“construction”的具体翻译

汉译英中的词语翻译“No brick, no construction; no word no composition.”“无砖不成房，无词不成章。

” （译文）“千里之行，始于足下；翻译万卷，始于一词。

”不管是汉英还是英汉翻译，都必须从大处着眼，小处着手，即表达时词汇的处理入手，由词到句，由句到段，由段到章，也就是遣词造句，谋篇布局。

词语的翻译涉及到许多方面的问题，其中最根本的一条是译词的选择，要探讨这个问题，首先让我们看一下英汉词汇在词义上的对应关系，根据英汉词汇在意义上的对应程度，大致可以归纳为：一、完全对应(主要是一些专有名词，术语，客观事物)天空sky; 眼睛eye；湖泊lake；婴儿baby；广播讲话radio address；尾灯tail light；综合国力overall national strength；民族尊严national dignity二、包含关系(汉语词语的意义包含在英语词语中或者英语的意义包含在汉语词语中)1）英语的意义包含在汉语词语中：穿（衣服）：wear/put on借：borrow; lend;主人：master/owner/host;地毯：carpet/rug;货：goods; merchandise（泛指货物；）products; cargo; freight; shipment;e.g.华侨=overseas Chinese?“华侨”（《辞海》）：“侨居国外的具有中国国籍的人，不包括出国旅行、访问的人员，政府派在他国协助建设的工人和技术人员，国家派驻外国的公务人员和在国外学习的留学生。

已经加入或取得外国国籍的中国血统的人是外国公民（亦称中国血统外籍人），不是华侨”。

“Chinese” (Webster) : a native of China or a descendant of the people of China. 2）汉语词语的意义包含在英语词语中例：英语中的audience 包括了汉语的：“听众”、“观众”、“读者”；英语的marry包含了汉语的：“娶，嫁”；英语的cousin包含了汉语的：“堂兄”、“堂弟”、“堂姐”、“堂妹”、“表兄”、“表弟”、“表姐”、“表妹”；英语中的thick / thin可以表示“厚薄”、“粗细”、“稠稀”、“浓密/稀疏”三、语义空缺由于社会文化的差异，汉语中有些词语的词义在英语中没有表达这种词义的词语，反之亦然。

建筑工程技术英语翻译Building Engineering Technology Translation - No Duplicate Titles1. 项目概述 (Project Overview)The project aims to construct a modern high-rise commercial building in the city center. The building will consist of 30 floors and will house various offices, retail shops, and restaurants. It is expected to become a landmark in the area upon completion.2. 结构设计 (Structural Design)The structural design of the building incorporates steel and concrete elements to ensure its stability and durability. Advanced computer-aided design software is utilized to optimize the layout and distribution of loads within the structure.3. 施工计划 (Construction Schedule)The construction schedule has been carefully planned to ensure efficient progress while minimizing disruptions to nearby businesses and residents. Various construction phases are outlined, including site preparation, foundation construction, and vertical construction.4. 材料选择 (Material Selection)High-quality materials are selected for different aspects of the building to ensure both aesthetic appeal and functionality. Thefaçade will feature glass curtain walls, while the interior will utilize premium finishings and fixtures.5. 环境友好设计 (Environmentally Friendly Design)The building incorporates environmentally friendly design principles to minimize its ecological impact. Features such as energy-efficient lighting systems, water-saving fixtures, and green rooftops are integrated into the design.6. 施工质量控制 (Construction Quality Control)Strict quality control measures are implemented throughout the construction process to ensure the highest standards are met. Regular inspections, quality audits, and material testing are carried out to identify and rectify any potential issues.7. 安全措施 (Safety Measures)Comprehensive safety measures are implemented to guarantee the well-being of all workers and visitors. Safety training, protective equipment, and emergency response plans are in place to promptly address any potential hazards.8. 施工管理 (Construction Management)Experienced construction managers oversee the project and ensure all activities are carried out according to the plan. They coordinate with various subcontractors, handle procurement, and monitor progress to meet project milestones.9. 质保保证 (Quality Assurance)A comprehensive quality assurance plan is implemented to ensure all construction activities conform to the specified standards. Inspections, tests, and documentation are carried out to verify the quality of materials and workmanship.10. 竣工验收 (Project Completion and Acceptance)Upon project completion, a thorough inspection and acceptance process is conducted to ensure all contractual requirements are met. Final documentation, including as-built drawings and operation manuals, is submitted to the client for their records.。

工程建设标准英文版翻译细则（试行）为规范工程建设标准英文版的翻译工作，根据《工程建设标准翻译出版工作管理办法》，制定本细则。

1 翻译质量及技术要求1.1 基本要求1）工程建设标准的翻译必须忠于原文，并遵守完整、准确、规范、统一的原则。

2）标准的译文应当完整。

标准的前引部分、正文部分、补充部分都应全文翻译；脚注、附录、图、表、公式以及相应的文字都应翻译并完整地反映在译文中，不得误译、缺译、漏译、跳译。

3）强制性条文的翻译必须准确无误，译文用黑体字注明。

4）译文的内容、术语应当准确，语法应当恰当，行文流畅。

5）标准中的典型语句、术语、计量单位、专业词汇应当前后统一。

6）标准翻译稿的幅面、版面、格式、字体等应当规范并符合《工程建设标准英文版出版印刷规定》，图表、公式的编号应与原文相一致。

1.2 具体要求1）数字表达应符合英文表达习惯。

2）标准中的符号、代号、计量单位、公式应直接引用原文，时间、货币、标点符号可按英文惯例翻译或表达。

3）日期按译文语言，应采用公历，按月、日、年顺序排列（例如，December 1,20XX）。

4）术语的英文翻译，应以中文版中的英文术语为准。

如果中文版中英文术语表达不准确或出现错误，应由翻译人员与编制组共同商议后做出必要修正，并在译文中注明。

5）标准名称应以中文版的英文译名为准。

如果中文版标准名称的英文译文不准确，翻译人员可向翻译出版办公室提出书面修改建议。

6）人员的中文姓名译成英文时，采用标准汉语拼音。

外籍人员的姓名应按其原姓名或相应的英文姓名表达。

地名、团体名、机构名，使用惯用译名。

无惯用译名的，可自行翻译，必要时附注原文。

7）法律、法规、规范性文件等名称应采用官方或既定译法，其他文件、著作、文献名称采用既定译法。

8）缩写词首次出现时,应附注全称译文。

经前文注释过或意义明确的缩写词，可以在译文中直接使用。

9）译文的章节条款项的编号，应与中文版一致。

10）对我国独有的直译较难的词，可以意译，也可采用汉语拼音，必要时可加附注。

1.2 Major Types of ConstructionSince most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different. For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.Residential Housing ConstructionResidential housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments [3]. During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures [4]. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanical, electrical and other specialty work. An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 1-2, which may be designed by the builders as well.The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government. Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment inconstruction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time [5]. Because of the relative ease of entry, at least at the lower end os the market, many new builders are attracted to the residential housing construction. Hence, this market is highly competitive, with potentially high risks as well as high rewards.Figure1-2 Residential Housing Construction (courtesy of caterpillar, Inc) Institutional and Commercial Building Construction Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 [6]. The owners of such buildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional consultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves. Specialty architects and engineers are often engaged for designing a specific type of building, while the builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only that type of building.Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer competitors [7]. Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long process which once started will take some time to proceed until completion, the demand is less sensitive to general economic conditions than that for speculative housing. Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market. In an oligopoly situation, only a limited number of competitors exist, and a firm’s price for services may be based in part on part on its competitive strategies in the local market.Specialized Industrial ConstructionSpecialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure1-4 [8]. The owners usually are deeply involved in thedevelopment of a project, and prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the ownerhas developed good working relations over the years.Figure1-3 Construction of the PPG Building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ( courtesy of PPG Industries, Inc)Figure1-4 Construction of a Benzene Plant in L……( courtesy of Manitowoc Company, Inc)Although the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecasting is the most important factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time [9].Governmental regulation such as the rulings of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in the United States can also profoundly influence decisions on these projects.Infrastructure and Heavy ConstructionInfrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways, mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants, as is shown in Figure1-5. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills [10]. However, demands for different segments of infrastructure and heavy construction may shift with saturation in some segments. For example, as the available highway construction projects are declining, some heavy construction contractors quickly move their work force and equipment into the field of mining where jobs are available.Figure1-5 Construction of the Dame Point Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida(courtesy of Mary Lou Maher)Wordsconglomeration 混合物，聚集 infrastructure and heavy construction 重大基础项rehabilitation 修复目建设disincentive 抑制，抑制因素 procure 获得spectrum 波谱，光谱，范围 incentive 动机surrogate 代理，替代 innovation 创新architect 建筑师 residential housing construction 住宅类房fiscal 财政的屋建设entry 进入，编入 take charge 负责clinic 诊所 execute 执行stadium 露天大型体育场 substantial 实质的、重大的sophistication 复杂 recreational 娱乐的construction industry 建筑业 retail 零售high-rise apartments 高层公寓 proceed 开展，进行institution and commercial building segment 部分，份额construction 办公和商业用房建设 single-family house 独户住宅oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 professional consultant 专业咨询人士confront 面对 general contractor 总承包商infrastructure 基础设施 initiation 启动pipeline 管道 strategy 策略specialized industrial construction drainage 排水系统专业化工业项目建设 saturation 饱和Notes[1] 全句可译为：由于大多数业主通常只对获得某种特定类型的建筑物感兴趣，因而他们应当对适合于他们的建设类型的实物有着一定的了解。

英语知识1、construction：指“构造”（将零部件装配，组合在一起成为整体的方式）；“结构”（各组成部分的搭配和排列，建筑物上承担重力部分的构造）aircraft construction 飞机构造welded construction 焊接结构This machine is simple in construction 这种机器构造简单body construction 车身（机身、弹体）构造capital construction 基本建设physical construction 机械构造prefabricated construction 预制构造ships of similiar construction 结构类似的船2、structure：“结构、组织”age structure 年龄构成atomic structure 原子结构steel stucture 钢结构shell stucture 薄层结构brick stucture 砖建筑物geological stucture 地质构造market stucture 市场结构microscopic stucture 显微组织The human body is a wonderful stucture 人体是个奇妙的构造物the stucture of a plant 一种植物的构造此外，译员为了保证自己的工作顺利进行，还必须根据自己的兴趣爱好开展适当的业余活动，如体育运动、娱乐游戏、从事业余研究和写作等。

只有这样，他才能有健康的身体和饱满的精神，以胜任口译这一高度紧张的脑力劳动工作。

作为一个会议口译译员，应该全面发展，不仅能搞同声传译工作，也要能搞即席传译工作，二者缺一不可。

由于同声传译比即席传译更加容易学习和掌握（这点恐怕同很多人的想象相反），所以，作为初学者，在掌握即席传译技术以前，最好先搞一段时间的同声传译工作。

也就是说，应该先到只使用同声传译的会议上去工作。

1、Construction industry 建筑业2、High-rise apartments 高层公寓3、Institution and commercial building construction 办公和商业用房建设办公和商业用房建设4、Oligopoly 垄断，供过于求5、Specialized industrial construction 专业化工业项目建设6、Infrastructure and heavy construction 重大基础项目建设7、Residential housing construction 住宅类房屋建设8、Take charge 负责9、Single-family house 独户住宅10、Professional consultant 专业咨询人士11、General contractor 总承包商12、Mission-oriented 以目标（任务）为导向的13、Continuity 连续性14、Indispensable 不可或缺的15、Common-place 常见的16、Schedule 进度17、Maximization 最大化18、Communication 沟通19、Certification 认证20、Distinguish 区别，区分21、Predetermined 预定的22、Ingredient 组成部分，成分23、Linear programming 线性规划24、Trade off 均衡，权衡25、Delineation 叙述，说明26、Utilization 使用27、Integration 综合，整合28、Shop drawings 施工图，安装图29、Simultaneously 同时的30、Prebid site 投标前现场31、Nominated subcontractor 指定分包商32、Prequalified 预审合格33、An manual of professional practice 专业人员从业手册专业人员从业手册34、Risk-reward 风险和回报35、Structural design 结构设计36、Specialized subcontractor 专业分包商37、Work package 工作包38、Construction planning 施工计划39、Technical feasibility 技术可行性40、Construction operations 施工作业41、Structural or foundation details 结构或基础的具体情况42、Ingenuity and creativity 灵活性和创造性1 建筑工程翻译公司选择本领域的专业翻译公司，需要参考以下实力标准：数量多。

土木建筑工程常用术语英文翻译与名词解释第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。

3. 房屋建筑工程building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 公路工程highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

6. 铁路工程railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

7. 港口与航道工程port（harbour）and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

8. 水利工程hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

9. 水利发电工程（水电工程）hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。

Accord和解或和解协议，如reach an accord达成和解协议，accord and satisfaction 和解与清偿等。

Accused被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告，民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant；而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent（答辩人）。

acquireacquire指对公司的购买，收购，我们通常所说的M&A，即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。

如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。

Acquittal罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后，被告罪名不成立被释放，称为“The accused is acquitted”。

Acquittal是名词。

详见民法中和刑法中表达不同意思的“acquit”一文。

Actact作为，与不作为forbear相对应。

如：Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。

Action诉讼，相当于suit或lawsuit，如initiate an action提起诉讼，win an action 在诉讼中获胜，defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。

Adjourn休庭，押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟，称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。

第六章实用文本翻译(1)：时政文翻译时政翻译是我国对外宣传和政治文化交往中的一个重要组成部分，这一类文本大致可分为两类，一是关乎国家大政方针的政策文件，二是国家党政领导人的重要讲话，基本属于纽马克划分的“表达型文本”类型。

由于“表达型”文本的功能“核心”（core）是“作者”（writer）的思想表达，因而作者的“个性成分构成了‘表达型文本’的‘表达’要素”（The personal components constitute the ‘expressive’ element of an ex pressive text——Newmark，1988：40.），形成了表现作者个人语言风格的“个人习语”（idiolect），所谓“文如其人”。

例如有人讲话热情洋溢，非常地“eloquent”，有人讲话简短干脆，有人讲话则有点含混隐晦等等，多少都带有些鲜明的个人印记；而另一方面，作为政府的文件和文告，这类文本虽没有多少作者的个人印记，但它代表的是国家和政府，涉及到国家的大政方针、基本政策，涉及到政治影响和国家形象，因而具有极大的权威性，其内容是不容译者任意篡改和随意发挥、强加入译者的个人行为特点的。

因此，翻译中译者应尽可能地忠实于原文，“在语义、句法结构上尽其可能地用译文允许的形式将原文语境意义准确表达出来”（Newmark，1981：39），以彰显此类文本的“个性”（personal components）。

6．1 时政翻译的特点6．1．1 紧扣原文我国著名翻译家时政翻译的前辈程镇球先生就一直认为，对于这一类文本，翻译时“首先，要紧扣原文，不得任意增删”，“紧扣原文，有时原文的词序也要很好注意，不要轻易颠倒，避免犯政治性错误”（程镇球：2003）。

强调“紧扣原文”就是要突出“语义翻译”，即“尽可能地使用贴近原语的语义、句法结构将原文语境意义准确表达出来”。

他在文中列举了一些因打乱原文词序而以词害意，导致读者强烈反应的例子。

工程建设标准英文版翻译细则（试行）为规范工程建设标准英文版的翻译工作，根据《工程建设标准翻译出版工作管理办法》，制定本细则。

1 翻译质量及技术要求1.1 基本要求1）工程建设标准的翻译必须忠于原文，并遵守完整、准确、规范、统一的原则。

2）标准的译文应当完整。

标准的前引部分、正文部分、补充部分都应全文翻译；脚注、附录、图、表、公式以及相应的文字都应翻译并完整地反映在译文中，不得误译、缺译、漏译、跳译。

3）强制性条文的翻译必须准确无误，译文用黑体字注明。

4）译文的内容、术语应当准确，语法应当恰当，行文流畅。

5）标准中的典型语句、术语、计量单位、专业词汇应当前后统一。

6）标准翻译稿的幅面、版面、格式、字体等应当规范并符合《工程建设标准英文版出版印刷规定》，图表、公式的编号应与原文相一致。

1.2 具体要求1）数字表达应符合英文表达习惯。

2）标准中的符号、代号、计量单位、公式应直接引用原文，时间、货币、标点符号可按英文惯例翻译或表达。

3）日期按译文语言，应采用公历，按月、日、年顺序排列（例如，December 1,20XX）。

4）术语的英文翻译，应以中文版中的英文术语为准。

如果中文版中英文术语表达不准确或出现错误，应由翻译人员与编制组共同商议后做出必要修正，并在译文中注明。

5）标准名称应以中文版的英文译名为准。

如果中文版标准名称的英文译文不准确，翻译人员可向翻译出版办公室提出书面修改建议。

6）人员的中文姓名译成英文时，采用标准汉语拼音。

外籍人员的姓名应按其原姓名或相应的英文姓名表达。

地名、团体名、机构名，使用惯用译名。

无惯用译名的，可自行翻译，必要时附注原文。

7）法律、法规、规范性文件等名称应采用官方或既定译法，其他文件、著作、文献名称采用既定译法。

8）缩写词首次出现时,应附注全称译文。

经前文注释过或意义明确的缩写词，可以在译文中直接使用。

9）译文的章节条款项的编号，应与中文版一致。

10）对我国独有的直译较难的词，可以意译，也可采用汉语拼音，必要时可加附注。

Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样）Engineering surveys are conducted to obtain data essential for planning, estimating, locating, and layout for the various phases of construction activities or projects.（工程测量是在施工活动或工程的不同阶段中为计划编制、估计、定位、和放样获取必需的【essential必需的】数据的行为【conduct这里是动词：处理，翻译时用名词行为代替】）After the necessary topographic maps are prepared and positions of the structures are established as well as the final plans for the project are available, the engineers, architects or building contractors need to know information about overall site grade and elevations to determine placement of site structures, or estimate the volume of dirt to be moved, and then to set the required horizontal and vertical positions for the structures.（在必要的地形图准备好、建筑物位臵已确定之后，同样项目的最终方案也是可用的，工程师、建筑师【architect】或承建者【building contractor承建者、承包者；contract合同】需要知道全部场地的坡度和高程来确定建筑场地的布臵或者土方估算【volume体积；estimate 估计】，然后放臵建筑物的设计【required要求的，这里指设计位臵】水平和竖直位臵）Construction surveying is the translation of construction plans into physical points on the ground that can be used as a basis for the actual construction.（施工测量【Construction surveying施工测量，不要翻译成建筑测量】是施工图【construction plan施工图】到地面上实地点位的转换【translation】，可以被用来作为实际施工的基础【或译为原理】。

施工组织设计英文文献翻译Construction Organization Design - English Literature TranslationConstruction organization design is an essential aspect of construction project management. It involves the planning, coordination, and control of various activities and resources to ensure the successful execution of a construction project. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature on the subject.1. IntroductionConstruction organization design refers to the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, communication, and resources within a construction project. It aims to optimize project performance while considering factors such as project objectives, scope, constraints, and available resources.2. The Importance of Construction Organization DesignEfficient construction organization design is crucial for the successful completion of a construction project. It helps in optimizing resource allocation, reducing project delays, improving communication, and enhancing overall project performance. A well-designed construction organization structure ensures that project tasks are assigned to the right individuals or teams, thereby maximizing productivity.3. Factors Influencing Construction Organization DesignVarious factors influence the design of construction organization, including project size, complexity, location, contractual agreements, and stakeholder requirements. The project manager must assess these factors and develop an organizational structure that fosters effective coordination, communication, and collaboration among project participants.4. Construction Organization Design ApproachesSeveral approaches can be adopted for construction organization design, depending on the project's unique characteristics. These include functional, project-based, matrix, and hybrid organizational structures. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection depends on the project's specific requirements.4.1 Functional OrganizationIn a functional organization, employees are grouped based on their areas of expertise, such as engineering, procurement, and construction. This structure promotes specialization and allows for efficient resource utilization. However, it may result in limited communication and coordination between functional units.4.2 Project-Based OrganizationIn a project-based organization, teams are assembled specifically for each project. This structure promotes effective communication and coordination among team members. However, it may lead to duplication of resources and increase project costs.4.3 Matrix OrganizationThe matrix organization combines the functional and project-based structures. It involves a dual reporting system, where employees have both functional and project managers. This approach enhances communication and coordination while maintaining functional expertise. However, it can also create conflicts between functional and project managers.4.4 Hybrid OrganizationA hybrid organization structure is a customized approach that combines elements from various organizational structures. It allows for flexibility and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of a construction project. The hybrid structure may combine functional, project-based, or matrix elements.5. Challenges in Construction Organization DesignDesigning an effective construction organization structure is not without challenges. These challenges include the need for interdepartmental coordination, the dynamic nature of construction projects, changing stakeholder requirements, project uncertainties, and cultural differences among workers. Project managers must address these challenges to ensure the smooth functioning of the construction organization.6. ConclusionConstruction organization design plays a vital role in the successful execution of construction projects. It involves the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, communication, and resources, considering various project factors. The choice of organizational structure depends on factors such as project size, complexity, and stakeholder requirements. By addressingchallenges and adopting a suitable organizational structure, project managers can optimize project performance and achieve project objectives.In conclusion, construction organization design is a critical aspect of construction project management. This article aimed to provide an understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature. It discussed the importance of construction organization design, factors influencing the design, different approaches, challenges, and the significance of effective organization design in construction projects.。

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actually事实上,in fact事实上,account解释,accountant会计;contract合同,entitle使有权,title标题,entitlement权利;discuss讨论,discussion讨论,consider考虑,consideration考虑,either…or要么要么, neither…nor两者都不,whether…or是还是,extend扩展延伸,extend to对待,treat请客;relevant相对的,extreme极端的;encourage鼓励,instinct本能天生的;result结果,result from由于,result in导致,to some extent在某种程度上,accelerate 加速;trend趋势,detail细节,in detail详细;support支持,an amount of大量的,goal目标,immediate立即;elegant优雅的,elegance优雅,in principle大体上原则上,principal重要的,fascinate 迷人,delight高兴;standard标准,criterion标准;target目标,attack进攻抨击,in doing sth.在做某事的过程中,divert转移,diversion 转移,;predict预言,prediction预言,reliable可靠的,skill技能;experiment试验实验,experience经验,avail有用,available有空的可获得的, comparative比较,compare比较,contrast对比相反;quality质量,precise精确; favorable喜欢,favor喜欢;youngster年轻人;not so much…as与其说不如说,as…as与一样,not so…as与不一样,through因为通过, insight洞察,welfare福利,health健康,worth值得,genius天才,improve提高,tool 工具;as we call it所谓的正如我们所说,number数字,numerable可数的一定数量的, innumerable巨大的无数的,expand扩大,a series of一系列,direction说明指导,direct 说明;ignore忽视,careless粗心,fundamental基本的;revolve旋转;finance财政金融,financial财政的,vice versa反之,etc等等,et al及其它.。

翻译就这七个字翻译技巧可以概括为七个字：“分”、“合”、“加”、“减”、“转”、“调”和“反”。

简称“七字诀”。

1). Division 分句法2). Merge 合句法3) Amplification 增译法增词法4) Omission 减译法省略法5) Conversion 词类转换法转换6).Inversion 词序调整法位置调整7).Negation 正说反译，反说正译可以这样理解：1．分译4=2+2 一分为二2．合译2+2=4 合二为一3．加词2+2=2 加词不加意4．减词2-2=2 减词不减意5．转换2+2=3+1 变换符号不变换意思6．调整1+2=2+1 前后移位7. 反译1+2=-（-1-2）反着译一. 所谓“分”即为“分译”。

又称为：“分句法”，是指把原文中的一个词或一个短语扩展成一个句子。

这个词或短语虽然从语法上分析只说明某句子成分。

但从逻辑意义上看说明整个句子，起着相当于一个并列分句或者一个状语从句的作用。

例如：The Chinese seemed justifiable proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。

Y ou will soon be amply rewarded for your help.你将很快获得重奖，因为你乐于助人。

But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on the international relations.但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，国际关系显然会紧张起来。

A gang of men, under the direction of their energetic and likeable foreman, 25-year-old Phineas P. Gage, was working on a new line of the Rutland and Burlington railroad.一伙工人正跟着他们的领班在拉特兰－伯灵顿铁路的新线路上干活。

英语语言学汉译术语的使用与理解作者：牛保义来源：《中国科技术语》2015年第04期引言最近笔者和几位同行翻译了R.W.兰盖克（ngacker）的Foundations of CognitiveGrammar （I）（该书中文版已由北京大学出版社出版）。

这是一部认知语言学的经典著作，在翻译过程中，大家常常为书中一些术语的汉译而感到“头痛”。

为此，笔者特意前往该书作者所在大学加州大学圣地亚哥分校（UCSD）访学半年，就一些术语的理解零距离求教于作者，稍稍尝到了“一名之立，旬月踟躇”的滋味。

笔者在此结合自己的一点儿英语语言学经典著作汉译实践，以及对语言学术语的了解，就汉译语言学术语的使用和理解，谈谈个人的粗浅看法，以求教于各位方家。

一语言学汉译术语的使用术语学研究包括术语学理论建设、术语学教育、术语规范化以及术语的翻译和使用等问题。

关于术语的使用，不少学者坚持术语的使用要统一的观点。

赵忠德认为，多年来，语言学英语术语的汉译存在不统一的问题，许多中国学者在阅读和撰写语言学论文和著作时颇感棘手。

只有统一译名，才能达到互明；赵世开在谈到语言学术语译名中的新问题时大声疾呼：“术语译名不统一的现象早就存在，但近年来随着语言学的发展，新的术语和观念不断出现，这种现象越来越严重，几乎成了灾难。

”戴卫平分析了术语不统一的成因，提出了解决术语不统一的对策和办法。

英国学者傅兰雅建议，统一译名主要有两种办法：一是使用已有之名，二是创造新名。

就术语的使用要统一的问题，也有学者持不同意见。

王宗炎在谈译名的三个问题时，第一个谈的就是原名与译名的对应问题。

王先生认为：“一个原名是否只应有一个译名呢？我看也不可一概而论。

从教学看，从逻辑看，一个原名最好只有一种译法；可是从实际使用看，一个原名未必处处能用同一种译法。

”笔者同意王先生的观点。

汉译术语的使用要统一，或者说要规范化，是我们要实现的目标，毋庸置疑。

但是，实现这个目标的过程中应当允许不同译名的m现和使用，因为术语统一只有在使用中才能实现，而不可能是先有一个统一的术语，然后再去使用。

Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。

工程造价专业英语课后习题答案一、句子翻译1.in its specifics ,each structure is tailed to suit its environment ,arranged to perform its own particular function ,and designed to reflect personal tastes and preferences . 具体来说，每一个建筑物都要适应它周围的环境，发挥它特有的功能，反映设计者的品味和喜好。

2.To some degree ,each construction project is unique ,and no two jobs are ever quite alike .从某种程度上来说，每一个建筑项目都是独一无二的，并且没有两个相同的项目。

3.It is unlikely ,that field construction will ever be able to adapt itself completely to the standardized methods and product uniformity of assembly-line production .建筑不可能完全适应标准化的方法和装配线生产的产品。

4.The objective of this approach is to treat project planning ,design ,and construction as integrated tasks within a construction system.该团队的目标是使工程规划、设计、建设成为工程项目系统之内的整合性的工作。

5.Adherence to construction schedules and budget constraints is the CM’s prime responsibility .确保在进度和成本约束下完成工程是项目经理的主要责任。