2001年1月老托福阅读解析第二篇

老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE2为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 2，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particularproperties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states,water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates manychemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which aretransported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds providesthe essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground,the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting whatare called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels thewater toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire stepin the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by runningfrom high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not randombut is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we defineresidence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one ofthe three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the timesare very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in theatmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in theocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principalreservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport onthecontinents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of waterover the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and somemagnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron,and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on whichvegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanicallyduring flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closelylinked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion.Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic network"(line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through thecycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness答案 AACCD CABD托福阅读不能过于依赖技巧有许多学员这么和我说，老托的阅读要比新托简单得多，甚至不看文章也能做对题。

TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。

化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。

约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。

太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。

这能使地球避免温度过高。

但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。

温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。

二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。

大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。

事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。

【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。

人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。

IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。

IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。

可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。

这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。

这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。

【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。

全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。

这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。

2001年1月TOEFL试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) He can have more than four guests athis graduation.(B) His brother isn’t going to graduate thissemester.(C) He didn’t know that Jane wanted to beinvited.(D) He’s going to invite Jan e.2. (A) Listen to the traffic report on the radio(B) Take a later train.(C) Ron to catch the next train.(D) Check the weekend schedule.3. (A) Pelivet the notebook to Kathy.(B) Pind out where Kathy put the notebook.(C) Ask Kathy to explain the chemistrynotes.(D) Ask Kathy for the man’s notebook.4. (A) The walk is shorter than the womanthinks it is.(B) The lecture has already started.(C) They won’t have a problem gettingseats.(D) The lecture may be canceled.5. (A) The woman should have studied Frenchin Paris.(B) He didn’t study French in high school.(C) Living in Paris helped improve thewoman’slanguage skills.(D) The woman must have had a goodFrench teacher.6. (A) Apologize to his roommate.(B) Give the notes to the woman.(C) Call the woman tonight.(D) Take the woman’s notes to his roommate.7. (A) She doesn’t have time to talk to Dr.Foster.(B) She needs the additional time to finishher paper.(C) Dr. Foster hasn’t finished grading thepapers.(D) She wants the man to help her with herpaper.8. (A) Phone the Cliffside Inn for areservation.(B) Ask her parents to come a differentweekend.(C) Call local hotels again in a few days.(D) Find a hotel again in a few days.9. (A) Main her some information about theconference.(B) Drive her to the conference.(C) Attend the conference in her place.(D) Collect her main while she’s at theconference.10. (A)The man should stop by the bookstoreon the way to class.(B) The man can return the books hedoesn’t need.(C) The man should have bought his booksearlier.(D) The man won’t need books on the firstday of class.11. (A) Help the man with his essay.(B) Ask Sue to rehearse with her.(C) Wait to rehearse until the man hasfinished his essay.(D) Meinerize her lines by herself.12. (A) Show her the newspaper that he’stalking about.(B) Think about getting an internship atanother place.(C) Sign up for more than one journalismclass.(D) Call T he Times about the internship.13. (A)He isn’t as good a tennis player as heused to be.(B) He hasn’t had time to play tennisrecently.(C) He caught a cold shortly after thetournament.(D) He think he’s more importan t than heis.14. (A)He’ll graduate before the woman.(B) He hopes to graduate before thesummer.(C) He doesn’t want to attend schoolyear-round.(D) The woman won’t be able to keep upthe pace.15. (A) It’s too late to buy the morni ngnewspaper.(B) He doesn’t want to go to the concert.(C) The box office is closed today.(D) All of the tickets have been sold.16. (A) The woman swims as well as he does.(B) He doesn’t have time to teach thewoman to swim.(C) He doesn’t enjoy swimming.(D) He learned to swim at a young age.17. (A) She has already started working on herresearch project.(B) She can’t decide on a research topic.(C) She’d like to discuss her research withthe man.(D) She has to change the subject of herresearch.18. (A) Introduce the woman to his neighbor.(B) Get a key from his neighbor.(C) Study in his neighbor’s apartment.(D) Borrow some books from hisneighbor.19. (A) The man shouldn’t hire th e same tutorthat she had.(B) She isn’t prepared for the midtermexam either.(C) It’s too late to find a tutor.(D) The man should hire a tutor before themidterm exam20. (A) Stay in the hotel for at least twonights.(B) Leave the hotel the next morning.(C) Ask the hotel clerk for her room key.(D) Complain to the manager about theextra charges.21. (A) He doesn’t recommend going toCentral Mountain.(B) He doesn’t plan to go skiing duringspring break.(C) He has never been to CentralMountain.(D) He isn’t an experienced skier.22. (A) She knows who the top history studentis.(B) She hasn’t read the campus newspapertoday.(C) The man is mistaken.(D) It’s surprising that her roommate likeshistory.23. (A) He’s not qualified to proofread thewoman’s report.(B) He’ll be able to talk to the woman in afew minutes.(C) He hadn’t noticed a lot of the woman’smistakes.(D) He thinks the woman should haveasked him sooner.24. (A) Practice her presentation in front ofhim.(B) Find out who her audience will betomorrow.(C) Try not to think about her audience.(D) Watch him make his presentation.25. (A) She’s also curious about who won thegame.(B) She didn’t go to the game.(C) She was sitting right behind the man atthe game.(D) She also left the game early.26. (A) Make a shopping list.(B) Buy some groceries.(C) Finish making the salad.(D) Wait for the woman to return.27. (A) He finds the dictionary very useful.(B) He knows where the woman put thedictionary.(C) he doesn’t expect the woman toreplace the dictionary.(D) The woman should buy her owndictionary.28. (A) She plans to miss soccer practice.(B) She’ll arrive at the party after(C) Soccer practice will end later thanusual.(D) She’ll go to soccer practice after theparty.29. (A) Dr. Smith told her somethingimportant.(B) Dr. Smith didn’t under stand what shesaid.(C) She wanted to protect Dr. Smith’sfeelings.(D) She didn’t intend to say what she said.30. (A) He sells paint supplies.(B) He plans to take an art class with thewoman.(C) He works as an artist.(D)He works in an art museum.31. (A) The cost of meals in the cafeteria.(B) The size of the cafeteria.(C) Career opportunities in cafeterias.(D) The food served in the cafeteria.32. (A) Giving advice on nutrition.(B) Cooking food for the students.(C) Listening to complaints about service.(D) Serving food to the students.33. (A) Find other students who will work inthe cafeteria.(B) Collect students’ opinions about meals.(C) As students to try a new dish he hasmade.(D) Teach students about thedisadvantages of frying food.34. (A) Stop serving hamburgers and friedchicken.(B) Use less sauce on the food.(C) Make some of the meals less fattening.(D) Buy less expensive food.35. (A) Somewhat curious.(B) V ery skeptical.(C) Quite irritated.(D) Not at all interested.36. (A) That he’ll be performing in a concert.(B) That he had a conversation with thedirector of a choir.(C) That he heard a new musicalcompositionby Barbara Johnson.(D) That he’s been translating some Latinpoems for a class.37. (A) They’re members of the Latin club oncampus.(B) They work as editors.(C) They attended the same concert.(D) Music is their major field of study.38. (A) She was upset.(B) She was confused.(C) She was amused.(D) She was grateful.39. (A) Some photographs that he took of herduring the concert.(B) A tape recording that he made of theconcert.(C) A review of the concert that he wrotefor the campus paper.(D) The corrected text from the programof the concert.40. (A) The skills cowboys learned on therange.(B) The evolution of rodeos.(C) The recent decline in the popularity ofrodeos.(D) The growth of the cattle industry.41. (A) They were small informal events.(B) Competitors were awarded largeprizes.(C) Large audiences attended them.(D) There were standard rules for judgingevents.42. (A) It is the only traveling rodeo.(B) it is the largest agricultural fair.(C) It is the oldest annual rodeo.(D) It was the first rodeo to chargeadmission.43. (A) How animals react to frighteningsituations.(B) Why mice are particularly fearfulanimals.(C) Whether fearfulness is a genetic trait.(D) Why certain animals are feared byhumans.44. (A) They fought with the other mice.(B) They stayed close to their mothers.(C) They ran back and forth constantly.(D) They remained close to one wall.45. (A) The extent of damage to the nervoussystem.(B) The presence or absence of certainnerve-cell receptors.(C) The size of nerve-cell receptors in thebrain.(D) The level o f danger in the mammal’senvironment.46. (A) To show the relationship betweenfearfulness and environment.(B) To give examples of animals thataren’t fearful.(C) To compare fear in mammals to fear inother animals.(D) To identify the nerves that control fearin certain animals.47. (A) Why water flows from artesiansprings.(B) How artesian wells are drilled.(C) Why artesian springs are important togeologic research.(D) How aquifers are formed.48. (A)They pump water from the aquifer.(B) They purify the water in the aquifer.(C) They store excess water from theaquifer.(D) They trap water in the aquifer.49. (A)By eroding layers of sediment above it.(B) By traveling through cracks in layersof rock.(C) By reversing its flow down theaquicludes.(D) By boiling up through pores in theaquifer. 50. (A) It pushes the water upward.(B) It keeps the water cool.(C) It holds the water underground.(D) It creates holes in the aquiclude.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. A three-foot octopus can crawl through a hole------ in diameter.(A) than one inch less(B) less than one inch(C) one less inch than(D) tan less one inch2. ------adopted the decimal system of coinage in 1867.(A) Canada(B) When Canada(C) Canada, which(D) There was Canada3. Generally, the representatives ------ a legislature are constitutionally elected by a broad spectrumof the population.(A) who they compose(B) who compose(C) ad compose(D) compose4. The Actor’s Studio, a professional actors’ workshop in New Y ork City, provides-----where actors can work together without the pressure of commercial production.(A) a place and(B) a place(C) so that a place(D) a place is5. ------ that life began billions of years ago in the water.(A) It is believed(B) In the belief(C) The belief(D) Believing6. by 1872 the United States had 70 engineering colleges, ------ astonishing expansion creditedlargely to the Morrill Act of 1862.(A) because(B) an(C) to which(D) was7. The artist Romare Bcarden was ------ whose yellows, deep blues, and fuchsias contrasted strongly with photographic gray in his bright collages.(A) with a gift for color(B) a gifted colorist(C) a gift with colorful(D) gifted with coloring8. The most important chemical catalyst on this planet is chlorophyll, -------carbon dioxide and water react to form carbohydrates.(A) whose presence(B) which is present(C) presenting(D) in the presence of which9. One theory of the origin of the universe is -------from the explosion of a tiny, extremelydense fireball several billion years ago.(A) because what formed(B) the formation that(C) that it formed(D) when forming10. Roads in the United States remained crude, ------- with graved or wood planks, until the beginning of the twentieth century.(A) were unsurefaced or they coveredthem(B) which unsureface or covered(C) unsurfaced or covered them(D) unsurfaced or covered11. portrait prints were the first reproductions of American paintings ------- widely distributed in the United States.(A) were(B) that which(C) that being(D) to be12. Abigail Adams was prodigious letter writer, ------- many editions of her letters have been published.(A) who(B) and(C) in addition to(D) due to13. In geometry, an ellipse may be defined asthe locus of all points -------distances from two fixed points is constant.(A) which as the sum of(B) of the sum which(C) whose sum of whose(D) whose sum that the14. -------at the site of a fort established by the Northwest Mounted Police, Calgary is now one of Canada’s fastest growing cities.(A) Built(B) It is built(C) To build(D) Having built15. An image on a national flag can symbolizepolitical ideals that -------express.(A) take many words to otherwise would.(B) would take to many otherwise words(C) many words to take would otherwise(D) would otherwise take many words to16. A variation of collodion photography was the tintype, which captured images on a black orA B C dark brown metal plate instead from on glass.D17. In cases of minor injury to the brain. Amnesia is likely to be a temporarily condition.A B C D18. The system of chemical symbols, first devised about 1800. gives a concise and instantlyA Brecognizable description of a element or compound.C D19. The fact that white light is light composed of various wavelengths may be demonstrating byA B Cdispersing a beam of such light through a prism.D20. Over the course of history, much civilizations developed their own number systems.A B C D21. In the United States during the Second World War, each trade unions and employers avoidedA Bfederal limits on wages by offering employees nontaxable medical benefits.C D22. Philosophy is the study of the nature of reality, knowledge, existent, and ethics by means ofA B C Drational inquiry.23. Poems vary in length from brief lyric poems to narrative or epic poems, which can be as broadA B Cin scope than a novel.D24. The population of California more than doubled during the period 1940-1960, creatingA Bproblems in road-building and provide water for its arid southern section.C D25. Although based it on feudal models, the colony of Pennsylvania developed a reputation for aA B Cprogressive political and social outlook.D26. Hard and resistant to corrosion, bronze is traditionally used in bell casting and is the materialA Bused widely most for metal sculpture.C D27. The Appalachian Mountains formation a natural barrier between the eastern seaboard and theA Bvast lowlands of the continental interior of North America.C D28. The United States census for 1970 showed that the French-speaking residents of LouisianaA Bwere one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic minority.C D29. When used as food additives, antioxidants prevent fats and oils from become rancid whenA B Cexposed to air, and thus extend their shelf life.D31. Copper was the first metallic used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility throughA B Cthe ages.D32. Despite the fact that lemurs are general nocturnal, the ring-tailed lemur travels by day in bandsA B Cof four to twelve individuals.D33. The Western world is beset with the range of problem that characterize mature, postindustrialA B Csocieties.D34. Acrylic paints are either applied using a knife or diluted and spreading with a paintbrush.A B C D35. Some marine invertebrates, such as the sea urchin and the starfish, migrates from deep waterA Bto shallow during spring and early summer to spawn.C D36. Marshes, wetland areas characterized by plant grassy growth, are distinguished from swamps,A B Cwetlands where trees grown.D37. Wampum, beads used as a form of exchange by some Native Americans, was made of bits ofA B Cseashells cut, drill, and strung into belts.C38. Kangaroos use their long and powerful tails for balance themselves when sitting upright orA B C Djumping.39. Proper city planning provides for the distribution of public utilities, public buildings, parks,A Band recreation centers, and for adequate and the inexpensive housing.C D40. Most traditional dances are made up of a prearranged series of steps and movements, butA Bmodern dancers are generally free to move as they choice.C DSection Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestions 1-9In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Y ellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar To that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas5) a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. Peopleare permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.10) Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decadeslater, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National MarineSanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.15) The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new managementpractices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, areoffered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.20) Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and othercountries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the UnitedStates government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves.Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others range 25) from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parksin countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come torecognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas.whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Differences among marine parks,sanctuaries, and reserves(B) V arious marine conservation programs(C) International agreements on coastalprotection(D) Similarities between land and seaprotected environments2. The word ―intent‖ in line 3 is closest inmeaning to(A) repetition(B) approval(C) goal(D) revision3. The word ―administered‖ in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) managed(B) recognized(C) opposed(D) justified 4. The word ―these‖ in line 11 refers to(A) sites(B) candidates(C) decades(D) sanctuaries5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an example of a sanctuary that(A) is not well know(B) covers a large area(C) is smaller than the Fagatele BayNational Marine Sanctuary(D) was not originally proposed forsanctuarystatus6. According to the passage, when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?(A) Before 1972(B) After 1987(C) One hundred years before nationalparks were established(D) One hundred years after Y ellowstoneNational Park was established7. According to the passage, all of the following are achievements of the National Marine Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT(A) the discovery of several new marineorganisms(B) the preservation of connections betweenindividual marine species(C) the protection of coastal habitats(D) the establishment of areas where thepublic can observe marine life 8. The word ―periphery‖ in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) depth(B) landmass(C) warm habitat(D) outer edge9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United States?(A) Limitations in financial support(B) The use of marine species as food(C) V ariability of the climate(D) Increases in tourismQuestions 10-17From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailorfor clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a5) mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice asan assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchan ge for cash or for ―goods in kind‖ from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches fromcow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as ―an orchestra conducted by nature.‖ Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisanscould afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and toregularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, andapplying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality—and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ asmany shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.10. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Farming practices(B) The work of artisans(C) The character of rural neighborhoods(D) Types of furniture that were popular11. The word ―inception‖ in line 1 is closest inmeaning to(A) investigation(B) location(C) beginning(D) records12. The word ―fabricating‖ in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) constructing(B) altering(C) selecting(D) demonstrating13. It can be inferied from the from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was(A) especially helpful to woodworkers(B) popular in rural areas(C) continuous in winter(D) expensive14. Why did colonial artisans want to―regularizetheir schedules their schedules‖ (line 18)?(A) To enable them to produce high qualityproducts(B) To enable them to duplicate an itemmany times(C) To impress their customers(D) To keep expenses low15. The phrase ―resort to‖ in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) protecting with(B) moving toward(C) manufacturing(D) using16. The word ―few’ in lines 23 refers to(A) woodworkers(B) finished pieces(C) customers(D) chests17. It can inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were(A) simple(B) delicate(C) beautifully decorated(D) exceptionally long-lastingQuestions 18-28Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to thecity and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make 5) a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the generalposition in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physicalcharacteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important tothe continuing prosperity of a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost 10) unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-westtransportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world’s finest largefarming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding15) during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New Y ork City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadephia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New Y ork and shared New Y ork’s location at the western end of one of the world’s most important oceanic trade routes, but only New Y ork possesses an 20) easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwesternhinterland. This account does not alone explain New Y ork’s primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seemsparticularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power25) resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help todetermine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.18. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States(C) Historical differences among three large United States cities(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities19. The word ―ingenuity‖ in line 2. is closest in meaning to(A) wealth(B) resourcefulness(C) traditions(D) organization20. The passage suggests that a geographer wou ld consider a city’s soil type part of its(A) hinterland(B) situation(C) site(D) function21. According to the passage, a city’s situation is more important than its site in regard to the city’s.(A) long-term growth and prosperity(B) ability to protect its citizenry(C) possession of favorable weather conditions(D) need to import food supplies22. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicago’s location EXCEPT its.(A) hinterland(B) nearness to a large lake(C) position in regard to transport routes(D) flat terrain23. The word ―characteristics‖ in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) choices(B) attitudes(C) qualities(D) inhabitants24. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to(A) summarize past research and introduceanew study(B) describe a historical period(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another(D) define a term and illustrate it with anexample25. According to the passage, Philadelphia andBoston are similar to New Y ork City in(A) size of population。

2000年1月第二篇Questions 1-10Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continueto look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.Line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the(5)nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portionof the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This(10)(15)In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrotsand incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat theeggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural(20)act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the woodenthe embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from(25)direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extremetemperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secureplace to rest.题目解析：11. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.解析：文章第一段说鸟商们一直在寻找更好的方法来提高蛋产量和幼鸟的存活率，第二段主要讲了在自然环境下的孵化，第三段主要讲了在人工孵化的时候应该注意的事项，创造一个接近自然孵化的环境，以此来提高孵化率和存活率。

2001年历年阅读理解真题译文2001（1）专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。

通过将学科细化，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。

但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。

另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。

在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规律都有其例外。

但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。

19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。

特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种倾向自然尤为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。

因此，在19世纪，局部的地质研究本身就可形成一种有价值的研究；而到了20世纪，如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受，那么它越来越倾向于必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌。

另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。

其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。

这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。

类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。

然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。

2001（2）今天，人们十分关注所谓的是信息差异问题——世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异；这个差异确实存在，我和我妻子20年前就曾谈及这个临近的危险。

2001年考研英语阅读第二篇In the year 2001, candidates for the Graduate Entrance Examination in English encountered a challenging second passage in the reading section. This passage focused on the concept of creativity and its relation to intelligence and the educational system. In this article, we will explore the key ideas presented in this passage, analyzing the significance of creativity in education and its implications for intelligence assessment.The passage begins by questioning the traditional definition of intelligence, which has been predominantly limited to cognitive abilities such as logical reasoning and problem-solving. The author argues that this narrow view neglects the equally important aspect of creativity. According to the passage, intelligence should include creative thinking, as it plays a pivotal role in problem-solving and innovation.Furthermore, the passage highlights the unfortunate neglect of creativity in the education system. It argues that the emphasis on standardized testing and rote memorization leaves little room for nurturing creative thinking among students. The author suggests that creativity should be regarded as an essential skill, just like reading or mathematics, and that it should be fostered and evaluated throughout the educational journey.The significance of creativity in education extends beyond individual development. The passage posits that creative individuals contribute to societal progress by generating new ideas and approaches. The author emphasizes that in a rapidly changing world, the ability to think outside the box is essential for addressing complex challenges and improving various aspects of society.The passage also delves into the validity of traditional intelligence tests in assessing creativity. The author argues that these tests fail to capture the multifaceted nature of creativity and often overlook individuals with unconventional thinking patterns. As a result, the passage suggests that alternative methods of evaluating creativity should be implemented to provide a more comprehensive measure of intelligence.In conclusion, the 2001 Graduate Entrance Examination in English presented candidates with a thought-provoking passage focusing on the concept of creativity and its relationship to intelligence and education. The passage highlights the need to redefine intelligence to include creativity and calls for the integration of creative thinking within the education system. It emphasizes the importance of nurturing creative individuals who can contribute to societal progress and challenges the validity of traditional intelligence assessments in capturing creativity. This passage encourages readers to reconsider the significance of creativity and its implications for intelligence evaluation and educational practices.。

2001年阅读真题Text2 逐句翻译A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info（information）rich and the info poor.如今，人们在高度关注被称为数字鸿沟的现象，即将世界划分为信息丰富和信息贫乏。

And that divide does exist today.这样的划分在今天也确实存在。

My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.20年以前我的妻子和我就这个临近的危险作过报告。

What was less visible then, however（插入语）,were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.然而，抵制数字鸿沟的新现的、积极的力量在当时尚不明显。

There are reasons to be optimistic.有一些原因变使我们感到乐观。

There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. 这有科技的原因让我们希望数字鸿沟会缩小。

As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.随着互联网越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的，毕竟，在线的人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。

【2001年考研英语阅读第二篇】1. 背景介绍2001年考研英语阅读第二篇是考研英语阅读部分的一道题目，是考研考试中的重要部分之一。

该篇文章主要讨论了环境保护和可持续发展的问题，是当时社会上热议的话题之一。

文章内容涉及环境污染、资源消耗、生态平衡等方面的内容，对考生的综合能力和相关知识的掌握有较高要求。

2. 文章内容梳理文章主要包括以下几个方面的内容：1) 环境污染的现状和影响：文章首先介绍了环境污染的现状，包括大气污染、水污染、土壤污染等方面，并阐述了这些污染对人类健康和生态平衡造成的影响。

2) 资源消耗和可持续发展：文章接着讨论了资源消耗过快导致的问题，提出了可持续发展的理念和措施，强调了保护环境和节约资源的重要性。

3) 环境保护的责任和行动：文章还强调了每个人对环境保护的责任，呼吁大家采取行动，从个人做起，共同呵护地球家园。

3. 文章意义和价值这篇文章不仅在当时引起了广泛的关注和讨论，而且对今天的环保工作和可持续发展也有着重要的启示意义。

通过阅读和分析这篇文章，可以帮助人们更深入地了解环境保护和可持续发展的重要性，增强环保意识，落实环保行动，推动社会在经济发展的同时实现环境保护和资源节约的目标。

4. 其他相关建议建议考生在备考考研英语阅读时，注重阅读和理解相关环保和可持续发展方面的知识，提高阅读理解能力和综合运用能力。

在解答该题时，要逻辑清晰，结构合理，语法准确，表达流畅，客观准确地回答相关问题，从而获得更高的分数。

通过对2001年考研英语阅读第二篇的分析和理解，我们不仅可以提高自身的综合能力和知识水平，还可以为环保工作和可持续发展贡献自己的力量，实现个人价值和社会责任的统一。

希望广大考生能够认真对待这一部分内容，取得优异的考试成绩。

对于环境保护和可持续发展这一全球性议题，国际社会已经形成了广泛共识，各国也积极采取了一系列措施来应对环境问题并推动可持续发展。

然而，随着工业化、城市化和人口增长的加速，环境问题在一些地区依然十分严峻。

英语二2001年阅读理解解析一、题目分析1.1 题目内容2001年英语二考试中，阅读理解部分是考试的重要组成部分。

本次解析将针对阅读理解部分的题目进行分析和解析，帮助考生更好地理解题目内容和考点。

1.2 题目特点2001年英语二的阅读理解部分包括了多篇文章，涉及了不同领域的知识和信息。

题目分为多种类型，包括细节理解、主旨大意、作者观点等，需要考生综合运用英语阅读能力进行解答。

二、文章分析2.1 文章内容概述本部分将对阅读理解部分的每篇文章进行概括和提纲，并突出重点内容进行详细解析，帮助考生更好地理解文章内容和意图。

2.2 难点分析阅读理解部分的文章内容涉及范围广泛，包括科技、文化、历史等不同领域的信息。

考生在阅读和理解文章时可能会遇到一些难点，本部分将对这些难点进行解析，并提供解题技巧和方法。

三、解题技巧3.1 阅读技巧阅读理解部分需要考生具备良好的阅读理解能力，包括快速阅读、扫描信息、理解作者观点等。

本部分将介绍一些阅读技巧，帮助考生提高阅读效率和理解能力。

3.2 解题方法阅读理解部分的题目类型多样，需要考生在解题时灵活运用各种解题方法，包括排除法、归纳法、总结归纳等。

本部分将介绍这些解题方法，并提供实例演练，帮助考生掌握解题技巧。

四、案例分析4.1 题目实例本部分将选取2001年英语二阅读理解部分的一些典型题目进行分析和实例演练，突出考点，帮助考生更好地理解和掌握解题技巧。

4.2 题目解析对每道题目进行详细解析，包括题目背景、题目解题思路和方法，帮助考生理解题目要求和解题过程。

五、总结5.1 考点总结通过对2001年英语二阅读理解部分的题目进行分析和解析，总结出常见的考点和解题技巧，帮助考生在备考过程中有针对性地进行复习和练习。

5.2 辅导建议面对阅读理解部分的复杂题目，本部分将提供一些建议，包括备考方法、复习策略、解题技巧等，帮助考生提高解题能力和应对考试挑战。

六、参考资料6.1 相关书籍建议的相关书籍和教辅资料，帮助考生在备考过程中进行系统复习和提高解题技巧。

2001年1月2日2001年1月托福听力听力：话题：简历女：你好！我是来应聘酒店服务员工作的。

这是我的简历，麻烦你过目一下。

男：好的，请等一下，我来看一看。

（翻阅简历）哦，你的英语写得很好啊。

女：谢谢！我一直在学习英语，希望能够成为一名懂英语的服务员。

男：看到你的教育背景里写的是中专，你是在哪个学校学的？女：是在xx职业技术学校学的，主修酒店管理。

男：哦，那你在实习的时候有没有接待国外的客人呢？女：有的，我在一个酒店实习的时候，遇到了一批来自日本的客人。

我负责接待他们，沟通起来还是比较顺畅的。

男：太好了！那你有没有参加过其他的培训或者课程呢？女：嗯，我参加过一些家政、厨艺以及国际礼仪的培训班，都是想成为一名全方位的服务员。

男：这样很好！你对有什么样的服务态度呢？女：我认为，服务员首先应该做到微笑服务，让客人感受到温暖和亲切；如果客人有什么需要，我会以最快的速度满足他们的要求；同时也要注意细节，比如在用餐过程中随时观察客人的需要，提供额外的服务等等。

男：你的想法很好！那你有没有什么比较有挑战性的经历呢？女：有的，我曾经服务过一批有着特殊饮食要求的客人，比如一些素食主义者或者对某些食材过敏的人。

我和我的同事们，根据客人的要求和饮食习惯，精心准备了一系列符合他们口味的食品，客人也非常满意。

男：非常不错，那你还有什么其他的特长或者爱好吗？女：我比较擅长沟通和解决问题，同时我还喜欢运动和旅游，经常去旅游的时候，也会好好体验当地的旅游项目和当地的文化风俗，这样也能更好地了解和服务客人。

男：非常好！我觉得你非常适合我们酒店的服务员岗位。

我们会考虑你的申请，并给你尽快答复。

女：非常感谢！我会好好等待你们的回复。

男：好的，我们的面试就到这里结束了，谢谢你的参加。

女：谢谢你的面试，再见！。