口腔医学专业英语题库四川大学华西口腔医学院

Test Yourself for the 7-year medical students更新时间:2006-9-23 20:56:38 阅读 605 次1. Put the following words into Chinese: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points) sensitizer bronchodilatorureter cretinismeczema amnesiatrichomoniasis dementiagluconeogenesis lipolysisketoacidosis gynecologyvagotomy pyelonephritisnoncardiogenic chondromavasospasm dermatophytosisophthalmologist angiography2. Put the following words into English: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)增生失禁转移多尿症黏膜处方胰岛素肢端肥大症果糖脱水健忘症偏头痛淋病步态癫痫血肿激素脓肿膀胱镜后遗症3．Translation (5 points for each, total 50 points)1) It is likely that the immediate future of oncology will include the successful application of modern molecular biology to the development of novel antiproliferative therapies for cancer. Just as the cancer cell has provided a window through which to view the normal growth regulatory processes, cancer patients are likely to provide a window through which we will begin to modulate gene expression in a therapeutically useful manner.2) The prognosis of occupational contact dermatitis is surprisingly poor，especially if effective treatment is not given early and if the dermatitis is prolonged. The reasons for this are not entirely clear; however, surveys have shown that a high percentage of individuals still have dermatitis several years later, in many cases despite a change of employment. Those with atopy appear to have the worst prognosis.(3) The rate of growth of malignant tumors correlates in general with their level of differentiation. Thus, there is wide variation. Some grow slowly for years and then enter a phase of rapid growth, signifying the emergence of an aggressive subclone of transformed cells. Others grow relatively slowly, and indeed, there are exceptional instances when growth comes almost to a standstill.(4) Pemphigus is characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin and mucous membranes caused by a separation of epidermal cells from underlying layers. Rupture of these lesions leaves deeper areas of the skin unprotected from infection and fluid loss, much as in cases of burns. The cause is an autoimmune reaction to epithelial cells. Pemphigus is fatal unless treated by methods to suppress the immune system.(5) Mammography is a method of diagnosing breast cancer by x-ray examination. Other methods include palpation and cytologic study of tissue removed by aspiration or excision. Regular breast self-examination is of utmost importance, as the majority of breast cancers are discovered by women themselves.(6) Normally, 2 months before birth the testes leave the abdomen and descend into the scrotal sac. If one or both testes fail to descend, the condition is known as cryptorchism. Orchiopexy is performed to bring the testes into the scrotum, if they do not descend on their own before the boy is 2 years old. Undescended testicles put the male at high risk of sterility and testicular cancer.(7) Among diseases causing seizures, those producing atrophic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres are the most common. They may originate in the antenatal of prenatal period and therefore may result from malformation, failure of development of the blood supply to the particular part of the brain, accidents of birth, or problems of hypoxia in the perinatal and early antenatal period. Atrophic lesions also may result from trauma at birth, due to molding of the head and marked herniation of the brain, or from trauma in later life produced by direct head injuries.(8) When the possible causes of hypoglycemia are being addressed, the most important clinical distinction is to separate hypoglycemia induced by eating and hypoglycemia occurring in the fasting state. The former is diagnosed excessively and rarely indicates a serious underlying disorder, while the latter demands a thorough search for a specific cause.(9) Cystitis is an infection of the urinary bladder. Organisms generally enter through the urethra and ascend toward the bladder. The infecting organisms are usually colon bacteria carried in feces. Cystitis is thus more common in females than in males because the female urethra is shorter than the male urethra and its opening is closer to the anus. Poor toilet habits and urinary stasis are contributing factors.(10) Shock waves are used to crush urinary tract stones into tiny fragments that can be passed out with urine. After receiving some type of anesthesia, the patient is immersed in a tank of water and shock wave ate generated electrically. Using an x-ray picture screen, fluoroscopy, the physician can position the patient so that the stone will receive the shock waves properly.5．Translation (30 points)Hypertension is one of the most common diseases afflicting humans throughout the world. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research and widespread patient education have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and peripheral vascular disease. Therefore, health care professionals must notonly identify and treat patients with hypertension but also promote a healthy lifestyle and preventive strategies to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in the general population.Internationally, n ational health surveys in various countries have shown a high prevalence of poor control of hypertension. These studies have reported that prevalence of hypertension is 22% in Canada, of which 16% is controlled; 26.3% in Egypt, of which 8% is controlled; and 13.6% in China, of which 3% is controlled. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic; in many countries, 50% of the population older than 60 years has hypertension. Overall, approximately 20% of the world's adults are estimated to have hypertension. The 20% prevalence is for hypertension defined as blood pressure in excess of 140/90 mm Hg. The prevalence dramatically increases in patients older than 60 years.Blacks have a higher prevalence and incidence of hypertension than whites. The prevalence of hypertension was increased by 50% in African Americans. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reported an age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension at 20.6% in Mexican Americans.The age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was 34%, 25.4%, and 23.2% for men and 31%, 21%, and 21.6% for women among African Americans, whites, and Mexican Americans, respectively. In the NHANES III study, the prevalence of hypertension was 12% for white men and 5% for white women aged 18-49 years. However, the age-related blood pressure rise for women exceeds that of men.A progressive rise in blood pressure with increasing age is observed. The third NHANES survey reported that the prevalence of hypertension grows significantly with increasing age in all sex and race groups. In another study, the incidence of hypertension appeared to increase approximately 5% for each 10-year interval of age.Test Yourself (2) for the 7-year medical students1. Put the following words into Chinese: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)sedative hydronephrosishypospasia leiomyomapyloroplasty proliferationcryptorchism dementiapediatrician otolaryngologyketoacidosis tachycardiagalactose hyperkalemiaimmunosorbent eczemalipolysis pruritussequela electroencephalography2. Put the following words into English: (0.5 point for each, total 10 points)节律障碍低血糖症抗排斥反应血尿硬皮病发病机制肿瘤学胃切除术血液透析不育麻醉儿科学老年病学甲状腺功能减退症癫痫偏头痛尿毒症脓肿膀胱炎绝经3．Translation (5 points for each, total 50 points)(1) A pituitary adenoma usually increases secretion of growth hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone. An excess of growth hormone before puberty lead to an abnormal over-growth of the body and may result in a condition known as gigantism. After puberty, it causes over-growth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, which results in a condition called acromegaly.(2) The increased understanding of how cells die could play an important role in the development of new anticancer therapy. It has become clear that the regulation of cell death is just as complex as the regulation of cell growth. Most, if not all, animal cells self-destruct by activation of an intrinsic cell suicide program accompanied by a set of characteristic morphologic and biochemical changes known as apoptosis, or programmed cell death.(3) Perhaps in many patients with increased intraocular pressure, pressure is the dominant mechanism of opticdisk damage, and vascular and immune disorders play lesser roles. In many patients with normal intraocular pressure, systemic vascular problems and immune disorders may be the dominant damaging factors. It is also possible that in some patient, vascular problems, connective tissue susceptibilities, or immune disorders may render the optic disk more susceptible to pressure-related damage so that it may occur even at normal levels of pressure.(4) Hepatic glucose production derives initially from preformed glycogen, but the capacity of hepatic glycogen to sustain plasma glucose levels is limited to 8 to 12 hours, or even less after periods of exercise or illness. Thus, for more sustained fasting, including the normal overnight fast, gluconeogenesis, the generation of new glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates, must take over.(5) Careful rectal examination by a physician with digital (finger) palpation is a useful method for detection of early prostatic carcinoma. Lympthangiography and computerized tomography scans can detect lymph node metastases. Acid phosphatase is normally released into the blood in small quantities by the prostate, and elevated levels are found in patients with metastatic disease. Treatment is surgery (prostatectomy), radiotherapy, and hormonal chemotherapy. Since prostatic cells need androgens, antiandrogen hormones and estrogens are used to slow tumor growth by depriving the cells of testosterone.(6) Many women carry the disease asymptomatically, and others have pain, vaginal and urethral discharge, and salpingitis. As a result of sexual activity, men and women can acquire anorectal and pharyngeal gonococcal infections as well. Penicillin is the treatment and is curative.Herpes genitalis: infection of the skin and mucosa of the genitals, caused by the herpes simplex virus.(7) Among diseases causing seizures, those producing atrophic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres are the most common. They may originate in the antenatal of prenatal period and therefore may result from malformation, failure of development of the blood supply to the particular part of the brain, accidents of birth, or problems of hypoxia in the perinatal and early antenatal period. Atrophic lesions also may result from trauma at birth, due to molding of the head and marked herniation of the brain, or from trauma in later life produced by direct head injuries.(8) Allergic contact dermatitis occur as a result of sensitization to specific haptens through a process ofcell-mediated immunity. The hapten combines with protein in the skin to form a complete antigen that is processed and presented to T lymphocytes by epidermal Langerhans cells, specialized macrophages that form an intraepidermal network. Among the most frequent allergens are poison ivy or oak; rubber additives, particularly accelerators and antioxidants; monomers of plastics and resins, such as epoxies, and acrylates; nickel; chromium salts; and derivatives; and formaldehyde.(9) Malignant melanoma is cancerous growth composed of melanocyte. An alarming increase in the incidence of this malignancy has been noted and is attributed to the intense exposure to sunlight that many people experience. Melanoma usually begins as a mottled, light brown to black, flat macule with irregular borders. The lesions may turn shades of red, blue, and white and may crust on the surface and bleed. Melanomas often arise in preexisting moles and frequently appear on the upper back, lower legs, head and neck.(10) Malignant neoplasms are characterized by a wide range of parenchymal cell differentiation, from surprisingly well-differentiated to completely undifferentiated. Malignant neoplasms that are composed of undifferentiated cells are said to “anaplastic”. Indeed, lack of differentiation, or an aplasia, is considered a hallmark of malignancy. The term anaplasia lietreally means “ to form backward.” It implies dedifferentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. However, it is now known that cancers arise from stem cells in tissues, so failure of differentiation, rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells, accounts for undifferentiated tumors.6．Translation (30 points)Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the top ten causes of death from cancer in industrialized countries, with over 40000 deaths/year in Europe and nearly 30000 deaths/year in the USA. The incidence has risen dramatically in many countries as they have become more westernized in their way of life. The peak incidence is around 10–12 per 105population. In Europe the incidence in women has continued to increase and in most but not all countries virtually matches the levels observed in men [1–4]. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program in the United States, however, have shown a fall in the total incidence of pancreatic cancer from 12.3 per 105 population in 1973 to 10.7 per 105 in 1999. During the same period the declinein rates for men was from 16.1 to 12.1 per 105 and for women from 9.6 to 9.5 per 105, respectively. The changes in incidence in the USA and Europe, both in absolute terms and as trends, are likely to be accounted for by major environmental a etiological factors, notably tobacco smoking and perhaps dietary factors.The chief cause of pancreatic cancer so far identified is tobacco consumption, conferring about a two-fold increased risk, even so this only accounts for some 30% of cases. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with an increased risk of about, five- to 15-fold, but given a prevalence of only 10 per 105 population the contribution to the overall numbers is small. Although the risk of PDAC is increased 50- to 70-fold in hereditary pancreatitis and forms part of a number of familial cancer syndromes, in themselves important in understanding the molecular basis of pancreatic cancer and as a potential for secondary screening, altogether they account for no more than 5% of all cases. Current diagnostic techniques lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to support screening for pancreatic cancer in general. Thus, apart from reducing tobacco consumption there are no special opportunities available by which to reduce the mortality from pancreatic cancer. The overall median survival from diagnosis is less than 3–5 months with a 12-month survival rate of 6~10% and a 5-year survival rate of 0.4–3%. There are three important reasons for these appalling survival figures. First, the disease usually advances to a late clinical stage before symptoms are apparent. Secondly, partial or total resection of the pancreas is surgically very demanding with acceptable resection and postoperative mortality rates found only in specialized centers. Thirdly, pancreatic cancer has an aggressive biological phenotype that is exceptionally resistant to all forms of therapy.1.passage three Normal-pressure Glaucoma;2.passage two Endocrein Disorders.3.passage three Hypoglycemia.4.passage two Disorders of the Urinary System and Some Means for Finding themOut.5. d passage two Reproductive Disorders.6.passage Epilepsy7.passage Why We Forget.8.passage Disorders of the Skin.9.passage Occupatinal Diseases of the Skin.10.text Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms.11.text The Future of Oncology.12.。

1.(A) is the space contains the pulp.A. Pulp cavityB. pulp hornC. pulp chamberD. pulp canal2.The ( B) consists of 8 incisors,4canines,8 premolars, and 12 molars.A .milk teeth B. permanent dentitions C. primary dentitions D. deciduous dentitions3.(A)are frequently extracted for othodontics purposes.A. Fist premolarsB. Second premolarsC. First molarsD. Second molars4.The openings of the (B )ducts are on the inner sides of the cheeks, opposite the second upper molar teeth.A. submandibularB. parotidC. sublingualD. platal5.The ( C) membrane surrounding the necks of the teeth is the gingiva or gum.A .mucosa B. mucus C. mucous D. mucosal6.irst molar usually has five __A___,three buccal and two lingual.A. cuspsB. cariesC. rootsD.dentition7.Root concavities are located on the mesial and distal surfaces of the mesial root; they are especially prominent on the first molar because this root usually has two _______B____.A. pulp cavitiesB. pulp canalsC. pulp chambersD. pulp horns8.The greater part of the tooth consists of ____C___.A. pulpB. enamelC. dentineD.cementum9.Doctor: Sit in the chair please. Lean your head back __D_____ the chair now. What’s the trouble?Patient: I have an awful toothache.A.onB. toC.inD. against10.Enamel consists of rods or prisms in an interprismatic substance that is slightly less _____A _______ than the rods themselves.A. mineralizedB. wearedC.demineralizedD.polished11. To fill these __A____ –to say nothing of extracting teeth, periodontal and prosthodontic treatment and straightening – the average American would need six hours of a dentist’s time.A. cavitiesB. holeC. dentinD. pulp12. The_____B_____ processes within the dentinal tubules degenerate, and the empty tubule becomes plugged with calcium salts and forms a harder dentin..A. orthodonticB. odontoblasticC. periodonticD. endodontic13. The typical histological picture of acute ____D____ (hyperemia, exudate, polymorphonuclear leukocytes) is almost always associated with that chronic pulpitis (lymphocytes, plasma cells etc.).A. infectionB. traumaC. tuberculosisD. inflammation14. In the case of active ____A__ a of the pulp, where there are as yet no pus – filled vacuoles or pronounced edema, other mechanisms are at work.A. hyperemiaB. disintegrationC. abscessD. inflammation15. Traumatic effects on the tooth or alveolus sometimes are beyond repair. Many teeth in the line of ____B___ fracture are removed to treat the fractured bone.A. headB. jawC. boneD. mouth16. With the increasing demand for aesthetic dentistry, there has been an increased interest in the use of resin-based composites for (A ) restorations.A. anteriorB. inferiorC. posteriorD. superior17. The one which is universally recognized is Angle`s classification which is based on arch relationship in the ( D ) plane.A. axialB. coronalC. crossD. sagittal18. There are fixed type and ( D ) type appliance for straightening the teeth.A. activityB. functionC. movementD. removable19. Physical violence and ( A ) accidents lead the list in a municipal hospital for the fracture of the mandible.A. automobileB. bikeC. carD. motor20. After extraction, don`t rinse for 24 hours as it may disturb the blood ( A ).A. clotB. dollopC. loafD. lump阅读理解TEXT1The Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic TreatmentBenefitsThe orthodontic treatment that has been suggested for you may have overall benefits in the appearance of your face and teeth and in maintaining good oral health.Well aligned teeth are easier to keep clean and many patients will find their self esteem is enhanced by an attractive smile and dental appearance.It is important to appreciate that not all these benefits may be appropriate to every individual patient. These is also great variation in each individual’s response to treatment and this can, on occasions, affect the final result.RiskAs with any form of treatment there are some risks associated with orthodontic treatment. While every effort is taken to minimize these risks, you, the patient, can help to minimize them by following treatment advice carefully and fully.1. Tooth decay and enamel damageTooth decay and enamel damage can occur if sugary or acid foods are eaten and tooth brushing is not maintained at a high standard. This damage can occur at any time but is more likely when fixed appliances are attached to the teeth.2. Root resorptionOrthodontic tooth movement involves light pressure being placed on the teeth and roots. In some patients changes such as root shortening may occur. The causes of this are not well understood and it is not always possible to identify susceptible patients in advance. In the majority of cases where this occurs there are so significant consequences.3. HeadgearIf not worn correctly, headgear may cause injury. It is imperative that the written instructions are necessary when using a headgear appliance.4. Joint discomfortSome individuals may experience jaw joint discomfort during orthodontic treatment. This is usually a transitory phase and indeed such symptoms also occur in patients who are not wearing orthodontic appliances.5. Post–treatment changesThroughout life the position of teeth alters regardless of orthodontic treatment.Some aspects of orthodontic treatment are particularly prone to post–treatment changes.Following fixed appliance treatment retainers will need to be worn. There are other changes, particularly the degree of crowding of the lower incisors, that may progressively alter throughout life.6. Medical historyGeneral medical pro blems may influence an individual’s response to orthodontic treatment. It is important to inform your orthodontist of any changes in your medical health.Instructions for Patients Wearing Fixed AppliancesYou are now wearing a fixed appliance. You must take great care it.You must:1.Clean your teeth with a brush, immediately after every meal and before going to bed. If yourteeth are not kept clean damage will occur.2.Avoid eating hard foods (such as crusty bread), and sticky food(such as toffee and nougat).3.Since it will be necessary to use a toothbrush after eating, most patients find it best to avoidsnacks taken between main meals.4.Contact the orthodontist if the appliance hurts, becomes loose, or if any part however small isbroken.5.Continue with your routine dental visits.Initially there will be some difficulty in eating and speaking but this will soon pass.You may experience some discomfort for a few hours following the placement of new archwires. This may be eased with a mild analgesicQuestion:1. The orthodontic treatment may have good effect on a person except (C)A. maintaining good oral healthB. improving a person’s face appearanceC. ensuring every individual patient to have the same attractive smileD. making teeth easier to keep clean2. What would doctors advise on the procedure of orthodontic treatment? (B)A. Eat sugary or acid foods and maintain tooth brushing at a high standard.B. Conform the instructions when using a headgear appliance.C. Be scared by root resorption and joint discomfort.D. Wear retainers irregularly after fixed appliance treatment.3. When will the tooth decay and enamel damage happen? (C)A. only when eaten too many sugary or acid foodsB. when tooth brushing maintained at a high standardC. the damage can occur at any timeD. especially when flexible appliance are attached to the teeth4. What kind of food can you eat when you are now wearing a fixed appliance? (D)A. crusty breadB. toffeeC. nougatD. orange5. Which of the following statement in not true? (B)A. Clean your teeth immediately after you have a meal.B. You can repair it by yourself when the appliance is broken.C. You should avoid eating hard food.D. Contact your dentist if the appliance becomes loose.TEXT 2So far we have discussed mostly about the dental profession and society. Now we will look at dentistry as a possible profession for you.Can you answer "yes" to the five questions below? If so, you have passed a simple, but very important, test --a sort of entrance requirement for dental school.Are you skillful with your hands?Do you like to work with people?Is your health good?Does science interest you?Would six years of college be alright with you?Let us look at the first four questions right nowClever Hands. To even get into dental school, you must pass a test of "manual dexterit". A dentist must use his hands skillfully in very small spaces, and use them with controlled strength and gentleness.If you are very good at precise, detailed work with your hands --and like such work -- but cannot answer "yes" to the other questions.Working With People. Many people choose dentistry because they do not like to work for other people, but want to be their own boss. Working with people is, of course, something quite different. Dentists work with people under very difficult conditions every day. They need patience to put up with a patient's needless worries. They need calm to match his anxiety. Dentists must also have sympathy -- or at least a sympathetic manner -- like a physician's "bedside manner".Suppose you do not like taking all these pains with people. You could still enter dentistry if you chose a proper specialty. For instance, oral surgeons and oral pathologists have very little contact with patients. Dental teachers need to communicate with people, but in a much more relaxed way. If you are solitaryminded, you could be a research scientist.Good Health. Dentists stand on their feet a lot. They often work in awkward positions. They need a lot of stamina. Robust general health is a prime requirement for dentistry.Dentists need particularly good eyesight. This does not mean that you cannot wear glasses. With or without glasses, you have to identify some very small changes and very tiny structures in some corners that are difficult to see.The Scientific Mind. Do you like the science courses you have had in school? Do you enjoy the science columns and features in the news magazines?Good grades in all your subjects are important. They show that you have two qualities that you may get into dental field. Those qualities are intelligence and persistence.1. what would be the best title for the text? CA. A Test for CollegeB. Features for College StudentsC. Is Dentistry for YouD. The Benefits of Good Healthy and Skillfull Hands2. It is indicated in paragraph 2 that___. DA. the five questions are a test of every dental schoolB. if you say "yes' to the five questions you will be a dentistC. if you say "yes' to the five questions, you will get an entrance for a dental school that you wantD. the five questions are a simple ,but very important test for students who want to go to dental school3 dentists don’t have to possess _____ BA skillful handsB pass all the testsC good healthD group spirit4 which one is wrong according to the text? AA I wear glasses so I can’t be a dentistB dentistry is related to scienceC to be a dentist need intelligence and persistenceD not all people is suitable to be a dentist5 The word “stamina” is closest in meaning to ______. Bknowledge B endurance C characteristics D muscle翻译The pulp. The pulp consists of loose connective tissue and carries the blood, lymphatic and nerve supply to the tooth. Where it meets the dentine ,the surface of the pulp is covered by a layer of odontoblasts. These are columnar cells with oval nuclei, and each cell has a process that lies within a corresponding tubule in the dentine. Immediately internal to the odontoblast layer there is a narrow cell-free zone.Dentine. Physically and chemically dentine is very similar to bone, consisting of 30 percent organic material. As in bone ,the organic fraction consists of collagen fibrils embedded in a mucopolysaccharide cementing substance, and the inorganic fraction consists mainly of calcium phosphates in the form of apatite crystals. Unlike bone ,however, dentine contains no cell bodies but only cell processes, those of the odontoblasts ,in the dentinal tubule .The dentinal tubules are 2to3 um diameter and each runs through the whole thickness of the dentine from the cell body of the odontoblast to the surface of The dentine. There are cross-communications between the tubules, containing anastomosing branches of the odontoblast processes. Where calcification is incomplete, the separate globules can be seen, with the uncalcified or hypocalcified ground substance in between them. Such areas are referred to as interglobular dentine.Enamel. Mature enamel can be studied only in ground sections unless special methods are employed, since it is completely removed by routine histological decalcification. The inorganic material is an apatite and small organic fraction is mainly of keratinous nature. Enamel consists of rods or prisms in an interprismatic substance that is slightly less mineralized than the rods themselves. Each rod runs from the enamel-dentine junction through the whole thickness of the enamel to its surface, following a slightly wavy course. The rods have a “fish-scale” appearance in cross-section, with an average diameter of 4 um.牙髓。

C 提高缝合速度D 减小伤口张力E 防止感染及愈合后瘢痕不明显43.带蒂皮瓣的断蒂手术一般在第一次手术后多久实施A 7天B 7－14天C 14－21天D 21－30天E 30－40天44.游离皮片移植失败的常见原因是A 缝合不严密B 皮片下有血肿C 加压包扎压力过大或过小D 游离皮片取得太薄E 患者贫血45.对偶三角瓣适用于A 整复邻近组织的缺损B 松解挛缩的瘢痕C 覆盖感染的创面D 作毛发的移植E 器官再造46.一般认为表皮损伤不超过哪一层即不会形成疤痕组织A 基层B 棘层C 颗粒层D 透明层E 角质层47.下列哪种组织移植方法不属于皮瓣移植：A.带真皮下血管网的全厚皮片B.胸大肌肌皮瓣C.前臂皮瓣D.“Z”字成形术E“V-Y”成形术48.下列哪种组织移植方法属于动脉皮瓣移植：A.带真皮下血管网的全厚皮片B.旋转皮瓣C.前臂皮瓣D.“Z”字成形术E.皮管移植49.下列组织移植方法哪种属于皮肤皮瓣移植方法：A.“Z”字成形术B.斜方肌肌皮瓣C.全厚皮片D.游离血管的腹股沟皮瓣E.带真皮下血管网的全厚皮片50.下列组织移植方法哪种既可以作为皮瓣移植也可以作为骨肌皮瓣移植：A.颈阔肌皮瓣B.胸三角肌皮瓣C.胸大肌肌皮瓣D.腹直肌肌皮瓣E.随意皮瓣51. 移植的皮片不可能获得如同正常皮肤的功能。

以下叙述不正确的是：A.感觉的恢复过程中，以痛觉、触觉恢复较早，冷热觉恢复较迟。

B.全厚皮片的交感神经机能可以再生，局部可以出汗，但不完全。

C.中厚皮片不含汗腺。

D.中厚皮片极少有交感神经再生。

E.全厚皮片局部丧失出汗功能，其交感神经机能不可以再生。

52.显微血管外科手术中小血管吻合是最基本、最常用的手术方法。

以下叙述正确的是：A.通常先吻合静脉，后吻合动脉；开放血管时应先开放静脉，后开放动脉B.通常先吻合静脉，后吻合动脉；开放血管时应先开放动脉，后开放静脉C.通常先吻合动脉，后吻合静脉；开放血管时应先开放动脉，后开放静脉D.通常先吻合动脉，后吻合静脉；开放血管时应先开放静脉，后开放动脉E.以上叙述均错误【填空题】53.获得性畸形与缺损的致病原因不一，在明确诊断前首先必须要弄清致病原因，常见的致畸病因包括、、等。

口腔英语试题一、选择题（Choose the best answer.）What is the term for the hard, calcified tissue that covers the crown of a tooth?A. EnamelB. DentinC. CementumD. PulpWhich of the following is NOT a type of periodontal disease?A. GingivitisB. PeriodontitisC. Tooth decayD. AbscessWhat is the main function of saliva in the mouth?A. Digestion of foodB. LubricationC. Protection against bacteriaD. All of the aboveWhich instrument is commonly used for scaling teeth to remove plaque and tartar?A. Dental drillB. ScalerC. ProbeD. MirrorWhat is the most common cause of tooth decay?A. BacteriaB. SugarC. AcidD. Genetic factors二、填空题（Fill in the blanks.）The _______ is the soft tissue inside a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves.Brushing your teeth at least _______ times a day with fluoride toothpaste helps prevent tooth decay._______ is a common periodontal disease that affects the gums.Saliva contains enzymes that help _______ carbohydrates in the mouth.Regular dental check-ups and professional _______ are important for maintaining good oral health.三、简答题（Short answer questions.）Describe the importance of flossing in addition to brushing your teeth.Explain the role of fluoride in preventing tooth decay.What are the symptoms of gingivitis?How does a dentist typically treat a cavity?Discuss the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene throughout life.答案及解析选择题解析1.【答案】A【解析】Enamel（牙釉质）是覆盖牙齿冠部的坚硬钙化组织。

口腔医学专业英语电子版1、77．–Hey! Any idea about learning abroad? --You （)google the College Board to learn the names of college you ____ be interested in [单选题] *A. may;needB. can; might (正确答案)C. will; shouldD. shall; must2、Which is _______ city, Shanghai, Beijing or Chengdu? [单选题] *A. largeB. largerC. largestD. the largest(正确答案)3、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people. （）[单选题] *A. could(正确答案)B. mustC. shouldD. would4、He has two sisters but I have not _____. [单选题] *A. noneB. someC. onesD. any(正确答案)5、12．That is a good way ________ him ________ English. [单选题] * A．to help；forB．helps；withC．to help；with(正确答案)D．helping；in6、26．—Mary, is this your pen?—No, it isn't. ________ is black. [单选题] * A．MyB．IC．MeD．Mine(正确答案)7、By the end of this month, all this _____. [单选题] *A. is changedB．will changeC. will have changed(正确答案)D. has changed8、The children are playing wildly and making a lot of?_______. [单选题] *A. cryB. voicesC. noises(正确答案)D. music9、—When are you going to Hainan Island for a holiday? —______ the morning of 1st May.（）[单选题] *A. InB. AtC. On(正确答案)D. For10、74．No person （）carry a mobile phone into the examination room during the national college Entrance Examinations．[单选题] *A.shall(正确答案)B.mustC.canD.need11、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the12、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness13、Many volunteers _______ food and water to the local people in Japan after tsunami(海啸）. [单选题] *A. gave out(正确答案)B. cut outC. put outD. found out14、Allen is looking forward to _______ his American partner at the trade fair. [单选题] *A. meetB. meeting(正确答案)C. be meetingD. having meeting15、The house was completed five months ago. [单选题] *A. 完成(正确答案)B. 复杂C. 开始D. 装着16、I think _______ is nothing wrong with my car. [单选题] *A. thatB. hereC. there(正确答案)D. where17、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *A. a littleB. a fewC. little(正确答案)D. few18、19．Students will have computers on their desks ________ . [单选题] *A．in the future(正确答案)B．on the futureC．at the momentD．in the past19、33．Body language is even___________ and ___________ than any other language. [单选题] *A．stronger, loudB．strong, louderC．strong, loudD．stronger, louder (正确答案)20、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)21、How _______ it rained yesterday! We had to cancel(取消) our football match. [单选题] *A. heavily(正确答案)B. lightC. lightlyD. heavy22、They took _____ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping. [单选题] *A.efficientB.beneficialC.validD.effective(正确答案)23、She _______ be here. [单选题] *A. is gladB. is so glad to(正确答案)C. am gladD. is to24、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *A. explain(正确答案)B. understandC. giveD. reach25、Marie is a _______ girl.She always smiles and says hello to others. [单选题] *A. shyB. friendly(正确答案)C. healthyD. crazy26、He went to America last Friday. Alice came to the airport to _______ him _______. [单选题] *A. take; offB. see; off(正确答案)C. send; upD. put; away27、Will you be able to finish your homework _______? [单选题] *A. by the timeB. in time(正确答案)C. once upon a timeD. out of time28、—John, How is it going? —______.（）[单选题] *A. It’s sunnyB. Thank youC. Well doneD. Not bad(正确答案)29、Simon does not（）his fellow workers because they often argue over trivial matters. [单选题] *A. get on with(正确答案)B. come up withC. do away withD. go on with30、The rain is very heavy _______ we have to stay at home. [单选题] *A. butB. becauseC. so(正确答案)D. and。

口腔内科学习题一、名词解释1.pulp necrosis2.sedative treatment3.step back technique4.work length5.牙菌斑6.深龋7.remineralization 8.microleakage9.smear layer二、填空1.氟斑牙与龋病的鉴别诊断要点是______。

2.Dental Plaque的基本结构、、。

3.早期龋典型病理改变是出现。

4.龋病的临床基本特点是牙体硬组织发生、_____、_____的改变。

5.畸形中央尖好发于______牙齿。

6.牙本质敏感症对______刺激敏感。

7.龋坏牙本质去尽的主要指标是。

8.牙髓活力测定方法有______、______、______和______。

9.牙髓感染的主要途径有______、______、______，感染根管中的优势菌群是______。

10.细菌引起牙髓根尖周损害的致病机制包括______、______。

11.根尖基点位于______，其临床意义是______。

12.国际标准规格的根管扩锉针的工作长度是______，锥度是______。

三、问答题1.牙髓尖周病疼痛问诊内容？2.简述Reversible pulpitis的诊断依据是什么？应与哪些疾病鉴别？如何鉴别？3.感染根管与非感染根管在根管预备、消毒和充填过程中有何区别？4.试述糖在龋病发生中的作用。

5.试述下颌第一双尖牙“DO”洞型的制备要点。

6.简述深龋的治疗原则。

5※<习题二>口腔内科学习题一、名词解释1.pulp necrosis2.sedative treatment3.step back technique4.work length5.牙菌斑6.深龋7.remineralization 8.microleakage9.smear layer二、填空1.氟斑牙与龋病的鉴别诊断要点是______。

2.Dental Plaque的基本结构、、。

华西口腔专业课考试最给力历年真题_02级至06级跨越整理分解内部资料06级牙体牙髓名解：Stephen Curve，reversible pulpitis，smear layer，再矿化治疗，继发龋，牙髓牙本质复合体，猛性龋，直接盖髓，间接盖髓，电活力试验，致龋性牙菌斑填空：龋洞内息肉的三个来源，牙隐裂的主要临床表现，牙内陷好发于那颗牙，畸形中央尖的好发牙，龋病最常见的致病菌，根管治疗适用于哪两类疾病。

想不全了大题：Miller化学细菌学说的内容和意义；列表比较急性牙髓炎和急性根尖周炎的临床特点；固位形有哪些；相对于银汞合金，复合树脂修复有哪些优势；牙髓根尖周病的致病因素（这题20分。

哭了）。

外科选择：20个，想不全了。

口腔颌面部清创一期缝合的最宽时间范围（6-8，12，24，48，72h），TMD治疗原则考了一个选择题，肾上腺素在局麻药中的作用，下颌骨急性前脱位最简单的制动方式，下列不是拔牙禁忌症的是（一年前的心梗），颞间隙感染错误的说法（不能到颅内），断根拔除根挺插入部位（断面较高一侧），颌骨骨折复位的标准。

填空：Le Fort 123型骨折线的走行，下颌骨骨折好发部位，上颌骨骨折的切口（两个空），引起前牙开合的骨折（两个），干槽症的处理原则（三个），颌面外科常用全麻方法（四个），可以区分左右的拔牙钳，拔除上颌尖牙需要麻醉的神经（三个）；儿童髁突骨折多为神马骨折，采用神马治疗，注意神马训练，预防神马；引起张口受限的间隙感染有哪些（四个）；放射性颌骨骨髓炎---有放疗史，发展缓慢；新生儿骨髓炎好发于--上颌骨，大题：拔牙后出血的原因及处理；切取活检的适应症和注意事项；窒息的原因；智齿冠周炎导致间隙感染的一个病例分析，就跟题库上面那个题一样，让判断有哪些间隙感染及处理要点；干槽症的临床表现及处理；修复名解：倒凹深度，倒凹坡度，美观卡环，基牙，直接固位体，后堤区，合位关系记录，解剖式牙，centric balanced occlusion, 卡环体，回转线，牙尖斜度填空：颊侧固位美观卡环有（三个），Christensen现象，诊断模型的四个作用，支托的功能，平衡合三因素，吸附力有哪两种，河堤后部与神马解剖标志平行，四种转动性不稳定，制锁角、制锁区，对半卡环适用于，上下颌骨分别吸收的方向，根据人工牙的合面形态有哪几类，有个空俺和强哥都填的“游离端缺失”想不起题干了，上颌第一磨牙在合平面上的牙尖大题：全口义齿固位和稳定的因素；全口义齿后牙排列的组织保健原则；前牙深覆合的修复；可摘局部义齿基托边缘伸展范围；垂直距离恢复不正确的表现；04级牙体牙髓病学：Smear layer、牙釉质发育不全、逐步后退法、固位形、再矿化、acquair pellic、根管工作长度、直接盖髓术、逆行性牙髓炎四联因素、急性牙髓炎与急性根尖周炎异同、深龋的治疗原则和方法、牙髓感染途径、上颌1开髓基本要求和注意事项04级材料：Monomer、研磨、熟石膏、极限强度、冷却曲线应力应变曲线、化学固化与可见光固化复合树脂比较、低铜、高铜银合金粉区别、全？金瓷结合、陶瓷新材料04级修复：补偿曲线、卡环体、倒凹深度、舌向集中合、合架、合位关系记录、交互作用三向集中原则、卡环作用、合架与人体解剖、深覆合修复、RPI减少基牙受力、全口固位、稳定原理、前伸不平衡前牙接触后牙不接触、垂直合位关系记录04级预防：RCI ART OHE 捷径调查初级预防氟牙症局部用氟原理、方法、优缺点机械控制菌斑方法、特点口腔健康教育评价04级外科：拔牙适应症、窒息原因、上颌1松动未脱落处理要点、扪诊哪三方面检查记录、儿童髁突骨折与关节强直的临床特点、咬肌间隙感染临床特点、治疗注意、清创步骤和注意事项，、口腔颌面外科与其他学科04级口腔临床药物：抗微生物药、麻醉性镇痛药、细胞周期非特异性药物、消毒防腐药、二重感染、宿主调节药、免疫增强药、辅助化疗四环素治疗牙周病机制、氨基糖苷特点、局麻药机制分类、IOE 作用、理想活髓保存药特点、CA(OH)机制、干扰素机制、CPM组成用法不良反应对抗、肝移植患者重度口腔念珠菌氟康唑是否合理03级材料老化、口腔种植陶瓷材料、聚合反应、混水率、流电性口腔材料生物学评价试验、光固化复合树脂组成各部分功能、全？瓷结合类型、银汞合金在口腔中易腐蚀原因，如何防止、简述某种口腔材料性能不足、如何改进玻璃离子水门汀的组成、口腔材料分类方法、包埋材料用于补偿金属收缩的有、延展率（）的材料为塑性材料、常温下金属塑性形变又称、彩色的特性包括、银汞合金充填后（）小时候可正常使用、比例极限、强度极限03级口腔临床药物：二重感染、分布、生物转化、每晨给药法、免疫调节药、消毒防腐药、姑息化疗比较丁香油酚和CA(OH)药理作用异同；戊二醛药理作用、临床应用；牙周缓释抗菌药特点孕妇严重口腔溃疡用反应停是否合理03级修复工艺：工作模型、功能性印模、铸道、工作授权、润湿性、粘砂、热中心印模制取常出现的问题、如何避免；模型设计的步骤和内容；浸蜡法制作冠桥的准备工作及作用；冠的制作方法；舌杆蜡型的设计要求；复制耐火模型材料的加热方法和灌注深度；连接杆、板蜡型要求；铸造不全的原因及对策03级牙体牙髓：静止龋、逐步后退法、涂层、混合层、逆行性牙髓炎、工作长度、抗力形、牙菌斑、生理性根尖孔深龋的治疗原则、窝洞制备原则和步骤、miller学说内容和在龋病病因学中地位、根管预备的目的和常用方法、急性牙髓炎和急性根尖周炎临床表现区别、与银汞合金充填材料相比牙色材料粘结修复的优点、牙髓炎细菌入侵途径窝洞制备中使用洞漆的目的是；畸形中央窝和急性中央尖分别好发于；牙髓功能；牙髓中神经纤维有；扩锉针长度锥度；牙本质过敏症的处理；引起根尖周炎免疫反应的抗原物质有03级活动修复：垂直距离、合架、基牙、间接固位体、RPD的交互作用、倒凹深度、全口中的二次印模法、中性区、固位制锁区；合架分哪几部分；五因素；基托作用；按颜色层次人工牙分；按颌面形态人工牙分；确定垂直关系的方法；肯氏（）无亚分类；圈卡适用于（），对半卡适用于（）；排牙原则有；义齿表面有垂直距离恢复不当的全口义齿有何表现、大连接体要求、三项集中原则是什么、在RPD修复前口腔准备工作中如何调整合平面和牙列不齐H合架和简单面弓为例，上合架的步骤；RPD摆动的处理方法；全口蜡型试戴时前牙接触后牙不接触的原因及调整方法；肯氏1类RPD设计原则和常见问题RPD设计时保护口腔软硬组织的具体方法05级口腔材料流电性，混水率，共聚物，amaglation,，过冷度金属晶格三种结构，银焊合金应用于（）合金的焊接。

口腔考研华西真题答案口腔医学是一门涉及牙齿、口腔及其相关结构的医学专业，考研华西真题是针对四川大学华西口腔医学院的研究生入学考试真题。

以下是一些模拟的真题答案，仅供参考：1. 牙周病的预防措施包括哪些？牙周病的预防措施主要包括：定期口腔检查和清洁，正确的刷牙方法，使用牙线和间隙刷清理牙缝，保持良好的口腔卫生习惯，避免吸烟，控制糖尿病等全身性疾病，以及合理饮食，避免高糖食物。

2. 描述牙髓炎的临床表现和治疗方法。

牙髓炎的临床表现通常包括剧烈的牙痛，尤其是在夜间，冷热刺激痛，以及可能的牙齿变色。

治疗方法包括根管治疗，即清除感染的牙髓组织，消毒根管，然后填充根管，有时还需要进行牙冠修复。

3. 口腔癌的早期症状有哪些？口腔癌的早期症状可能包括口腔内不愈合的溃疡，口腔内肿块，牙齿松动，口腔出血，吞咽困难，以及颈部淋巴结肿大等。

早期发现和治疗是提高治愈率的关键。

4. 简述牙齿矫正的基本原理。

牙齿矫正的基本原理是通过施加持续、轻微的力量，使牙齿在牙槽骨中移动到预定的位置。

这通常需要使用牙套、牙箍或其他矫正器具。

矫正过程中，牙槽骨会逐渐重建，以适应牙齿的新位置。

5. 口腔黏膜疾病的治疗方法有哪些？口腔黏膜疾病的治疗方法取决于具体的病因和病情。

常见的治疗方法包括药物治疗（如抗生素、抗病毒药物、抗真菌药物）、局部治疗（如涂抹药膏或凝胶）、物理治疗（如激光治疗）以及手术治疗。

同时，还需要注意口腔卫生和营养支持。

6. 简述牙齿美白的方法。

牙齿美白的方法包括家庭美白和专业美白。

家庭美白通常使用美白牙膏或美白贴片，而专业美白则可能涉及使用过氧化氢等化学物质进行牙齿表面的清洁和漂白。

此外，还可以通过瓷贴面或全瓷冠等修复手段来改善牙齿颜色。

请注意，这些答案是基于一般口腔医学知识编写的，实际考试中的答案应以官方发布的真题和答案为准。

同时，口腔医学是一个不断发展的领域，考生应关注最新的医学研究和临床实践。

口腔专业英语考试一英汉互译（20分）1牙槽骨2 local anesthesia3 caries4 根尖感染5 gingivitis6 pericoronitis7 髓角8颞颌关节9 leukoplakia10骨结合11 fibroosseous integration12 根管治疗13菌斑14 drug-induced gingivitis15咬合16 osteomyelitis of the jaws17 ameloblastoma18 palpation19汞合金20可复性牙髓炎二阅读理解（40分）A Gay BiologistMolecular biologist Dean Hammer has blue eyes, light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes, spends long hours in an old laboratory at the US National Institute of Health, and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly, matter-of-factly gay.What is it that makes Hammer who he is? What, for that matter, accounts for the talents and traits that make up anyone's personality? Hammer is not content merely to ask such questions; he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular psychology, Hammer is exploring the role genes play in governing the very core of our individuality. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay, thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions.That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journals, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Hammer's creative new book, living with Our Genes. "You have about as much choice in some aspect of your personality." Hammer and co-author Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, "As you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet."Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the importance of genes onstudies of identical twins. For example, psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hammer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation..Hammer switched to behavioral genetics from basic research, after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, Hammer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to."Frankly, I was bored, "he remembers, "and ready for something new."Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject. "I'm gay," Hammer says with a shrug, "but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosity-and the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research"1. The first paragraph describes Hammer's ( )A. looks, hobbies and characterB. viewpoint on homosexualityC. unique life-styleD. scientific research work2. Hammer was a ( )A. psychiatristB. physiologistC. chemistD. biologist3. What is Hammer doing now? ( )A. He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one's intelligence.B. He is exploring the role of genes in deciding one's personality.C. He is writing a book entitled "Live with Our Genes."D. He is trying to answer some questions on a test paper.4. What happened to Hammer's research interest? ( )A. He turned to basic research.B. He sticked to basic research.C. He turned to behavioral genetics.D. He sticked to behavioral genetics.5. According to Hammer, what was one of the main reasons for him to choose homosexual behavior as his research subject? ( )A. He is a gay and he wants to cure himself.B. He was curious about it as a scientist.C. He was curious about it like everyone else.D. It is a subject that can lead to political success.Silent and DeadlyTransient ischemic attacks（TIAS）, or mini-strokes, result from temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain. Unlike full strokes, they present symptoms lasting anywhere from a fewseconds to 24 hours. Rarely do they cause permanent neurological damage, but they are often precursors of a major stroke."Our message is quite clear," says Dr. Robert Adams, professor of neurology at the Medical College of Georgia in August. "TIAS，while less severe than strokes in the short term, are quite dangerous and need a quick diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate follow-up to prevent future injury."Unfortunately, mini-strokes are greatly under diagnosed. A study conducted for the National Stroke Association indicates that 2.5% of all adults aged 18 or older（about 4.9 million people in the U. S. ）have experienced a confirmed TI A. An additional 1.2 million Americans over the age of 45, the study showed, have most likely suffered a mini-stroke without realizing it. These findings suggest that if the public knew how to spot the symptoms of stroke, especially mini-strokes, and sought prompt medical treatment, thousands of lives could be saved and major disability could be avoided.The problem is that the symptoms of a mini-stroke are often subtle and passing. Nonetheless, there are signs you can look out for:*Numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body.*Trouble seeing in one or both eyes.*Confusion and difficulty speaking or understanding.*Difficulty walking, dizziness or loss of coordination.*Severe headache with no known cause.Along with these symptoms, researchers have identified some key indicators that increase your chances of having a full-blown stroke after a TIA: if you're over 60, have experienced symptoms lasting longer than 10 minutes, feel weak and have a history of diabetes.As with many diseases, you can help yourself by changing your lifestyle. The first things you should do are quit smoking, limit your intake of alcohol to no more than a drink or two a day and increase your physical activity. Even those who suffer from high blood pressure or diabetes can improve their odds-and minimize complications if they do have a stroke-by keeping their illness under control.If you experience any of the symptoms, your first call should be to your doctor. It could be the call that saves your life.6. Which of the following is NOT true of mini-strokes? ( )A. The cause of them remains unidentified.B. They seldom cause permanent neurological damage.C. They symptoms of them are often passing.D. They are not unrelated to major strokes.7. To prevent mini-strokes from turning into major strokes, it is important to ( )A. saves thousands of lives.B. avoids major disability.C. seeks prompt medical treatment.D. prevents future injury.8. The passage indicates that the symptoms of mini-strokes ( )A. are always easy to spot.B. are frequently hard to recognize.C. usually last a couple of days.D. can by no means be avoided.9. All of the following may be signs of mini-strokes EXCEPT for ( )A. trouble seeing in one eyeB. numbness in the faceC. loss of coordinationD. severe headache caused by external injury.10. It can be inferred from the passage that mini-strokes are ( )A. more dangerous than major strokesB. silent and deadlyC. difficult to cureD. sure to lead to major strokesA New FindingBritish cancer researchers have found that childhood leukaemia is caused by an infection and clusters of cases around industrial sites are the result of population mixing that increases exposure. The research published in the British Journal of Cancer backs up a 1988 theory that some as yet unidentified infection caused leukaemia-not the environmental factors widely blamed for the disease."Childhood leukaemia appears to be an unusual result of a common infection," said Sir Richard Doll, an internationally-known cancer expert who first linked tobacco with lung cancer in 1950. "A virus is the most likely explanation. You would get an increased risk of it if you suddenly put a lot of people from large towns in a rural area, where you might have peopie who had not been exposed to the infection." Doll was commenting on the new findings by researchers at Newcastle University, which focused on a cluster of leukaemia cases around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in Cumbria in northern England. Scientists have been trying to establish why there was more leukaemia in children around the Sellafield area, but have failed to establish a link with radiation or pollution. The Newcastle University research by Heather Dickinson and Louise Parker showed the cluster of cases could have been predicted because of the amount of population mixing going on in the area, as large numbers of con- struction workers and nuclear staff moved into a rural setting. "Our study shows that population mixing can account for the, (Sellafield) leukaemia cluster and that all children, whether their parents are incomers or locals, are at a higher risk if they are born in an area of high population mixing," Dickinson said in a statement issued by the Cancer Research Campaign, which publishes the British Journal of Cancer.Their paper adds crucial weight to the l988 theory put forward by Leo Kinlen, a cancer epidemiologist at Oxford University, who said that exposure to a common unidentified infection through population mixing resulted in the disease.11 Who first hinted at the possible cause of childhood leukaemia by infection? ( )A Leo Kinlen.B Richard Doll.C Louise Parker.D Heather Dickinson12 which statement can be supported by Heather Dickinson and Louise Parker's new findings? ( )A Radiation has contributed to the disease.B Putting a lot of people from rural area in a large towns increases the risk of childhoodleukaemiaC Population mixing is the most important reason for leukaemia clusterD Childhood leukaemia is caused by an unusual infection.13 According to the passage, which of the following is true? ( )A Most people believe childhood leukaemia is due to environmental factors.B Population mixing best explains the cause of childhood leukaemia.C Radiation has nothing to do with childhood leukaemia.D Children born in a large town are at higher risk of leukaemia.14 Cancer Research Campaign is most possibly a ( )A medical journalB research instituteC private companyD governmental agency15 This passage is mainly about ( )A the cluster of leukaemia eases around the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing partB the kind of infection that causes childhood leukaemiaC the causes of childhood leukaemiaD a new finding by British scientistsMobile Phone and DiseasesA study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said.But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec(魁北克), said more research was needed to determine the serious-ness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.The study at Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said."We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body," Leszczynski said.Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaken the brain's protective shield against harmful substances.The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream. Leszczynski said.The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the blood-brain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable(能透过的), he said."Increased protein activity might cause ceils to shrink-not the blood |vessels hut the cells themselves-and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass." he said.Leszezynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result."These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort," he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimer's disease."Where the truth is do not know," he said.Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.16 According to Leszczynski, how does mobile phone affect one's health? ( )A Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make theprotective shield more permeable.B Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowingsmoothly.C Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it.D Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.17 What's the result of the French study? ( )A The harm of mobile phone radiation is life-threatening.B Mobile phone may affect one's normal way of thinking.C Sleep disorders could result from mobile phone radiation.D A protein called hsp27 is killed by mobile phone radiation.18 What kind of disease is not caused by the use of mobile phone? ( )A FatigueB HeadacheC Alzheimer's diseaseD Tuberculosis19 According to the passage, what would be the future of the use of mobile phone? ( )A People will be forbidden to use mobile phone.B People dare not use mobile phone because of its radiation.C People will continue to use mobile phone.D There will be new restrictions on the use of mobile phone.20 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? ( )A The research in Finland found that mobile phone radiation will affect one's brain.B Mobile phone radiation can cause increased activity in hundreds of protein in human cells.C Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink.D Leszczynski forbid his wife and children to use mobile phone after、his research.三翻译（20分）1 Gingival retraction is a way to detach free gingival from tooth surface and reveal the subgingival area as a result. While it has been wildly used in many oral therapies to make them more convenient and safer, it may damage our body in some ways.2 龈乳头的缺失形成的“黑三角”常带来美学效果的缺憾。