Ultra Wideband Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications

Recent Advances in Ultra Wideband Radar and Ranging SystemsInvited PaperRobert J. Fontana, Fellow, Lester A. Foster, Brian Fair and David WuMultispectral Solutions, Inc.Germantown, MD USA2007 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB), Singapore24-26 September 2007© 2007 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However,permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale orredistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.Recent Advances in Ultra Wideband Radar and Ranging SystemsInvited PaperRobert J. Fontana, Fellow, Lester A. Foster, Brian Fair and David WuMultispectral Solutions, Inc., Germantown, MD USAAbstract – This invited paper describes recent advances in short pulse electromagnetics as applied to Ultra Wideband (UWB) radar and precision ranging. UWB sensors designed for perimeter intrusion detection, obstacle and collision avoidance and industrial safety applications will be described. The design of a Part 15 compliant, UWB radar development kit is also discussed.Index Terms – Ultra wideband, Radar, Spread spectrum radar, Electromagnetic measurementsI. I NTRODUCTION The application of short pulse electromagnetics (UWB) to radar systems has a long history of development [1-3]. This invited paper discusses several recent UWB radar and (cooperative) ranging systems developed for various Government and commercial applications. In addition to exploiting the inherent advantages of short pulse radar for precision distance measurements, these unique sensors are seen to leverage UWB’s advantages in energy efficiency (e.g., unattended, battery-operated sensors) and reliable operation in multipath and clutter.II. UWB P ERIMETER I NTRUSION D ETECTION R ADARDeveloped for the U.S. Government, this radar sensor provides an extremely low power, perimeter detection and target identification capability. The radar utilizes UWB technology for superb clutter rejection as well as for extended-life battery operation. Operationally, the intrusion detection radar is used to monitor the traffic of vehicles and personnel in remote locations by acting as a cueing device for an infrared (IR) video imaging sensor (see Figure 1below).Fig. 2. UWB Radar shown in Field Deployment.(Radar is black unit to the right of rectangular control/battery unit)The radar detects an intrusion with a single sample of the environment while consuming less than 6 milliJoules of battery energy per sampling event. The radar sensor operates off of two standard AA batteries. Utilizing this low power UWB sensor as a trigger device for the much higher power consumption video camera system provides two major advantages, namely a significant reduction in the amount of video imagery to be post-processed and extended life, unattended operation on moderate capacity batteries. The field-of-views (FOVs) for both radar and IR camera werematched and sensor data relayed wirelessly from the unitonly if the image met certain detection criteria. In this fashion, the communications network and end user are not overwhelmed with a large volume of raw sensor data.The intrusion system radar hardware is illustrated in Figure 2, where the UWB receiver/processor and transmitter circuit cards are mounted behind a dual patch antenna array. The radar electronics package is mounted in an all-weather chassis for field deployment.Fig. 2. UWB Perimeter Intrusion Detection Sensor Hardware.A system block diagram of the UWB radar sensor is shown in Figure 3.Fig. 3. Block Diagram of the Perimeter Intrusion Detection Radar.Radar operational hardware consists of three major system components:(a) Antenna module consisting of a pair of 15 dBi gain antennas (transmit and receive), each with a 16 x 45 degree field of view;(b) C-Band receiver/signal processing module; and,(c) C-band UWB transmitter module.The antenna module consists of two C-band antenna arrays, one for transmit and the second for receive. The system’s operational (-3dB) frequency range is 6.0 to 6.4 GHz, with a -10dB bandwidth in excess of 1.25 GHz. Each array consists of an 8-element (4 x 2), wideband microstrip patch configuration to achieve the desired gain and directivity (i.e., to match that of the IR sensor optics). The antennas are spatially configured so as to provide low cross-coupling between receive/transmit array elements preventing blinding of the radar’s near field range gates by the transmitter pulse.All radar signal processing functions are performed in hardware within a single generic Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). After detection, the return signal from each transmit pulse is processed simultaneously within each of 512 range gate intervals [4]. In this fashion, multiple targets at varying ranges can be detected and processed with a minimal expenditure of both transmitter and signal processor energy. Returns from each range gate are digitized and, afterN successive pulse transmissions, the highest quantization level that is exceeded at least M times (M<N) is assigned to the corresponding range gate. This 512-length vector is compared, element by element, to a clutter map which is stored in memory and initialized upon system start up to the zero vector [0,0,…,0]. If any element of the received vector exceeds, by some predetermined threshold, the corresponding range gate entry in the clutter map, a detection event is declared for that specific range gate. The clutter mapis then updated using an autoregressive moving average of the previous clutter map contents and the current receive vector.In order to minimize radar power consumption, the radar electronics are placed in a low standby current, sleep mode until wakened by a watchdog timer to perform a periodic sampling of the environment. The clutter map is stored in non-volatile memory and reloaded upon subsequent power-up. As a person, vehicle or other object moves into the radar’s field of view, target presence is readily discerned from the comparison with the most recent clutter map information. If the target stops moving, it can be seen that its return will gradually disappear as it melts into the new clutter map. However, any subsequent motion creates a significant change in one or more range bins, creating a strong detection event. In operation, the system has demonstrated a sensitivity to detect a minivan in excess of 600 feet, a standing human target in excess of 450 feet and a crawling subject in excess of 300 feet. Each detection event consumes only 6 milliJoules of receiver/processor energy – only 3.5 nanoJoules of which is attributable to the transmitted pulse energy. Table 1 summarizes the physical and performance characteristics of the UWB Perimeter Intrusion DetectionRadar.Table 1. UWB Perimeter Intrusion Radar CharacteristicsRF Characteristics Center Frequency 6.20 GHzBandwidth 400 MHz (-3dB)1250 MHz (-10 dB)Peak Power +31 dBmAntenna Gain 15.0 dBiAntenna FOV 45 x 16 degreesSystem Performance Primary Power 1.0 W (7-33VDC)Detection Range Offset + 512 feet(Offset 0/100 feet)Range Resolution 1 footPRFSelectableto330 HzInterface RS232 115.2 kb/sPhysicalCharacteristicsCircuit Card Stack 2.25 x 3.5 x 1.38inches with shieldDual Patch Antenna 5.25 x 6.30 x 0.17inchesCircuit Card Weight 90 gramsAntenna Weight 160 gramsDemonstrated DetectorSensitivityHuman, Standing (6’tall)450 feetHuman, Crawling 300 feetMinivan In excess of 600 feetIII. O BSTACLE A VOIDANCE R ADARDeveloped under contract to the U.S. Army to provide anobstacle detection capability for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the UWB Obstacle Avoidance Radar (OAR) is animproved version of the previously described PerimeterIntrusion Detection radar. The unit is illustrated in Figure 4below.Figure 4. OAR UWB RadarAntenna Module & Digital ProcessorOAR utilizes a higher gain (17.5 dBi) C-band patch arrayand a higher peak power (+37 dBm) UWB transmitter. Theminimum detectable signal (MDS) to the receiver/processorwas also reduced by improving the system front end noisefigure (low NF pHEMPT device) and reducing widebanddetector noise pickup from the radar’s digital electronics.These improvements resulted in an overall 10 dB gain inweak signal performance over the Intrusion Detection Radardesign. With its greater sensitivity, OAR was able to detectoverhead power lines, major problems for both manned (e.g., Medivac helicopters) and UAV flight, at ranges in excess of 300 feet.An interesting experiment was performed with the radar, using it to capture the return from a Mallard duck flying low (6 feet) above the water surface. The return from the Mallard is shown in Figure 5, where detection is illustrated at a range of approximately 260 feet as the duck flew toward the radar. As seen, the detector output voltage is approximately 12 dB above the system noise floor. For reference, the radar cross section (RCS) of a duck is approximately -20 dB square meters (dBsm).12-102004006008001000Range (feet)D e t e c t o r V o l t a g e O u tFigure 5. Screen capture of a mallard duck in flight using OARIn this experiment, the duck was flying near the water surface which introduced an interesting multipath interference effect with the received signal. Figure 6 shows the four different possible signal paths from a UWB radar toa target. Note that, upon reflecting off the water surface, the signal changes polarity as a function of the incidence angle. For low grazing angles with a vertically polarized signal, thepolarity shifts nearly 180 degrees upon reflection. These returns combine at the radar antenna.4) Bounced path both waysFigure 6. Ray Tracing of Radar Multipath from TargetIn the above example, the radar antenna was approximately six feet above the lake surface, approximately the same height as that of the flying duck. The difference in path length between the multipath return and the direct path was thus approximately 8.4 cm, with the UWB pulse lengthapproximately 75 cm. Mathematically combining the UWBpulse returns with the time delays and phase shifts produced by the path geometries, one obtains the result in Figure 7. Here, multipath gain/loss is plotted as a function of range to target. For this analysis, the lake surface was assumed to have perfect conductivity so that each ray added equally.Fig. 7. Multipath Gain/Loss for 2m Antenna/Target HeightsAs observed in Figure 7, multipath can provide both destructive and constructive interference effects. At a range of 260 feet (80m), for example, there is approximately 6 dB of destructive interference. This interference was observed on the scope as the duck flew toward the radar, with the signal magnitude fluctuating wildly during the entireapproaching sequence. An additional source of fluctuations(unmodeled) resulted from the waves on the water surface that further scattered the multipath returns. Table 2 shows the approximate RCS at 6 GHz for various surface components of a small, 1 meter length, 3 meter wingspan, air vehicle. These values do not consider the contribution of theUAV engine or other electronic components. Manned aircraft, on the other hand, have radar cross sections that are significantly higher. For example, a typical (non-stealthy)aircraft that can fly at flight speeds of 250 knots will have a radar cross section approaching 10 to 20 dBsm. Table 3provides the estimated detection range for OAR as a function of RCS.Table 2. Estimated RCS of Small UAV at 6 GHzRadar Cross SectionUAV ComponentAspect ----at 6 GHzBodyNose / Tail WingsBroadside Nose / Tail Nose / Tail Nose / Tail BroadsidePropeller-12510726dBsm dBsm dBsm dBsm dBsmTable 3. OAR Detection Range vs. RCSRCS (dBsm) Detection Range (ft)-20 500 -10 890 0 1580 10 2820 20 5020IV. RADEKL – A N FCC-COMPLIANT R ADAR S YSTEM In 2002, MSSI developed a portable, battery operated, radar sensor nicknamed “SPIDER”, for “Short PulseIntrusion Detection Radar”, which was the first UWB system-level product to receive FCC approval under the new Part 15 Subpart F regulations. Originally developed under a DARPA contract for micro air vehicle collision and obstacle avoidance applications [5], the FCC-certified version of this sensor operated in the 6020-6699 MHz band under Subpart F Part 15.511 “Technical requirements for surveillance systems” [6]. Operation under 15.511, however, is limited to fixed surveillance systems operated by law enforcement, fire or emergency rescue organizations or by manufacturers licensees, petroleum licensees or power licensees as defined in FCC Section 90.7 (“Part 90” users).In March 2005, the FCC significantly expanded the application space for UWB equipment that operates in the Part 15.205 non-restricted band segment from 5925-7250 MHz by creating Part 15.250 for general UWB applications [7]. While the original SPIDER radar sensor could have been recertified for use under 15.250, significant advances had been made in UWB technology since early 2002, and a new radar design incorporating these advances was developed. The new, Part 15.250 compliant, radar sensor is called RADEKL (see Figure 8), “Radar Developers’ Kit ‘Lite’”, as it is designed specifically for radar applications engineers.Figure 8. RADEKL UWB Radar Sensor with Single Board Design(antenna radome removed)Except for its lower radiated power level, and hence morelimited range, RADEKL is an advanced version of both the Perimeter Intrusion Detection and OAR radars described above. The radar utilizes 256 range bins, each having 30 cm range resolution and 5-bit amplitude return quantization. The detection range to a person was approximately 60 feet.RADEKL uses a UWB transmitter design which was taken from MSSI’s FCC-certified, real time location system (RTLS) tags. The transmitter electronics is mounted on a 7 x 10 mm thick film ceramic substrate, illustrated in Figure 9. Interestingly, given the patch array antenna gain ofapproximately +11 dBi, the output of this tiny C-band transmitter needs to be further attenuated in order to meet theFCC peak power density of 0 dBm/50 MHz.Figure 9. C-band Thick Film Ceramic Transmitter ChipThe complete radar development environment includes UWB hardware, supporting software drivers and a user interface application (see Figure 10) which permits viewing of the radar return data and data logging for additional return signal post processing.Figure 10. RADEKL Graphical User Interface (GUI) (Return through multiple walls in office building)Table 4. RADEKL Radar CharacteristicsRF Characteristics Frequency 6.0 – 6.6 GHz (-10 dB)Bandwidth 400 MHz (-3dB) Peak EIRP (with antenna) 0 dBm/50 MHz(Variable to-25 dBm/50 MHz)Antenna Gain 11.0 dBi Antenna FOV 40 x 40 degreesSystem Performance Primary Power 1.2 W (12VDC)Receiver Sensitivity -75 dBm for 10 dBS/NDetection Range 345.6 m (max)(1152 ns)STC Control 40 dB Range Resolution 1 foot256 Range BinsInterface USB 2.0Windows XPPhysical CharacteristicsSensor 150 x 83 x 62 mm Weight 490 gramsDemonstrated Detector SensitivityHuman, Standing (6’) 60 feetV. UWB R ANGE M EASURING R ADIOS The last system design to be described also utilizes UWBtechnology for precise range measurements. However, unlike the previous examples, ranging is accomplishedcooperatively by measuring the round trip time of flight between two UWB transceivers. The system is similar in concept to a transponder-based ranging system [8] originally developed for DARPA to track soldiers in GPS-denied urban environments. The present Ranging Radio system was developed for the U.S. Army as a means for preventing soldier fratricide by providing accurate and reliable situational awareness.The ranging radios are illustrated in Figure 11, together with an inside view of the single board design.Figure 11. Ranging Radios withSingle Board UWB Transceiver DesignAs shown, the ranging radios consist of a single circuit card containing both UWB RF and digital timing/processing electronics, and a wideband omnidirectional antenna. The system operates at C-band with an instantaneous -10dB bandwidth of approximately 500 MHz.Range measurements are made within the receiver to a one nanosecond precision utilizing a high-speed tunnel diode detector. With sample averaging, however, a range resolution of approximately 1 inch has been demonstrated. The Ranging Radio architecture is event driven, with each radio only transmitting when commanded to do so either by direct user intervention (console mode via USB) or by wireless request from another radio. All commands and responses to commands are able to be routed through multiple radios to address the hidden node problem. Commands include Range, Discover, Read Memory and Write Memory.The Range command initiates a two-way communications between two radios on the network to determine the round trip time of flight, and hence distance, between the radios. Up to 256 range measurements can be performed with a single command, with each measurement taking approximately 200 microseconds to complete. The Discover command instructs the destination radio to report all other radios that it can communicate with having the same group ID. (Multiple radio groups can operate together.) Read Memory instructs a Ranging Radio to read a specific range of addresses in user memory, whereas Write Memory instructs the radio to write to a range of addresses. User memory on each unit consists of an array of 512 x 8-bits and is available to pass messages or small amounts of data between radios. In a recent implementation, user memory was used to store digitized voice data, permitting the radios to operate as conventional walkie-talkies in addition to the ranging functionality. Windows drivers are provided to interface a computer to the ranging radio for end user software development.To perform a range measurement, a Ranging Radio transmits a packet consisting of a synchronization preamble and header. The header contains the Range command with the address of the radio which is requested to respond to the packet. Upon transmission of the packet, the originating radio resets is main counter, establishing a local time-zero reference. If a Ranging Radio receives a Range request addressed to it, it records the fine time (to 1 nanosecond resolution) at which it received the originating packet (relative to its system clock which generates the packet stream), and then replies with its own packet that includes this fine time information in the header. The originating radio receives the ranging packet from the destination radio, records its fine time and latches its main counter. The range value is then calculated and recorded, utilizing the fine time information to compensate for the difference in time-of-arrival at the destination receiver and the system clock epoch timing which generates the packet data stream.The Ranging Radios were tested at the U.S. Army’s CERDEC facilities in Ft. Monmouth, NJ to assess the effects that propagation through various wall materials has on range measurement accuracy. A variety of “standard”, 1-foot thick walls of various construction (adobe, brick, cinderblock, steel-reinforced concrete, etc.) were used in the testing. As expected, range measurements were elongated as the signal passed through various wall materials, with the amount of elongation directly proportional to the amount of material traversed (e.g., propagation at oblique angles to the wall resulted in more material, and hence, increased delay and range error). Range offsets varied from one to three feet in most building materials, and as much as three to five feet in propagation through steel-reinforced concrete. The former effects were likely due simply to the dielectric properties of the wall medium, where the speed of light is slowed in the wall material. In the case of the steel-reinforced concrete, however, a notable signal loss was also observed. As leading edge pulse detection was employed in the receiver electronics, it is believed that the weaker signal strength resulted in more ambiguity as to the position of the leading edge.Operating at Part 15 levels with omni-directional antennas (as illustrated in Figure 10), the radios have a line-of-sight range in excess of 50 meters. With a directional antenna on receive, link ranges in excess of 200 meters have been obtained. For the Army, higher power transmitter options have been tested with line-of-sight ranges in excess of 1,600 meters using omni-directional antennas and with both transponders placed on the ground. With statistical averaging, range resolutions to better than 3 cm have been achieved. The latest design (see Figure 12) consists of asmall 96 x 59 x 20 mm module weighing 86 grams. The antenna and radome weigh in at 20 grams. Power requirements for the module are 0.8W at 3 to 5 Volts. Either an RS232 or USB data interface can be used.Figure 12: UWB Ranging Radio ModuleRange measurement radios are ideal for positioning applications where GPS is not available (e.g., indoors, underground or in cluttered environments) or in situations where an affordable GPS solution does not provide the required positional accuracy. For example, a Real Time Kinetic (RTK) GPS receiver system, which can provide inch-level location accuracy, can cost upwards of $25,000. Additionally, RTK GPS receivers require clear, open sky, access to the horizon. If a building, high power line or evena streetlight post is in a GPS satellite’s propagation path to the remote receiver, this can cause a multipath reflection which can create location errors. Range measurement radios, on the other hand, perform the equivalent accuracy of expensive GPS solutions at a fraction of the cost and are independent of GPS receiver radio link multipath limitations. End user applications have included industrial safety, situational awareness, localization in GPS-denied environments, tracking for robotic navigation, non line-of-sight surveying and network security (i.e., network access in controlled environments). Since the Ranging Radios can communicate their inter-node distances across a network of such devices, even through intervening walls and obstructions, they have immediate applicability to First Responder rescue.VI. C ONCLUSIONThis invited paper has summarized some recent developments in short pulse electromagnetics as applied to ultra wideband radar and ranging systems. Novel C-band UWB products for intrusion detection, obstacle and collision avoidance and ranging have been described, together with an unique Part 15 radar device for general purpose applications and experimentation.The latest FCC regulations for ultra wideband [7] now permit a wide range of radar and sensor applications in the 5925-7250 MHz, 16.2 – 17.7 GHz and 23.12 – 29.0 GHz bands, with the two upper (millimeter wave) bands expressly limited to vehicular radar applications. The 5925-7250 MHz segment (Part 15.250), where all of the systems described in this paper have been designed to operate, appears to be of particular commercial interest.R EFERENCES[1] Bennett, C.L. and Ross, G.F., “Time-domain electromagnetics and its applications”, Proceedings of the IEEE, March 1978, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 299-318.[2] Fontana, R.J., “Recent System Applications of Short-Pulse Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology,” Invited Paper, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 52, No. 9, September 2004, pp. 2087-2104.[3] Gresham, I. et al., “Ultra-Wideband Radar Sensors for Short-Range Vehicular Applications,” Invited Paper, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 52, No. 9, September 2004, pp. 2105-2122.[4] Richley, E. and R.J. Fontana, “Transceiver System and Method Utilizing Nanosecond Pulses,” U.S. Patent 6,812,884 B2, 2 November 2004.[5] Fontana, R.J., E. Richley, A. Marzullo, L. Beard, R. Mulloy and E.J. Knight, "An Ultra Wideband Radar for Micro Air Vehicle Applications," Proceedings2002 IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, Baltimore, MD, May 2002.Analysis – Pulsed RF”, November 1971.[6] “Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems,” Report and Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, adopted February 14, 2002, released July 15, 2002.[7] “Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems,” Second Report and Order and Second Memorandum Opinion and Order in ET Docket No. 98-153, adopted 15 December 2004, released March 11, 2005.[8] Fontana, R.J., “Ultra Wideband Precision Geolocation System,” US Patent No. 6,054,950, 25 April 2000.。

FlexibleUltraWideBand Antenna for WBAN Applications柔性超宽频带天线对WBAN应用1、IntroductionWireless devices and systems based on ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology, with the frequency allocation of3.1–10.6 GHz, support low output power and highdata rate (110–200 Mb/s) applications over short ranges (4–10 m)[2,8].UWB antennasmust be electrically small and inexpensive without compromising on performance.UWB canbe effectively used for WBAN due to its ultra-low power consumption, and large bandwidth availability.In February2004, Federal communications commission (FCC) allocates unlicensed frequency band of 3.1-10.6 GHz for UWBapplications.For on-body and off-body communications, [6] IEEE802.15.6 specifies both narrow band andwideband frequency areas, such as industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) at 868 MHz (in the EU), 915 MHz (in theUS), 2.4 GHz (in the EU & the US) or UWB at 3.1-10.6 GHz.（Background Information & Introduction to Topic）无线设备和系统是以超宽带无线电技术为基础的，频率分配为3.1 - 10.6 GHz，支持低输出功率和高数据率(110 - 200mb / s)在短范围内的应用(4 - 10 m)。

一维超宽带阵列天线时域波束扫描分析张昀剑;熊灵;高鹏【摘要】宽带雷达作为一种新体制雷达,具有优越的反隐身能力、强的抗干扰能力、极高的距离分辨率等诸多优点.相对于传统相控阵雷达,超宽带雷达采用实时延时技术替代传统的移相器进行波束控制.该文章基于超宽带雷达相关理论进行了时域超宽带阵列天线波束扫描研究.采用对拓维瓦尔迪天线设计了四单元均匀直线超宽带阵列并进行了时域仿真及实验测试.结果表明,该阵列在X-Z平面可以实现±40°的波束扫描.阵列规模由天线单元间距决定,通过精确仿真分析天线单元间距使波束合成效果达到最优化.阵列的峰峰值方向图仿真验证了时域波束扫描理论是可行的,同时论证了实时延时技术可以被集成到时域雷达中以实现实时扫描.【期刊名称】《火控雷达技术》【年(卷),期】2013(042)002【总页数】6页(P87-92)【关键词】超宽带;天线阵列;波束扫描;峰峰值方向图;时域【作者】张昀剑;熊灵;高鹏【作者单位】电子科技大学成都611731;电子科技大学成都611731;电子科技大学成都611731【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN821 引言相比于传统窄带系统，相对带宽大于25%的超宽带技术被广泛证明具有巨大优势［1］。

信号的宽带特性使超宽带技术吸引了大量学者研究其应用，例如遥感遥测、穿墙雷达、个人无线通信系统等［2-6］。

基于频域的窄带天线分析方法已经非常成熟，但对于超宽带天线来说该方法具有一定局限性。

超宽带时域激励信号具有很宽的频谱，若要得到天线辐射或接收的时域特性，需要对多频点的频域数据进行傅里叶逆变换，实现方法难度较大且繁琐。

时域方法通过高速采样示波器直接获取时域数据，进行一次傅里叶变换即可得到完整的频谱，能够更便捷直观地表示信号传播特性［7］。

与传统雷达系统相比，基于超宽带天线的时域超宽带雷达具有诸多优势［8-10］。

为提高雷达对目标的探测能力，需要对辐射波束进行赋形，因此采用超宽带天线组成阵列作为超宽带雷达的接收/发射天线是一种行之有效的方法［11］。

一种高隔离度双频MIMO天线王利红【摘要】文中设计一种具有高隔离度的双频MIMO天线.将两款宽带毫米波天线垂直正交地放置于FR-4介质基板上,得到结构紧凑的双端口极化分集天线和四端口MIMO天线,利用其相互正交的极化方式提高了相邻端口间的隔离度.为了满足双频特性,分别在两天线单元的辐射贴片上刻蚀半圆环形和U形缝隙,地面开了长方形槽.通过HFSS仿真分析表明,所设计的天线可工作在28 GHz(24.5～29 GHz)和39 GHz(36～47 GHz),且在工作频段内具有较好的辐射特性,相邻端口间的隔离度达到了30 dB以上.同时,在天线上方加载了4根金属条作为引向器,提高了天线的增益.【期刊名称】《现代电子技术》【年(卷),期】2019(042)005【总页数】4页(P36-39)【关键词】MIMO;双频;高隔离度;毫米波;高增益;极化分集【作者】王利红【作者单位】山西大同大学物理与电子科学学院,山西大同 037009【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN823-340 引言5G 无线通信系统得到了全球企业、研究院所和高校的广泛关注[1]。

与4G 相比，其主要特点之一就是转向了容易获得且带宽更宽的高频段[2⁃3]，FCC 公布将24 GHz以上频段用于5G 移动宽带运营，分别为[4]28 GHz，37 GHz，39 GHz 和64～71 GHz。

MIMO 技术在无线通信系统中得到了广泛的应用，因此设计一种工作于高频段的毫米波MIMO 天线也成了一个重要的研究方向[5⁃10]。

为了提高天线端口间的隔离度，文献[6⁃7]在天线地面开了长方形槽，结构简单但隔离度只达到20.6 dB 和17 dB。

文献[8]采用EBG 结构去耦的方式，使天线的隔离度达到30 dB，但天线结构较复杂，且为窄频带。

本文设计了两款辐射贴片上刻蚀一定结构缝隙的双频毫米波宽带天线，并组合使其极化方式正交，得到了高隔离度且结构紧凑的双端口极化分集天线和四端口MIMO 天线。

与uwb相关的经典文献关于UWB（Ultra-Wideband）技术的经典文献有很多，以下是一些比较经典的文献：1. "Ultra-Wideband Radio Technology"，作者，Faranak Nekoogar。

这本书是关于UWB技术的全面介绍，涵盖了UWB通信系统的基本原理、信号处理、天线设计等方面。

2. "Ultra-Wideband, Short-Pulse Electromagnetics"，作者，Vitaliy Zhurbenko。

这本书主要介绍了UWB技术在电磁学领域的应用，包括雷达、通信、无线传感器网络等方面。

3. "Ultra-Wideband Wireless Communication"，作者，Mohammad Matin。

这本书介绍了UWB通信系统的基本原理、调制解调技术、多址接入技术等内容，适合对UWB通信感兴趣的读者阅读。

4. "Ultra-Wideband Antennas and Propagation for Communications, Radar and Imaging"，作者，Kamil Agi。

这本书主要介绍了UWB天线设计及其在通信、雷达和成像领域的应用。

除了以上提到的书籍，还有很多学术期刊和会议论文也涉及到UWB技术的研究，比如IEEE Transactions on Ultra-Wideband Communications、IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband等。

这些期刊和会议论文提供了大量关于UWB技术的最新研究成果和发展动态。

总的来说，UWB技术作为一种新兴的无线通信技术，其相关文献和研究成果在近年来不断涌现，读者可以通过查阅以上提到的书籍和学术期刊论文来了解UWB技术的最新发展和应用。

Ultra-Wideband Microstripe Antenna Design陳建宏Chien-Hung Chen摘要近十年來由於微帶天線具有體積小、重量輕、製作容易、價格低廉、可信度高，同時可附著於任何物體之表面上的特性，在無線通訊的應用上扮演著重要的角色。

本文將利用全平面正方形單極微帶天線當作設計天線的原型，藉由調整金屬貼片的上緣、下緣部份與接地面的上緣部份來研製適用於超寬頻通訊系統的微帶天線。

由模擬與實驗結果比較得知，可以發現其響應非常吻合，是一個適用於超寬頻通訊產品的天線。

關鍵詞：微帶天線、單極、超寬頻、簡介美國聯邦通信委員會（Federal Communication Commission,FCC）在西元2002年2月14日允許超寬頻技術使用於消費性電子產品上，並公佈了初步規格，FCC開放3.1GHz~10.6GHz提供超寬頻通信及測試使用。

為了研究開發適用於此頻段的天線技術。

將利用微帶天線的優點：體積小、重量輕、低成本、容易製作等特性，來研製適用於超寬頻通訊系統的微帶天線。

傳統的寬頻天線[2]中有行進波線天線（Traveling-Wave Wire Antenna）、螺旋形天線（Helical Antenna）、偶極圓錐形天線（Biconical Antenna）、單極圓錐形天線（Monoconical Antenna）、盤錐形天線（Discone Antenna）、袖子形天線（Sleeve Antenna）、渦狀天線（Spiral Antenna）和對數週期天線（Log-Periodic Antenna），不過其中適用於超寬頻系統的只有偶極圓錐形天線、單極圓錐形天線和盤錐形天線[3]。

因為其不僅有大的輸入阻抗頻寬（Large Input Impedance Bandwidth）、其輻射場形（Radiation Pattern）也能控制在一定的頻寬中。

利用虛像法（Method of Image）[4]及接地面（Ground Plane）來使偶極天線變成單極天線，從早期的線型單極天線－窄頻（Narrowband），演化成單極圓錐形天線－中頻寬（Intermediate），到最後的火山煙狀天線（V olcano Smoke Antenna）－寬頻（Broadband）[5]。

Supplemental Files – ARRL Antenna Book, 24th Edition Supplemental files are included with the downloadable content. They include additional discussion, related articles, additional projects, construction details and other useful information. All of these packages are available in the Supplemental Files directory and then organized by chapter. (Note: Chapters 2 and 28 have no supplemental files.)Chapter 1Supplemental Articles∙“Radio Mathematics” — supplemental information about math used in radio and a list of online resources and tutorials about common mathematics∙“Why an Antenna Radiates” by Kenneth MacLeish, W7TXChapter 3Supplemental Articles∙“Determination of Soil Electrical Characteristics Using a Low Dipole” by Rudy Severns, N6LF∙“Maxi mum-Gain Radial Ground Systems for Vertical Antennas” by Al Christman, K3LC∙“Radiation and Ground Loss Resistances In LF, MF and HF Verticals: Parts 1 and 2”by Rudy Severns, N6LF∙“Some Thoughts on Vertical Ground Systems over Seawater” by Rudy Severns, N6LF∙“The Case of Declining Beverage-on-Ground Performance” by Rudy Severns, N6LF ∙FCC Ground Conductivity Map SetChapter 4Supplemental Articles∙Antenna Book Table 4.3 expanded for other locations∙“Using Propagation Predictions fo r HF DXing” b y Dean Straw N6BVSupplemental Articles∙“An Update on Compact Transmitting Loops” by John Belrose, VE2CV∙“A Closer Look at Horizontal Loop Antennas” by Doug De Maw, W1FB∙“The Horizontal Loop —An Effective Multipurpose Antenna” by Scott Ha rwood, K4VWK∙“Small Gap-resonated HF Loop Antenna Fed by a Secondary Loop” by Kai Siwiak, KE4PT and R. Quick, W4RQ∙“Active Loop Aerials for HF Reception Part 1: Practical Loop Aerial Design, and Part 2: High Dynamic Range Aerial Amplifier Design,” by Ch ris Trask, N7ZWYChapter 6Supplemental Articles∙Appendix B — Manual Calculations for Arrays∙“A Wire Eight-Circle Array (for 7 MHz)” by Tony Preedy, G3LNP∙“A Study of Tall Verticals” by Al Christman, K3LC∙“Tall Vertical Arrays” by Al Christman, K3LC∙“The Simplest Phased Array Feed System —That Works” by Roy Lewellan, W7EL Note: EZNEC modeling files are in the separate ARRL Antenna Modeling Files folder with the downloadChapter 7Supplemental Articles∙5‐Band LPDA Construction Project and Telerana Construction Project∙“An Updat ed 2 Meter LPDA” by Andrzej Przedpelsi, KØABP∙Log Periodic‐Yagi Arrays∙"Practical High-Performance HF Log Periodic Antennas" by Bill Jones, K8CU∙“Six Band, 20 through 6 Meter LPDA” by Ralph Crumrine, NØKC∙"The Log Periodic Dipole Array" by Peter Rhodes, K4EWG∙“Using LPDA TV Antennas for the VHF Ham Bands” by John Stanley, K4ERO∙“Vee S haped Elements vs Straight Elements” by John Stanley, K4EROSupplemental Articles∙EZNEC Modeling Tutorial by Greg Ordy, W8WWVChapter 9Supplemental Articles∙“Designing a Shortened Antenna” by Luiz Duarte Lopes, CT1EOJ∙“A 6-Foot-High 7-MHz Vertical” by Jerry Sevick, W2FMI∙“A Horizontal Loop for 80-Meter DX” by John Belrose, VE2CV∙“A Gain Antenna for 28 MHz” by Brian Beezley, K6STI∙“A Low-Budget, Rotatable 17 Meter Loop” by Howard Hawkins, WB8IGU∙“A Simple Broadband Dipole for 80 Meters” by Frank Witt, AI1H∙“A Wideband Dipole for 75 and 80 Meters” by Ted Armstrong, WA6RNC∙“A Wideband 80 Meter Dipole” by Rudy Severns, N6LF∙“Broad-Band 80-Meter Antenna” by Allen Harbach, WA4DRU∙“Broad-banding a 160 m Vertical Antenna” by Grant Saviers, KZ1W∙“Inductively Loaded Dipoles”∙“Off-Center Loaded Antennas” by Jerry Hall, K1PLP∙“Th e 3/8-Wavelength Vertical —A Hidden Gem” by Joe Reisert, W1JR∙“The 160-Meter Sloper System at K3LR” by Al Christman, KB8I, Tim Duffy, K3LR and Jim Breakall, WA3FET∙“The ‘C-Pole’ —A Ground Independent Vertical Antenna” by Brian Cake, KF2YN∙“The Compact Vertical Dipole”∙“The Half-Delta Loop —A Critical Analysis and Practical Deployment” by John Belrose, VE2CV and Doug DeMaw, W1FB∙“The K1WA 7-MHz Sloper System”∙“The K4VX Linear-Loaded Dipole for 7 MHz” by Lew Gordon, K4VX∙“The Story of the Broadband Dipole” by Dave Leeson, W6NL∙“The W2FMI Ground-Mounted Short Vertical” by Jerry Sevick, W2FMI∙“Use Your Tower as a Dual-Band, Low-Band DX Antenna” by Ted Rappaport, N9NB, and Jim Parnell, W5JAWSupplemental Articles∙“A Compact Multiband Dipole” by Zack Lau, W1VT∙“A No Compromise Off-Center Fed Dipole for Four Bands” by Rick Littlefield, K1BQT ∙“A Triband Dipole for 30, 17, and 12 Meters” by Zack Lau, W1VT∙“An Effective Multi-Band Aerial of Simple Construction” by Louis Varney, G5RV (Original G5RV article)∙“An Experimental All-Band Non-directional Transmitting Antenna,” by G.L.Countryman, W3HH∙“An Improved Multiband Trap Dipole Antenna” by Al Buxton, W8NX∙“Broadband Transmitting Wire Antennas for 160 through 10 Meters” b y Floyd Koontz, WA2WVL∙“Cat Whiskers — The Broadband Multi-Loop Antenna” by Jacek Pawlowski, SP3L∙“End-Fed Antennas” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“HF Discone Antennas”∙“HF Discone Antenna Projects” by W8NWF∙“Nested Loop Antennas” by Scott Davis, N3FJP∙“Revisiting the Double‐L” by Don Toman, K2KQ∙“Six Band Loaded Dipole Antenna” by Al Buxton, W8NX∙“The HF Discone Antenna” by John Belrose, VE2CV∙“The J78 Antenna: An Eight-band Off-Center-Fed HF Dipole” by Brian Machesney, K1LI/J75Y∙“The Multimatch Antenna System” by Chester Buchanan, W3DZZ∙“The Open Sleeve Antenna” by Roger Cox, WBØDGF∙“The Open-Sleeve Antenna” from previous editions∙“Two New Multiband Trap Dipoles” by Al Buxton, W8NX∙“Wideband 80 Meter Dipole” by Rudy Severns, N6LFSupplemental Articles∙“A 10 Meter Moxon Beam” by Allen Baker, KG4JJH∙“A 20 Meter Moxon Antenna” by Larry Banks, W1DYJ∙“Construction of W6NL Moxon on Cushcraft XM240” by Dave Leeson, W6NL∙“Having a Field Day with the Moxon Rectangle” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL∙“Multimatch Antenna System” by Chester Buchanan, W3DZZ (see the Chapter 10 folder)Chapter 12Supplemental Articles∙“A Dipole Curtain for 15 and 10 Meters” by Mike Loukides, W1JQ∙“Bob Zepp: A Low Band, Low Cost, High Performance Antenna - Parts 1 and 2” by Robert Zavrel, W7SX∙“Curtains for You” by Jim Cain, K1TN (including Feedback)∙“Hands-On Radio Experiment #133 –Extended Double Zepp Antenna” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“The Extended Double Zepp Revisited” by Jerry Haigwood, W5J H∙“The Extended Lazy H Antenna” by Walter Salmon VK2SA∙“The Multiband Extended Double Zepp and Derivative Designs” by Robert Zavrel, W7SX∙“The N4GG Array” by Hal Kennedy, N4GG∙“The W8JK Antenna: Recap and Update” by John Kraus, W8JKChapter 13Supplemental Articles∙“A Four Wire Steerable V Beam for 10 through 40 Meters” by Sam Moore, NX5ZSupplemental Articles∙“Station Design for DX, Part I” by Paul Rockwell, W3AFM∙“Station Design for DX, Part II” by Paul Rockwell, W3AFM∙“Station Design for DX, Part III” by Paul Rockwell, W3AFM∙“Station Design for DX, Part IV” by Paul Rockwell, W3AFM∙N6BV and K1VR Stack Feeding and Switching Systems∙“Generating Terrain Data Using MicroDEM” - from previous editions∙“All About Stacking” by Ken Wolff, K1EAChapter 15Supplemental Articles∙“2 × 3 = 6” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL∙“A 6 Meter Moxon Antenna” by Allen Baker, KG4JJH∙“A 902-MHz Loop Yagi Antenna” by Don Hilliard, WØPW∙“A Short Boom, Wideband 3 Element Yagi for 6 Meters” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL∙“A VHF/UHF Discone Antenna” by Bob Patterson, K5DZE∙“An Optimum Design for 432 MHz Yagis —Parts 1 and 2” by Steve Powlishen, K1FO∙“An Ultra-Light Yagi for Transatlantic and Other Extreme DX” by Fred Archibald, VE1FA, including the EZNEC model∙“Building a Medium-Gain, Wide-Band, 2 Meter Yagi” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL∙“C Band TVRO Dishes” from previous editions∙“Development and Real World Replication of Modern Yagi Antennas (III) — Manual Optimisation of Multiple Yagi Arrays” by Justi n Johnson, GØKSC ∙“High-Performance ‘Self-Matched’ Yagi Antennas” by Justin Johnson, GØKSC∙“High-Performance Yagis for 144, 222 and 432 MHz” by Steve Powlishen, K1FO∙“LPDA for 2 Meters Plus” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL∙“Making the LFA Loop” by Justin Johns on, GØKSC∙“Microwavelengths —Microwave Transmission Lines” by Paul Wade, W1GHZ∙“RF — A Small 70-cm Yagi” by Zack Lau, W1VT∙“The Helical Antenna—Description and Design” by David Conn, VE3KL∙“Three-Band Log-Periodic Antenna” by Robert Heslin, K7RT Y/2∙“Using LPDA TV Antennas for the VHF Ham Bands” by John Stanley, K4ERO∙“V-Shaped Elements versus Straight Elements” by John Stanley, K4EROSupport Files∙Model files and sample radiation patterns for Yagi designs by Justin Johnson, GØKSC (require EZNEC PRO/4 to reproduce the gain and other performancespecifications listed) These files are located in the ARRL Antenna ModelingFiles folder included with the download.Chapter 16Supplemental Articles∙5/8-Wavelength Whips for 2 Meters and 222 MHz∙“6-Meter Halo Antenna for DXing” by Jerry Clement, VE6AB∙“A 6m Hex Beam for the Rover” by Darryl Holman, WW7D∙“A 6 Meter Halo” by Paul Danzer, N1II∙“A New Spin on the Big Wheel” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL and Bob Cerreto, WA1FXT ∙“A Simple 2 Meter Bicycle-Motorcycle Mobile Anten na” by John Allen, AA1EP∙“A Two‐Band Halo for V.H.F. Mobile” by Ed Tilton, W1HDQ∙“A VHF‐UHF 3‐Band Mobile Antenna” by J.L. Harris, WD4KGD∙“Bicycle-Mobile Antennas” by Steve Cerwin, WA5FRF and Eric Juhre, KØKJ∙“Introduction to Roving” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“Omnidirectional 6 Meter Loop” by Bruce Walker, N3JO∙“Six Meters from Your Easy Chair” by Dick Stroud, W9SR∙“The DBJ-2: A Portable VHF-UHF Roll-up J-pole Antenna for Public Service” by Edison Fong, WB6IQN∙“The VHF-UHF Contest Rover Experience —Parts 1 and 2” by Greg Jurr ens, K5GJSupplemental Articles∙“A 12‐Foot Stressed Parabolic Dish” by Richard Knadle, K2RIW∙“A Parasitic Lindenblad Antenna for 70 cm” by Anthony Monteiro, AA2TX∙“A Portable Helix for 435 MHz” by Jim McKim, WØCY∙“A Simple Fixed Antenna for VHF/UHF Satellite Work” by L.B. Cebik, W4RNL∙“An EZ‐Lindenblad Antenna for 2 Meters” by Anthony Monteiro, AA2TX∙“Build a 2-Meter Quadrifilar Helix Antenna” by David Finell, N7LRY∙Converted C‐Band TVRO Dishes from previous editions∙“Double-Cross Antenna –A NOAA Satellite Downlink Antenna” by G erald Martes, KD6JDJ∙“EME with Adaptive Polarization at 432 MHz” by Joe Taylor, K1JT, and Justin Johnson, GØKSC∙“Inexpensive Broadband Preamp for Satellite Work” by Mark Spencer, WA8SME∙“L B and Helix Antenna Array” by Clare Fowler, V E3NPC∙“Quadrifilar Helix As a 2 Meter Base Station Antenna” by John Portune, W6NBC∙“Simple Dual-Band Dish Feed for Es’hail-2 QO-100” by Mike Willis, GØMJW; Remco den Besten, PA3FYM; and Paul Marsh, MØEYT∙Space Communications Antenna Examples from previous editions∙“The W3KH Quadrifilar Helix” by Eugene Ruperto, W3KH (plus two Feedback items)∙“Two‐Meter Eggbeater” by Les Kramer, WA2PTS and Dave Thornburg, WA2KZV∙“Work OSCAR 40 With Cardboard‐Box Antennas” by Anthony Monteiro, AA2TX∙“WRAPS: A Portable Satellite Antenna Rotator System” by Mark Spencer,WA8SME∙“WRAPS Rotat or Enhancements Add a Second Beam and Circular Polarization” by Mark Spencer, WA8SMESupplemental Articles∙“A 70-cm Power Divider” by Zack Lau, W1VT∙“Feeding Open-Wire Line at VHF and UHF” by Zack Lau, W1VT∙“Rewinding Relays for 12 V Operation,” by Paul Wade, W1GHZ∙“Increasing Side Suppression by Using Loop-Fed Directional Antennas” by Justin Johnson, GØKSCChapter 19Supplemental Articles∙“6 Meter 4 Element Portable Yagi” by Zack Lau, W1VT (plus separate element design drawing)∙“A 6-Meter Portable Yagi Antenna” by Scott McCann, W3MEO∙“A One Person, Safe, Portable and Easy to Erect Antenna Mast” by Bob Dixon, W8ERD∙“A Portable 2‐Element Triband Yagi” by M arkus Hansen, VE7CA∙“A Portable End-Fed Half-Wave Antenna for 80 Meters” by Rick Littlefield, K1BQT ∙“A Portable Inverted V Antenna” by Joseph Littlepage, WE5Y∙“A Simple and Portable HF Vertical Travel Antenna” by Phil Salas, AD5X∙“A Simple HF-Portable Antenna” by Phil Salas, AD5X∙“A Small, Portable Dipole for Field Use” by Ron Herring, W7HD∙“A Super Duper Five Band Portable Antenna” by Clarke Cooper, K8BP∙“A Two-Element Yagi for 18 MHz” by Martin Hedman, SMØDTK∙“An Off Center End Fed Dipole for Portable Operation on 40 to 6 Meters” by Kai Siwiak, KE4PT∙“Compact 40 Meter HF Loop for Your Recreational Vehicle” by John Portune, W6NBC∙“Fishing for DX with a Five Band Portable Antenna” by Barry Strickland, AB4QL∙“Getting the Antenna Aloft” b y Stuart Thomas, KB1HQS∙Ladder Mast and PVRC Mount∙“The Black Widow —A Portable 15 Meter Beam” by Allen Baker, KG4JJH∙“The Ultimate Portable HF Vertical Antenna” by Phil Salas, AD5X∙“The W4SSY Spudgun” by Byron Black, W4SSY∙“Tuning Electrically Short Antennas for Field Operation” by Ulrich Rohde, N1UL, and Kai Siwiak, KE4PT∙“Three-Element Portable 6 Meter Yagi” by Markus Hansen, VE7CA∙“Zip Cord Antennas and Feed Lines for Portable Applications” by William Parmley, KR8LChapter 20Supplemental Articles∙“A Compact Loop Antenna for 30 through 12 Meters” by Robert Capon, WA3ULH∙“A Disguised Flagpole Antenna” by Albert Parker, N4AQ∙“A 6-Meter Moxon Antenna” by Allen Baker, KG4JJH∙“An All-Band Attic Antenna” by Kai Siwiak, KE4PT∙“An Antenna Idea for Restricted Communities” by Cristian Paun, WV6N∙“Apartment Dweller Slinky Jr Antenna” by Arthur Peterson, W7CZB∙“Better Results with Indoor Antennas” by Fred Brown, W6HPH∙“Honey, I Shrunk the Antenna!” by Rod Newkirk, W9BRD∙“Small Hi gh‐Efficiency Loop Antennas” by Ted Hart, W5QJR∙“Short Antennas for the Lower Frequencies – Parts 1 and 2” by Yardley Beers, WØJF∙“Stealth 6-Meter Wire Beam” by Bruce Walker, N3JO∙Tuning Capacitors for Transmitting Loops∙“Using LPDA TV Antennas for the VHF Ham Bands” by John Stanley, K4EROSupplemental Articles∙“How To Build A Capacity Hat” by Ken Muggli, KØHL∙“Screwdriver Mobile Antenna” by Max Bloodworth, KO4TV∙“Table of Mobile Antenna Manufacturers” by Alan Applegate, KØBGChapter 22Supplemental Articles•“A Four-Way DFer” by Malcolm Mallette, WA9BVS•“A Fox-Hunting DF Twin Tenna” by R.F Gillette, W9PE•“A Receiving Antenna that Rejects Local Noise” by Brian Beezley, K6STI•“A Reversible LF and MF EWE Receive Antenna for Small Lots” by Michael Sapp, WA3TTS•“Active Antennas” by Ulrich Rohde, N1UL•“Beverages in Echelon”•“Design, Construction and Evaluation of the Eight Circle Vertical Array for Low Band Receiving” by Joel Harrison, W5ZN and Bob McGwier, N4HY•“Fl ag, Pennants and Other Ground-Independent Low-Band Receiving Antennas” by Earl Cunningham, K6SE•“Ferrite-Core Loop Antennas”•“Introducing the Shared Apex Loop Array” by Mark Bauman, KB7GF•“Is This EWE for You?” by Floyd Koontz, WA2WVL•“K6STI Low-No ise Receiving Antenna for 80 and 160 Meters” by Brian Beezley, K6STI•“Modeling the K9AY Loop” by Gary Breed, K9AY•“More EWEs for You” by Floyd Koontz, WA2WVL•“Rebuilding a Receiving Flag Antenna for 160 Meters” by Steve Lawrence, WB6RSE •“Simple Dir ection-Finding Receiver for 80 Meters” by Dale Hunt, WB6BYU•“The AMRAD Active LF Antenna” by Frank Gentges, KØBRA•“The Snoop-Loop” by Claude Maer, WØIC•“Transmitter Hunting with the DF Loop” by Loren Norberg, W9PYGSupplemental Articles∙“Coaxial RF Connectors for Microwaves” by Tom Williams, WA1MBA∙“Hands-On Radio: Open Wire Transmission Lines” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“Hands-On Radio: SWR and Transmission Line Loss” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“Hands-On Radio: Choosing a Feed Line” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“Hands-On Radio: Feed Line Comparison” by Ward Silver, NØAX∙“Installing Coax Crimp Connectors” by Dino Papas, KLØS∙“Microwave Plumbing” by Paul Wade, W1GHZ∙“Multiband Operation with Open-wire Line” by George Cutsogeorge, W2VJN∙“My Feedline Tunes My Antenna” by Byron Goodman W1DX∙RF Connectors and Transmission Line Information ‐ ARRL Handbook∙Smith Chart supplement∙“The Doctor Is In: Yes, Window Line Can be Spliced —If You Must” by Joel Hallas, W1ZR∙“Using RG58 coaxial crimp connectors with RG6 cable” by Garth Jenkinson, VK3BBKChapter 24∙“Baluns in Matching Units” by Robert Neece, KØKR∙“Broadband Antenna Matching”∙“Coiled-Coax Balun Measurements” by Ed Gilbert, K2SQ∙“Compact 100-W Z-Match Antenna Tuner” by Phil Sala s, AD5X∙“Demystifying the Smith Chart” by Michael J. Toia, K3MT∙“Don’t Blow Up Your Balun” by Dean Straw, N6BV∙“Factors to be Considered in Matching Unit Design” by Robert Neece, KØKR∙“Hairpin Tuners for Matching Balanced Antenna Systems” by John Stanley, K4ERO ∙“High-Power ARRL Antenna Tuner” by Dean Straw, N6BV∙“Matching with Inductive Coupling”∙“Matching-Unit Circuit Comparison Table” by Robert Neece, KØKR∙“Optimizing the Performance of Harmonic Attenuation Stubs” by George Cutsogeorge, W2VJN∙“Tapered Lines” from previous editions∙“The AAT — Analyze Antenna Tuner —Program” by Dean Straw, N6BV∙“The EZ Tuner —Parts 1, 2, and 3,” by Jim Garland, W8ZR∙“The Quest for the Ideal Antenna Tuner” by Jack Belrose, VE2CV∙“Why Do Baluns Burn Up?” by Zack Lau, W1VTChapter 25Supplemental Articles∙“K5GO Half-Element Designs” by Stan Stockton, K5GO∙“Conductors for HF Antennas” by Rudy Severns, N6LF∙“Insulated Wire and Antennas” by Rudy Severns, N6LF∙“3D-Printed Coax-to-Wire Connection Blocks” by John Portune, W6NBCChapter 26Supplemental Articles∙“A One Person, Safe, Portable and Easy to Erect Antenna Mast” by Bob Dixon, W8ERD∙“Antenna Feed Line Control Box” by Phil Salas, AD5X∙“Homeowners Insurance and Your Antenna System” by Ray Fallen, ND8L∙“Installing Yagis in Trees” by Steve Morris, K7LXC∙“Is Your Tower Still Safe?” by Tony Brock‐Fisher, K1KP∙Ladder Mast and PVRC Mount∙“Lightning Protection for the Amateur Station, Parts 1, 2 and 3” by Ron Block, KB2UYT∙“Removing and Refurbishing Towers” by Steve Morris, K7LXC∙Rotator Specifications∙“The Care and Feeding of an Amateur’s Favorite Antenna Support —The Tree” by Doug Brede, W3AS∙“The Tower Shield” by Baker Springfield, W4HYY and Richard Ely, WA4VHMChapter 27Supplemental Articles∙“A Reflectometer for Twin-Lead” by Fred Brown, W6HPH∙“An Inexpensive VHF Directional Coupler” and “A Calorimeter for VHF and UHF Power Measurements”∙“Antenna Analyzer Pet Tricks” by Paul Wade, W1GHZ∙“Build a Super-Simple SWR Indicator” by Tony Brock-Fisher, K1KP∙“Improving and Using R-X Noise Bridges” by John Grebenkemper, KI6WX∙“Microwavelengths —Directional Couplers” by Paul Wade, W1GHZ∙“On Tuning, Matching and Measuring Antenna Systems Using a Hand Held SWR Analyzer” by John Belrose, VE2CV∙RF Power Meter (Kaune) support files∙“QRP Person’s VSWR Indicator” by Doug DeMaw, W1FB∙“Smith Chart Calculations”∙“SWR Analyzer Tips, Tricks, and Techniques” by George Badger, W6TC, et al∙“Technical Correspondence — A High-Power RF Sampler” by Tom Thompson WØIVJ (plus “More on a High-Power RF Sampler” by Thompson, two files)∙* “The Noise Bridge” by Jack Althouse, K6NY∙“Time Domain Reflectometry” from previous editions∙“The Gadget — An SWR Analyzer Add-On” by Fred Hauff, W3NZ∙“The No Fibbin RF Field Strength Meter” by John Noakes, VE7NI∙“The SWR Analyzer and Transmission Lines” by Peter Schuch, WB2UAQ∙“The Tandem Match —An Accurate Directional Wattmeter” by John Grebenkemper, KA3BLO (plus corrections and updates, four files)∙“Using Single-Frequency Antenna Analyzers” from previous editionsRepeater Antenna Systems Supplemental Articles144 MHz Duplexer CavitiesAntenna Fundamentals 1-1。

第19卷 第3期太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Vo1.19，No.3 2021年6月 Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology Jun.，2021 文章编号：2095-4980(2021)03-0438-05超宽带双极化交叉偶极子天线设计陈盛嘉，陈星(四川大学电子信息学院，四川成都 610064)摘 要：提出一种结构简单的新型超宽带双极化天线。

采用交叉偶极子天线实现双线极化；每只偶极子天线由两个八边形环振子构成，同时在八边形环内部加载寄生枝节，引入新谐振点增加天线带宽；天线结构紧凑，尺寸仅为0.3λL 0.3λL(λL为低频截止频率对应的空间自由波长)。

对天线进行加工测试，测试结果表明，该天线在 1.24~4.42 GHz能够实现电压驻波比(VSWR)<2，相对带宽达到125%，方向图带宽为95%(1.24~3.60 GHz)。

天线定向辐射性能良好，在方向图带宽内增益大于7 dB。

关键词：双极化；超宽带；交叉偶极子天线；定向辐射中图分类号：TN821+.4 文献标志码：A doi：10.11805/TKYDA2021009Design of cross dipole antenna with ultra-wide band anddual-polarization propertiesCHEN Shengjia，CHEN Xing(School of Electronic and Information Engineering，Sichuan University，Chengdu Sichuan 610064，China)Abstract：A new type of ultra-wide band dual-polarized antenna with simple structure is presented.The antenna uses cross dipole antennas to generate dual polarization, each dipole antenna is composed oftwo octagonal rings. The stubs are loaded inside the octagonal ring to introduce new resonance frequencypoints, which greatly increases the bandwidth. The presented antenna has a compact structure with aplanar size of only 0.3λL×0.3λL, where λL is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest frequency withinthe whole working frequency band. An antenna sample has been fabricated and tested. The measuredresults show that the antenna can achieve Voltage Standing Wave Ratio(VSWR)<2 in 1.24-4.42 GHz. Therelative bandwidth is 125% and the pattern bandwidth is 95%(1.24-3.60 GHz). The directional radiationperformance is good, and the gain in the pattern bandwidth is greater than 7dB.Keywords：dual-polarization；ultra-wide band；cross dipole antenna；directional radiation随着无线通信技术的发展，在基站、陆地移动无线电设备、数据采集与监控系统、应急通信以及其他众多通信领域，对天线设计提出了苛刻的要求，需要定向天线同时具有超宽带、双线极化和结构紧凑等特性。