.80.430.130.6 1.7 1.5SMV1409 5.20.80.450.130.5 1.7 1.51SMV1410 5.540.80.450.130.45 1.7 1.52SMV14117.5750.80.450.130.40 1.7 1.52SMV14139.20.790.450.130.35 1.7 1.52SMV141411.20.780.460.130.3 1.7 1.54SMV141512.80.780.460.130.27 1.7 1.55SMV141616.040.840.480.130.24 1.7 1.54SMV141719.20.840.480.130.221.7 1.54SMV141921.40.870.540.130.2 1.7 1.61SMV142030.20.80.470.130.19 1.71.59SMV142136.10.80.470.130.18 1.7 1.57SMV1493290.630.4700.25 1.7 1.63SMV20227.0872.30.4 2.1 1.7 1.65SMV202325.792501102.41.31.72.09ExamplesFigure 3shows the SPICE model calculated capacitance Alpha abrupt junction varactor SMV1493-011 with measured capacitance values.Figure 4 shows the SPICE model calculated capacitance for Alpha hyperabrupt junction varactor SMV1235-011 with measured capacitance values.24681012Varactor VoltageC a p a c i t a n c e (p F )05101520Table 2.Plastic Packaged Varactor Values for SPICE Model Simulation Equation (Continued)Figure 4.SMV1235 7.575/(1-V V /0.8)^0.45专注于微波、射频、天线设计人才的培养易迪拓培训网址：A D S视 频 培 训 课 程 推 荐ADS–Advanced Design System是由原美国安捷伦科技（现更名为是德科技）推出的微波射频电路、通信系统和MMIC/RFIC仿真设计软件，其功能强大、应用广泛，被国内高校、科研院所和大型科技公司使用广为使用。

a b a q u s结构分析单元类型(总5页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--;this wordfile adds the code folding function which is useful to ignore rows of numbers,enjoy~;updated in , based on the wordfile "abaqus_67ef()";Syntax file for abaqus keywords ,code folding enabled;add *ANISOTROPIC *ENRICHMENT *LOW -DISPLACEMENT HYPERELASTIC;newly add /C"ElementType";delete DISPLACEMENT;delete MASS in /C2"Keywords2"/L29"abaqus_612" Nocase File Extensions = inp des dat msg/Delimiters = ~!@$%^&()_-+=|\/{}[]:;"'<> ,.//Function String = "%[ ^t]++[ps][a-z]+ [a-z0-9]+ ^(*(*)^)*{$"/Function String 1 = "%[ ^t]++[ps][a-z]+ [a-z0-9]+ ^(*(*)^)[ ^t]++$" /Member String = "^([A-Za-z0-9_:.]+^)[ ^t*&]+$S[ ^t]++[(=);,]"/Variable String = "^([A-Za-z0-9_:.]+^)[ ^t*&]+$S[ ^t]++[(=);,]"/Open Fold Strings = "*" "**""***"/Close Fold Strings = "*" "**""***"/C1"Keywords1" STYLE_KEYWORD*ACOUSTIC *ADAPTIVE *AMPLITUDE *ANISOTROPIC *ANNEAL *AQUA *ASSEMBLY *ASYMMETRIC *AXIAL *BASE *BASELINE *BEAM*BIAXIAL *BLOCKAGE *BOND *BOUNDARY *BRITTLE *BUCKLE *BUCKLING *BULK *C *CAP *CAPACITY *CAST *CAVITY *CECHARGE*CECURRENT *CENTROID *CFILM *CFLOW *CFLUX *CHANGE *CLAY *CLEARANCE*CLOAD *CO *COHESIVE *COMBINED *COMPLEX*CONCRETE *CONDUCTIVITY *CONNECTOR *CONSTRAINT *CONTACT *CONTOUR*CONTROLS *CORRELATION *COUPLED *COUPLING*CRADIATE *CREEP *CRUSHABLE *CYCLED *CYCLIC *D *DAMAGE *DAMPING*DASHPOT *DEBOND *DECHARGE *DECURRENT*DEFORMATION *DENSITY *DEPVAR *DESIGN *DETONATION *DFLOW *DFLUX*DIAGNOSTICS *DIELECTRIC *DIFFUSIVITY*DIRECT *DISPLAY *DISTRIBUTING *DISTRIBUTION *DLOAD *DRAG *DRUCKER*DSA *DSECHARGE *DSECURRENT *DSFLOW*DSFLUX *DSLOAD *DYNAMIC *EL *ELASTIC *ELCOPY *ELECTRICAL *ELEMENT*ELGEN *ELSET *EMBEDDED *EMISSIVITY*END *ENERGY *ENRICHMENT *EOS *EPJOINT *EQUATION *EULERIAN *EXPANSION *EXTREME *FABRIC *FAIL *FAILURE*FASTENER *FIELD *FILE *FILM *FILTER *FIXED *FLOW *FLUID *FOUNDATION *FRACTURE *FRAME *FREQUENCY *FRICTION*GAP *GASKET *GEL *GEOSTATIC *GLOBAL *HEADING *HEAT *HEATCAP*HOURGLASS *HYPERELASTIC *HYPERFOAM *HYPOELASTIC*HYSTERESIS *IMPEDANCE *IMPERFECTION *IMPORT *INCIDENT *INCLUDE*INCREMENTATION *INELASTIC *INERTIA*INITIAL *INSTANCE *INTEGRATED *INTERACTION *INTERFACE *ITS *JOINT*JOINTED *JOULE *KAPPA *KINEMATIC*LATENT *LOAD *LOADING *LOW *M1 *M2 *MAP *MASS *MATERIAL *MATRIX*MEMBRANE *MODAL *MODEL *MOHR *MOISTURE*MOLECULAR *MONITOR *MOTION *MPC *MULLINS *NCOPY *NFILL *NGEN *NMAP *NO *NODAL *NODE *NONSTRUCTURAL*NORMAL *NSET *ORIENTATION *ORNL *OUTPUT *PARAMETER *PART *PERIODIC *PERMEABILITY *PHYSICAL *PIEZOELECTRIC*PIPE *PLANAR *PLASTIC *POROUS *POST *POTENTIAL *PRE *PREPRINT*PRESSURE *PRESTRESS *PRINT *PSD *RADIATE*RADIATION *RANDOM *RATE *RATIOS *REBAR *REFLECTION *RELEASE*RESPONSE *RESTART *RETAINED *RIGID *ROTARY*SECTION *SELECT *SFILM *SFLOW *SHEAR *SHELL *SIMPEDANCE *SIMPLE*SLIDE *SLOAD *SOILS *SOLID *SOLUBILITY*SOLUTION *SOLVER *SORPTION *SPECIFIC *SPECTRUM *SPRING *SRADIATE*STATIC *STEADY *STEP *SUBMODEL*SUBSTRUCTURE *SURFACE *SWELLING *SYMMETRIC *SYSTEM *TEMPERATURE*TENSILE *TENSION *THERMAL *TIE *TIME*TORQUE *TRACER *TRANSFORM *TRANSPORT *TRANSVERSE *TRIAXIAL *TRS *UEL *UNDEX *UNIAXIAL *UNLOADING *USER*VARIABLE *VIEWFACTOR *VISCO *VISCOELASTIC *VISCOUS *VOID *VOLUMETRIC *WAVE *WIND-AXISYMMETRIC -DEFINITION -DISPLACEMENT -SIMULATION -SOIL -TENSION/C2"Keywords2"ACTIVATION ADDED AREA ASSEMBLE ASSEMBLY ASSIGNMENT AXIALBEHAVIOR BODY BULKCASE CAVITY CENTER CHAIN CHANGE CHARGE CLEARANCE COMPACTION COMPONENT COMPRESSION CONDITIONS CONDUCTANCECONDUCTIVITY CONSTANTS CONSTITUTIVE CONSTRAINT CONTACT CONTROL CONTROLS COPY CORRECTION COULOMB COUPLINGCRACKING CREEP CRITERIA CRITERION CYCLICDAMAGE DAMAGED DAMPING DATA DEFINED DEFINITION DELETE DENSITY DEPENDENCE DEPENDENT DERIVED DETECTIONDIFFUSION DIRECTORY DOFS DYNAMIC DYNAMICSEFFECT EIGENMODES ELASTIC ELASTICITY ELECTRICAL ELEMENT ELSET ENVELOPE EVOLUTION EXCHANGE EXCLUSIONSEXPANSIONFACTORS FAILURE FIELD FILE FLAW FLOW FLUID FLUX FOAM FORMAT FORMULATION FRACTION FREQUENCY FRICTIONGENERAL GENERATE GENERATION GRADIENTHARDENING HEAT HOLD HYPERELASTICINCLUSIONS INERTIA INFLATOR INITIATION INPUT INSTANCE INTEGRAL INTERACTION INTERFERENCE IRONLAYER LEAKOFF LENGTH LINE LINK LOAD LOCKM1 M2 MATERIAL MATRIX MEDIUM MESH METAL MIXTURE MODEL MODES MODULI MODULUS MOTIONNODAL NODE NSET NUCLEATIONORIGIN OUTPUTPAIR PARAMETER PART PARTICLE PATH PENETRATION PLASTIC PLASTICITY POINT POINTS POTENTIAL PRAGER PRINTPROPERTYRADIATION RATE RATIOS REDUCTION REFERENCE REFLECTION REGION RELIEF RESPONSE RESULTS RETENTIONSECTION SCALING SHAPE SHEAR SOLID SOLUTION SPECTRUM STABILIZATION STATE STEP STIFFENING STIFFNESS STOPSTRAIN STRESS SURFACE SWELLING SYMMETRYTABLE TECHNIQUE TEMPERATURE TENSION TEST THERMAL THICKNESS TO TORQUE TRANSFER TRANSPORTVALUE VARIABLES VARIATION VELOCITY VIEWFACTOR VISCOSITYWAVE WEIGHT/C3"ElementType" STYLE_ELEMENTAC1D2 AC1D3 AC2D3 AC2D4 AC2D4R AC2D6 AC2D8 AC3D4 AC3D6 AC3D8 AC3D8R AC3D10 AC3D15 AC3D20 ACAX3 ACAX4ACAX4R ACAX6 ACAX8 ACIN2D2 ACIN2D3 ACIN3D3 ACIN3D4 ACIN3D6 ACIN3D8 ACINAX2 ACINAX3 ASI1 ASI2 ASI2AASI2D2 ASI2D3 ASI3 ASI3A ASI3D3 ASI3D4 ASI3D6 ASI3D8 ASI4 ASI8 ASIAX2 ASIAX3B21 B21H B22 B22H B23 B23H B31 B31H B31OS B31OSH B32 B32H B32OSB32OSH B33 B33HC3D4 C3D4E C3D4H C3D4P C3D4T C3D6 C3D6E C3D6H C3D6P C3D6T C3D8 C3D8E C3D8H C3D8HT C3D8I C3D8IH C3D8PC3D8PH C3D8PHT C3D8PT C3D8R C3D8RH C3D8RHT C3D8RP C3D8RPH C3D8RPHTC3D8RPT C3D8RT C3D8T C3D10 C3D10EC3D10H C3D10I C3D10M C3D10MH C3D10MHT C3D10MP C3D10MPH C3D10MPTC3D10MT C3D15 C3D15E C3D15H C3D15VC3D15VH C3D20 C3D20E C3D20H C3D20HT C3D20P C3D20PH C3D20R C3D20REC3D20RH C3D20RHT C3D20RP C3D20RPHC3D20RT C3D20T C3D27 C3D27H C3D27R C3D27RH CAX3 CAX3E CAX3H CAX3T CAX4 CAX4E CAX4H CAX4HT CAX4ICAX4IH CAX4P CAX4PH CAX4PT CAX4R CAX4RH CAX4RHT CAX4RP CAX4RPHCAX4RPHT CAX4RPT CAX4RT CAX4T CAX6CAX6E CAX6H CAX6M CAX6MH CAX6MHT CAX6MP CAX6MPH CAX6MT CAX8 CAX8E CAX8H CAX8HT CAX8P CAX8PH CAX8RCAX8RE CAX8RH CAX8RHT CAX8RP CAX8RPH CAX8RT CAX8T CAXA4HN CAXA4N CAXA4RHN CAXA4RN CAXA8HN CAXA8NCAXA8PN CAXA8RHN CAXA8RN CAXA8RPN CCL12 CCL12H CCL18 CCL18H CCL24 CCL24H CCL24R CCL24RH CCL9 CCL9HCGAX3 CGAX3H CGAX3HT CGAX3T CGAX4 CGAX4H CGAX4HT CGAX4R CGAX4RH CGAX4RHT CGAX4RT CGAX4T CGAX6 CGAX6HCGAX6M CGAX6MH CGAX6MHT CGAX6MT CGAX8 CGAX8H CGAX8HT CGAX8R CGAX8RH CGAX8RHT CGAX8RT CGAX8T CIN3D12RCIN3D18R CIN3D8 CINAX4 CINAX5R CINPE4 CINPE5R CINPS4 CINPS5R COH2D4 COH2D4P COH3D6 COH3D6P COH3D8COH3D8P COHAX4 COHAX4P CONN2D2 CONN3D2 CPE3 CPE3E CPE3H CPE3T CPE4 CPE4E CPE4H CPE4HT CPE4I CPE4IHCPE4P CPE4PH CPE4R CPE4RH CPE4RHT CPE4RP CPE4RPH CPE4RT CPE4T CPE6 CPE6E CPE6H CPE6M CPE6MH CPE6MHTCPE6MP CPE6MPH CPE6MT CPE8 CPE8E CPE8H CPE8HT CPE8P CPE8PH CPE8RCPE8RE CPE8RH CPE8RHT CPE8RPCPE8RPH CPE8RT CPE8T CPEG3 CPEG3H CPEG3HT CPEG3T CPEG4 CPEG4H CPEG4HT CPEG4I CPEG4IH CPEG4R CPEG4RHCPEG4RHT CPEG4RT CPEG4T CPEG6 CPEG6H CPEG6M CPEG6MH CPEG6MHT CPEG6MT CPEG8 CPEG8H CPEG8HT CPEG8RCPEG8RH CPEG8RHT CPEG8T CPS3 CPS3E CPS3T CPS4 CPS4E CPS4I CPS4RCPS4RT CPS4T CPS6 CPS6E CPS6M CPS6MTCPS8 CPS8E CPS8R CPS8RE CPS8RT CPS8TDASHPOT1 DASHPOT2 DASHPOTA DC1D2 DC1D2E DC1D3 DC1D3E DC2D3 DC2D3EDC2D4 DC2D4E DC2D6 DC2D6E DC2D8DC2D8E DC3D10 DC3D10E DC3D15 DC3D15E DC3D20 DC3D20E DC3D4 DC3D4EDC3D6 DC3D6E DC3D8 DC3D8E DCAX3DCAX3E DCAX4 DCAX4E DCAX6 DCAX6E DCAX8 DCAX8E DCC1D2 DCC1D2D DCC2D4 DCC2D4D DCC3D8 DCC3D8D DCCAX2DCCAX2D DCCAX4 DCCAX4D DCOUP2D DCOUP3D DGAP DRAG2D DRAG3D DS3 DS4 DS6 DS8 DSAX1 DSAX2EC3D8R EC3D8RT ELBOW31 ELBOW31B ELBOW31C ELBOW32 EMC2D3 EMC2D4 EMC3D4 EMC3D8F2D2 F3D3 F3D4 FAX2 FLINK FRAME2D FRAME3D FC3D4 FC3D6 FC3D8GAPCYL GAPSPHER GAPUNI GAPUNIT GK2D2 GK2D2N GK3D12M GK3D12MN GK3D18 GK3D18N GK3D2 GK3D2N GK3D4LGK3D4LN GK3D6 GK3D6L GK3D6LN GK3D6N GK3D8 GK3D8N GKAX2 GKAX2N GKAX4 GKAX4N GKAX6 GKAX6N GKPE4 GKPE6GKPS4 GKPS4N GKPS6 GKPS6NHEATCAPIRS21A IRS22A ISL21A ISL22A ITSCYL ITSUNI ITT21 ITT31JOINT2D JOINT3D JOINTCLS3S LS6MASS M3D3 M3D4 M3D4R M3D6 M3D8 M3D8R M3D9 M3D9R MAX1 MAX2 MCL6 MCL9 MGAX1 MGAX2PC3D PIPE21 PIPE21H PIPE22 PIPE22H PIPE31 PIPE31H PIPE32 PIPE32HPSI24 PSI26 PSI34 PSI36Q3D4 Q3D6 Q3D8 Q3D8H Q3D8R Q3D8RH Q3D10M Q3D10MH Q3D20 Q3D20H Q3D20R Q3D20RHR2D2 R3D3 R3D4 RAX2 RB2D2 RB3D2 ROTARYIS3 S3T S3R S3RS S3RT S4 S4T S4R S4RT S4R5 S4RS S4RSW S8R S8R5 S8RT S9R5 SAX1 SAX2 SAX2T SAXA1NSAXA2N SC6R SC6RT SC8R SC8RT SFM3D3 SFM3D4 SFM3D4R SFM3D6 SFM3D8 SFM3D8R SFMAX1 SFMAX2 SFMCL6 SFMCL9SFMGAX1 SFMGAX2 SPRING1 SPRING2 SPRINGA STRI3 STRI65T2D2 T2D2E T2D2H T2D2T T2D3 T2D3E T2D3H T2D3T T3D2 T3D2E T3D2H T3D2T T3D3 T3D3E T3D3H T3D3TWARP2D3 WARP2D4。

一篇文章了解S参数在EDA仿真结果中，S参数是一个经常被提及的结果，关于S参数详细内容，其实不管是网上还是教科书都有较规范的介绍，但是大多数并不适用没有EDA背景的读者。

本文就S参数的相关应用背景，具体内容做一下介绍，主要针对没有任何EDA行业背景的朋友，EDA工程师可忽略。

S意为Scatter/Scattering，字面意思为散射。

S参数也就是散射参数。

1.S参数计算方法2.差分线和多端口3.S参数文件1.S参数计算方法：一般书上用电压，电流来描述信号，为了方便理解，这里用能量来描述。

如下图微带线，假设有100单位能量进入端口1，然后从端口2出来。

在传输过程中种种原因，能量并不能全部到达端口2，部分会反射。

情形1：假设有5单位能量反射。

则S参数计算如下：S11 = 5/100=0.05S12 = 95/100 = 0.95S11表示反射比例，学名回波损耗(Return Loss)，简写RLS12表示传送到比例，学名插入损耗(Insertion Loss)，简写IL对于对称网络： S11=S22S22 = 5/100 = 0.05S21 = 95/100 = 0.95情形2：如果反射值为0.01，则S11=0.01/100=0.0001S12-99.99/100=0.9999因为这种计算数据跨度较大，通常习惯取20*log10(S11)，其中log10表示取以10为底的对数，也就是log10(10)=1，单位dB 上述情形1：S11=20*log10(0.05)=-26.021dBS12=20*log10(0.95)=-0.4455dB上述情形2：S11=20*log10(0.0001)=-80dBS12=20*log10(0.9999)=-8.68e-3dB几组dB值对应百分比S11（dB）S11-26 95%-13 80%-10 70%-6 50%-40 99%至此计算出的是一个频点的S参数值。

SPARQ系列述评之五——关于S参数(下)时间：2010-11-23 来源：美国力科公司中国区作者：汪进进关键字：SPARQ S参数三, 直接用于仿真的S参数的特性不是任何S参数文件都可以直接用于仿真软件。

SPARQ区别于VNA的一点是,SPARQ 测量出来的S参数可以直接用于仿真软件。

我们知道，可直接用于仿真软件的S参数需要具备以下特点：1，遵循三大S参数特性原则:无源性（Passivity），互易性（Passivity），因果性（Causality）。

VNA产生的S参数由于不遵循这三个特性的原则,需要另外的软件来做这三个原则的检查验证之后才能用于仿真。

2，有DC点。

VNA产生的S参数不带有DC点,需要另外的方法测量出DC时的S参数值。

3，对于差分信号系统,需要混合模式S参数。

VNA不能直接产生混合模式S参数。

4，S参数以touchstone文件格式保存。

作为世界上第一台信号完整性网络分析仪SPARQ产生的S参数具备以上这些特点，可以“拿来就用”，直接用于仿真。

·无源性（Passivity）对于一个无损网络，S矩阵是一个单位矩阵，因此，对于二端口网络存在下面的关系式：由于没有损耗，所有散射的总量应是100%。

当S21（S11）大的时候，S11（S21）就会小一些，这从前面的S参数曲线可以看出来。

对于无源的二端口网络，因此，一个无源器件的S参数不会大于1（0dB）。

VNA测量的S参数结果如果没有经过软件进行无源性验证，其S参数值会出现出现大于0dB的情形，不能直接用于仿真软件。

表示为功率散射比，这个值越小,说明损耗越大。

·互易性（Passivity）如果一个器件是可交换方向使用，而不是单相的如隔离器、环行器，S矩针是对称的，因此，Sij=Sji。

·因果性（Causality）所谓因果性就是先有激励才有输出。

对于无源系统S参数，由于信号的传输一定会产生一定的延时，因此无源系统的S参数应该是符合因果性原理的，但实际测得的S参数往往会由于种种原因产生一定的非因果性。

注释无法直接打出中文，用文本编辑器打出后复制到注释处Quartus起名要求总共涉及到的名字有工程名，模块名，具体描述模块的Verilog文件名，原理图文件名。

工程名为A，那么最终需要编译的文件的名字必须和工程名相同。

只能将最终需要编译的原理图命名为A（可能一个工程下不只一个原理图，要将最后仿真需要的总原理图命名为A），而模块名一定不能为A。

在Verilog程序中描述模块时，可以给模块起名为B，程序完成后不需要编译，直接create symbol，在一个Verilog程序中可以定义多个模块，名字均不同，并且可以在一个模块中使用其他的模块，在create symbol时程序中有几个模块就会相应产生几个器件。

这个Verilog程序文件（.v文件）的名字可以为A或不为A。

总之：工程名为A，最终要编译的总原理图名一定要为A，原理图中使用的各模块名一定不能为A，定义这些模块的Verilog文件名可以为A或不为A。

建立相应的文件block diagram/schematic file 建立原理图、表模块文件vector waveform file 建立矢量波形文件,保存后仿真，分为功能仿真与时序仿真,功能仿真忽略了延时，时序仿真加上了延时方法：assignments-----settings,在simulation mode 中选择functional是功能仿真，timeing是时序仿真设置完成后，要生成功能仿真网络表processing--generatefunctional simulation netlist再点击按钮进行仿真规划引脚分布：assignments—pin planner(必须要选定器件才能规划引脚)触发器D：Q*=DJK:Q*=JQ’+K’QT:Q*=T’Q+TQ’SR:Q*=S+R’Q混合编辑自底向上：建立工程，建立2个（或以上）所需的VerilogHDL文件，并输入代码保存。

创建图元：file----creat/update----creat symbol files for current file,生成.bsf格式的图元文件。

是整机保修一年收银系列使用说明书适用型号TM-30A /TM-15A / TM-6AJB-30A / JB-15A / JB-6A2009年7月Version2.30A上海友声衡器有限公司 & 上海精函衡器有限公司沪制00000033号沪制00000319号地址：上海市闵行区莘庄工业区春光路99弄58号邮编：201108厂址：上海市崇明县庙镇经济开发区宏海公路349号邮编：202165 公司总机：（021）54831805/6/7/8 技术部总机：（021）54831858传真：（021）54831803 主页：指定代理与售后服务电话：联系人：感谢您使用上海精函有限公司的产品！在您开始使用本产品前，请务必仔细阅读《前言》中的内容，并严格遵守这些事项！1.1注意事项➢确保电源插头和电源线连接正常，使用三芯电源线进行连接，如果使用了拖线板，则拖线板的插口也要是三芯的，确保三芯的地线妥善的与建筑大地连接，以避免漏电的情况。

➢切勿用沾湿的手插拔电源插头，这样可能导致触电。

➢严禁将身体重力压在秤盘上，以免损坏称重传感器。

➢严禁撞击重压，或用重物冲击秤盘，以免损坏称重传感器，同时勿超过其最大称量范围。

➢严禁淋雨或用水冲洗；如不慎沾水，请用干布擦试干净；若秤体工作异常，请尽速送到经销商处，我们将竭诚为您服务。

➢严禁将条码秤置于极低温、高温或潮湿的场所，这样可能导致秤体工作异常甚至损坏。

➢严禁用有机化学溶剂擦拭外壳和面板。

➢严禁私自打开秤体，也不要让非专业的维修人员修理本秤。

➢严禁将手从打印机旋出位置伸入，该行为可能造成220V触电。

➢在有本公司专业维修人员指导下打开秤体时，请务必提前拔出220V的交流供电。

➢不要试图拆卸秤体内的开关电源，高压电容需要非常长时间才能完全放电，未放电的情况下拆卸可能导致触电。

➢建议使用本厂出售的热敏纸，本秤体对本厂出售的热敏纸进行过长时间的测试与优化，可以较好的保证头片的使用寿命。

/CN/view/zh/109750094C o p y r i g h t ãS i e m e n s A G C o p y r i g h t y e a r A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d 目录1概述 (3)2通过“SINA_PARA”(FB286)读/写多个参数 (3)2.1 FB286功能块说明 (3)2.2写入多个驱动参数实例 (3)2.2读取多个驱动参数实例 (4)3通过3SINA_PARA_S”(FB287)读写单个参数 (5)3.1 FB287功能块说明 (6)3.2写单个驱动参数实例 (7)3.3读单个驱动参数实例 (8)Co p y r i g h t ãS i e m e n s A G C o p y r i g h t y e a r A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d 1概述安装Startdrive 软件后，会在博途软件中自动安装Drive_lib 库文件，库中包含非周期通讯功能块“SINA_PARA ”( FB286)及“SINA_PARA_S ”(FB287)，可实现驱动器参数的读/写操作，用户只需要指定参数号、参数下标、以及将要写入的参数值（仅对于写操作），在执行程序块后，相应的读写操作将自动地执行。

2通过“SINA_PARA ”(FB286)读/写多个参数2.1 FB286功能块说明参数说明：Start:在参数操作过程中 start 的上升沿会启动参数操作任务。

ReadWrite ：参数=0表示读取操作，如果等于 1对应写入操作。

ParaNo ：读写参数的数量，范围1～16。

hardwareID:硬件标识符。

AxisNo ：驱动编号，V90PN 需设置为2。

Error ：出错标志位。

Errorid:返回值。

BUSY ：当写入参数执行时为 1，如果完成或者故障后变成 0。

（除尘器）振打装置Rap device（电子）板、卡card（输电）干线、通风道TrunkBms看门狗，bms监视器Bms watchdogQ线Q-lineU形螺栓U-boltX射线X-rayY－△接法Wye-deltaY形接法Wye安规Emergency decree安培Ampere安培右手定则Thumb rule安全Safety安全措施Safety measure安全带、保险带Lifebelt安全的、可靠的、稳定的Safe安全电压Safe potential安全阀、减压阀Relieve valve安全阀、突开阀Pop valve安全规程Safety rules安全帽Safety cap安全线Escape valve安全线Safety valve安装Install安装，组装assemble安装、调整、建立Set up安装、固定Mount安装、装配、调整Rig氨水箱Ammonia tank按钮button按钮Push button巴，条杆Bar白色White百分比Percentage百分数Percent PCT 百万分率Part per million PPM 摆动Tilting扳手Spanner班，组，队，大队brigade班、组Gang搬运机、载波、带电粒子carrier办公室Office办公室、会议室Chamber磅Pound LB磅／平方英寸（表压力）Psig磅/平方英寸(绝对压力)Psia饱和Saturate饱和条件、饱和状态Saturate condition饱和蒸汽Saturated steam SAT STM 保持Hold保护Protection PROT 保险盒Fuse holder保险丝、熔断器Fuse报警Alarm报警Warning爆炸Explosion备件Reserve parts备件、备品Spare parts备件、替换零件Replacement parts备用、待机Standby备用的Reserved备用的、空余的Spare背后，反向的Back背压Back pressure泵Pump比例／积分／微分Proportional / integral / derivativePID比率Ratio比重Specific weight闭环Closed-loop闭式冷却水Closed cooling water 闭锁、密封舱、固定Lock闭锁信号Blocking signal壁面温度Wall temp 壁式再热器Radiator wall rh避雷器Arrester避雷器Lightning arrestor避免,回避Avoid编辑Edit变电站、子站Substation变送器Transmitter XMITEER 变速箱Gear shift housing变压器TransformerXFORMER标称出力、额定出力Nominal rating标称的、额定的Nominal标高Elevation ELEV 标号、标签Label标记、注册Sign标志Token标准Standard表格Tab表格、纸张Sheet表面的Surface并联电抗器Shunt reactor波纹管、膜盒Sylphon剥线钳Wire stripper补偿Compensation补充（补给）Make up补给水Feed-water makeup不定期检查、临时检查Casual inspection不间断电流Uninterrupted power supply UPS 步Step步进电动机Step-by-step motor部分、部件Part参考、参照、证明书Reference REF 参数Parameter操作、运行Operation操作盘Operating panel操作员Operator操作员报警台Operator's alarm console操作员键盘Operator keyboard操作员站Operator station槽钢U-steel侧边Side侧墙Sidewall侧翼、侧面Flank测点记录Point record测点名Point name测点目录Point directory测点数据库Point database测速发电机Tachogenerator叉形接头Y-joint插入Insert插座Plug socket插座Socket差动保护Differential protection差压Diff press差压Differential pressure DP/DSP 差异、差别、差额Difference拆卸Disassembly拆卸Dismantle柴油发电机Diesel generator产量、产品、输出Output长Long长度Length常闭触点Normal closed contact厂用电Auxiliary power厂用电Service power厂用电量Own demand超高压Extra-high voltage超过、过度Excess超临界Supercritical超前角Angle of lead超速Overspeed超速保护Speed protection超速跳闸Overspeed trip超越Override-潮湿Dank沉积结垢Deposit沉渣池Ash settling pond衬层、内衬Lining乘Multiplication程序Program澄清Clarification尺寸、大小Size齿轮Gear齿轮泵Gear pump充分的、完全的Fully充气密封Inflatable seal冲床、冲压机Punch冲击、推力Thrust抽气器Air ejector抽气器Ejector抽汽Extraction EXTR 抽汽逆止阀Extraction check valve EXTRCHK VLV 抽汽温度Extr temp抽汽压力Extr press抽头、分布Tap抽吸Suction出、出口Out出错、误动、失灵Malfunction出口Exit出口Outlet出口Text出现Present初级的、一次的Primary初始的、原始的Original除尘布袋Bag filter除尘器Precipitator PRECI/PRECIP 除尘器、吸尘器Dust catcher除灰Ash handling除盐设备Desalt除盐水Demineralized water除盐装置Demineralizer除盐装置Policher除氧器Deaerator DEA/DEAE/DEAER 除以Divided by储存Storage储存箱Storage tank储煤场Stockyard处方、配方Recipe处理时间Processing time处所、位置Location触点Contact触发器Trigger触发器、双稳态电路Flip-flop传导Conduct传感器Sensor传感器、交流器Transducer XDUCER 传输Transmission传输泵Transfer pump喘振Surge串级cascade CAS 串联Tandem串联纵向布置Series-longitudinal layout窗口Windows吹Blow吹灰、吹灰器Sootblower垂直的Vertical VERT 垂直振动Vert vib纯度Purify磁Magnet磁场、现场Field磁盘Disk磁盘Disk磁盘管理命令Disk manage commands磁盘机Floppy driver从、来自From 粗的、不精确的Coarse脆性，易脆的brash存储Memory存储量Size of memory存取Access错误Error错误、事故Mistake打开、解锁、释放Unlock打印机Printer大地Earth大屏Large platen LARGEPLT 大气，大气压atmosphere大容量存储器Mass memory大停电，全厂停电Black out大修Major overhaul大修Overhaul大修间隙Overhaul life代号、密码Code带，皮带Belt带负荷Load thrown on带负荷试验On-load test单纯的、简单的Simple单刀开关Single blade switch单个的、独立的Individual单个的、个体的Single单元、机组、电池Unit弹簧、春天Spring弹簧离合器Spring clutch弹性联接器Flexible joint导电率Conductivity导流板Underflow baffle导向、辅助的、控制的Pilot导向轴承Pilot bearing倒流、回流Reflux到、去To灯、光源Lamp低Low低谷负荷Valley load低位发热量Lower heating value低温过热器Conve cton sh低温过热器Low temperature superheater LT SH 低温过热器Primary superheater低压Low press LP低压缸Low pressure cylinder LPC/LPCYL 低压加热器Low press heater LPH 底部Bottom底座、机壳Chassis地、大地Ground/earth地下电缆Underground cable地域、领域Region地址Address第三Third第一级、首级First stage第一级导叶First stage guide vane点Point电／液控制Electric-hydraulic control电厂Power plant电厂负荷因数Plant load factor电池Battery电池组、组、群Cluster电磁阀锁阀Electrical lockout solenoid vlv电的Electric电的、电气的Electrical电调Digital electric hydraulic电动机组绕组Motor winding电度表Energy meter电感Inductance电工学、电工技术Electrotechnics电弧，弧光Arc电火器Ignitor电机Electrical machine-电极Electrode电抗、反作用Reactance电缆cable电力工业Electric power industry电力公司Electric power company电力系统Electric power system电流、当前Current电流表，安培计ammeter电流互感器Current transformer CT 电路Circuit电路断路器Circuit breaker电路图Circuit diagram电桥，跨接，桥形网络bridge电绕Wire电容capacitance CAPAC 电枢，转子衔铁armature电刷，刷子brush电刷摇环Brush rocker电网系统Grid system电压、电压量Voltage电压表Voltmeter电压互感器Potential transformer PT 电压互感器Potential transformer PT 电压互感器Voltage transformer电源变Unit transformer电子的、电子学的Electronic垫圈、补垫Washer调度、发送派遣Dispatch调度员Dispatcher调度站（局）Dispatching station调节TUNE调节、控制Regulate调节阀Control valve调节阀Graphics调节阀Modulating valve调节阀Regulating valve调节级Regulating stage调节级、控制级Control stage调节控制Modulating control调速器、调节器Govern vlv GV 调谐Tuning调整，校正adjust调制解调器Modem丁字尺T-square丁字梁T-beam顶、炉顶Roof顶部Overhead顶棚Penthouse顶轴泵Jacking pump顶轴油Jacking oil定期检查Periodic inspection定位销Dowel pin定子铁芯Stator core定子线圈Stator coil动态的Dynamic动作action斗，吊斗bucket读出、结果传达Read out度、等级Degree端盖End cover端子、接线柱Terminal短路Short circuit断开Switching off断开，断路break断路器，隔离开关breaker断相保护Phase-failure protection对称的Symmetrical对称多相制Symmetrical polyphasesystem对流Convection多、多倍Mult-multi多速Multispeed多谐振荡器Multivibrator 多站Multidrop额定的、比率的Rated额定功率Nominal power额定功率Rated power额定频率Full speed额定条件Rated conditions轭、回、偏转线圈Yoke二次变电站Distribution substation二次的Secondary二次风Second air SEC AIR 二次输电Subtransmission二进制，双Binary二氧化碳Dioxide发电厂容量Station capacity发电机、发生器Generator发电机出口总开关Gen main breaker发票、发货单、托运Invoice INV 发热的、热量的Calorific发热量、热值Caloric value发射、冲击、钢粒Shot发生Occur发现,取得acquisition发现、检定Detect乏气、废气Steam exhaust乏汽Waste steam阀门Valve VLV 阀芯Valve disk阀座Valve seat法兰Flange法兰结合面Flange joint反冲洗Back wash反馈Feedback反转Reverse rotation返回Return返回Run back范围、量程Range方法、规律、程序Method防尘罩Dust helmet防火的、阻燃的Fireproof防霉的Mouldproof防振Shakeproof仿真机Simulator放大器amplifier放电电流、泄漏电流Discharge current放气，放水Bleed飞灰Fly ash非工作的Non-work非工作瓦Non-work pad / n-work pad废水处理Sewage treatment费用Expenditure分表Submeter分布分配配电（水、汽）Distributed分布处理单元Distributed processing unit DPU 分割屏Division wall分界、部门Division分离器Separator分米Decimeter分析Analysis分钟Minute风，空气air风道、管道Duct风管压力Air duct pressure风机负荷Fan duty风扇、风机Fan风箱Windbox峰值Peak峰值负荷Peak load服务、伺服Service浮充电Float-charge符号Symbol符号码Symbolic code福尼（公司）Forney辅助的Auxiliary AUX- 腐蚀Corrosion负的Negative负荷Load负荷、充电、加注Charge负荷限制Load limit负荷指令计算Load demand compute LDC负荷阻抗Load impedance负相位Minus phase负压Negative pressureNEG PRESS复位Reset复杂Complexity改变Change概述、总述Overview干、干燥Dry干扰、干涉Interference干燥剂Siccative感抗Inductive reactance刚度、硬度、严重Severity钢带铠装Tape armour高的、高等的、高大的High高度，海拔Altitude高频保护Carrier protection高压High pressure HP 高压缸短管Hp cyl cross pipe高压缸排汽压力Hp turb exh press高压加热器High pressure heater HPH 高压输电网、铅板Grid隔板Baffle隔离Isolation隔离、刀闸Isolator隔离开关Disconnect switch隔离器、隔离开关Disconnector隔离器、隔离开关Disconnector各式各样的联箱、集气管Manifold给水Feed water给水旁路Fw bypass给水品质Feed water quality跟Root跟随Follow跟踪Track更新、更换Renewal更新、修改、校正Update工场、车间Plant工程Engineering工程师操作站Engineer’s console工程师键盘Engineer keyboard工程师站Engineer station工具Tool工具箱Tool box工业Industry工业水Industrial water工作Job工作Work工作电流Running current工作瓦Workpad公告，公报bulletin公升Liter公司Company CO 公用线路Right-of-way功率、电源Power PWR 功率表Dynamometer功率因子Power factor功能Function功能组Function group供电Electrical service供电区、供电范围Supply district供给Supply供给阀、入口阀Supply vlv共同的、普通的Common共享、分配Share共享存储器Share memory固体Solid 故障Fault故障清除CLEARING OF FAULT雇员Employee关闭Close关闭Shut off观察、检查Inspection管、管道Pipe管径、尺寸、大小caliber管理、控制、处理Management光标Cursor光亮、点、点燃、照亮Light光纤Fiber optic光线、射线Ray广播broadcast广场、方的Square规约（数据通信）Protocol硅Silicon SI 硅堆Silicon stack柜cabinet辊子Roller滚屏Scroll锅炉boiler BLR 锅炉给水泵Boiler feedwater pump BFP 过饱和Supersaturation过程、方法Process过程、运转、进行、移动Travel过负荷Over load过量空气系数Excess air coefficient过流Over current过热器Superheater过剩燃烧空气Excess combustion air过压Over voltage过载保护Overload protection海Sea海水Seawater焊工面罩Welding helmet焊接Weld焊条Welding stick焊锡Tin soldering焊锡膏Tin soldering paster耗煤量、煤耗Coal consumption合并、联合Combin合成、综合Synthesis合格证书、质量证书Certification of fitness合同Contract褐煤Brown coal赫兹Hertz HZ 黑色Black恒定的Constant红色Red后面Rear厚度、浓度Thickness忽视Ignore户外作业Open work护目镜、观察孔Visor华式温标Fahrenheit滑销Sliding key化学Chemical化学加药Chemical dosing还原、缩小、降低Reduction环Ring环、回路Loop环境温度Ambient temp环流Circular current缓冲箱Buffer tank缓动、点动Inching换向板Interpole换向器Commutator黄色Yellow灰尘Dust灰浆Slurry灰浆泵Ash slurry pump灰烬，废墟Ash-灰库Silo恢复、再生Recovery恢复时间Recovery time回收箱、接收箱Receive tank回芯组线Quad回油Return oil会议、商讨、谈判Conference混床Mixed bed混合物Hybrid混合物Mixture混凝土制的Concrete活塞泵Displacement pump火检Flame check火检电缆Flame detect cable FLM DETCAB 火焰Flame机、柱Pole机壳接地Chassis earth机壳接地Rack earth机械、力学、方法Mechanism机械的、力学的Mechanical机械跳闸阀Mechanical trip vlv积分Integral基本方式Base mode基本负荷Base load基础、根据base激励、加电Energize级、台Stage即时的、瞬时的Instantaneous极限、限制Limit LMT 集肤效应Skin effect集量器、仪表、米Meter集散控制系统Distributed control system DCS 集水管Collecting pipe计划Plan计算机Computer计算器calculator记录、录音、唱片Recording记录器、拖车Logger技巧、窍门、诀窍Knack技术说明Specification继电器Relay继电器屏Relay panel继续Go on寄存器Register加Plus加负荷Loading加热Heating加热器Heater加速acceleration加速器accelerator加药泵Dosing pump夹具、钳Clamp家、处所Home价格、成本、费用Cost架空线Overhead line假的、错误的FALSE假定,采取,担任Assume间隔Interval间接的、调解Mediate监督、监视、管理Supervisory监视、管理Supervision监视孔Besel监视器、监视Monitor减、负号Minus减负荷Unload减少Decrease DEC 减温器Desuperheater减温器，调温器Attemperater减温水Desuperheater water DSH WTE 检查Check检查Review检查孔、人孔Inspection hole 检修手册Maintenance manual建立built建筑物结构architecture键开关Key switch键库Key library键盘Keyboard键销、钥匙、键槽Key降压变压器Step-down transformer交流电Alternating current交流润滑油泵AC Lub oil pump角度Angle角伐Angle valve角落Corner较低的、降低Lower阶段、状态、方面、相Phase PH 阶梯Step ladder接触器、触头Contactor接地、触地、碰地Contact to earth接地故障Earth fault接地线、接地Earth connector接地线、接地Earth lead接口Interface接受accept接通Switching on接线盒Junction box节流Throttle节流孔板Throttle orifice节约用电brownout结垢Slag结束语、标签Tag截止线、止回线Check valve CK VLV 介绍、建议Recommend介质、绝缘的Dielectric金属Metal紧急事故Emergency EMERG 紧密的Tight近似值，接近approach进口、引入Import进汽方式Admission mode进线Income禁止Forbid禁止Inhibit禁止Prohibit晶闸管Thyristor净出力Net ratine/net output净化、吹扫Purge净化、洗净、消毒Cleanse净化器Purifier径向的、半径的Radial静电Static静电除尘器Electrostaic precipitator静电的Electrostatic静电复印机Xerox静态存储器Static storage静子Stator镜头Zoomar就地启动Local start就地停止Local stop局部Local拒跳闸Miss trip距离Distance卷扬机Winch绝对大气压Absolute atmosphere ATA 绝对的Absolute ABS 绝缘、绝热、隔离Insulate绝缘等级Class of insulation绝缘子Insulator卡calorie开、打开Open开／关On/off开方Radication开关、切换Switch开关按钮Switching push button-开关机构Switchgear开关盘Switchboard开关屏Switch panel开关闸刀Switch blade开环Open-loop开始、发作Onset开始、使进入Enter拷贝Copy壳Shell壳、箱casine可编程的Programmable可编程逻辑控制器Programmable logicalcontrollerPLC 可变的、可调的Variable可检索的、可追忆的Retrieval可靠的、安全的Reliability可控硅开关Transwitch可伸缩的、缩回Retract可伸缩的温度探头Retractable thermoprobe可选的Optional空气罐Air receiver空气加热器Air heater空气预热器Air preheater空压机Air compressor空预器低速马达Aph slow motion motor空载No-loading空载的、无效的Idle空指令、跳跃Skip空转Light run孔，腔bore孔板Orifice plate控制Control CNTR/CNTPL 控制环Control loop控制盘Control panel控制器Controller控制台Console控制油Control oil口令Password裤衩管、Y型管Y-tube快Quick快开Quick open快速充电Rapid charge快速切回Fast cut back FCB 宽度breadth馈、供给Feed扩容箱Expansion tank扩展、延伸Extend拉力的、张力的Tensile拉线开关Pendant pull switch蓝色blue浪费、废物Waste捞渣机Submerged chain conveyor雷电Lightning类、等级、程度Class类型、标志Type冷Cold冷备用（锅炉）Cold reserve冷的Cool冷风Cold air冷凝、使凝结Condensate冷却Cooling冷却风机Cooling fan冷却器Cooler冷却器、冷冻器Congealer冷却水泵Cooling water pump冷却塔Cooling tower冷态启动Cold start冷态试验Cold test离散输入／输出Discrete input/output离散输入／输出Discrete input/output离心的Centrifugal离心风机Centrifugal fan 离子交换器Ion-exchange历史History历史数据报告Historical date reporter HDR 历史数据报告存储与检索单元Historical storage & retrievalunitHSR 立方（体）Cube立方米Stere利用率、利用子数Usage factor励磁Excitation励磁机Exciter励磁损失Loss of excitation例行的、日常的Routine连杆Linkage连排Contin blwdwn连续的Continuous联接Connection联接器、接线盒Connector联锁Interlock联锁投自动Interlock auto on联系、通讯Communication联箱Header联轴器Coupler联轴器Couple CPL 量度、测量Measure列表List临界的Critical临界速度Critical speed临时检修Running/operation overhaul灵活的、柔性的Flexible灵敏器Sensitive灵敏性Sensitiveness铃bell零Zero零点漂移Zero drift零线Naught line流程图Pid drawing流量、流动Flow流量计Flowmeter漏斗、料斗Hopper露天的、开启的Open-air炉膛Furnace滤网Strainer滤网、过滤器Filter滤网压差Filter differential pressure FILTR DP 路线Path绿色Green氯Chlorine逻辑Logic螺杆、螺丝Screw螺母、螺帽Nut螺栓bolt螺丝刀Screwdriver螺线圈Solenoid SOLN 麻花钻Twist drill马达Motor MTR 马达控制中心Motor control center MCC 马力Horse power马蹄形磁铁U-shaped manet麦克风、话筒Microphone脉冲、冲击、冲量Impulse脉冲、脉动Pulse猫爪Cat-pad煤Coal煤仓bunker煤场Coal yard煤斗Coal hopper煤粉Coal dust煤灰Coal ash门Door迷宫密封Labyrinth seal密封Seal密封风Seal air密封盖Sealing gland- 密封套Gland密封油Seal oil密封蒸汽Seal steam SEALSTM面积，区域Area秒、第二Second灭弧介质Extinguishing medium灭火Fire-fight灭火器Extinguisher灭火器Fire-extinguisher名、名字Name命令、指挥Command模板、样板Template模件Module模拟Analog模拟输入Analog input模拟线路，辅助程序Boot strap模拟转换Analog-to-digital A/D膜片、隔板Diaphragm磨、磨煤机、铣刀Mill磨煤机Pulverizer PULV末端、终结End末级过热器、高过Final super-heater FSH默认、缺席Default母联buscouple母线busbar母线段Bus section母线支架Busbar frame木、木制的Wood目Month目标Target目标、目的地Destination目的、目标Goal目的、用途Purpose目录Content内部的Internal内侧、内部Inside耐火的、防火的Fire-proof挠度，弯曲Bend能、能量Energy能源Energy source逆变器、反向器、非门Inverter逆功率Reverse power逆止线Non-return vlv年Year年的，年报Annual年发电量Annual energy output镊子、钳子Tweezers凝固Curdle凝结器Condenser COND/C NDER凝结器压力Cond press凝结水泵Condensate extraction pump CEP 凝升泵Boost centrifugal pump BST CEP 扭矩、力矩Torque暖机Heat soak暖机Warming偶然的、临时、不规则的casual耦合、联轴Coupling排除、放电、卸载Discharge排空Empty排气扇Air exhaust fan排汽Exhaust EXH 排汽段Exhaust portion排污Blow down盘车Barring盘车齿轮Turning gear盘车齿轮啮合Turning gear piggy back盘车电机Turning motor旁路Bypass/by pass BYP 旁路阀Bypass valve泡克区Point field泡沫塑料Styrofoam 培训主管Training officer配电盘Distributing board配电室Switching room配电网络Distribution network喷灯Blowlamp喷射Spray喷水Spray water喷嘴Nozzle喷嘴Spray nozzle膨胀Expansion EXP 碰，撞击bump批处理单元Batch processing unit偏离、偏差Deviate偏心、扰度Eccentricity偏置，偏压BLAS频率Frequency频率表Cymometer品红色Magenta平衡Balance平衡线Equalizer valve平滑的、光滑的Smooth平均水位Mean water level平均值、中间的Mean屏、盘Panel屏蔽层Shield屏幕Screen屏幕控制器Scr controller屏式过热器Platen superheater PLT SH 迫降Rundown漆包线Varnished wire其次的Next奇数Odd企图Attempt启动Start up启动、开始Start启动程序Start-up sequence启动条件Starting conditions起重机Crane气动的Pneumatic气体、烟气Gas汽包Drum汽包式锅炉Drum-type boiled汽笛、报警器Syren汽动给水泵Steam feed pump汽动装置Penumatics汽缸Cylinder CYL 汽缸Steam cylinder汽耗Consumption steam汽机跟踪方式Turbing follow mode汽轮发电机Steam-turbine generator汽轮机、涡轮、水轮机Turbing TURB 汽轮机本体Turbing iroper汽轮机发电机Turbogenerator汽油Petrol千分尺Microcallipers千伏安Kilovolt-ampere KVA 前馈Feed forward前面的Front钳式电流表Tong-test ammeter钳子、老虎钳Plyers钳子、镊子Nipper潜水泵Drowned pump欠压、电压低Undervoltage强度Intensity强制Force强制循环Force circulation墙、壁Wall敲打Rap切换线Diverter vlv切削工具Cutter青色、深蓝色Cyanic氢（H）Hydrogen氢气纯度Hydrogen purity-轻油点火Ignition light oil倾斜Tilt清除Clear清洁的、纯净的Clean请求Request REO 球Ball球阀Ball valve区、层、带Zone曲线Curve驱动、强迫Drive屈服Yield趋势、方向Trend取消、省略cancel取样、举例Sample取样器Sampler去载、卸载、释放、解除Relief缺水Shortage of water缺相、失相Phase not together确定的、正的、阳性的Positive确认,响应acknowledge确信的、可靠的Sure燃料Fuel燃料保护Fuel safety燃料费用Cost of fuel燃煤发电厂Coal-fired power plant燃烧Combustion燃烧、火焰Fire燃烧器burner燃烧器管理系统Burner management system扰动Disturbance绕组Windings绕组温度Winding temp热、加热Heat热备用Standby heat热处理的Tempered热传导Thermal conduction热的Hot热的、热量caloric热的/热量的/由热驱动的Thermal热电偶Pyod热电偶Thermal couple热对流Thermal convection热风Hot air热辐射Thermal radiation热工的Thermotechnical热工学Pyrology热机的Mechanocaloric热继电器Temperature liming relay热力发电厂Thermal power plant热力循环Thermal cycle热水井Hot well热态启动Hot start热效率Calorific efficiency热效率Heat rate人机对话Man-machine interaction人机接口Man-machine interface MMI 人孔、检查孔、出入孔Manhole人身事故、伤亡、故障casualty日常费用、维护费用Cost of upkeep日常检查、日常检测Routing inspection日常维护Routing maintenance日负荷Daily load日负荷曲线Daily load curve日期Date容积、体积Volume容抗Capacitive reactance容抗Condensive reactance容克式空预器Ljungstrom trisector airpreheaters容量、出力、能量capacity容器Vessel熔断开关Fusible cutout冗余、多余Redundancy 入口Inlet入口、途径Gateway入口阀Suction vlv软磁盘Floppy disk软的、柔软的Soft软管、水龙带Hose软件Software润滑Lubricate LUB 润滑油Lub oil润滑油泵Lub oil pump塞子、栓、插头Plug三冲量控制Three elements control三角板Triangle三角皮带V-belt三通T-junction三通阀Tri-way vlv三信的Triple散热（辐射）器Radiator散热片Radiation fin扫描Scan砂纸Glass-paper筛子、滤波器Sifter删除Delete删除Erase闪光Flash light闪光、闪烁、闪蒸Flash闪光灯Flash lamp闪光装置Flasher商量、咨询、参考Consult上部Upper上部、上半Up-half勺管Scoop蛇形管Coil pipe设备Equipment设备、仪器Device设定Set设定点Setpoint设计、发明Design射出Ejection射水泵Eject pump摄氏温标centigrade深度、深的、深Deep渗出、渗漏Seep渗漏现象Seepage升高Raise升级(优先级）提高/改进Upgrade升降机Elevator升压泵Boost pump BP 升压变压器Step-up transformer声音探测Sound detection省煤器Economizer ECON 省煤器再循环线Econ recirc vlv失败Failure FAIL 失磁Unbuild失量、向量Vector失去absence失相Loss of phase湿度、湿汽Moisture石棉Mountain cork石英、水晶Quartz时间表、计划表Schedule时钟接口单元Clock interface unit CIU 实时的Real time实验室Laboratory使投入、使投产Commission使用Use示波器Oscilloscope事故、故障Disaster事故、故障、干扰Trouble事故密封油Emerg seal oil事故润滑油Emerg lub oil事故疏水Emergency drain事故停／关闭Emerg off-事故停机Disaster shutdown事故追忆Sequence of emergence SOE 事件Event试电表Neon tester试验Test试运行、试转Running in室Chest适当的，充分的adequate释放Release收集Collect收集器Collector手动、手册Manual手动／自动切换站Manual/Auto station M/ASTATION 手动切换Manual reject MRE 首要的Prime疏水、排放Drain DRN 疏水泵Drain pump疏水收集器Drn collector疏水箱Drain tank输出组Output group输煤设备、输煤装置Coal handling输入Entry输入／输出Input/output I/O输入端、进线Intake输入组Input group鼠标Mouse鼠笼式电枢Squirrel-cage armature数／模转换Digital-to-analog D/A数据Data数据采集系统Data acquisition system DAS 数据高速公路Data highway数据库Data base数据库Data pool数值Value数字、号码、数目Number数字、图案Figure数字的Digital数字量输入／输出Digital input/output衰減,减少,降低Attenuation甩负荷Load rejection甩负荷Load shedding双"△"(连接)Twin-delta双星形接法、Y－Y接法Y-y connection双重的Dual水Water WTR 水锤、水击Water hammer水沟Sluiceway水冷壁Water wall水平的、横式Horizontal水平振动Hori vib(vibration)水位、指示、浮标Gauge float水银、汞Quicksilver顺时针、右旋的Clockwise顺序、序列Sequence顺序控制系统Sequential control system SCS 瞬时功率Instantaneous power说明Illustrate说明、描述Description说明、语句Statement说明书、指南、指导Instruction死区Dead band伺服电机Servomotor送风机Force draft fan速度Speed塑料Plastics酸洗Acid washing酸性,酸的acid算法algorithm碎煤机Coal breaker碎煤机Coal crusher碎渣机Crusher损坏、破坏Damage 损失、减少Loss索引、指示Index台板、屏式Platen探头Probe套管Case pipe特点Features特高压Ultra-high voltage特性、特性曲线Characteristics梯形图Ladder diagram梯子、阶梯Ladder提、升Lift题目、标题Title题目、科目Subject天气Weather天线Aerial line条件、状况Condition跳线、跨接Jumper跳闸、断开Trip跳闸线路Breaker coil铁（芯损）耗Core loss铁心、核心、磁心Core铁锈水垢Scale停车、阻止Stall停机时间Downtime停机指令Halt instruction停用Outage停止Stop停止、离开、推出Quit停止、停机Shutdown通道、频道Channel通风Ventilation VENT 通风、草图Draft通知，宣布announce同步Phase-in同步Synchronization同步器Synchronizer同电位的Idiostaic同期表Synchronoscope同时发生的、一致的Concurrent同样的、类似的Similar同轴电缆Coaxial cable投、掷、节距、螺距Pitch投入运行Put into operation投资Investment图、图线图Chart图解的、简图Schematic图目录Diagram directory图形Grease图形、图表Diagram图形号Diagram number图样、牵引Drawing图纸、草图Sketch推进器、叶轮Impeller推拉开关Push and pull switch推力瓦Shoe推力瓦Thrust pad推力轴承Thrust bearing推土机Dozer脱水仓Hydrobin/ dewatering bin椭圆Ellipse瓦、衬垫Pad瓦斯保护Buchholtz protecter外边、外面Outside外部的、表面的External外部的、表面的Exteral外壳、包围Enclosure外围设备Peripheral equipment弯管、弯头Elbow弯曲、缠绕Kink完成Complete完成,达到accomplish完成、执行、性能Performance完全的、理想的Perfect-完全燃烧Perfect combustion碗式磨Bowl mill万用表Multimeter万用表,安伏欧表计Avometer网络Network危急遮断器Emergency governet／intercepter危急遮断器飞锤Protection bolt危急遮断器飞环Protection ring危险、危险物Danger危险的、冒险的Hazardous危险区Danger zone微风，煤粉breeze微量喷水Trim spray为投入运行的Out-of-service维持、确认Sustain维护、检修、小修Maintenance未保护的、无屏蔽的Unprotected未燃尽的Unburned位移Displacement位置Position POS 温度Temperature温度补偿Temperature compensation温度计Thermometer温态启动Warm start文件Documentation文件File文丘里管Venturi tube紊流Turbulence稳定（性）Stability稳定器Stabiliser稳定性Steadiness涡轮、螺杆Worm蜗杆转动Worm drive污染Pollution无(碳)刷Absence of brush无触点继电器No touch relay无功功率Reactive power无功容量Reactive capacity无效、不能用Not available无效的、有病的Invalid无烟煤anthracite误操作Faulty operation误动作、误操作Miss operation雾化Atomizing西屋（控制系统供货商）Westinghouse吸收比,吸收率absorptance熄火，燃烧终结Brens-chluss习惯、海关Custom洗Wash系统System细灰库Fine ash silo细节Detail下半Low-half下降管Down pipe下载Download显示、列屏Display显示器Cathode ray tube CRT 显示器Video display unit VDU 现场Site现场检修Local repair现场投运方式Site commissioning test现场运行人员Field operator现场值班员Local attendant线、直线Line线路阻抗Line impedance线圈Coil限制器、限位开关Limiter相电压Phase voltage相对的Relative REL 相对膨胀Relative expansion相角Phase angle相序Phase sequence 箱Tank箱内照明Cubicle illumination响应Response向后Back ward向前Forward向上Up消防栓Fire hydrant消防栓Weather plug消防水泵Fire pump消防水带Fire-hose消费、消耗Consumption消压方式Sliding press mode消音、沉寂Silence小时Hour小修Minor overhaul效率Efficiency协调Coordinate COORD 协调的锅炉跟随方式Coordinate boiler followmode协调的汽机跟随方式Coordinate turbine followmode协调控制系统Coordinate control system斜键、楔键Taper key谐振、调谐Resonate泄漏（动词）Leak泄漏（名词）Leakage信号Signal信号等Signal lamp星、星形连接Star星期、周Weak星形连接制"Y"Star connected system形式、格式Format形状Shaped型号、刻度、标志、特征Mark性能计算Performance calculation性能曲线Performance curve修改Modify修理Repair修理工、检修工Repairer修正、改正Correction续流Subsequent flow蓄电池Storage battery蓄电池,累加器accumulator蓄电池组Accumulator battery悬吊Pendant悬吊管Hangers旋风分离器Cyclome classifier旋转Rotating选择Select选择开关Option switch寻找、查找Search询问、查询Query循环Circulating循环、周期、周波Cycle循环冷却水Circulating cooling water循环水泵Circulating water pump压力Pressure PRES 压力表Manometer压力计Piezometer压力式断路器Puffer breaker压缩Compress压缩机Compresser压缩空气Compress air亚临界Subcritical亚临界的Undercritical烟、冒烟Smoke烟囱Smokes-stack烟囱Stack烟囱、烟道Chimney烟道Flue烟煤Pitch coal烟气Flue gas延迟Delay- 延时Delay time延时继电器Time-lag relay研磨,磨石,研磨工具abrader颜色Colour颜色库Colour library验电器、带电指示器Charge indicator阳极，正极Anode阳离子交换器Cation exchanger氧Oxygen氧化膜、氧化层Oxide film摇动、振动Shake遥控技术中心Remote technical center RTC遥控选择Remote select遥远的、远方的Remote要求Require要求、查问Demand叶轮Disc叶片blade叶片Vane页Page夜班Night shift液体Fluid液位、水平Level液压Hydraulic液压联轴器Rotating joint一部分Portion一次风Primary air一次风机Primary air fan PAF一氧化物Monoxide仪表、标准Gauge仪表开关Meter switch仪表盘Instrument panel仪控Control & instrument仪器Instrument移动Move以后after异步电动机Induction motor异步马达Asynchronous motor异常abnormal意义、有效Significance溢流Overflow溢流阀门站Overflow vlv station因素、因数Factor阴板、负极cathode阴离子Anion阴离子交换器Anionic exchanger引风机Induced draft fan IDF引起、产生Generate引燃、电火Ignition饮用水Potable water应力、强调Stress应用程序Application program英寸Inch IN影子、屏蔽Shadow硬度、困难的Hardness硬件Hardware硬橡胶Tough rubber永磁发电机Permanent magnetic generator永久的、持久的Permanent用户User用户键Custom keys优先级、优点Priority油Oil油浸自然冷却Oil immersed natural cooling油净化装置Oil purifier油开关Oil breaker油枪Oil gun油燃料跳闸Oil fuel trip OFT 有功功率Active power有限公司Company limited CO LTD 有效的,可用的Available有效地、正确Valid 有效功率Real power右Right预报警Pre-alarm预点火Pre light预期，期望anticipate预热Preheat预设、预置Preset元件Component元件、零件、单元Element原材料Raw material原理、原则Principle源、电源Source云母Mica云母电介质Mica dielectric允许Permit允许开工Permit to work运输机、传输机Convertor运行Run运行方式Method of operation运行记录Operational log运行情况Running conditions匝数Number of turns灾祸、事故catastrophe再热（器）热段Hot rh再热器Reheater RH再热器冷段Cold reheater CRH 再生回收Reclaim再循环Recirculate再循环挡板Recire/Recycle damper在…之前before在线、联机的On-line暂停、犹豫Hesitate HESI 噪音Noise责任Duty责任Responsibility增加Increase INC增压，提高boost BST 增益GAIN闸刀开关Knife-switch闸门Gate闸门式挡板Gate damper栅形滤网Bar screen material classifier粘度Viscosity站Drop站、发电厂、地点Station站接口单元Station interface unit SLU 站接口模件Station interface module SLM 胀差Diff expansion DIFF EXP 兆瓦Megawatt针阀Needlepoint vlv真空Vacuum真空泵Suction pump真空泵Vacuum pump真空破坏阀Vacuum breaker valve真实的、调整、校正True诊断Diagnosis振荡器Oscillator振动Vibration蒸发、冷化Evaporate蒸发量Evaporating蒸发汽化Boil-off蒸馏水Distilled water DISTLWTR 蒸汽Steam STM 蒸汽Vapour整流、检波、调整Rectification整流器Rectifier整数Integer正常补水Normal makeup wtr正常的、常规的Normal正弦曲线Sinusoid证明书、执照Certificate支持，备用Back up。