十字军东征

Timeline
• • • • The First Crusade : 1096 to 1099 The Second Crusade : 1147 to 1149 The Third Crusade : 1189 to 1192 The Fourth Crusade : 1201 to 1204 The Fifth Crusade : 1218 to 1221 The Sixth Crusade : 1228 to 1229 The Seventh Crusade : 1248 to 1254 The Eighth Crusade : 1270 the Children’s Crusade : 1212
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• First Crusade 1096 – 1099 successful in capturing Jerusalem and establishing a foothold in Palestine • Second Crusade 1147 – 1149 organized to recapture Jerusalem ended in defeat • Third Crusade 1189 – 1191 three powerful monarchs, Philip II of France, Frederick I of Germany, and Richard of England participated • Richard fought the Muslin leader Saladin to a truce • Fourth Crusade never reached the Holy Land looted and sacked the City of Constantinople • Later four more unsuccessful Crusades • Children’s Crusade 1212, 30,000 children joined, most starved, died of diseases or were enslaved
The Factors of the Crusades
• The Church and kings saw the Crusades as an opportunity to send quarreling knights on a common goal • Merchants sought to control the rich trade from the Middle East and India
• 十字军东征是一系列在罗马天主教教皇的 准许下，由西欧的封建领主和骑士对地中 海东岸的国家发动的持续了近200年的宗教 性战争。由于罗马天主教圣城耶路撒冷落 入伊斯兰教徒手中，十字军东征大多数是 针对伊斯兰教国家的，主要的目的是从伊 斯兰教手中夺回耶路撒冷。东征期间，教 会授予每一个战士十字架，组成的军队称 为十字军。十字军东征一般被认为是天主 教的暴行。
The Fourth Crusade
• Part of the avarice was the temptation to capture Constantinople which had derived much profit from the Crusades • In 1204 the Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople • The Byzantine Empire was divided into feudal dominions, each ruled by a Latin noble
The Fourth Crusade
• Europe was in turmoil with problems such as renewed fighting between France and England, but the death of Saladin and the breakup of his empire renewed hope for another Crusade • In exchange for its financial support, Venice exacted a promise that the Crusaders would capture the important port of Zara and turn it over to her • The Fourth Crusade would be marked by avarice
• 公元1095年11月，罗马教 皇乌尔班二世在法国克勒 芒宗教大会上说︰“在东方， 穆斯林占领了我们基督教 教徒的‘圣城’(耶路撒 冷)，现在我代表天主向你 们下令、恳求和号召你们， 迅速行动起来，把那邪恶 的种族从我们兄弟的土地 上消灭干净！”教皇还蛊 惑人们︰“耶路撒冷是世界 的中心，它的物产丰富无 比，就像另一座天堂。在 上帝的引导下，勇敢地踏 上征途吧！”
The First Crusade
• The First Crusaders met an even more divided Muslim forces and won victories at Nicea on June 19, 1097 and Antioch on June 3, 1098 • By June 7, 1099, after a three year campaign, 12,000 of the original 30,000 Crusaders reached Jerusalem
Introduction
• The Crusades were a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church, with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.
The Second Crusade
• This time the Moslems were ready • At Dorylaeum, the Germans were defeated so badly that barely one in ten Christians survived • At Attalia, nearly every Frenchman was slaughtered • Eventually the Crusaders joined forces and lay siege to Damascus, but were soundly defeated
• 但是另一方面，欧洲原本因西罗马帝国灭 亡使欧洲进入黑暗时期，因为十字军运动 带回大量东方进步文明，并导致大量农奴 解除依附关系，成为自由民，加速了西欧 手工业、商业的发展，亦是文艺复兴与近 世中产阶级商业文明的一重要成由，塑造 出近代强盛的欧洲。
• Conquest of land was also a reason for the lesser nobility to participate in the Crusades
• The reason for the crusades was a war between Christians and Moslems which centered around the city of Jerusalem. The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christian religio in Syria
The Third Crusade
• In the end Richard and Saladin signed a peace for three years beginning Sept 2, 1192
– Richard would keep the coastal cities he had captured from Acre to Jaffa – Moslems and Christians could pass freely into and from each other’s territory – Pilgrims would be protected in Jerusalem – But… Jerusalem would remain in Moslem hands
The Third Crusade
• Frederick of Germany set out with his army in 1189 but had little success • Philip returned to France, leaving Richard in sole charge of the Third Crusade
The First Crusade
• On July 15 the Crusaders went over the city walls and slaughter happened
– Many Moslems were slaughtered – Even many Jews were herded into a synagogue and burned alive
How the Crusades Began ?
• For centuries, Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims, but they tolerated Christian pilgrims because they helped the economy. Then, in the 1070s, Turks (who were also Muslim) conquered these holy lands and mistreated Christians before realizing how useful their good will (and money) could be. The Turks also threatened the Byzantine Empire. Emperor Alexius asked the pope for assistance, and Urban II, seeing a way to harness the violent energy of Christian knights, made a speech calling for them to take back Jerusalem. Thousands responded, resulting in the First Crusade.