专八人文知识--2

人文知识文学篇：1． Edmund Spencer 是英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的诗人，被誉为“诗人中的诗人”"Poet’s Poet"，首创“斯宾塞诗体Spencerian Stanza” (a verse form consisting of eight iambic pentameter lines)。

杰出作品《仙后》（The Faerie Queene），被誉为文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗”。

2．乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift: 18世纪英国爱尔兰讽刺小说和散文大家，用散文和小说两柄利器抨击英王朝的腐败、昏暗与罪恶。

作品：游记体讽刺小说Gulliver’s Travels、A Modest Proposal（谴责英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫）。

3． Francis Scott Fitzgerald，二十世纪美国小说家。

请注意他并不是“迷惘的一代”的代表作家，但与之相似，作品表现了一战后年轻一代“美国梦”的破灭。

代表作品有：The Great Gatsby（他最有声誉的小说），This Side of Paradise，T ender Is the Night ，T ales of the Jazz Age4． Alliteration: 在头韵体诗歌里，一行里的几个单词以相同的辅音开头。

例如：might and main, saints and sinners 等。

英语解释：Alliteration is a rhetorical device. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.5．朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow，19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。

他去世后英国的威斯敏斯特教堂的“诗人之角”Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey安放了他的半身像，是美国唯一获此殊荣的诗人。

专八人文知识真题答案答案解析本文将针对专八人文知识真题进行答案解析，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握相关知识点。

一、古代文学古代文学是中国优秀文化遗产的重要组成部分，对于理解中国传统文化和思想具有重要意义。

其中，诗、词、曲是古代文学中的重要体裁。

1. 诗诗是古代文学的瑰宝，通过简洁而富有意境的语言表达了诗人的情感和思想。

唐代被誉为诗歌的黄金时代，诸如李白、杜甫、白居易等诗人的作品至今仍被广泛传诵。

2. 词词是一种以抒情为主的韵文体裁，在宋代达到了极高的艺术成就。

苏轼、辛弃疾等词人的作品以其直抒胸臆、婉约清丽的风格受到了广泛的赞誉。

3. 曲曲是中国戏曲中的重要组成部分，融合了音乐、舞蹈和表演等艺术形式。

元曲和京剧是中国曲艺的两个代表性流派，具有独特的审美风格和表演技巧。

二、中国古代哲学思想中国古代哲学思想是世界文化宝库的瑰宝，深深影响着中国人民的价值观和世界观。

1. 儒家思想儒家思想强调人伦关系和道德伦理，注重个人修养和家庭和谐。

儒家思想的核心思想是“仁”，提出了仁者爱人、以文化教化人、推崇中庸的理念。

2. 道家思想道家思想主张顺应自然、追求真道和无为而治。

道家强调宇宙规律和自然法则，提出了“道可道，非常道”和“无为而治”的观念。

3. 墨家思想墨家思想主张兼爱、非攻，反对战争和压迫。

墨家的核心思想是“非攻”和“兼爱”，主张用爱代替战争，实现社会和谐与人类共荣。

三、中国古代艺术中国古代艺术以其独特的审美风格和艺术表现形式而闻名于世。

1. 中国古代绘画中国古代绘画以山水画、花鸟画和人物画为主要表现形式，注重“意境”的呈现。

历史上有许多著名的绘画家，如吴道子、顾恺之等，他们的作品至今仍被广泛赞誉。

2. 中国古代书法中国古代书法是中国文化的瑰宝，以其独特的艺术形式和审美追求而备受推崇。

楷书、行书、草书和隶书等是中国古代书法的主要流派。

3. 中国古代音乐中国古代音乐以其独特的音律和表演形式而享誉世界。

传统的古琴、笛子、二胡等是中国古代音乐中的代表乐器，让人们感受到中国古代音乐的魅力。

人文知识讲义2004年2月全国英语考试专业教学指导委员会修订专八考试大纲，2005年正式实施，开始新增人文知识的内容。

主要包括：英语国家概括、英语语言文学知识、和英语语言学知识。

测试要求：1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。

4题。

主要考察英国、美国必有（地理、历史、文化和政治），加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括，爱尔兰没有出现，2 英语文学知识。

3题。

文学部分英美文学作家作品，流派、文学贡献也会出现，及格律3 英语语言学知识。

3题。

语言学基本概念，及其代表理论、代表著作注意：人文一般不会考很偏的知识第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理：东南西北地理位置、人口3亿（人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等，主要为印第安人，首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人）、星条旗为国旗（13和50）、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》（1931年通过）、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，属于中央政府管理。

50州，最大阿拉斯加，最小罗得岛州，美国本土最大德克萨斯州。

美国又称为Uncle Sam（1961年美国国会正式承认），国花为玫瑰Rose。

美国本土共分为6大地区：New England：6州，最重要为马萨诸塞州（波士顿）、罗德岛州（普罗维登斯）和新罕布什尔（康科德）。

总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。

1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。

2 波士顿美国最古老的城市，有麻省理工学院和哈佛。

波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。

1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。

2 纽约是美国最大的城市，联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。

共有5个区：分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。

有帝国大厦和自由女神像。

哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。

纽约称为big apple。

3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。

4 葛底斯堡位于宾州，林肯曾在此发表过演讲。

专八人文知识总结人文知识广泛涵盖了人类文化、历史、艺术、哲学等领域的知识内容，是对人类智慧和精神创造的总结与归纳。

在专八考试中，人文知识是一个重要的考察点，下面将对人文知识进行总结与梳理。

一、文化艺术1. 中国传统文化：中国悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴是中华民族的瑰宝，包括中国儒家思想、道家思想、佛教文化、中国古代文学、绘画、书法以及传统音乐、舞蹈等。

这些都是中国文化的精髓，也是中国人民的精神支柱。

2. 西方文化：西方文化源远流长，包括希腊罗马文化、基督教文化、文艺复兴运动、启蒙运动、现代主义艺术等。

西方文化对世界文化的发展和影响不可忽视，它形成了独特的西方审美观和艺术风格。

3. 艺术形式与艺术家：艺术是人类精神的表达和创造，包括音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑、文学等艺术形式。

世界上有很多伟大的艺术家，如达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚、贝多芬等，他们的作品影响了世界，并成为人类文化的瑰宝。

二、历史1. 世界古代史：古代文明的兴衰是人类社会发展的缩影，从埃及、希腊、罗马到中国、印度等，每个古代文明都有其独特的历史背景和文化特点。

了解这些古代文明对于理解人类文明发展的脉络和演变具有重要意义。

2. 中国近现代史：中国的近现代史经历了清朝的衰落、封建社会的瓦解、列强入侵、辛亥革命、抗日战争、解放战争和新中国的建立等重大事件。

深入了解中国近现代史，可以理解中国社会的变革和现代化进程。

3. 世界现代史：20世纪是世界历史上变革最为剧烈的时期，包括两次世界大战、冷战、殖民地解放、科技革命等重大事件。

掌握世界现代史的知识，可以理解世界格局的演变和国际关系的发展。

三、哲学思想1. 中国哲学思想：中国哲学思想独具特色，包括儒家思想、道家思想、墨家思想、法家思想、名家思想等。

这些思想体系对中国社会和人民的思维方式和行为准则产生了深远影响。

2. 西方哲学思想：西方哲学思想源远流长，包括柏拉图主义、亚里士多德主义、康德哲学、黑格尔哲学、存在主义等。

专八人文知识（练习题+答案详解）专八人文知识（练习题+答案详解）专八人文知识练习（1）1. Morphology is a study of ___1___A. the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formationB. the uses of different types of utterances in different contextsC. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in natureD. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world2.Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?___2___A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs3. What is the minimal unit of meaning?___3___A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph4. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?___4___A. bedB. tressC. danceD. children5. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?___5___A. RainbowB. InactionC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant6. ___6___ are bound morphemes because they can not be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds7.Syntax mainly deals with ___7___A. how a language changes through timeB. how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.C. how the human work when they use languageD. how a language varies through geographical space8.Syntactic categories contain the type of ___8___A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. all of the above9.Which of the following is NOT the concern of a word category? ___9___A. A word category can be determined by meaning, inflection and distributionB. T o determine a word’s category by its meaning only is often not reliable.C. A word category can be embodied directly from its meaning.D. Distribution is more reliable than the meaning todetermine a word’s category.10. What elements does a phrase contain? ___10___A. Head, determine and complement.B. Head, specifier and complement.C. Head, specifier and complementizer.D. Head, determiner and complementizer.参考答案：ACBDD CBDCB专八人文知识练习（2）1. Where is Belfast?A. In Ireland.B. In WalesC. In Northern Ireland.D. In Scotland.2. The capital of New Zealand is_____A. Canberra.B. Ottawa.C. Wellington.D. Washington.3. Which of the following is NOT a U.K. newspaper?A. The Guardian.B. Christian Science Monitor.C. The Daily Telegraph.D. The Times.4. The community college is a kind of_____ college popular in_____ to satisfy the needs of both the individual and the society.A. five-year; U.K.B. four-year; U.K.C. three-year; U.S.D. two-year; U.S.5. James Joyce was a famous____ whose masterpiece Ulysseshas been highly eulogized in the Western literary world as one of the greatest works in the 20th century.A. Essayist.B. Novelist.C. Poet.D. Playwright.6. George Gordon Byron was famous for the following works except____A. Child Harold’s Pilgrimage.B. Queen Mab.C. Hours of Idleness.D. Don Juan.7. Which of the following is Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most noteworthy novel in the world?A. Gone with the Wind.B. For Whom the Bell Tolls.C. American Tragedy.D. The Scarlet Letter8.The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences is______.A. syntaxB. semanticsC. morphologyD. sociolinguistics9.Words like “Xerox” and ”Kodak” a re formed by____A. back-formationB. blendingC. coinageD. acronym10.Which of the following is NOT an approach for English language to enrich its vocabulary in the past several centuries?A. BorrowingB. UpgradationC. NarrowingD. Widening参考答案：CCBDB BDACB专八人文知识练习（3）1 _____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A Washington D.C.B Los AngelesC San FranciscoD New Y ork City2 _____ enjoys the worst social and economic conditions.A BlacksB HispanicsC IndiansD Asian Americans3 Washington D.C. is named after___________.A the U.S. President George WashingtonB Christopher ColumbusC both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD none of them4 American and British English are two_____ of the English language.A varietiesB elementsC partsD form5 The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was______.A Thomas JeffersonB James MonroeC James MadisonD Abraham Lincoln6 Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is_____.A Rhode IslandB VirginiaC TexasD Montana7 The national flag of the United States is known as_____.A the Star-Spangled BannerB Uncle SamC Hot DogD Union Jack8 The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the _____.A contribution a state has made to the nationB populationC sizeD none of the above9 The tern “Father of Waters” is used to refer to _____.A the Amazon RiverB the Mississippi RiverC the Nile RiverD the Hudson River10 The statue of liberty was given to American people by_____ as a gift in 1884.A FranceB SpainC ItalyD Britain答案详解：1 D,纽约是美国最大的城市同时也是最重要的经济中心和最主要的港口。

英语专业八级考试人文知识点(1)__1__ Who was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies?A KeplerB CopernicusC GalileoD Newton__2__ Whose discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important of all his achievement in ph ysics?A KeplerB Issac NewtonC GalileoD Copernicus__3__The three biggest newspapers are of the following except ___.A New York TimesB Washington PostC Los Angeles TimesD Reader’s Digest__4__Metropolitan Museum is in__.A Washington D.C.B BostonC New YorkD Philadelphia__5__The New Frontier was put forward by __.A KennedyB JohnsonC NixonD Benjamin Franklin__6__Who resigned because of Watergate Scandal, the first president to do so in American history?A KennedyB JohnsonC Richard NixonD Truman__7__Empire State Building is in___.A ChicagoB New YorkC Washington D.C.D Detroit__8__ “Knowledge is power.” Was said by__.A Francis BaconB ShakespeareC Thomas HobbesD John Locke__9__Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A John LockeB DescartesC Pierre GassendiD Thomas Hobbes__10__Jazz, a great contribution to the world popular music, was originated from the music of __.A IndiansB SpanishC NegroesD Portuguese答案解析：1选C。

1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。

4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。

5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。

冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。

6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。

14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。

人文知识练习1__1__Where is Edinburgh?A In WalesB In ScotlandC In Northern IrelandD In Ireland__2__ Which of the following is Not a U.S. news and cable network?A ABCB CNNC CBSD BBC__3__The Capital of Australia is __.A SydneyB MelbourneC CanberraD Perth__4__ Which degree is offered in community colleges in the United States?A Master’s degreeB Doctor’s degreeC Bachelor’s degreeD Associate’s degree__5__ George Bernard Shaw was a(n) __.A playwrightB poetC novelistD essayist__6__ John Galsworthy was most famous for__.A Heart of DarknessB UlyssesC The Forsyste SagaD A Passage to India__7__ The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by__.A Henry JamesB O. HenryC Harriet Beccher StowerD Mark Twain__8__The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in condition is__.A morphologyB general linguisticsC phonologyD semantics__9__Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A LandladyB GreenhouseC UpliftD Unacceptable__10__ The word holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies any which we don’t have to work. Thi s is an example of __.A meaning shiftB widening of meaningC narrowing of meaningD loss of meaning人文知识练习2（05年真题）__1__ The study of __ is Syntax.A textual organizationB sentence structuresC word formationD language functions__2__ Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A arbitrarinessB productivityC cultural transmissionD finiteness__3__ The speech act theory was first put forward by__.A John ScarlB Johan AustinC Noarn ChomskyD M.A.K Halliday__4__ The capital city of Canada is __.A MontrealB OttawaC VancouverD York__5__ U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) __ term.A eight-yearB four-yearC six-yearD two year__6__ Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.A HustonB BaltimoreC PhiladelphiaD Boston__7__The state church in England is __.A The BaptistB The Roman CatholicC The Protestant ChurchD The Church of England__8__ The novel Emma is written by__.A Jane AustenB ElizabethC Gaskell C Charlotte BronteD Mary Shelley__9__ Which of the following is not a Romantic Poet?A William WordsworthB Percy B. ShelleyC George G. ByronD George Eliot__10__ William Sidney Porter, known as O.Henry, is most famous for __.A his poemB his playsC His novelsD his short stories人文知识练习1答案：1-5 BDCDA 6-10 CDCDB1. 选B. Wales的首府为Cardiff, Scotland的首府为Edinburgh. Northern Ireland 的首府Belfast, Ireland的首府为Dublin.2. 选D。

专八人文知识一、概况1. 英国：①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：Godsave the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。

③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。

议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。

司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）2. 美国：①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：Lake Michigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara Falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River③纽约被称为“the Big Apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。

英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1．The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.（密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线）2．The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3．The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4．Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。

2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5．America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6．The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境)7．In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8．Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9．The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10．Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1．Of the fifty states of America, 38states now have the death penalty as punishment.（美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑）2．The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. （美国的主要四大部分不包括北部）3．The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. （美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响）4．California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. （加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多）5．“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6．The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。

专业英语八级-人文知识(二)(总分30,考试时间90分钟)Exercise OneThere are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. ______ is a satirist and the first writer in America to win the Nobel Prize in literature.A. Eugene O'NeillB. Sinclair LewisC. T.S. EliotD. William Faulkner2. Alaska lies in the ______ of North America, stretching southward from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.A. northwestern partB. southwestern partC. northeastern partD. southeastern part3. What is the name of the Lake in northern Utah of the U.S.A.?A. Lake Michigan.B. Lake Superior.C. Lake Erie.D. the Great Salt Lake.4. Among the four pillars of English literature, who was NOT born and raised in Ireland?A. Jonathan Swift.B. William Butler Yeats.C. James Joyce.D. Robert Browning.5. Which one of the following Ivy League Schools is situated in Connecticut?A. Yale University.B. Harvard.C. Princeton.D. Columbia.6. Who wrote Pygmalion which later was transformed into the highly popular New York Broadway musical My Fair Lady in 1956?A. Edgar Allen Poe.B. Charles Lamb.C. George Bernard Shaw.D. Alfred Tennyson.7. The famous short story The Fall of the House of Usher was written by ______.A. Charles DickensB. Edgar Allen PoeC. John Richardson (Canadian novelist)D. Henry Savery8. Who wrote a highly-acclaimed Novel Moby Dick?A. William James.B. Herman Melville.C. Ernest Hemingway.D. Cooper.9. Which one of the four is NOT correct?A. English-speaking countries are UK, USA, Canada, Barbados, etc.B. English-speaking countries are UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc.C. English-speaking countries are USA, Canada, Australia, the Republic of Ireland, etc.D. English-speaking countries USA, Canada, Australia, Egypt, etc.10. The branch of linguistics which studies the forms of words is ______ MORPHOLOGY.A. phonemeB. morphemeC. semanticsD. morphologyExercise TwoThere are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Markyour answers on your answer sheet.1. Who wrote and published the philosophical work Essay Concerning Human Understanding?A. John Milton.B. John Locke.C. Richard Steele.D. Joseph Addison.2. In the literature of sociolinguistics, ______ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioural rules.A. domainB. distributionC. dissimilationD. discourse3. Who wrote one of the most enduring classic poem Ode to the West Wind?A. William Wordsworth.B. Alfred Tennyson.C. Percy B. Shelley.D. David Burn.4. Which one of the following American cities is the birthplace of jazz?A. New Orleans.B. New York.C. Boston.D. Chicago.5. When did Elizabeth I come to the throne of England?A. 1538.B. 1548.C. 1568.D. 1558.6. When was Oxford University founded?A. 1167 in Oxford.B. 1267 in Oxford.C. 1367 in Oxford.D. 1467 in Oxford.7. The first capital of the young nation of the USA is ______.A. BostonB. PhiladelphiaC. New YorkD. Washington8. ______ is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.A. LoanshiftingB. LoanblendingC. Loan translationD. Logical connection9. What is the name of the woman poet who had her The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America?A. Anne Bradstreet.B. Maria Edgeworth.C. Jane Austen.D. Emily Dickinson.10. Canada is often described as a huge ______ centered on the Hudson and James Bay.A. plateB. saucerC. cupD. bowlExercise ThreeThere are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. ______ the capital of New South Wales, is the oldest and largest city in Australia.A. MelbourneB. SydneyC. DarwinD. Canberra2. In its technical sense here, ______ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. pictogramB. lexiconC. word-formationD. ideogram3. Who wrote and publish Poor Richard's AImanack?A. Benjamin Franklin.B. John Gay.C. David Hume.D. Samuel Richardson.4. ______ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provide., methods for their description, classification and transportation.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhonemeD. Phonetic typology5. When was Longman Group UK Ltd was founded?A. 1721.B. 1722.C. 1723.D. 1724.6. What is the name of the **piled by Samuel Johnson?A. First English Dictionary.B. Dictionary of English Language.C. A Dictionary of the English Language.D. Dictionary of the English Language.7. The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at Some point the vocal tract are calledA. consonanceB. consonant clusterC. consistencyD. consonants8. Major Newspapers and Magazines in the USA are ______ , etc.A. New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, TimesB. New York Times, Washington Post, The Sun, TimesC. New York Times, Washington Post, The Evening Post, TimesD. New York Times, Washington Post, Sunday Times, Times9. ______ , Valentine's Day, is sweethearts? day, on which people in love with each other express their tender emotions.A. February 10thB. February 12thC. February 14thD. February 16th10. Which one of the following four books was written by Harriet Stowe?A. Roughing It in the Bush.B. Walden, or Life in the Woods.C. Adam Bede.D. Uncle Tom's Cabin.。

英语专业八级考试人文知识Introduction:The English Major Level 8 Examination, also known as the TEM-8, is a crucial test for English language learners, especially for those majoring in English. Besides language proficiency, one essential aspect of this examination is the knowledge of humanities. In this article, we will explore various topics related to humanities that are frequently tested in the TEM-8.I. Literature:A. Literary Movements:Literary movements encompass various styles and trends that emerged throughout history. Understanding these movements is vital for comprehending literary texts and analyzing their themes, techniques, and societal implications. Some significant literary movements include:1. Romanticism: Originating in the late 18th century, Romanticism emphasized individualism, emotions, and nature. Poets such as William Wordsworth and Lord Byron were key figures in this movement.2. Realism: Arising in the mid-19th century, Realism focused on portraying everyday life, often addressing social issues. Famous Realist authors include Leo Tolstoy and Gustave Flaubert.3. Modernism: Emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Modernism rejected traditional forms and experimented with new narrative techniques. Prominent Modernist writers are T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf.B. Literary Devices:Literary devices are tools employed by writers to enhance the meaning and impact of their works. Familiarity with these devices is necessary to analyze and interpret literary texts. Some common literary devices are:1. Metaphor: A figure of speech that compares two unrelated things, highlighting their similarities.Example: "Life is a journey."2. Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities beyond their literal meaning.Example: In "The Great Gatsby," the green light symbolizes Jay Gatsby's aspirations and dreams.3. Irony: A literary technique that conveys a meaning opposite to what is expected.Example: In Orwell's "Animal Farm," the pigs proclaim the equality of all animals while subjugating them.II. Art and Architecture:A. Art Movements:Art movements reflect changing trends and styles in visual art. Recognizing various art movements helps interpret artworks and understand their historical and cultural contexts. Some notable art movements include:1. Renaissance: This period, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, witnessed a renewed interest in classical art and literature. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo thrived during this time.2. Impressionism: Originating in the 19th century, Impressionism focused on capturing a moment's fleeting impression through light and color. Claude Monet and Edgar Degas were prominent Impressionist painters.3. Cubism: Developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the early 20th century, Cubism presented objects from multiple viewpoints, fragmenting and reassembling them in abstract forms.B. Architectural Styles:Architecture reflects the cultural, social, and historical background of a society. Familiarity with different architectural styles aids in understanding their purpose and significance. Some well-known architectural styles include:1. Gothic Architecture: Prominent in medieval Europe, Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and intricate details found in cathedrals such as Notre-Dame in Paris.2. Renaissance Architecture: Inspired by ancient Greek and Roman styles, Renaissance architecture is characterized by symmetry, harmonious proportions, and domes. Examples include St. Peter's Basilica and the Florence Cathedral.3. Modernist Architecture: Appearing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Modernism emphasized functionality, simplicity, and the use of new materials such as glass and steel. Architects like Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe were prominent figures in this movement.III. Philosophy:Philosophy encompasses the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, ethics, and more. Some influential philosophers and their areas of focus are:1. René Descartes: Descartes delved into epistemology and metaphysics, famously stating, "I think, therefore I am."2. Immanuel Kant: Kant explored ethics and developed the categorical imperative, emphasizing moral duties based on reason.3. Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche questioned traditional values and morality, advocating for the affirmation of life and the individual's pursuit of power.Conclusion:Having a solid understanding of humanities is crucial for success in the English Major Level 8 Examination. Literature, art, architecture, and philosophy are all integral aspects of humanities, and familiarity with their various elements and movements allows for a comprehensive understanding of English literature and culture. By delving into these topics, English majors can enhance their knowledge and appreciation of the humanities, ultimately improving their performance in the TEM-8.。

Test for English Majors Grade Eight General KnowledgeCountries: 1. America1.The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is ________.A.the Mississippi riverB. the AppalachiansC. the Rocky MountainsD.the Hudson river2.Which is the largest racial group in the whole population of USA?A.HispanicsB. American IndiansC. Non-Hispanics WhiteD. AsianAmericans3.____has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.A. AmericaB. CanadaC. EnglandD. Australia4. All states of America are governed by the common law except _____.A. LouisianaB. WashingtonC. CaliforniaD. New York5. _______is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.A. CaliforniaB. IndianaC. KansasD. Massachusetts6. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of American characters? _____A. AmbitionB. IndividualismC. ConsiderationD. Self-reliance7. Which of the following is NOT America’s Newspaper? ____A. Wall Street JournalB. USA TodayC. GuardianD. The Milwaukee Journal8. “Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for ____.A. American filmsB. American forest industryC. Christians in the USAD. American advertising industry9. To the west of mainland American lies the ____.A. Atlantic OceanB. Pacific OceanC. Indian OceanD. Arctic Ocean10. Detroit, a US city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its_____.A. automobile industryB. textile industryC. iron and steel industryD. aircraft industry11. The natives of the continent of America are the ______.A. CanadiansB. IndiansC. MexicansD. Hispanics12. ____is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.A. WashingtonB. Los AngelesC. San FranciscoD. New York City13. Which of the following minority groups enjoys the worst social and economic conditions?A. BlacksB. HispanicsC. IndiansD. Asian American14. Which of the following is NOT in New York City?A. Wall StreetB. Fifth AvenueC. Broadway StreetD. Niagara Falls15. Washington is named ____.A. after the US President George WashingtonB. after Christopher ColumbusC. after both George Washington and Christopher ColumbusD. after none of them16. The US Congress has the power to make these laws except of _____.A. defenseB. citizenship and naturalizationC. marriageD. the regulation of foreign trade17. American and British English are two ____of the English language.A. varietiesB. elementsC. partsD. forms18. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was _____.A. Thomas JeffersonB. James MonroeC. James MadisonD. Abraham Lincoln19. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is ____.A. Rhode IslandB. VirginiaC. TexasD. Montana20. The term “Father of Waters” is used to refer to _____.A. the Amazon RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Nile RiverD. the Hudson River21. The statue of liberty was given to American people by ____as a gift in 1884.A. FranceB. SpainC. ItalyD. Britain22. ____music is perhaps America’s greatest contribution to the world of popular music.A. BluesB. RockC. JazzD. Waltz23. American national flower is _____. A. violet B. rose C. lily D. primrose24. Whose presidential term is the longest?A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Abraham LincolnD. Franklin D. Roosevelt25. ___is the dividing line between the South and North.A. The Hudson RiverB. The Potomac RiverC. The Ohio RiverD. The Missouri River26. When did the American Civil War break out? ____ A. 1775 B. 1812 C. 1861 D. 186327. Who prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence?A. John AdamsB. Thomas JeffersonC. Benjamin FranklinD. John Hancock28. The New Deal was started by ____.A. Franklin RooseveltB. . KennedyC. George WashingtonD. Thomas Jefferson29. The District of Manhattan is in the city of ____.A. WashingtonB. San FranciscoC. New YorkD. Chicago30. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states____.A. according to their populationB. according to their sizeD. according to their tax paid to federal government D. equally31. The US is called a “melting pot” because____.A. its steel industry is highly developedB. it has great influence on the worldC. it is an important economic center of the worldD. people from different races live there together32. The first Puritans came to America on the ship____.A. CodpeedB. Susan ConstantC. May FlowerD. Discovery2. Britain33. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Ireland34. In Industrial Revolution, George Stephenson invented_____.A. railway engineB. spinning machineC. steam engineD. cotton textile35. ____is the leader of the British government. A. Prime Minister B. Queen C. PresidentD. Governor36. ____introduced Christianity into Britain.A. The CeltsB. The RomansC. The Viking DanesD. The French37. The real power of the British government lies in_____.A. the House of CommonsB. the cabinet headed by the Prime MinisterC. the Prime MinisterD. the Queen38. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. the Severn RiverB. the Thames RiverC. the Clyde RiverD. the Potmac River39. “God Save the Queen” is the national ___of Britain. A. flag B. emblem C. anthem D. both A and B40. Big Ben is a famous _____in London. A. statue B. bridge C. hotel D. clock41. Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?A. The TelegraphB. The GuardianC. The News of the WorldD. The Times42. The capital of Wales is _____. A. Swansea B. Cardiff C. Rhonda D. Belfast43. ____is England’s biggest naval base. A. Portsmouth B. Southampton C. PlymouthD. Dover44. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative Party and ___.A. the Liberal PartyB. the Democratic PartyC. the Labour PartyD. the Republican Party45. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. The Anglo-SaxonB. The NormansC. The VikingsD. The Romans46. Which is the largest city in Scotland? A. Cardiff B. Edinburgh C. Glasgow D. Manchester3. Canada47. Maples are always used to symbolize___. A. Australia B. America C. England D. Canada48. Canada was originally one colony of ____.A. AmericaB. CanadaC. EnglandD. New Zealand49. The official languages in Canada are English and ____.A. FrenchB. SpanishC. GermanD. Portuguese50. The capital of Canada is____. A. Vancouver B. Ottawa C. Toronto D. Quebec51. The largest city in Canada is ____. A. Vancouver B. Ottawa C. Toronto D. Montreal4. Australia52. Australia was originally one colony of ____. A. America B. Canada C. England D. New Zealand53. The capital of Australia is ____. A. Canberra B. Sydney C. Melbourne D. Queensland54. The largest city in Australia is _____. A. Canberra B. Sydney C. Melbourne D. Perth5. New Zealand55. The capital of New Zealand is ____. A. Auckland B. Christchurch D. Dunedin D. Wellington56. The largest city in New Zealand is ____. A. Auckland B. Christchurch D. Dunedin D. Wellington57. The ____are the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture.A. MaoriB. CherokeeC. People from IndiaD. People from Southeast Asia58. Australia and New Zealand were first discovered by the ____explorer Able Tasman in 1642.A. FrenchB. DutchC. EnglishD. SpanishLiterature:1. American Literature59_____usually was regarded as the first American writer.A. William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC. Emily DicksonD. Captain John Smith60. "God helps those who help themselves" is a citation from the work of____A. Paine C. Freneau D. Jeffersona philosophical and literary movement, ____flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.A. sentimentalismB. transcendentalismC. modernismD. rationalism62. The chief spokes man of New England Transcendentalism is __A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Henry David ThoreauD. Washington Irving63. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as __A. the Modern PeriodB. the Realistic Period Romantic Period D. the Naturalistic Period64. Which is regarded as the "Declaration of Intellectual Independence"? ___A. The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Representative Men65. ____ was the first man of letters from the United States to win an international reputation.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Washington IrvingC. James Fenimore CooperD. Longfellow66. Mark Twain is well-known for his___.A. frontier themeB. symbolism.C. local colourD. international theme67. The major trend in American literature in the 70s and 80s in the 19th century is ____.A. romanticismB. realismC. sentimentalismD. naturalism68. Which book is NOT written by Mark Twain?_______A. The Gilded AgeB. The Prince and the PauperC. Life on the MississippiD. The Portrait of a Lady69. The novel that "touched off the American Civil War" refers to ____A. Gone with theWind Tom's Cabin C. Farewell to Arms D. The Grapes of Wrath70. The book from which "all modern American literature comes" refers to____.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. Moby DickD. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn71. Jack London's masterwork______ is somewhat autobiographical.A. The Sea WolfB. The People of the AbyssC. Martin EdenD. The Star Rover72. Which of the following authors is NOT the Nobel Prize winner?A. Earnest HemingwayB. Eugene O'NeilC. William FaulknerD. Scott Fitzgerald73. The Great Gatsby is written by_____.A. Ernest HemingwayB. Sindair LewisC. John Steinbeck Scott Fitzgerald74. The Rabbit series were written by_____.A. John UpdikeB. Jerome David SalingerC. Mark TwainD. Ezra Pound75. _______ is Hemingway's first true novel, which portrays "the lost generation".A. For Whom the Bell TollsB. The OM Man and the SeaC. The Sun Also RisesD. A Farewell to Arms2. English Literaturethe 14the century, the most important writer is _______ A. Langland B. Wyclif C. Gowe D. Chaucer77. Here is a sentence from an essay "Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider". The essay must be___.A. Of studies by Francis BaconB. The Advancement of Learning by Francis BaconC. Novum Organum by Francis BaconD. Essays by Francis Bacon78. The English Renaissance Period was an age of____.A. poetry and dramaB. drama and novelC. novel and poetryD. romance and poetry79. Which of the following is not among Shakespeare's four great tragedies?A. HamletB. Romeo and JulietC. MacbethD. King Lear80. _____ is the first important English essayist and the founder of modern science in England.A. Francis BaconB. Edmund SpenserC. William CarxtonD. Sidney81. Paradise Lost is the masterpiece of_____.A. William ShakespeareB. Robert BurnsC. John MiltonD. William Blake82. "To be or not to be" has become a universal question puzzling every intellectual mind.This is a quotation from _____ . A. King Lear B. Hamlet C. Romeo and Juliet D.Othello83. The novel Gulliver's Travels was written by___.A. Tobias SmollettB. Jonathan SwiftC. Laurence sTerneD. John Bunyan84. The publication of ____ marked the beginning of the Romantic Age.A. Don JuanB. The Rime of the Ancient Marine rC. The Lyrical BalladsD. Queen Mab85. The author of Ode To the West Wind is _______. A. Shelley B. Byron C. Allen PoeD. Emerson86. The famous poem "A Red, Red Rose" was written by______. A. Wordsworth B. ByronC. BurnsD. Keats87. Which is Thackeray's masterpiece? __A. The Virginians B. Vanity Fair Book of New Comes88. Wuthering Heights is the masterpiece by____.A. Jane AustenB. Emily BronteC. Charles DickensD. Willimn Makepeace Thackeray89. Jane Eyre was written by which Bronte sister? ____ A. Anne B. Charlotte C. Emily D. Jane90. Which of the following novelists was the last of the great Victorian novelist?_______A. DickensB. William Makepeace ThackerayC. Thomas HardyD. George Meredith91. ________ is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist.A. James JoyceB. John GalsworthyC. . LawrenceD. George Bernard Shaw92. John Galsworthy was most famous for____.A. Heart of DarknessB. UlyssesC. The Forsyte SageD. A Passage to India93. George Bernard Shaw is an outstanding _____dramatist.A. realisticB. expressionisticC. modernistD. classical94. . Maugham was most famous for __A. Moon and SixpenceB. Cakes and AleC. Human Bondag eD. The Razor's EdgeIII. Linguistics1 Introduction95. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called_______ came into being. A. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. morphology96. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language?_____A. competenceB. arbitrarinessC. displacementD. productivity97. The differences between Traditional Grammar and Modem Linguistics are all of the followings EXCEPT______.A descriptive vs. prescriptive B. spoken vs. writtenC. non-Latin-based framework vs. Latin-based frameworkD. competence vs. performance98. The term ________linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative99. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called_______.A. sociolinguisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. applied linguistics100. ______is regarded as the “father of modem linguistics” .A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf101. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between_.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC. speech and writingD. language and parole102. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that____.A. language is basically vocalB. language is arbitraryC. language is used for communicationD. language is productive103. ________ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. AbstractnessC. ArbitrarinessD. Fuzziness104. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level--meaningless, the grammatical level--meaningful. This means language has the design feature of_______.A. creativeB. changeableC. arbitraryD. duality105. ____are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Semantics and syntaxD. Morphology and phonology106. Language has the feature of ________in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. A. duality B. productivity C. displacement D. interchangeability107. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because__.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC. we have recording devices to studyD. spoken language precedes written languages only in Indo-European108. Langue & parole are a pair important distinctions put forward by ___.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. LyonsD. Halliday109. Who made the distinction between competence and performance?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Bloomfield2. Phonetics and Phonology110. Phonetics is the study of____.A. all the sounds that occur in the world's languageB. speech sounds used by human languages to representC. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in natureD. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding111. In the field of phonology, which of the following does NOT belong to the suprasegmental features?________A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. syllable112. Classification of vowels are made up of the following EXCEPT______.A. the position of the tongueB. the openness of the mouthC. the shape of the lipD. the width of the vowels113. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ______. A. phoneme B. allophone C. phone D. allomorph114. In English, there is only one glottal. It is _______. A. [f] B. [r] C. [h] D. [v]115. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in a different phonetic environments are called the _____of that phoneme. A. minimal B. allomorph C. phones D. allophones 116. There are _______nasals in English. A. one B. two C. three D. four117. _______ are not a minimal pair in English.A. "sink" and "zinc"B. "fine" and "vine"C. "bat" and "pat"D. "teach" and "cheat"3. Morphology118. Morphology is the study of____.A. the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their informationB. the uses of different types of utterances in different contextsC. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in natureD. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world.119. What is the minimum unit of meaning? ______ A. phoneme B. morpheme C. allophone D. allomorph120. There are ______morphemes in the word "undesirability". A. three B. four C. five D. six121 _____ are bound morphemes because they can not be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compoundsword "irresistible" is _______ . A. a compound one B. a clipped one C. a blended one D. a derived one123. _______ of the following word-formation processes, is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation124. Morphemes that can occur "unattached" are called_____.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational morphemes125. The word "kung-fu" is a _____ one. A. clipped B. blended C. compound D. borrowed4. Syntax126. ______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology127. What elements does a phrase contain?_______.A. Head, determiner and complementB. Head, specifier and complementC. Head, specifier and complementizerD. Head, determiner and complementizerrules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure129. The syntactic component provides the _______of a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound130. Application of the transformational rules yields ______structure.A. phraseB. deepC. prelexicalD. surface131 .The same word has the same ______ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.A. conceptualB. associativeC. lexicalD. affective5. Semantics132. The meaning relationship between the two words "sheep" and "ewe" is_____.A. AntonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy133. X: They are going to have another baby. Y: They have a child.The relationship of X and Y is ______.B. inconsistentC. X entailing YD. X presupposing Y134. According to the componential analysis, the words "girl" and "woman" differ in the feature of____.A. HUMANB. ANIMALC. MALED. ADULT135. The semantic features of the word "girl" can be expressed as____.A. +animate, -human, +adult, +maleB. +animate, +human, -adult, +maleC. +animate, +human, +adult, -maleD. +animate, +human, -adult, -male136. According to predication analysis, the predication of the sentence "It is hot." is a ____ predication.A. no-placeB. one-placeC. two-placeD. three--place137. The relationship between "violet" and "tulip" is ____.A. co-hyponymsB. syperordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms138. The relationship between "begin" and "commence" is ____.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms139. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _____ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence140. What is the relationship between the words "color" and "red" ? _____A. synonymyB. antonymyC. polysemyD. hyponymy141. "fall" and "autumn" are __ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. evalutatively differentD. semantically different142. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of___ .A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above143. The four major modes of semantic change are _____.A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation144. We call the relation between "animal" and "horse" as____.A. synonymyB. polysemyC. homonymyD. hyponymy145. What is the sentential relation between "He likes skating", and "He likes sports."? ___A. presuppositionB. entailmentC. contradiction C. hyponymy146. The pair of words "borrow/lend" is called _____.A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementaryD. gradable opposites147. "Yellow" has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its_____.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning148. X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. The relationship of A and Bis_____.A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD. X presupposing Y149. The ambiguity in "pass the port" is caused by____.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy150. Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of_____.A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. semanticsD. pragmatics151 "big" and "small" are a pair of ____ opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. completeD. pragmatics6. Pragmatics152. _______ first proposed the Speech Act theory. A. Searle B. Austin C. Grice D. Halliday153. The _____ provides great philosophical insights into the nature of the linguistic communication.A. Speech Act TheoryB. CP TheoryC. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence154. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?A. contextB. entailmentC. presuppositionD. discourse155. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn't it?In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? _____A. The maxim of quantityB. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of mannerD. The maximof relation156. A: Where is Paul? B. Somewhere in our University.In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? _____A. The maxim of quantityB. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of mannerD. The maxim of relation157. A: Shall we get something for the kids? B. Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.In the dialogue between A and B, B's answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP? _____A. The maxim of quantityB. The maxim of qualityC. The maxim of mannerD. The maxim of relation158. Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?______A. invitingB. advertisingC. warningD. swearing159. The word "promising" belongs to________. A representatives B. directives C. commissives D. expressives160. _______ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech161. When you talk to your boss or your friends, you sue different words, we could analyze this phenomenon with _____. A. social context B. situation context C. linguistic context D. semantic field162. The function of the sentence "Water boils at 100 degree centigrade." is ___.A. interrogativeB. directive c. informative D. performative163. Contextual features exclude ______ when an utterance is made.A. the timeB. the placeC. the participantsD. the purpose164. Liu had something to tell the manager, Mr. Smith, so he went to his place, entering the room and said," _____ ".A. You are not busy, I hope.B. Can I have a word with you, Mr. SmithC. Got a minuteD. I'm terribly sorry to trouble you, Mr. Smith165. According to Austin's speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT_____act. A. locutionary B. illocutionary C. perlocutionary D. relocationary7. Language Change166. Which of the following does NOT belong to the methods of the addition of new words?___A. clipped wordsB. back-formationC. functional-shiftD. meaning-shift167. The following words are the examples for "blending" except ____ . A. memo B. smog C. motel D. brunch168. The word "beseem" taken from Romeo and Juliet has faded out of the modern English language; this is an example of_______. A. addition of words B. loss of words C. narrowing ofmeaning D. loss of inflections169. The fact that a lexical item may undergo a shift in meaning is called_____ in linguistics.A. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning-shiftD. losing of meaning170. The new words such as "police officer", "chairperson" are created because ____.A. science and technology are developing rapidlyB. computer and internet technology are more and more popularC. women have taken up activities formerly reserved for menD. the children can remember them as quickly as possiblecentury is considered to be the beginning of modern English. A. 17th B. 19th C. 18th D. 16th172. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example______.A. lewd-ignorantB. silly foolishC. last pleasureD. knave-boy173. Which of the following words is not formed through clipping?______. A. dorm B. motel C. gent D. zoo174. Which word is different from the other three in word formation? __A. USAB. DOZERC. AIDSD. WTO175. "brunch" is a (an) _____ . A. blending B. acronym C. derivation D. compounding 176. The word "WMD" which stands for "weapon of mass destruction", is _____.A. an acronymB. a compound oneC. a clipped oneD. a blended one177. The word "girl" originally meant "young person of either sex", but now it means "young people of female sex". This is an example of____.A. meaning-shiftB. widening of meaningC. narrowing of meaningD. loss of meaning8. Language and Society178. The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society is called____.A. sociolinguisticsB. neurolinguisticsC. macrolinguisticsD. microlinguistics179. Which of the following doesn't belong to dialectal varieties?A. regional dialectsB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia180. The dialect which is caused by social status . regional B. sociolect C. idiolect D.。

__1__Which of the following philosophers ever said “I think, therefore I am”?A Francis BaconB DeseartesC Pierre GassendiD John Locke__2__American Presidents are elected __.A every two yearsB every four yearsC every five yearsD every six years__3__Which branch of American government has the power to interpret the Constitution?A The Supreme CourtB The PresidentC The HouseD The Senate__4__The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in__.A 1778B 1783C 1774D 1787__5__ Which country was the richest and the most powerful country in the Europe in the middle of the 17th century?A FlanderB EnglandC FranceD the Netherlands__6__ Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the . Constitution?A John LockeB MontesquieauC RousseauD Voltaire__7__The “basies” taught in American elementary schools are __.A social studies, reading, arithmeticB science, reading, writing, arithmeticC reading, writing, arithmeticD physical education, reading, writing__8__ The Gettysburg victory was the turning point of __.A the Civil WarB the war of IndependenceC the Indian WarD the Trenton War__9__ The functions of institutions of highest education in the . are__.A research and teachingB teaching and degree awardingC professional training, teaching and public serviceD teaching, research and pubic service__10__ The largest religious group in America is __.A Roman CatholicsB ProtestantsC OrthodoxD Presbyterians参考答案：1. 选B。

专八人文知识（英国文学）Part 1. Old and medievalBeowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.William Langland 威廉。

兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利?乔叟1340-1400 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English renaissanceThomas More托马斯。

莫尔Utopia乌托帮Philip Sidney菲力普。

锡德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。

斯宾塞The Faerie Queene 仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）The founder of English materialist philosophyChristopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。

英国的起源1.The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. 伊⽐例亚⼈2.The Celts began to arrive about 700BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.凯尔特⼈3. Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under roman occupation. 罗马统治4. In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain, they were three Teutonic tribes.5.The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history. Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. 诺曼征服Celts， Anglo Saxon， Roman，哪个先来或者后到英国的呢？排个顺序吧。

1.The Norman Conquest happened in ____A. 55BCB.1066C.700D.9662.In the late 16th century, _____ruled England.A. Henry VB. Elizabeth I C Queen Marry D Elizabeth II3. The largest river in Ireland is ____A. the Dodder River B the Shannon RiverC the St. George RiverD the Thames River4. The American Constitution was drawn up in ____A 1787B 1790C 1783D 17895. Dickens and Thackeray, who are most famous for their novel, lived in the period of ____A Queen Elizabeth IB Henry VIIIC Charles IID Queen Victoria6. ____is written by Alan Poe.A Twice-Told TalesB The Scarlet LetterC The House of the Seven GablesD The Fall of the House of Usher7. Rip Van Winkle is written by _____A. Washington Irving B Henry David ThoreauC Ralph Waldo EmersonD James Fenimore Cooper8.____is not a vowel glideA [th]B [oi]C [ei]D [au]9. The internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed are the subjects of ____A morphologyB pragmaticsC anthropologyD psychology10.For the following conversation:A: Do you know where Xiao Wang is?B: I’m busy____is the conversation implicature.A.B is busyB.B does no know where Xiao Wang is.C.B does not want to answer A’s questions.D.B is correct顺序是：Celts--Roman--Anglo Saxon答案： BBBAD DACACVowel Glide ⼜称元⾳过渡，指的是双元⾳组成的，前⼀个⾳为纯元⾳，后⼀个⾳为短促的滑⾳。

Chapter 2 Speech SoundsUnit 11. The study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived is called _____.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. syntaxD. pragmatics2. The study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language is called _____.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. syntaxD. morphology3. If two sounds in a language make a contrast between two different words, such as [t] in tie and [d] in die, they are said to be different ___. A. phones B. allophonesC. phonemesD. consonants4. Which of the following is NOT a stop in English? ____A. [p]B. [t]C. [g]D. [v]5. Which of the following is NOT a fricative in English? ____A. [f]B. [z]C. [p]D. [v]6. Which of the following is NOT a bilabial? ____A. [b]B. [p]C. [f]D. [m]7. The feature that distinguishes “a greenhouse” and “a green house” is ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration8. If the airstream meets with no obstruction when a sound is pronounced, it is a ____.A. voiced consonantB. voiceless consonantC. vowelD. plosive9. In English, [pʰ] and [p ˭] occur in different phonetic environments, they are the ____ of the same phoneme /p/.A. phonesB. allophonesC. voicesD. phonemesAnswers:1-5: ABCDC 6-9: CBCBUnit 21. Where is the primary stress of the word morphology? ____A. morB. phoC. loD. gy2. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop? ____A. [b]B. [p]C. [k]D. [g]3. Which of the following is a voiced alveolar fricative? ____A. [s]B. [z]C. [f]D. [v]4. The degree of force used in producing a syllable is called ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. sonority5. Generally speaking, the ____ indicates that what is said is a matter-of-fact statement.A. fall-rise toneB. rise-fall toneC. falling toneD. rising tone6. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ____.A. the place of articulationB. the shape of the lipsC. the obstruction of airstreamD. the position of the tongue7. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ____.A. aspirationB. voicingC. nasalityD. obstruction8. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in polite and [p] in sparkle? ____A. voicingB. aspirationC. spreadD. nasality9. All syllables must have a ____.A. codaB. nucleusC. onsetD. consonantAnswers:1-5: BBBDC 6-9: CBBBUnit 31. The clear [l] and dark [l] are the ____ of the phoneme /l/.A. phonesB. allophonesC. phonemesD. morphemes2. The only one glottal in English is ____.A. [r]B. [g]C. [h]D. [l]3. Supersegmental features include the following EXCEPT ____.A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. voicing4. Which of the following is a front vowel? __A. [i:]B. [u:]C. [ɑ:]D. [u]5. Which of the following is a back vowel? __A. [i:]B. [i]C. [ə]D. [u]6. The phoneme /b/ is different from /g/ in ___.A. manner of articulationB. place of articulationC. the shape of the lipsD. vibration of the vocal cords7. Among the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless alveolar fricative.A. [z]B. [s]C. [f]D. [v]8.When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows or proceeds it, it is said to be ____.A. nasalizedB. assimilatedC. aspiratedD. voiced9. Which of the following pair of words is NOT a minimal pair? ____A. put/butB. bat/catC. sit/bitD. milk/silkAnswers:1-5: BCDAD 6-9: BBBA。