老托福2000年5月阅读解析第五篇

2000年Passage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained. ［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPassage 5一、核心词汇注释acquisitivea. wanting very much to buy or get new possessions渴求获取财物的，贪婪的； acquire v. 获得，得到，取得anglen.［C］1.角，角度*2. a position from which you look at sth or photograph it; a way of considering a problem or situation 视角，（拍摄）角度；(看问题或情况的)角度，立场例：We need to look at the issue from a different angle从一个不同的角度来看这个问题vt. to present information, a report etc from a particular point of view or for a particular audience从某一特定角度提出，以某观点提供信息例：a report which was angled in favour of the victim 从有利于受害者的角度提出的报告vi. 1.钓鱼，垂钓 2.to try to get sth by making suggestions and remarks instead of asking directly(以暗示等方法)猎取，谋求例：angle for a pay rise 拐弯抹角地请求加薪distinctionn. 1. ［C］（相似事物之间的）差别，区别，不同 2. ［U］（事物或人按其质量、品质、等级等的）区分，区别对待例：The school makes no distinction between male and female students. 学校并没有对男女学生区别对待。

2000年全真试题Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1一、核心词汇注释at a loss困惑，不知所措例：I’m at a loss what to do next. 我对下一步做什么心里没谱。

casualtyn. 1. ［C］(事故或战斗中的)伤亡人员*2. ［C］（某特定事件或情况造成的）受害者，损坏物例：Small shops have been a casualty of the recession. 小商店在经济萧条中深受其害。

3. ［U］急救室，急诊室fadevi. *1.to gradually disappear逐渐消失例：Her beauty has faded a little. 她的美貌已有点失色。

2. to become weaker physically(身体)变得虚弱（尤指因此导致重病或死亡）vt.&vi.（使）褪色；（使）失去光泽例：The sun had faded the curtains. 太阳把窗帘晒得褪了色。

glowinga. 1.发红光的，白热的2.热烈赞扬的，热情洋溢的，例：a glowing account/report热情洋溢的叙述/报道*3.光明的，辉煌的；glow v.发热，发光，发红n.光亮，光辉handicapvt. give or be a disadvantage to sb/sth对（某人、某物）设置不利条件; 被施加不利条件例：be handicapped by a lack of education 因文化水平低而吃亏n.［C］1.（由于受到损坏而产生的身体或智力上的）残障，残疾*2.障碍，不利条件例：Illiteracy is a serious handicap in life. 不能读写是生活中的严重障碍。

3.（比赛或竞赛中加给强手的）不利条件（以示公平）例：She had a handicap of 7 in golf. 她在高尔夫球比赛中让了7杆。

Part OneA history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight t imes larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. （Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.）Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid 1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."1. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy2. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market3. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.4. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ____[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management [D] success in educationUnit 7 （2000）Part1重点词汇：1．handicap （v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i（n）+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。

2000年考研英语阅读全文翻译2000Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causesas a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubthas yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。

2000年考研英语阅读全文翻译2000Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causesas a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubthas yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。

考虫考研英语研究院2000 年考研英语试题译文2000 年考研英语试题译文【完形填空译文】：一个农民要想成功，就必须在消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距。

他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉。

只有生产有剩余，农民才能继续养活自己及家人。

他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作预防恶劣天气影响的保障措施，以及作为商品卖掉，来更换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。

他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠，或在其他方面改善自己的农场。

如果没有余粮，农民就不能自给自足，他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。

自然，他会尽量争取低息贷款，但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。

【阅读理解第一篇译文】：一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。

二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。

美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。

美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。

随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。

从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。

到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。

面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。

到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。

（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。

）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。

美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。

人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

所有这一切导致了信任危机。

美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。

他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。

The Power of Perseverance in the Pursuit ofDreamsIn the fast-paced and often unpredictable world of modern life, the journey towards achieving one's dreams can be a challenging and demanding endeavor. This is especially true when faced with obstacles and setbacks that seem insurmountable. However, as the fifth text of the 2000 Graduate Entrance Examination (GEE) aptly illustrates, perseverance and determination are the key ingredients in overcoming these challenges and ultimately achieving success.The text, which focuses on the life and achievements of a renowned scientist, Dr. Jane Goodall, serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of perseverance. Despite facing numerous difficulties and doubts in her quest to study chimpanzees in their natural habitat, Dr. Goodall never gave up. Her坚定的信念和不屈不挠的精神enabled her to overcome obstacles and make groundbreaking discoveries about chimpanzee behavior.The lesson here is clear: perseverance is not just about stubbornly sticking to one's goals despite setbacks,but about learning from failures, adapting to changing circumstances, and never losing sight of the end goal. Itis about finding the balance between persistence and flexibility, between staying focused and being open to new possibilities.In the world of academics, perseverance is perhaps even more crucial. The journey towards acquiring knowledge and achieving academic success often requires years of hard work, dedication, and perseverance. Students must bewilling to put in the hours, endure the frustrations, and persevere in the face of difficulties. Only through consistent effort and dedication can they hope to achieve their academic goals.Moreover, perseverance also plays a vital role in personal growth and development. It is through persevering in the face of challenges that we learn to grow and become stronger. Whether it's overcoming a personal fear, achieving a fitness goal, or simply staying committed to a daily routine, perseverance is the key to success.However, it is important to note that perseverance does not mean stubbornly sticking to a single path. Sometimes,the wisest course of action is to reevaluate one's goals and objectives in the light of changing circumstances. This kind of flexible perseverance allows us to adapt to new situations and seize new opportunities that may arise.In conclusion, the power of perseverance is an invaluable asset in the pursuit of dreams. It is thedriving force that propels us forward in the face of difficulties and setbacks. By combining perseverance with adaptability and a willingness to learn from failures, we can achieve anything we set our minds to. Let us draw inspiration from Dr. Jane Goodall's life and embrace the power of perseverance in our own journey towards success. **坚持梦想的力量**在现代社会快节奏且充满不确定性的生活中，追求梦想的旅程往往充满挑战和艰辛。

小编给小托儿们带来了托福TPO5阅读原文+译文+答案，希望备考TPO真题的同学一定要认真的看题、做题，多研究积累才能实现自我提升，预祝各位考生都取得理想的成绩。

Minerals and PlantsResearch has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normalgrowth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which areabsorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is agas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unableto support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, aredeficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of thismineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is amajor concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients backto the soil.研究表明，某些矿物质是植物正常生长发育所必需的。

阅读原文：?The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and avariety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl’s “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.中文翻译：广义的太平洋地区，传统上被称作大洋洲，由三块文化区域组成：美拉尼西亚，密克罗尼西亚和波利尼西亚。

2000年5月TOEFL试题Section Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-9The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon‟s face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body.Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.1. The passage answers which of the following questions?(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?(B) How does an animal‟s body size influence an animal‟s need for food?(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food for animals?(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?(A) Monkeys (B) Cats (C) Porcupines (D) Mice3. The word “they” in line 4 refers to(A) trees (B) climbing mammals of moderately large size(C) smaller species (D) high tropical canopies4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rainforest?(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to life in the canopy.(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy.(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do(B) a large animal‟s size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy(C) small animals are often attacked by large animals in the rain forest(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy6. The word “typify” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) resemble (B) protect (C) characterize (D) divide7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for small mammals?(A) Air friction against the body surface(B) The thickness of the branches(C) The dense leaves of the tree crown(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands8. The word …supplement” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) control (B) replace (C) look for (D) add to9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?(A) canopy(line1) (B) warm blooded(line5) (C) terminal leaves(line13) (D)springboard(line 21)Question 10-19During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions. During these Centuries, women remained invisible in history books.Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National, regional, and local women‟s organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources from the core of the two greatest collections ofwomen‟s history in the United States one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable materials for later Generations of historians.Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the nineteenth Cen tury, most of the writing about women conformed to the “great women” theory of History, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on “great men.” T o demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies, or else important women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for women‟s right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.10. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of literature in early American histories(B) The place of American women in written histories(C) The keen sense of history shown by American women(D)The “great women” approach to history used by American historians11. The word “contemporary” in line 5 means that the history was(A) informative (B) written at that time (C) thoughtful (D) faultfinding12. In the first paragraph, Bradstreet, Warren, and Adams are mentioned to show that(A) a woman‟s status was changed by marriage(B) even the contributions of outstanding women were ignored(C) only three women were able to get their writing published(D) poetry produced by women was more readily accepted than other writing by women13. The word “celebratory” in line 12 means that the writings referred to were(A) related to parties (B) religious (C) serious (D) full of praise14. The word “they” in line 12 refers to(A) efforts (B) authors (C) counterparts (D) sources15. In the second paragraph, what weakness in nineteenth-century histories does the author point out?(A) They put too much emphasis on daily activities(B) They left out discussion of the influence of money on politics.(C) The sources of the information they were based on were not necessarily accurate.(D) They were printed on poor-quality paper.16. On the basis of information in the third paragraph, which of the following would most likely have been collected by nineteenth -century feminist organizations?(A) Newspaper accounts of presidential election results(B) Biographies of John Adams(C) Letters from a mother to a daughter advising her how to handle a family problem(D) Books about famous graduates of the country‟s first college17. What use was made of the nineteenth -century women‟s history materials in the Schlesinger Library and the Sophia Smith Collection?(A) They were combined and published in a multivolume encyclopedia(B) They formed the basis of college courses in the nineteenth century.(C) They provided valuable information for Twentieth-century historical researchers.(D) They were shared among wome n‟s colleges throughout the United States.18. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century “great women” EXCEPT(A) authors (B) reformers (C) activists for women‟s rights(D) politicians19. The word “representative” in line 29 is closest in meaning to(A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctiveQuestion 20-29The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were Marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous Lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration. The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural forms. The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent surfaces. A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been buried. Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically Termed “art glass.” Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect pon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative techniques.France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of Glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today. Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian motifs.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War. The basic tenet of the movement-that function should determine from-was not a new concept. Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: from should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric relationships. This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor. The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural surfaces.21. What does paragraph 1 mainly discuss?(A) Design elements in the Art Nouveau style (B) The popularity of the Art Nouveau style (C) Production techniques for art glass (D) Color combinations typical of the Art Nouveau style22. The word “one” in line 4 refers to(A) century (B) development (C) style (D) coloration23. Paragraph 1 mentions that Art Nouveau glass was sometimes similar to which aspect of ancient buried glass？(A) The distortion of the glass (B) The appearance of the glass surface(C) The shapes of the glass objects (D) The size of the glass objects24. The word “prized” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved25. The word “overtaken” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied26. What does the author mean by stating that “function should determine form” (line 22)?(A) A useful object should not be attractive.(B) The purpose of an object should influence its form.(C) The design of an object is considered more significant than its function.(D) The form of an object should not include decorative elements.27. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason Functionalism became popular was that it(A) clearly distinguished between art and design(B) appealed to people who liked complex painted designs(C) reflected a common desire to break from the past(D) was easily interpreted by the general public28. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following statements about Functionalism?(A) Its design concept avoided geometric shapes.(B) It started on a small scale and then spread gradually.(C) It was a major force in the decorative arts before the First World War.(D) It was not attractive to architects all designers.29. According to the passage, an object made in the Art Nouveau style would most likely include(A) a flowered design (B) bright colors (C) modern symbols (D) a textured surface Question 30-40During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The surge often progresses along a glacier like a great wave, proceeding from one section to another. Subglacial streams of meltwater pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed, overcoming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders downhill Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. However, many of these glaciers exist in the same area as normal glaciers, often almost side by side.Some 800 years ago, Alaska‟s Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, andadvanced again 500 years later. Since 1895, this secentry-mile-long river of ice has been flowing steadily toward the Gulf of Alaska at a rate of approximately 200 feet per year. In June 1986, however, the glacier surged ahead as much as 47 feet a day. Meanwhile, a western tributary, called Valerie Glacier, advanced up to 112 feet a day. Hubbard‟s surge closed off Russell Fiord with a formidable ice dam, some 2,500 feet wide and up to 800 feet high, whose caged waters threatened the town of Yakutat to the south.About 20 similar glaciers around the Gulf of Alaska are heading toward the sea. If enough surge glaciers reach the ocean and raise sea levels, West Antarctic ice shelves could rise off the seafloor and become adrift. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The additional sea ice floating toward the tropics would incre ase Earth‟s albedo and lower global temperatures, perhaps enough to initiate a new ice age. This situation appears to have occurred at the end of the last warm interglacial (the time between glaciations), called the Sangamon, when sea ice cooled the ocean dramatically, spawning the beginning of the Ice Age.30. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) The classification of different types of surge glaciers(B) The causes and consequences of surge glaciers(C) The definition of a surge glacier(D) The history of a particular surge glacier31. The word “intervals” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods32. The author compares the surging motion of a surge glacier to the movement of a(A) fish (B) wave (C) machine (D) boat33. Which of the following does the author mention as a possible cause of surging glaciers?(A) The decline in sea levels (B) The occurrence of unusually large ocean waves(C) The shifting Antarctic ice shelves (D) The pressure of meltwater underneath the glacier34. The word “freeing” in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining35. According to the passage, the Hubbard Glacier(A) moves more often than the Valerie Glacier (B) began movement toward the sea in 1895(C) is 800 feet wide (D) has moved as fast as 47 feet per day36. Yakutat is the name of(A) an Alaskan town (B) the last ice age (C) a surge glacier (D) an Antarctic ice shelf37. The word “plunge” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift38. The term “vicious cycle” in lines 21-22 refers to the(A) movement pattern of surge glaciers(B) effect surge glaciers could have on the temperature of tropical areas(C) effect that repeated rising sea levels might have on glacial ice(D) constant threat surge glaciers could pose to the Gulf of Alaska39. The author provides a definition for which of the following terms?(A) Tributary (line 14) (B) Ice dam (line 15) (C) Albedo (line 22) (D) Interglacial (line 24)40. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?(A) The movement of surge glaciers can be prevented.(B) The next ice age could be caused by surge glaciers.(C) Surge glaciers help to support Antarctic ice shelves.(D) Normal glaciers have little effect on Earth‟s climate.Question 41-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed t o produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things”done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group‟s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group‟s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The problems faced by leaders(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups(C) How social groups determine who will lead them(D) The role of leaders in social groups42. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT(A) recruitment (B) formal election process(C) specific leadership training (D) traditional cultural patterns43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 8-9, the author is making the point that(A) few people qualify as “natural leaders”(B) there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist(C) “natural leaders‟ are easily accepted by the members of a social group(D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics44. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?(A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.(C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.45. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on(A) ensuring harmonious relationships (B)sharing responsibility with group members(C) identifying new leaders (D) achieving a goal46. The word “collective” in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular47. The word “them” in line 19 refers to(A) expressive leaders (B) goals of the group (C) group members (D) tension and conflict48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 22 b etween a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as(A) distant (B) enthusiastic (C) unreliable (D) personal49. The word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) avoid repeating (B) talk about (C) avoid thinking about (D) find a solution for50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of(A) examples that illustrate a problem (B) cause and effect analysis(C) narration of events (D) comparison and contrast。