Antennas

Active Antenna Splitter 2 x 1:8ASA 3000Instructions for useContentsSafety information (3)Delivery includes (3)Operating elements (4)Connection diagram (5)Trouble shooting (9)Accessories (10)Specifications (11)Manufacturer declarations (12)Brief descriptionWith the 2 x 1:8 active antenna splitter, up to eight recei-vers (EM 3031) or twin receivers (EM 3032, EM 3532) can be operated with only one pair of diversity antennas. Each diversity section is fitted with a wideband input module which can be exchanged for a selective input module. Due to the built-in antenna boosters, the signals are routed without loss the the connected receivers.The active antenna splitter allows you to make receiver systems with up to 16 channels.Areas of application:y Multi-channel RF installations (fixed or mobile)y Permanent installations in small conference centres and similar venuesSafety informationThe 2 x 1:8 active antenna splitter must only be set up and connected by an electrical engineering expert.Never open electronic units! This must only be done by authorized personnel and is all the more important for units connected to AC outlets. If units are opened by custo-mers in breach of this instruction, the warranty becomes null and void!Make sure that the air vents of the unit are not covered or blocked. Keep the unit away from central heating radiators and electric heaters!Set up the unit on an even surface or mount it into a rack! Lay the cables in such a way that no-one can stumble over them!Keep liquids and small parts which conduct electricity away from the unit! Use a damp cloth for cleaning the unit. Do not use any solvents or cleansing agents!Delivery includesy 1 active antenna splitter, 2 x 1:8y 1 mains cabley 1 rack-mounting kity 1 set of self-adhesive plastic feety 2 telescopic antennasy 1 instruction manualFor accessories, please refer to page10.Operating elements³·LED DC FEED ANT B (green)»LED POWER (red)¿Threaded holes for rack-mounting´BNC sockets for antenna outputs, diversity section “B”, B1 to B8²Exchangeable wideband input module with BNC antenna input for diversity sec-tion “B” ANT. B¶Catch for input modulesºExchangeable wideband input module with BNC antenna input for diversity sec-tion “A” ANT. A¾BNC sockets for antenna outputs, diversity section “A”, A1 to A8µIEC mains socket¸Switches DC-Feed ANT A and DC-Feed ANT B for turning the DC supply voltage for active antennas and antenna boosters on and off(switches are located inside the input module slots ² and º)Connection diagramThe below connection diagram shows the connections for an 8- or 16-channel system.Putting the unit into operationSetting up the unitThe unit is suitable for use as table top or can be mounted into a rack.̈Fix the unit to a 19" rack by using the supplied rack-mounting kit.̈To set up the unit on an even, horizontal surface, fix the four self-adhesive plastic feet to the base of the unit.Note:Some furniture surfaces have been treated with varnish, polish or synthetics which might cause stains when they come into contact with other synthetics. Despite a tho-rough testing of the synthetics used by us, we cannot rule out the possibility of discoloration, since we don’t know your furniture. To protect your furniture, we recommend placing the unit on a non-slip pad.Connecting the antennas̈You can connect the following antenna types to the BNC Array sockets ᕦ andº of the input modules:y two GZA1036 or A2003-UHF passive antennas ory two A12 active antennas ory two GZA1036 passive antennas with AB1036 antenna boosters.The ASA 3000 routes the antenna signals without loss to the respective antenna outputs.Notes:for active antennas or antenna boosters turned on. Thetwo LEDs DC FEED ANT A³ and DC FEED ANT B · lightup green.If you use passive antennas only, the DC supply voltage can be turned off. To do so, remove the two input modu-les (see “Exchanging the input modules” on page 7) andset the two switches DC-Feed ANT A and DC-Feed ANT B¸ to position “OFF”.Connecting the receiversUp to eight receivers, e.g. EM 3031, or eight twin receivers,e.g. EM 3032 or EM 3532, can be connected.̈Use BNC cables to connect the receivers to the BNC sockets ´ and ¾ as follows:First receiver:Diversity section “A” to A1, diversity section “B” to B1.Second receiver:Diversity section “A” to A2, diversity section “B” to B2.etc.Connecting the mains cablëConnect the mains cable to the IEC mains socket µ and to the mains.The ASA 3000 has no power switch. The unit is ready for operation as soon as it is connected to the mains.Note:The ASA 3000 can be connected to any mains power supply with 100V to 240V AC (50 to 60Hz).Exchanging the input modulesThe unit is fitted with two wideband input modules (470 to 870 MHz) which are suitable for most applications. Howe-ver, to ensure optimum reception reliability, we recom-mend using two selective input modules (60-MHz window)(see “Accessories” on page10).When using the selective input modules:y Make sure that all transmitters and receivers of your transmission system operate within the frequency win-dow of the selective input modules!When using the wideband input modules:y Use an active antenna (e.g. A12AD antenna) or an antenna with antenna booster (e.g. GZA 1036 antenna with AB 1036 antenna booster).To exchange the input modules:̈Use a crosstip screwdriver to loosen the screw of the Array catch for the input modules ¶.̈To remove the input modules ² and º, plug a BNC con-nector into the input modules‘ BNC sockets and pull hard (!) at the BNC connector.̈Insert the new input modules and tighten the screw ofthe catch ¶.Trouble shootingThe LED POWER » does not light upThe unit is not powered.Disturbed reception or no receptionPossible causes:y Transmitting antennas are not within the reception area Arrayy Transmitters or receivers are not turned ony Transmitter batteries are not inserted or batteries are lowy The antennas are not connected correctlyy The connecting cables are defectivey Too high cable attenuation due to too long antenna cables or wrong type of antenna cabley The selected transmission and receiving frequencies are not within the frequency window of the selective input modules (optional) and antenna boosters (optional)y When using active antennas or antenna boosters, the supply voltage must be turned on (see “Connecting the antennas” on page6). The two LEDs DC FEED ANT A³and DC FEED ANT B · light up green.If the LEDs do not light up even though the two switchesDC-Feed ANT A and DC-Feed ANT B¸ are set to position“ON”, the antenna inputs are short-circuited.AccessoriesThe following accessories are available from Sennheiser:Cat. No.A 2003 UHF Active antenna 03658 A 12 AD UHF Active antenna 04645GZA 1036Passive antenna 02243 AB 1036Antenna booster03598 IM 3000Selective input module 05241 GZL 1019 A1BNC-BNC coaxial cable, length 1 m 02324 GZL 1019 A5BNC-BNC coaxial cable, length 5 m 02325 GZL 1019 A10BNC-BNC coaxial cable, length 10 m 02326SpecificationsRF characteristics / active diversity antenna splitter Antenna splitter: 2 x 1:8, active Frequency range: 470–870MHz Distribution attenuation: +3/-1 dB Nominal impedanceof the inputs/outputs:50 ΩConnections inputs A/B:BNC sockets Connections outputsA1-A8/B1-B8:BNC sokkets Booster supply 12 V, 200 mA max. each, at the inputs A and B:short circuit-proofOverall unitSupply voltage range: nom. 100–240V AC,50–60Hz Power consumption: max. 15W Weight:approx. 3kg Dimensions: 19", 1 U Temperature range: -10 to +55 °C Selective input module (optional)Variable two-circuit bandpass filterFrequency range: 470–870 MHz Insertion loss: < 1.5 dB Bandwidth -1 dB:≥40 MHz Bandwidth -3 dB:≤60 MHz Bandwidth -10 dB:≤100 MHz Far-off selection:≥50 dB DC feed:max. 0.5 A, 20 V Input:BNC socket, 50 ΩOutput:IEC connector11Sennheiser electronic GmbH & Co. KG30900 Wedemark, GermanyPrinted in Germany Publ. 05/07 093248 / A03。

Research Institute of Antennas & RF Techniques射频电路与天线（一）RF Circuits and Antennas 第1讲绪论褚庆昕华南理工大学电子与信息学院天线与射频技术研究所TEL: 22236201-601Email:qxchu@1.1RF/MW典型应用的频谱Research Institute of Antennas & RF Techniques So u thC h i n a U n i v e r s i t yo fT e c h n o l o g y 1.2RF/MW 的特点频率高¾通信系统中相对带宽Δf/f通常为一定值，所以频率f越高，越容易实现更大的带宽Δf，从而信息的容量就越大。

¾例如，对于1%的相对带宽，600MHz频率下宽带为6MHz（一个电视频道的带宽），而60GHz频率下带宽为600MHz（100个电视频道！）。

¾因此，RF/MW的一个最广泛应用就是无线通信。

Research Institute of Antennas & RF TechniquesSo u thC h i n a U n i v e r s i t yo fT e c h n o l o g y 微波接力通信Research Institute of Antennas & RF Techniques So ut hC h i n a U n i v e r s i t yo fT e c h n o l o g y 蜂窝电话系统Research Institute of Antennas & RF Techniques So u t h C h i n a U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y 波长短¾天线与RF 电路的特性是与其电尺寸l /λ相关的。

Main Features•30 MHz to 18 GHz frequency range •Excellent Antenna Factor•Tripod adapter for easy vertical-horizontal polarization change •Individual calibration•Robust, rustproof aluminium construction •LightweightAS-05 is a compact size broadband Antenna System composed of a BC-01 Biconical Dipole, LP-04 Log Periodic Dipole Array and DR-01 Double Ridged horn Antenna designed for radiated emissions and immunity testing. It can be used in conjunction with any receiver or spectrum analyzer.Its ideal companion is the EMI Receiver Unit 9060 and 9180 that can be easily mounted on the antenna mast (*).(*)The direct connection between antenna and PMM Receiver Unit eliminates additional sources of uncertainties due to coaxial cable attenuation and scattering. For further information please consult our brochure “Fully CISPR-Compliant Digital EMC/EMI receivers 10 Hz to 18 GHz”.Antenna Set 30 MHz to 18 GHzProvided by: (800)404-ATECAdvanced Test Equipment Rentals®Ordering Information:AS-05 antenna set 30 MHz to 18 GHz with individual calibration reports.AS-05/TC antenna set 30 MHz to 18 GHz with typical calibration reports.Includes: BC-01 biconical antenna; LP-04 Log-periodic antenna; DR-01Double-rideged antenna; TR-01 wooden tripod; RF cable, 6 GHz, N(m)-N(m), 5 m; Soft carrying case; Rigid carrying case (for DR-01), Operating manual; Calibration reports*.* Individual calibration reports are provided with AS-05.AS-05/TC does not include individual calibration but typical antenna factor.Optional accessories:Additional TR-01 Wooden tripod extensible 60 - 180 cm with antenna mounting adapter for fast horizontal to vertical polaritazion changing. Additional RF cable, 3 GHz, N(m)-N(m), 5 m.Sales Office:Via Leonardo da Vinci, 21/2320090 Segrate (Milano) - ITALY Phone: +39 02 2699871Fax: +39 02 26998700Headquarter:Via Benessea, 29/B17035 Cisano sul Neva (SV) - ITALY Phone: +39 0182 58641Fax: +39 0182 586400E-Mail:**************************Internet: www.narda-sts.itRelated ProductsReceiversAntennasCalibrations service• 7010/00: EMI receiver 150 kHz to 1 GHz • 7010/01: EMI receiver 9 kHz to 1 GHz • 7010/03: EMI receiver 9 kHz to 3 GHz • 9010: EMI receiver 10 Hz to 30 MHz • 9010F: EMI receiver 10 Hz to 30 MHz• 9010/03P: EMI receiver 10 Hz to 300 MHz • 9010/30P: EMI receiver 10 Hz to 3 GHz • 9010/60P: EMI receiver 10 Hz to 6 GHz • 9030: EMI Receiver 30 MHz to 3 GHz • 9060: EMI Receiver 30 MHz to 6 GHz •FR-4003: Field Receiver 9 kHz to 30 MHz• LP-02: Log Periodic Antenna 200 MHz to 3 GHz • LP-03: Log Periodic Antenna 800 MHz to 6 GHz • TR-01: Antenna Tripod• VDH-01: Van der Hoofden test-head 20 kHz to 10 MHz • Antenna Set AS-02 (BC01+LP02+TR01)• Antenna Set AS-03 (BC01+LP02+LP03+TR01) • Antenna Set AS-04 (BC01+LP04+TR01)• RA01: Rod Antenna 9 kHz to 30 MHz• RA01-HV: Rod Antenna 150 kHz to 30 MHz •RA01-MIL: Rod Antenna 9 kHz to 30 MHz• Ansi 63,5 Antenna Factor • SAE ARP 958-D• Free-Space Antenna FactorSPECIFICATIONSFrequency range GainAntenna factor Max input power Connector Dimensions (L x H x W)Weight Colour Impedance ConstructionBC-0130 to 200 MHz -15 +2 dBi typical 8 to 14 dB/m typical 100 W N-female 65 x 65 x 137 cm1,8 kg RAL 703550 Ω nominal AluminiumA S 05-F E N -60801 - S p e c i fi c a t i o n s s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e s w i t h o u t p r i o r n o t i c eAS-05Antenna set 30 MHz to 18 GHzLP-04200 MHz to 6 GHz 6 dBi typical 12 to 40 dB/m typical100 W N-female 78 x 10 x 75 cm 1,1 kg RAL 703550 Ω nominal AluminiumDR-016 to 18 GHz 9 to 16 dBi typical 36 to 41 dB/m typical 150 W N-female 55 x 44 x 177 mm 0,25 kg RAL 703550 Ω nominal AluminiumBC-01 - Antenna Factor 106141822A F (d B /m )3090150210MHz MHz MHz MHz LP-04 - Antenna Factor 155253545A F (d B /m )1356GHzGHz GHz GHz DR-01 - Antenna Factor3634384042A F (d B /m )6101418GHzGHz GHz GHz。

1. Antennas are installed in the locations shown, A low drag design is used for theVHF communication antennas天线被安装在如图所示的位置，低阻设计被用于基高频通讯天线2. An airplane in flight is free to rotate about three axes：horizontal，longitudinal and vertical Each axis is perpendicular to the others and each passes through the center of gravity飞机在飞行中可以围绕3条轴转动，即水平轴纵轴垂直轴。

每条轴线相互垂直，且都穿过重心3. An airplane in flight is at the center of continuous tug-of-war between two pairs of opposing forces，lift opposes weight，and thrust opposes drag飞机在飞行中处在两对相反作用力抗衡的中心点上，升力与重力对抗，推力与阻力对抗4. thrust is any force acting in the same direction as the airplane flight path（the motion of the airplane through the air）。

Typically the power plant system(the engine and propeller)provides this force推力是一种沿着飞机飞行路径相同的方向起作用的力（飞机在空气中运动的路径）一般来说动力装置系统（即发动机和螺旋桨）提供推力5. In straight-and-level, uncelebrated flights the forces about the aircraft center of gravity are balanced. Lift acts upward and is opposed by weight and the aerodynamic tail load which act downward 在直线水平且没有加速度的飞行中，围绕在飞机上的重心是平衡的，升力是向上作用的，它被飞机的重力和尾翼载荷也向下6. Newton’s third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction牛顿第三运动定律说道、针对每一个作用力都有一个与其方向相反大小相等的反作用力7. figure 1.1 the three axes of an aircraft are mutually perpendicular，and all pass through the center of gravity of aircraft飞行器的三条轴是相互垂直的而且都穿过飞行器的重心。

D701-0013 Revision D, October 2016296mm Profile Panel AntennasGeneral This instruction manual contains all necessary information required to assist in the correct installation ofPanel Antennas of 296mm (11.7”) width to a 75 –115mm (3”-4.5”) diameter pipe when using themounting kit with clamp bracket. These antennas can be supplied with either fixed electrical beamdowntilt (FET), manually adjustable electrical downtilt (MET) or AISG-compatible remotely controlled electrical downtilt (RET). Mechanical downtilt is also available if required, depending on the type ofmounting kit selected.Following symbols can be found next to text outlining important information.Please follow the procedure marked with this symbol precisely.Non-compliance may lead to damage of the product.Handy tips when installing product.Unpacking Make sure that the antenna and the accessory items listed below are provided and have not beendamaged during transport.∙Antenna∙Mounting kit (mounting kit components for each configuration are shown in Figures 2 and 3).∙Hex key 6mm AF (supplied with adjustable downtilt antennas only).Mounting KitType850mm – 1200mm(33.5” –43.3”) Antennas1200mm – 1575mm(43.3” –62”) Antennas1575mm – 2700mm(62” –106.3”) AntennasFixed Downtilt F-042-GL-E F-042-GL-E F-042-GL-E MechanicalDowntiltT-045-GL-E T-041-GL-E T-029-GL-E Tilt range 0︒, 2︒ -10︒ in 1︒ steps 0︒ - 12︒ in 1︒ steps 0︒ - 8︒ in 1︒ steps MountingBracket SpacingDim A (Fig 4)716mm (28.2”)976mm (38.4”)1400mm (55.1”) Table 1: Mounting Kit Part Numbers for Different AntennasDo not install near power lines. Power lines,telephone lines, and guy wires look the same.Assume any wire or line can electrocute you.Do not install on a wet or windy day or whenlightning or thunder is in the area. Do not usemetal ladder.Wear shoes with rubber soles and heels.Wear protective clothing including along-sleeved shirt and rubber gloves.Installation Instructions∙ Ensure a torque spanner is used when tightening fasteners, see the mounting kit diagrams on the following pages for the correct torque recommendations.∙ Ensure antenna is installed with the connectors at the bottom.Assemble mounting kits as per Figure 2 and 3 of this document.1.Attach the mounting kit assembly to the antenna, before trying to clamp the brackets to the pole. 2. Downtilt angles in 1︒ increments can be obtained with the correct adjustment ofthe tilt arm bracket.∙ Downtilt can be achieved by aligning the corresponding hole in the tilt arm to the pivot bracket which mates against the mounting pole, as shown in Figure 4. The first hole is for 1︒ downtilt*, with each consecutive hole resulting in an increased inclination of 1︒.( *Note for the T-045-GL-E kit the tilt is 0︒ then 2︒ - 10︒ in 1︒ steps.)∙ For finer downtilt angle adjustments the distance in between the top and bottom mounting bracket on the pole can be adjusted.∙ For 0︒ downtilt the tilt arm may be stowed as show in Figure 4. ∙ An inclinometer or other angular measuring device may be used to verify downtilt angle as required.Figure 1: Correctly Assembled Mounting Kit Using Clamp Bracket for MechanicallyAdjustable Downtilt AntennaInstallation Instructions – Adjustable Downtilt Mounting Kit T-029-GL-E, T-041-GL-E, T-045-GL-E Upper Mounting Bracket Assembly ( To Suit Pipes OD 75-115 mm) Lower Mounting Bracket Assembly (To Suit Pipes OD 75-115 mm)Figure 2: Exploded Assembly for Upper Mounting Bracket using Clamp BracketFigure 3: Exploded Assembly for Lower Mounting Bracket using Clamp Bracket (This configuration should also be used for the upper Mounting Bracket when 0° tilt is required)Figure 4: Typical Example of Upper Bracket Placement for Various DowntiltsAOPTIONAL : THE TILT ARM AND EXTRA HARDWARECAN BE STOWED IN THE POSITION SHOWN WHEN IN 0° DOWNTILT CONFIGURATION USING A CLAMP BRACKET.Operation of AntennasFET Antennas The beam downtilt is factory set.MET Antennas The beam downtilt below the horizon is adjusted by rotating the hex socket located at the bottom of the antenna - Figure 5). Turning the hex socket in a clockwise directionincreases the beam downtilt below the horizon. Turning the hex socket in an anti-clockwise direction decreases the beam downtilt below the horizon. Beam downtiltsetting in degrees below boresight can be read off the scale at the base of the antenna.The downtilt setting is read from the face of the antenna bottom end cap at the pointwhere the scale protrudes.AISG Compliant RET Antennas AISG Compliant antennas are compatible with AISG compliant control unit equipment. For operation of downtilt using AISG compliant controllers see the controller documentation. Where manual override of RET control is provided at the antenna bottom end cap, operation is identical to that described above for MET antennas. WARNING: During downtilt adjustment ensure the hex socket is not turned past the minimum and maximum positions as shown on the downtilt indicator scale. Forcing the hex adjustment beyond this point may lead to damage of the downtilt mechanism. Using power drills and electric screwdrivers to adjust downtilt may also lead to damage of the downtilt mechanism.。

A.H. Systems Model Active Monopole AntennasActive MonopoleAntenna SeriesOperation Manual© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007 REV B 11981TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION3SPECIFICATIONS5OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS7ANTENNA FORMULAS9PREAMPLIFIER ALIGNMENT10CALIBRATION11MAINTENANCE12WARRANTY132© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BINTRODUCTION3© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BINTENDED PURPOSESThis equipment is intended for general laboratory use in a wide variety of industrial andscientific applications and designed to be used in the process of generating, controllingand measuring high levels of electromagnetic Radio Frequency (RF) energy. It is theresponsibility of the user to assure that the device is operated in a location which willcontrol the radiated energy such that it will not cause injury and will not violateregulatory levels of electromagnetic interference.RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONSThis equipment is designed to be safe under the following environmental conditions:Indoor useAltitude: up to 2 kmTemperature: 5° C to 40° CMaximum relative humidity: 80% for temperatures up to 31° C.Decreasing linearly to 50% at 40° CPollution degree 2: Normally non-conductive with occasionalcondensation.While the equipment will not cause hazardous condition over this environmental range,performance may vary.4© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BSPECIFICATIONSGENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe A.H. Systems active monopole antennas are active, general-purpose,receive-only antennas which cover the 100 Hz – 60 MHz frequency range. Theyare ideal for instantaneous bandwidth scanning (without tuning) of electric fieldsin its frequency range and can drive any receiver with an input impedance of 50Ω. Each unit comes with a telescoping rod, ground plane with a high impedancematched preamplifier and battery charger. Review this manual and becomefamiliar with all safety markings and instructions. Verify that the antennaimpedance is compatible with the receiver impedance.ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONSSAS-550-1B Active Monopole Antenna specifications:Frequency Range ....................................................9 kHz – 60 MHzAntenna Factor (dB/m)..................................................................0.1Flatness...........................................+/- 0.5 dB from 20 kHz– 30 MHz+/- 5 dB whole rangeSensitivity...........................................................5 dBµV/m @ 10 kHz-20 dBµV/m @ 1 MHzDynamic Range........................................................96 dB @ 10 kHz122 dB @ 1 MHzSaturation...........................................................................................Output Connector Type...........................................................BNC(f)Input Power.................................................................12 Vdc BatteryWeight........................................................................4.7 lbs. / 2.1 kgSize (W x H x D)..........................................................18" x 18" x 41"46 cm x 46 cm x 104 cmSAS-550-2B Active Monopole Antenna specifications:Frequency Range ..................................................100 Hz – 60 MHzAntenna Factor (dB/m)..................................................................0.1Flatness............................................+/- 0.5 dB from 2 kHz – 30 MHz+/- 24 dB whole rangeSensitivity...........................................................5 dBµV/m @ 10 kHz-20 dBµV/m @ 1 MHzDynamic Range........................................................96 dB @ 10 kHz122 dB @ 1 MHzSaturation...........................................................................................Output Connector Type...........................................................BNC(f)Input Power.................................................................12 Vdc BatteryWeight.........................................................................4.7 lbs / 2.1 kgSize (W x H x D)..........................................................18" x 18" x 41"46 cm x 46 cm x 104 cm5© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONSTo prepare the antenna for operation, attach the telescoping rod antennaelement to the top of the high impedance preamplifier. Connect the rod antennaby pushing straight down on the female connector on top of the amplifier. Donot apply excessive sideways force, as this can cause the antenna center-pin tobreak. Do not operate the Monopole antenna with the Battery Chargerconnected.SETUP INSTRUCTIONSThe amplifier and ground plane can be mounted to any tripod with a 1/4-20attaching stud. Attach the rod antenna to the connector on the top of theamplifier. Extend the rod antenna to 41" (104 cm) above the ground plane.Connect the output BNC connector on the side of the amplifier to the input of a50 Ω receiver or spectrum analyzer. Establish a ground connection to theground plane if required by the test specification.NOTE: The on/off toggle switch is a locking type to preventaccidental turn-on or turn-off. Pull out on the toggle handleand push up to turn the amplifier power on. Pull out andpush down to turn it off.The POWER indicator LED will illuminate and stay lit as long as the battery hassufficient voltage to power the preamplifier. If the LED does not illuminate, donot use the preamplifier until the battery has been recharged.GENERAL USE INSTRUCTIONSThe calibration tables shown provide a listing of the frequency of operation andits antenna factor in dB/m. The field strength is the receiver voltage in dBµVplus the antenna factor (refer to the antenna factor calibration) plus any cableloss. When making a measurement, mount the antenna on an appropriate mastor tripod. Ensure that the active monopole antenna is turned on and use theappropriate correction factors. The active monopole antenna is easy to set upand provides good reception with a minimal need for space. Its flat 0 dBantenna factor makes it a convenient choice when calculating the field intensity.The signal field strength is the receiver voltage in dBµV plus the antenna factor(refer to the antenna factor calibration tables) plus any cable loss.6© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BCHARGING THE BATTERYDepending on the model (if applicable), position the input voltage selectorlocated next to the wall plug on the back of charger to the proper voltage (either110 – 120 Vac, 60 Hz or 220 – 240 Vac, 50 Hz). Be sure to check the availablevoltage and adjust the voltage selector as needed before use. The amplifierON-OFF switch must be in the OFF/CHARGE position to charge the battery.One hour of amplifier operation will be obtained for each hour of charge up to amaximum of 8 hours operation. Charging for up to 24 hours will not damagethe battery. Using the battery charger to operate the amplifier directly is notrecommended.REPLACING THE BATTERIESRemove the four 6-32 flat head screws from the bottom of the ground plane.Disconnect the battery lead from the PC card. Re-connect the lead from thenew battery pack to the PC card. Snug the four 6-32 flat head screws. Insurethat the orientation of the amplifier box is that the input rod connector is facingtoward the center of the ground plane.ECF-10 (Equivalent Capacitance Fixture)The ECF-10 is an equivalent capacitance fixture constructed per IEEE 291 andARP 958. This is an indispensable tool used for gain adjustment and calibrationof the active monopole antennas. The ECF-10 is used as a signal substitutionsource when calibrating the active monopole antennas. Refer to the alignmentand calibration procedures below.7© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BANTENNA FORMULAS AND CALCULATIONSA specific antenna factor is associated with each frequency. This number is to be addedto the receiver reading (in dBµV) to convert to field intensity in dBµV/m.EXAMPLE:Assume the transmitter to be measured is operating at 1 MHz and the receiver readingindicates 44.0 dBµVAF (dB/m) = 0.1Receiver reading (dBµV) = 44 dBµVCable loss (dB) = 0.7Field Intensity = AF + receiver reading + cable lossField Intensity = 0.1 + 44.0 + 0.7Field Intensity = 44.8 dBµV/m8© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BCALIBRATIONPreamplifier AlignmentPreliminary alignment is required on all manufactured active monopole antennas prior to placingthe units in stock for sale. All preliminary test sheets and ITP will be maintained and a copy storedwith the unit to be placed in stock.Turn on the equipment and allow 15 minutes for warm-up.Set up the equipment to 50 MHz center frequency, 10 MHz Span/DIV, 2 dB/DIV amplitude, 300kHz resolution and 80 dBµV reference amplitude on the spectrum analyzer.Set the output level on the tracking generator to 72 dBµV.Connect the tracking generator to the spectrum analyzer as shown in Figure 3 and the 50 Ω loadconnected to the antenna signal output port (B).Save the trace as trace A.Connect the tracking generator cable to the fixture terminated with 50Ω(A) and connect thespectrum analyzer cable to the signal output port (B) per Figure 3.Adjust the resistor pots (R6, R7 and R8 Figure 1) to match the following curve (Figure 2).R6 adjusts high-frequency gainR7 adjusts low-frequency gainR8 adjusts overall gainFigure 1 Figure 2Verify that the low frequency cut off is below specification.Records providing evidence that the required final inspection and tests are carried out shall bemaintained and shall be available for review by the customer and third party inspectors. Suchrecords include signed off ITPs, job cards, nonconformance reports, test reports and inspectionreports, if any.9© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BMeasurement System ChecksMIL-STD-461E changed from the previous versions with the addition of making a pre-testcalibration (measurement system checks) as part of the test procedure. When testing to theprevious standards, one could go through an entire test suite with a faulty cable and never know it.This cable could adversely affect the results for one or many tests, depending on how often it wasused.The 10 pF capacitor (ECF-10) used with the rod antenna in the measurement system checksimulates the capacitance of the rod element to the outside world. With the rod antenna, theelectric field present induces a voltage in the rod that is applied to the preamplifier circuitry. One ofthe functions of the preamplifier is to convert the high impedance input of the antenna element tothe 50 Ω impedance of the measurement receiver. The 10 pF capacitor ensures that the correctsource impedance is present during the check.For measurement system checks,establishing the correct voltage at the input to the10pFcapacitor can be confusing.Since, the electrical length of the 104 cm rod is 0.5 meters, theconversion factor for the induced voltage at the input to the 10 pF capacitor is 6 dB/m.If the limit at the measurement system check frequency is 34 dBµV/m, the required field level touse for measurement system check is 6 dB less than this value or 28 dBµV/m. The voltage levelthat must be injected is:28 dBµV/m – 6 dB/m = 22 dBµVSince the input impedance at the 10 pF capacitor is very high, a signal source must be loaded with50 Ω (termination load or measurement receiver) to ensure that the correct voltage is applied. A T-connector can be used with the signal source connected to the first leg, the 50 Ω load connected tothe second leg, and the center conductor of the third leg connected to the 10 pF capacitor.10© A.H. Systems inc. – January 2007REV BActive Monopole CalibrationThe antenna factor for the rod antenna shall be determined by measuring the signal transfer characteristics of the matching device and assuming that the antenna is a short monopole with an infinite ground plane. Set up the monopole to be calibrated and the test equipment per Figure 3. Allow all equipment to warm up for 15 minutes.* Also referred to as a Dummy Antenna.Figure 3NOTESIf the VSWR of the receiver or signal generator is low, pads may not be needed or reduced to 6 dB or 3 dB.With the equipment connected as shown and a 50 Ω t ermination on the T-connector (A), measure the received signal voltage V L in dBµV at the signal output port (B).Leaving the RF output of the signal generator unchanged, transfer the 50Ωtermination to the signal output port (B) and transfer the receiver input cable to the T-connector (A). Measure the drive signal voltage V D in dBµV.Subtract V L from V D and add 6 dB to obtain the antenna factor (in dB) of the antenna.Records providing evidence that the required final inspection and tests are carried out shall be maintained and shall be available for review by the customer and third party inspectors. Such records include signed off ITPs, job cards, nonconformance reports, test reports and inspection reports, if any.NOTE – The signal generator does not need to be calibrated, but it shall be stable. The 50Ω termination shall have low VSWR. The spectrum analyzer shall be calibrated and have low VSWR.MAINTENANCETo ensure reliable and repeatable long-term performance, annualre-calibration of your active monopole preamplifier by A.H.Systems’ experienced technicians is recommended. Our staff canrecalibrate almost any type or brand of antenna.For more information about our calibration services or to place anorder for antenna calibration, visit our website at or call (818) 998-0223.WARRANTY INFORMATIONA.H. Systems Inc., warrants that our Antennas, Sensors and Probes will be free fromdefects in materials and workmanship for a period of three (3) years. All other productsdelivered under contract will be warranted for a period of two (2) years. A.H. Systems'obligation under this warranty shall be limited to repairing or replacing, F.O.B.Chatsworth, California, each part of the product which is defective, provided that thebuyer gives A.H. Systems notice of such defect within the warranty period commencingwith the delivery of the product by A.H. Systems.The remedy set forth herein shall be the only remedy available to the buyer, and in noevent shall A.H. Systems be liable for direct, indirect, incidental or consequentialdamages.This warranty shall not apply to any part of the product which, without fault of A.H.Systems has been subject to alteration, failure caused by a part not supplied by A.H.Systems, accident, fire or other casualty, negligence, misuse or normal wear ofmaterials.Except for the warranty set forth above, there are no other warranties, expressed orimplied, with respect to the condition of the product or it's suitability for the use intendedfor them by the buyer.For prompt service, please contact our service department for a Return MaterialAuthorization Number before shipping equipment back to us.。

现货库存、技术资料、百科信息、热点资讯，精彩尽在鼎好!Pulse's new line of wireless access point antennas offers flexible and economical solutions for wireless device OEMs. These antennas offer superior transmission and reception between wireless access points. They are compatible with IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n, Bluetooth and ZigBee applications, as well as other products that utilize ISM frequency bands. All wireless access point antennas are RoHS compliant. For high-volume orders, Pulse can custom design antennas for OEMs. This includes alternative frequencies and a variety of cables/connectors for antenna assemblies. Pulse also manufactures build-to-print internal antennas that feature a variety of stamped metal and PCB configurations.Pulse's wide array of antenna selections provide solutions to GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, WiMax, WiFi TM , GPS, ZigBee TM , Bluetooth ®,UWB, ISM, DVB-H, MediaFLO TM , DMB-S, Satellite Radios, DECT and other custom applications. Please pick antennas from these charts at /index.php?271. Click on the part number to access the corresponding data sheet.Please contact Pulse for additional information on products not covered in this catalog.Part Frequency Max Mechanical Application/Standar dNumber Gain (dBi)Length3W1047900MHz 1.0 6.65/169ISM 900MHz W1063900MHz 3.0 6.65/169ISM 900MHzW1030 2.4GHz 2.0 3.25/82.5802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W1031 2.4GHz 2.0 3.25/82.5802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W1034 2.4GHz 2.0 4.21/107802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W1037 2.4GHz 3.2 6.65/169802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W1038 2.4GHz 4.9 6.65/169802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W10272.4GHz3.24.88/124802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee1.Antennas come standard with R-SMA connectors, unless otherwise specified.2.These part numbers are lead-free and RoHS compliant. No additional suffix or identifier is required.3.Inches /millimetersPart F requency Max Mechanical Application/StandardNumber (GHz)Gain (dBi)Length 3W1043 2.4 & 5.0 2.0 4.59/117802.11a/b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W1045 2.4 & 5.0 2.0 4.13/105802.11a/b/g/n, Bluetooth, ZigBee W10285.15 & 5.852.04.88/124802.11a/b/g/n, ISM 5.8GHz1.Antennas come standard with R-SMA connectors, unless otherwise specified.2.These part numbers are lead-free and RoHS compliant. No additional suffix or identifier is required.3.Inches /millimetersSingle-Band 1,2Dual-Band 1,2Antennas for Wireless Access PointSolutions for Mobile Phone AntennasPulse´s customized antennas for mobile phones are based on a thorough knowledge of the design of modern handsets, the antenna requirements, and the challenges of devices functioning in multiradio environments.Pulse has extensive experience in main antenna design and utilizes technologies such as sheet metals, flex radiators and ceramic solutions. Pulse products offer optimal and well-proven solutions for each application and form factor.The product range for mobile phones includes main and complementary antennas and integrated antenna modules.ANTENNASHelical AntennasCeramic AntennasInternal and Surface Mount Antenna SolutionsPulse offers a wide range of standardized internal and surface mount antennas (SMD) for wireless device applications. Pulse’s ceramic technology results in robust antenna designs that have outstanding performance. These antennas have an inherent immunity to surrounding antenna signals and hand-effect, making them exceptionally suitable solutions for small hand-held devices with multiple antennas. Pulse's helical antenna technology provides high-performance antennas in a small package that can be easily deployed. These ceramic and helical antennas require minimal ground plane removal for operation, which means saved board space and economical implementation. The SMD compatibility of Pulse’s antenna products makes them simple and easy to mount.2.Impedance 50 Ω, operating temperature -40°C to +85°C3.GC = Ground Clearance, mm5.⎯ = NAANTENNASThe Larsen antenna product line offers the highest quality, most reliable antennas in the automotive industry. The Larsen antennas combine premium materials with high efficiency designs, which deliver antennas with superior mechanical durability and electrical performance. UV, chemical and impact resistant Makroblend ®bases help ensure the highest performance for all your mobileapplications. “Traditional-style” mobile antennas are available from 27 MHz to 5.9 GHz, as well as many “multi-band” designs. Whether you need communication interoperability, radio communication, data transmission, increased cellular/PCS coverage or GPS tracking,Larsen antennas are the solution.Larsen antennas consist of over 1000 different automotive antenna options. Please contact the factory for more information or to order an all-inclusive catalog at ********************.com or call 800-268-3662.LARSEN ® ANTENNASSingle-Band 1Multi-Band 1NMOWB150C 135-1742NMO Wide Band 451.75/1314⎯⎯NMO450C 450-750 5.6NMO UHF Field Tunable 433/838⎯⎯LP800NMO 806-9602NMO Low Profile 4 1.25/32⎯⎯NMOQW900890-9702NMO 1/4 Wave 4 3/76⎯⎯GPSGM1575.4 5 dBic GPS Glass Mount 1.7/43RG-174⎯NMO5E2400B2400-25005NMO Whip 48.54/217⎯⎯1.Antennas available in multiple frequencies and mounting options. 3.Variety of connectors available. Order separately.2.Variety of coax available. Order separately. 4.All NMO antennas require an NMO mount for installation.1.Antennas available in multiple frequencies and mounting options. 3.Variety of connectors available. Order separately.2.Variety of coax available. Order separately. 4.All NMO antennas require an NMO mount for installation.Part Frequency Gain Description Length Coax 2Connector 3Number (MHz)(dBi)(in /mm)Part Frequency Gain DescriptionLength Coax 2Connector 3Number (MHz)(dBi)(in/mm)NMO150/450/800150-165/450-470/806-940-7/0/1NMO Tri Band 416.5/419⎯⎯KGC/P3EUD824-896/1850-19905.2/5.2Glass Mount Dual Band 13330RG-58U Dual ShieldNo Conn LPT825/18NMOHF 806-960/1710-1990/24003/4/3Low Profile Transit 43.5/89⎯⎯MMC/P3EFME 824-960/1850-19904/4Dual Band Magnetic Mount 5/127RG-58 Low Loss Dual ShieldFME NMOC/P3E 824-960/1850-19904/4Dual Band NMO Mount 4 4.7/119⎯⎯GPSCPOO 824-960/1710-1990/1575.422/2/4.5dBic Direct Feed GPS Tri Band 7.6/193RG-174TNC/SMA GPSCWCPOO824-960/1710-1990/1575.422/1.5/4.5dBicRoof Mount GPS Tri Band3.9/99RG-174TNC/SMAAutomotive Single-Band SolutionsAutomotive Multi-BandSolutionsWIRELESS APPLICATIONSNMO Mounting Kits 1NMOKHFUD NMO Low /High Frequency Mount17/5.18 RG-58/U Dual Shield, Low Loss Cable NO CONN NMOKHFUDTHK NMO Low /High Frequency Thick Mount 17/5.18RG-58/U Dual Shield, Low Loss Cable NO CONN NMOMMRNOCONNNMO Low /High Frequency Magnetic Mount12/3.66RG-58 A /U cableNO CONNPart DescriptionCable Length Coax T ypeConnector Number (ft/m)1.All NMO mounting kits are available with a variety of cables and connectors.Pulse’s Larsen antennas also offer a complete line of portable/terminal antennas for wireless applications. These antenna solutions are perfect for data transmission for various networking applications. Pulse’s Larsen antennas also offer portable/terminal antennas for routers and access points in 800/900 MHz, 1700-1900 MHz and 802.11a/b/g frequencies.The ultra-slim stealth blade allows mounting virtually anywhere without obstruction - in vehicles for voice and data, mobile computing or other mobile/portable terminal applications. SPDA models are true sleeve dipole designs optimized for no-ground-plane environments found in portable and terminal applications. Models have an articulated right angle/360 degree swivel connector. They are ideal for any portable, hand-held terminal or cordless base application such as wireless Point-of-Sale, WLAN or cordless PDX.Larsen antennas offer a variety of portable/terminal antennas with various terminations for use with most popular radio brands as well as many wireless applications. For more information on these antennas or to order an all-inclusive catalog, please e-mail Pulse, at:********************.com , or call 800-268-3662.LARSEN ® ANTENNASSingle-Band Wireless Access Point AntennasR380.500.1092400-25002Cordless Base, Straight Dipole3.5/89NA SMA Plug SB450FME3450-470 2.14Stealth Blade 10/2543' RG-316FME SB8003806-896 2.14Stealth Blade 2.5/1323' RG-174No Conn SB9003890-960 2.14Stealth Blade 2.5/1323' RG-174No Conn SB240032400-2500 2.14Stealth Blade2.5/1323' RG-174No Conn SPDA24832824-894⎯Center Fed Dipole, Articulating Right Angle 9/229NA SMA SPDA24918890-960⎯Center Fed Dipole, Articulating Right Angle 8/203NA SMA M T2SPDA2418001710-1880⎯Center Fed Dipole, Articulating Right Angle 6.5/165NA SMA M T2SPDA2419001850-1990⎯Center Fed Dipole, Articulating Right Angle 6.5/165NA SMA M T2SPDA2424002400-2500⎯Center Fed Dipole, Articulating Right Angle6/152NA SMA SPDP24832824-894⎯Center Fed Dipole, Straight 8/203NA SMA M T2SPDP24918890-960⎯Center Fed Dipole, Straight 2.75/70NA SMA M T2SPDP2424002400-2500⎯Center Fed Dipole, Straight 3.5 / 89NA SMA M T2SPWB23150136-174⎯Helical, Standard, 1/4 Wave 6.75/171NA SMA F T3SPWB23425380-470⎯Helical, Standard, 1/4 Wave 6.5/165NA SMA F T3SPWH23832782-882⎯Whip, Standard, 1/4 Wave 3/76NA SMA F T3SPWH23918863-973⎯Whip, Standard, 1/4 Wave 3/76NA SMA F T3SPHS24832800-864⎯Helical, Standard, 1/4 Wave3/76NASMA F T21.UHF and VHF portable/terminal antennas also available.Part Frequency Gain DescriptionLength Coax 1Connector 1Number (MHz)(dBi)(in /mm)Single-Band Wireless Access Point SolutionsNMOMounting KitsMulti-Band Wireless Access Point AntennasR380.500.3142400-2500/4900-5900 1.6/5Swivel Mount Dipole 7.15/18222N/A RPTNC R380.900.323806-960/1710-19992/2Stealth Blade5/127 10' RG-174FME SPDA24850/1900824-894/1850/1990_Center Fed Dipole, Articulating Right Angle7.5/191N/ASMA1.Additional cable length and connector options available.2.MAXPart Frequency Gain DescriptionLength Coax 1Connector 1Number (MHz)(dBi)(in /mm)Multi-Band Wireless Access Point SolutionsLARSEN ® ANTENNAS。

电磁场中英文词汇有源网络active network导纳率admittivity安培电流定律Ampere's circuital law解析函数analytic function孔（缝）隙天线aperture antennas渐进表示式asymptotic expression第一类贝塞耳函数Bessel function of the first kind 边值问题boundary value problem击穿功率breakdown power布魯斯特角Brewster angle特征值characteristic value电路尺寸circuit dimension圆柱腔circular cavity圆波导circular waveguide圆极化circularly polarized环行器circulator复磁导率complex permeability复功率密度complex power density复矢量波动方程complex vector wave equation共轭问题conjugate problem共面波导coplanar waveguide （CPW）串扰cross-talk直流偏置DC biasδ函数delta function功率流（通量）密度density of power flux介质波导dielectric guide介质损耗dielectric loss耗散电流dissipative current失真distortions散度方程divergence equation主模dominant mode二重傅立叶级数double Fourier series动态场dynamic field本征函数eigen function本征值eigen value电荷密度electric charge density电磁兼容electromagnetic compatibility椭圆极化elliptically polarized能量储存energy storage等幅面equi-amplitude surface雕落场evanescent field雕落模式evanescent mode法拉第感应定律Faraday's law of induction远场far-field铁氧体陶瓷ferrite ceramics场方程field equation场量field quantity场源field source有限区域finite region四端口网络four terminal network傅立叶级数Fourier series傅立叶变换Fourier transformation增益gain几何绕射理论GTD （Geometrical Theory of Diffraction）波导相速度guide phase velocity波导波长guide wave length霍尔效应Hall effect第二类汉克尔函数Hankel function of the second kind高阶模high order mode喇叭天线horn antennas混合模hybrid mode虚部imaginary part红外频谱infra-red frequency spectrum非均匀媒质inhomogeneous media积分方程integral equation内阻抗internal impedance固有（本征）阻抗intrinsic impedance隔离器isolator各向同性物质isotropic matter克希荷夫电流定律Kirchhoff's current law电荷守恒定律law of conservation of charge漏电电流leakage current勒让德多项式Legendre polynomial线积分line integral线性极化linearly polarized洛伦兹互易定理Lorentz reciprocity theorem有耗介质lossy dielectric集中参数元件lumped-element磁滞损耗magnetic hysteresis磁损耗角magnetic loss angle磁矢量位magnetic vector potential匹配负载matched load最速下降法method of steepest descent 微带microstrip 微波单片集成电路microwave monolithic 模式mode模式展开mode expansion模式图mode pattern单极天线monopole antenna互耦合mutual coupling各向异性nonisotropy非可逆器件nonreciprocal devices光纤optic fiber平行板波导parallel plate waveguide寄生效应parasite effect部分填充波导partially filled waveguide特解particular solution贴片patch天线方向性图pattern of antenna理想导体perfect conductor理想介质perfect dielectric相位常数phase constant相移器phase shifter相速度phase velocity坡印亭矢量Poynting vector品质因子quality factor准静态quasi-static雷达反射截面radar cross section （RCS）径向模radial mode 径向波radial wave径向波导radial waveguide辐射电导radiation conductance辐射方向性图radiation pattern辐射功率radiation power辐射电阻radiation resistance射频radio frequency直角坐标rectangular coordinate递推公式recurrence formula相对磁导率relative permeability鞍点saddle标量格林定理scalar Green's theorem标量位scalar potential散射矩阵scattering matrix分离变量法separation of variables短路板shorting plate旁路电流shunt current信号完整性signal integrity单模single mode正弦的sinusoidal趋肤深度skin depth趋肤效应skin effect终端电压terminal voltage终端termination时谐time harmonic全透射total transmission超越方程transcendental equation传输线模式transmission line mode横电场transverse electric field横电磁波transverse electromagnetic wave二端口网络two port network无限（界）区域unbound region均匀平面波uniform plane wave均匀传输线uniform transmission line唯一性uniqueness单位法线unit normal单位切线unit tangent一致性几何绕射理论UTD （Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction）矢量位vector potential电压源voltage source小波wavelet。

Antenna Installation Guide1.Pre Installation1.1Antenna PlacementThe antenna should always be installed in a position where it has a clear view of the satellites in the sky. When surveying a site prior to installation, consider any fixed or moving obstructions which may affect GNSS reception (E.g. Terrain, Pylons, mobile obstructions…). Avoid close proximity to antennas from other services where possible. The antenna has excellent rejection characteristics to out-of-band signals, as does the GNSS receiver, but high-powered RF signals in close proximity to the antenna may swamp the very low-level signals from the GNSS satellites.1.2Reducing the risk of lightning strikeThe first line of protection against the effects of lightning-induced surge eventsinvolves positioning the antenna in a “lightning-protected zone”. In practice,thismeans ensuring that there is at least one other earth-bonded structure located inthe same rooftop area (e.g. another antenna, or a lightning rod) that reachessignificantly higher than the top of the GNSS antenna. The GNSS Antenna shouldthen be mounted so that it lies within a 45-degree angle from the top of the otherearth-bonded structure. The GNSS antenna mount itself should also be securelybonded directly to the building protection earth – and not connected via any of theother earthed structures. By following the directions above you will reduce the riskof lightning strike. However, there is no fail-safe way of preventing lightning strike.A lightning arrestor should be installed to reduce the risk of damage caused in thisinstance.1.3Lightning ProtectionAt installations where lightning frequently occurs, it is prudent to install a lightning arrestor between the antennaand clock. Tekron's antenna lightning protection kit provides additional protection through the use of an impulsesuppressor. In the event of a lightning derived high voltage surge occurring, the impulse suppressor activates,short-circuiting the cable directly to earth.For the lightning protector to be effective, it must be firmly mounted to a conductive metal surface that is itselfbonded to the building protective earth. Ensure that a good electrical connection is made between the surgeprotector and the earthing system. All earthing connections should be as short as possible, should have no sharpbends or loops, and should use at least a 4mm2 stranded copper wire for earthing the lightning arrestor. The preferred mounting position is on the inside of the building’s exterior wall, adjacent to the antenna lead entrypoint.2.Antenna and Cable Installation2.1GNSS AntennaTekron’s standard shipping configuration includes an active GNSS antenna, specifically designed for industrial/static timing environments, together with a pipe-mounting plinth. The mechanical diagram below shows the antenna and pipe mounting plinth attached.The antenna pipe-mounting plinth is designed to fit over the top of a pipe like a capping. The mount has an internal diameter of 43mm, to fit a pipe with external diameter of between 40 and 42mm (1¼inch / 32mm nominal ID galvanized pipe). The top end of the pipe should be cut flat, so that the rubber gasket inside the antenna mount sits flush against it, forming an effective weather seal. The mount is fixed to the pipe with two stainless steel M8 hexagon- socket setscrews (supplied).2.2Antenna mounting bracketThe antenna pipe-mounting plinth is designed to fit over the top of a user-supplied pipe like a capping. The pipe should have an external diameter of between 40 and 42mm (1¼inch / 32mm nominal ID galvanized pipe). The top end of the pipe should be cut flat, so that the rubber gasket inside the antenna mount sits flush against it, forming an effective weather seal.Establish the mounting method for the pipe, such as strapping or bolting to a frame on the edge of the building, or strapping to an air conditioning exhaust or similar. The base of the pipe needs to be accessible for the cable entry, if this is not practical, then a hole or slot can be made in the side of the pipe to allow the cable to enter and be passed up to the top of the pipe.An adjustable antenna mounting bracket can be ordered from Tekron. See section 2.7 for specifications.2.3Antenna cableCalculate the cable length required between the antenna and GNSS Clock, allowing 5 –10% extra for contingencies.Tekron clocks can be ordered with 15, 30, or 60 meters of high performance RF cable factory-fitted with a TNC-type male connector at one end, and a SMA male connector at the other. The TNC-type connector mates with the connector on the antenna and provides a robust weather-resistant connection. The smaller SMA connector mates with the connector on the GNSS clock rear panel and is only fractionally larger in diameter than the cable itself; this facilitates installation in conduit and through small apertures.Custom lengths can be ordered upon request however additional costs may be incurred.Where antenna cable distance exceeds 60 meters, either lower loss (e.g. CNT-400) cable can be used or an in-line amplifier can be installed. Contact Tekron for further advice.2.4Antenna cable installationWhile the cable shielding is excellent, the cable should not be routed in close proximity to power cables or other RF cables carrying transmitter signals – in particular, parallel runs are to be avoided if possible. If such runs are absolutely unavoidable, a minimum separation of 300 mm may be used as a guideline.The GNSS receiver has excellent out of band rejection characteristics, as does the antenna itself. However, sound engineering practice should not rely on these factors alone to guarantee performance. Careful installation will enhance the long-term reliability and on-going stability of the clock.The absolute minimum bend radius for the antenna cable supplied is 40mm, but it is preferable to use a larger radius if possible. Caution should be taken at all times during the installation of the cable to avoid crushing or shorting the cable.2.5GNSS antenna installationFeed the antenna cable up the mounting bracket/ pipe from the bottom end, through the plinth, and connect directly to the TNC connector on the base of the antenna. It is advisable to wrap self-amalgamating tape around the connector to seal the connection and provide protection against moisture ingress.Fasten the antenna to the plinth using the four stainless screws supplied with the kit. The complete antenna assembly can then be placed on the mounting bracket/ pipe and secured by tightening the grub screws on the side of the plinth using the supplied Hex key.2.6Installing the lightning protection kit (when applicable)The lightning protector must be firmly mounted to a conductive metal surface that is itself bonded to the building protective earth. Ensure that a good electrical connection is made between the surge protector and the earthing system. All earthing connections should be as short as possible, should have no sharp bends or loops.The preferred mounting position is on the inside of the building’s exterior wall, adjacent to the antenna lead entry point.2.7Adjustable Antenna Mounting BracketThe steel adjustable antenna mounting bracket will assist in the dissipation of energy should the antenna be struck by lightning. The mounting bracket should be securely bonded directly to the building protection earth –and not connected via any of the other earthed structures.2.8Antenna Cable2.9Lightning Protection KitThe NexTek FPL series of protectors reduce lightning transients to very low voltage levels and pass dc through as well. Fine-protectors are usually necessary on sensitive receiver lines that must pass dc, or need protection Through Current 1 A。

EFHW antennasInstruction ManualEuroXpress Corporation- EFHWManual2 ContentsAbout EFHW Antennas (2)Installation Tips (3)Installation Steps (4)Grounding of EFHW antennas (6)Radiation Patterns (7)Power limits (8)Warning (9)Limited Warranty (9)NOTES (9)About EFHW AntennasT he EFHW antenna is one of amateur radio’s oldest antenna designs. EFHW stands for “End Fed Half wave” and was first introduced way back in 1927 by the Austrian radio amateur, Dr. Josef Fuchs, OE1JF. Later the antenna got name “Fuchs Antenna.” It was patented in 1928, published in QST magazine and subsequently forgotten for many years. Today, amateur radio operators are often reintroduced to EFHW antennas thanks to high ratio wideband UNUN transformers wound on a ferrite core material. This allows the simple half wavelength long wire to instantly become a multiband antenna with reasonable match producing low VSWR values within bands.Beginning in 2015, the designer of high power MEF transformers (Multiband End Fed), Daniel “Danny” Horvat, E73M (aka N4EXA) has made number of huge advancements in designing of high ratio (49:1, 56:1, 75:1 and 81:1) UNUN (UN-balanced to UN-balanced) transformers and antennas. The efficiency- Insertion loss of the transformers continues to be unmatched by any copycat or competitor products on the market. These products made by Euroxpress Corporation and sold via e-commerce at , have helped create a resurgent wave in popularity for these long-forgotten antennas among the worldwide amateur radio community as well as in the world of commercial and public applications.Schematic from the Austrian patent #110357 depicting the fundamental principle of the EFHWantenna3 Installation TipsWeather you bought one of our multiband models like the EFHW-8010/7510, EFHW-4010 or a transformer like the MEF-330, MEF-107 etc. these basic rules apply to any antenna installation.•All antennas need to be as far as possible from ground, antennas, wires, homes and similar.•All antennas become more efficient when farther from ground or adjacent objects.•All antennas behave differently at different locations and in different configurations.•All antennas work better when height or distance from ground or object is equal or larger than antenna Reactive Near Field or 0.159 wavelength.Just as the mantra is in the Real Estate business: “location, location, location”, the mantra forantennas is: “Height, Height, H eight”.One of common misconceptions is to think about an antenna’s height in feet or meters above ground or above roof of the house etc. The antenna height should be seen in wavelengths of the frequency antenna operates on.For example, 20 ft. above ground (6 meters) may seem a decent height compared to an average man standing at ~6’ tal l but not when operating on 3.5 MHz where the wavelength is 85.7 meters or 261 ft., the 20 feet represent a small fraction of total wavelength, just 0.076wl. It is half of the minimum optimal height of 0.159 WL but not to worry, the antenna will still work, although not as efficiently well as it would with a 40 feet (12 meter) configuration above ground.We recommend minimum height of 20 feet at any or all points of our EFHW-8010 antenna models or 10 feet for EFHW-4010 models. This height applies also for Inverted “L” and Inverted “U” configurations where vertical side(s), starting at minimum 3 feet or 1 meter above ground, should be minimum 20 or 10 feet long.To summarize and reiterate: ”height, height, height”” Antennas work much better when high above the ground and far from the objects”It is worth mentioning here that the feed point impedance of any antenna is impacted by its height above the ground, distance from adjacent homes, towers, tree trunks, other antennas etc. In short VSWR values vary from location to location and by its height and distance from the aforementioned.4In the image above you can see a crude depiction of formation of electromagnetic waves.When a signal from a transmitter is applied to an antenna, it sends out electromagnetic waves into free space. The EM field characteristics vary as a function of distance from the antenna. They are broadly divided into two regions, the near-field region, and the far field region.Reactive Near Field: This is the region that is adjacent to the antenna. In this region, the E-Field and H-Field are 90 degrees out of phase with each other and are therefore reactive. To radiate or propagate the E/H fields need to be orthogonal (perpendicular) and in phase with each other. Radiative Near Field: This region is also known as the Fresnel Region. It is the region between the reactive near field and the far field. This is the region where the EM fields start to transition from reactive to radiating fields. However, since they have not completely transitioned, the shape of the radiation pattern still varies with distance.Far Field Region is the region that comes after the near radiative near field. In this region, the EM fields are dominated by radiating fields. The E and H-fields are orthogonal to each other and to the direction of propagation as with plane waves.Installation Steps1. Survey the size of your available yard space, take into an account trees and other objects like sheds, nearby homes, powerlines and similar.2. Decide on one of following wire configurations bearing in mind to have the antenna wire as high as possible and far as possible from anything and everything.•Straight Horizontal wire configuration.•Inverted L, Transformer at 3 feet or more and vertical side 20-40 feet long.•Lazy L, horizontal portion followed by vertical portion of the antenna.•Inverted V, angle at apex should not be less than 90 degrees.•Inve rted U, or “half square”, vertical sides are always twice shorter than horizontal.•Sloper, make sure overall height of antenna is as far as possible from ground. Avoid placing the lower side of sloper at heights of less than 10 feet (3meters) above ground.3. Fasten the box on to any surface such as a wall, wooden post, tower or hang it from tree or any other structure. Remove all wire ties and string the wire in any way you have room for and attachthe coaxial line and grounding. Avoid longer grounding wires and ground the coaxial cable instead at the station side.Always make sure that antenna wire is at least 20 feet high above ground at the middle portion of a130 feet (or 63 feet) long wire. Extra foot of wire is left on the end insulator of the antenna for fine tuning if needed. If the resonant point at 80m (should be 3.55-3.6MHz) is too low for you, the wire may be cut to be shortened slightly to move that point upward in frequency.Note that the resonant points on other bands will move too. Note that difference between 3.5 and3.9MHz is over 13 feet in length so it is impossible to have antenna covering the largest band(80/75m, 13% of frequency) with just single wire. For 3.9MHz coverage we developed an EFHW-7510-2K+ antenna which covers 3.8-4MHz with low VSWR whole all other bands remained the same as with EFHW-8010 model.This antenna will not need radials and in most cases require NO Tuner at all. NO additional hanging pigtails from grounding lug is needed (some people mistakenly call it “counterpoise”).Example of Inverted U or “half square” installationExample of Inverted L in combination with horizontal L installation5Example of Lazy L installationGrounding of EFHW antennasGrounding at the lug next to the SO239 connector is recommended!(not in all installation cases)If the transformer box is installed more than 20ft from the ground, do not run ground wire butground the end of the coaxial cable at the radio side. Long wires tend to collect electro-static charge (usually during stormy weather) which can produce ESD (electrostatic discharge) at the end of your cable and damage your equipment. There is also possibility of your own induction of RF into longground wire which is not always terminated in perfect zero potential (ground) but into groundrod(s). The 8-foot (2.4 meters) ground rod easily can present resistance of 25-80 Ohms, depending on soil conductivity, instead of ideal zero Ohms. In real world with best grounding installations, the grounding resistance is 3-5 Ohms depending on ground composition.To minimize eventual RF interference on transmit and ingress of RF noise always have your coaxial cables properly grounded at the entrance to your home and properly bonded with other groundrods per national electrical code 810, NEC-810 practice and information is available at our website link https:///wp/tech-info/about-grounding/6Radiation PatternsRadiation pattern of EFHW antenna is the same as radiation pattern of the Center fed Dipole antenna. That is true only at its first resonance where antenna is half wavelength long just as Simple Dipole antenna. Unlike center fed Dipole, the EFHW antenna can be used on both odd and even multiples or harmonics. For example, the multiple of 3.55MHz times 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 will produce resonances in almost all amateur bands above 80M band.The radiation patters will change as we go higher in the frequency and typical radiation patterns in 2D and 3D for an EFHW-81010 at 30 feet above the ground in horizontal configuration can be seen at following images created by Dick, KK4OBI80m Fundamental1 lobe 6.06 dBi at 0°40m2nd Harmonic2 lobes 6.12 dBi at 50°30m 3rd Harmonic3 lobes 7.37 dBi at 60°78 20 m 4th Harmonic4 lobes 8.92 dBi at 70°15m6th Harmonic6 lobes 10.5 dBi at 75°10m 8th Harmonic8 lobes 10.2 dBi at 80°Power limitsPower rating of 1kW or 2kW I.C.A.S. is maximum for 3-30MHz antennas, the transformers like MEF-107-4K or MEF-105-5K can take a lot more I.C.A.S power on CW and Phone mode (SSB) than legal limit in the US (1500W).The Popular digital mode such as FT8 etc. will put more strain on the wide-bands transformers with high ratio (49:1-81:1) used in EFHW antennas so follow the power limit on the product page and product labels. Anyway, be courteous and do not pollute such narrow bandwidth used in FT8 mode with high power and cause interference to other users.ICAS = Intermittent Commercial and Amateur ServiceAdjust your power to style of operation, make sure that the transmit period is followed by the same or longer receive period in order to meet ICAS power rating.No guarantee or liability is either expressed or implied pertaining to damages to persons, buildings, or equipment in the installation or use of our antennas. You must use extreme caution when working around power lines. If the antenna were to come into contact with a voltagecarrying line it could be fatal.Limited Warranty/ Euroxpress Corporation, warrants to the original purchaser for one year fromdate of purchase that each antenna is free of defects in material or workmanship. If, in thejudgement of , any such antenna is defective, then will, at itsoption, repair or replace the antenna at its expense within thirty days of the date the antenna isreturned (at purchasers expense) to or one of its authorized representatives. This warranty is in lieu of all other expressed warranties, any implied warranty is limited in duration to one year. shall not be liable for any incidental or consequential damages whichmay result from a defect. This warranty does not extend to any products which have been subject the misuse, neglect, accident or improper installation. Any repairs or alterations outside of the facility will nullify this warranty.NOTES9。

专利名称：CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS发明人：Nuri Celik申请号：US16681618申请日：20191112公开号：US20200083608A1公开日：20200312专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An antenna includes a dielectric substrate, a circular patch overlying thedielectric substrate, and a metamaterial ground plane. One or more antenna feeds are coupled to the circular patch. The antenna feeds may include impedance transformers.The metamaterial ground plane includes a plurality of conductive patches and a groundplane. The conductive patches are arranged along a first plane below the circular patch and are separated from the circular patch by at least the dielectric substrate. The conductive patches are arranged in a pattern that provides circular symmetry with respect to a center of the circularly polarized antenna. The ground plane is arranged along a second plane and is electrically coupled to at least a first portion of the conductive patches. One or more of the conductive patches and the ground plane are coupled to ground.申请人：Trimble Inc.地址：Sunnyvale CA US国籍：US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

IEEE 和天线有关名词的定义Antenna: "That part of a transmitting or receiving system which is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves". An antenna can also be viewed as a transitional structure (transducer) between free-space and a transmission line (such as a coaxial line). An important property of an antenna is the ability to focus and shape the radiated power in space e.g.: it enhances the power in some wanted directions and suppresses the power in other directions.Frequency bandwidth:"The range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristics, conforms to a specified standard". VSWR of an antenna is the main bandwidth limiting factor.Input impedance: " The impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals". The input impedance is a complex function of frequency with real and imaginary parts. The input impedance is graphically displayed using a Smith chart. Reflection coefficient: The ratio of the voltages corresponding to the reflected and incident waves at the antenna's input terminal (normalized to some impedance Z0). The return loss is related to the input impedance Zin and the characteristic impedance Z0 of the connecting feed line by: Gin = (Zin - Z0) / (Zin+Z0).Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR): The ratio of the maximum/minimum values of standing wave pattern along a transmission line to which a load is connected. VSWR value ranges from 1 (matched load) to infinity for a short or an open load. For most base station antennas the maximum acceptable value of VSWR is 1.5. VSWR is related to the reflection coefficient Gin by: VSWR= (1+|Gin|)/(1-| Gin |).Isolation: "A measure of power transfer from one antenna to another". This is also the ratio of the power input to one antenna to the power received by the other antenna, expressed in decibel (dB). The same definition is applicable to two-port antennas such as dual-polarization antennas.Far-field region: "That region of the field of an antenna where the angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from a specified point in the antenna region". The radiation pattern is measured in the far field. Antenna polarization: "In a specified direction from an antenna and at a point in its far field, is the polarization of the (locally) plane wave which is used to represent the radiated wave at that point". "At any point in the far-field of an antenna the radiated wave can be represented by a plane wave whose electric field strength is the same as that of the wave and whose direction ofpropagation is in the radial direction from the antenna. As the radial distance approaches infinity, the radius of curvature of the radiated wave's phase front also approaches infinity and thus in any specified direction the wave appears locally a plane wave". In practice, polarization of the radiated energy varies with the direction from the center of the antenna so that different parts of the pattern and different side lobes sometimes have different polarization. The polarization of a radiated wave can be linear or elliptical (with circular being a special case).Co-polarization: "That polarization which the antenna is intended to radiate".Cross-polarization: "In a specified plane containing the reference polarization ellipse, the polarization orthogonal to a specified reference polarization". The reference polarization is usually the co-polarization.Antenna pattern: The antenna pattern is a graphical representation in three dimensions of the radiation of the antenna as a function of angular direction. Antenna radiation performance is usually measured and recorded in two orthogonal principal planes (such as E-Plane and H-plane or vertical and horizontal planes). The pattern is usually plotted either in polar or rectangular coordinates. The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main lobe and several minor lobes, termed side lobes. A side lobe occurring in space in the direction opposite to the main lobe is called back lobe.Normalized pattern: Normalizing the power/field with respect to its maximum value yields a normalized power/field pattern with a maximum value of unity (or 0 dB).Gain pattern: Normalizing the power/field to that of a reference antenna yields a gain pattern. When the reference is an isotropic antenna, the gain is expressed in dBi. When the reference is a half-wave dipole in free space, the gain is expressed in dBd.Radiation efficiency: "The ratio of the total power radiated by an antenna to the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected transmitter".E-plane:"For a linearly polarized antenna, the plane containing the electric field vector and the direction of maximum radiation". For base station antenna, the E-plane usually coincides with the vertical plane.H-plane: "For a linearly polarized antenna, the plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum radiation". For base station antenna, the H-plane usually coincides with the horizontal plane.Front-to-back ratio: "The ratio of the maximum directivity of an antenna to itsdirectivity in a specified rearward direction". Sometimes the directivity in the rearward direction is taken as the average over an angular region.Major/main lobe: "The radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation". For most practical antenna there is only one main beam.Side lobe level: Is the ratio, in decibels (dB), of the amplitude at the peak of the main lobe to the amplitude at the peak of a side lobe.Half-power beamwidth: " In a radiation pattern cut containing the direction of the maximum of a lobe, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half the maximum value". The Half-power beamwidth is also commonly referred to as the 3-dB beamwidth.Antenna directivity: The directivity of an antenna is given by the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity (power per unit solid angle) to the average radiation intensity (averaged over a sphere). The directivity of any source, other than isotropic, is always greater than unity.Antenna gain:The maximum gain of an antenna is simply defined as the product of the directivity by efficiency. If the efficiency is not 100 percent, the gain is less than the directivity. When the reference is a loss less isotropic antenna, the gain is expressed in dBi. When the reference is a half wave dipole antenna, the gain is expressed in dBd (1 dBd = 2.15 dBi ).Antenna efficiency: The total antenna efficiency accounts for the following losses: (1) reflection because of mismatch between the feeding transmission line and the antenna and (2) the conductor and dielectric losses.Effective radiated power (ERP): "In a given direction, the relative gain of a transmitting antenna with respect to the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole multiplied by the net power accepted by the antenna from the connected transmitter".Power handling: Is the ability of an antenna to handle high power without failure. High power in antenna can cause voltage breakdown and excessive heat (due to conductor and dielectric antenna losses) which would results in an antenna failure.Passive intermodulation (PIM):As in active devices, passive intermodulation occurs when signals at two or more frequencies mix with each other in a non-linear manner to produce spurious signals. PIM is caused by a multitude of factors present in the RF signal path. These include poor mechanical contact, presence of ferrous contents in connectors and metals, andcontact between two galvanically unmatched metals. PIM spurious signal, which falls in the up link band, can degrade call quality and reduce the capacity of a wireless system.Side lobe suppression: "Any process, action or adjustment to reduce the level of the side lobes or to reduce the degradation of the intended antenna system performance resulting from the presence of side lobes". For base station antenna, the first side lobe above the horizon is preferred to be low in order to reduce interference to adjacent cell sites. At the other hand, the side lobes below the horizon are preferred to be high for better coverage.Null filling: Is the process to fill the null in the antenna radiation pattern to avoid blind spots in a cell site coverage.Isotropic radiator: "A hypothetical, loss less antenna having equal radiation intensity in all direction". For based station antenna, the gain in dBi is referenced to that of an isotropic antenna (which is 0 dB).Omnidirectional antenna: "An antenna having an essentially non-directional pattern in a given plane of the antenna and a directional pattern in any orthogonal plane". For base station antennas, the omnidirectional plane is the horizontal plane.Directional antenna:"An antenna having the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves more effectively in some directions than others".Half-wave dipole:"A wire antenna consisting of two straight collinear conductors of equal length, separated by a small feeding gap, with each conductor approximately a quarter-wave length long".Log-periodic antenna: "Any one of a class of antennas having a structural geometry such that its impedance and radiation characteristics repeat periodically as the logarithm of frequency".Microstrip antenna: "An antenna which consists of a thin metallic conductor bonded to a thin grounded dielectric substrate". An example of such antennas is the microstrip patch.Linear array: A set of radiating elements (e.g. dipole or patch) arranged along a line. Radiating elements such as dipole and patch have dimensions comparable to a wavelength. A linear array has a higher gain, than a single radiator, and its radiation pattern can be synthesized to meet various antenna performance requirements such as upper side lobe suppression and null fill. Itshould be noted that the gain of any antenna is proportional to its size.Coaxial antenna: "An antenna comprised of a extension to the inner conductor of a coaxial line and a radiating sleeve which in effect is formed by folding back the outer conductor of the coaxial line".Collinear array antenna: "A linear array of radiating elements, usually dipoles, with their axes lying in a straight line".Adaptive (smart) antenna:"An antenna system having circuit elements associated with its radiating elements such that one or more of the antenna properties are controlled by the received signal".。