Recalculation of Proton Compton Scattering in Perturbative QCD

英语的造字的逻辑-回复什么是马尔可夫链?马尔可夫链是一种数学模型，用于描述具有马尔可夫性质的随机过程。

它由一系列状态和状态之间的转移概率组成。

马尔可夫链的特点是“无记忆”，即在任意给定状态的情况下，未来状态的概率仅仅取决于当前状态，而不受过去状态的影响。

马尔可夫链的定义：1. 状态空间：马尔可夫链的状态集合，用S表示。

2. 初始状态分布：马尔可夫链在时间0开始时，处于某个状态的概率分布，用π表示。

3. 转移概率：表示状态之间的转移概率，用P表示，其中P(i, j)表示从状态i转移到状态j的概率。

一个马尔可夫链可以用状态空间S、初始状态分布π和转移概率矩阵P三元组来表示。

马尔可夫链的性质：1. 马尔可夫性质：在任意给定状态的情况下，未来状态的概率仅仅取决于当前状态，而不受过去状态的影响。

2. 连通性：对于任意两个状态i和j，存在一系列状态k1, k2, ..., kn，使得P(i, k1) ×P(k1, k2) × ... ×P(kn, j) > 0。

3. 不可约性：对于任意两个状态i和j，存在一系列状态k1, k2, ..., kn，使得P(i, k1) ×P(k1, k2) × ... ×P(kn, j) ≠0。

4. 遍历性：从任意状态i出发，经过有限步转移，可以到达任意其他状态j。

5. 马尔可夫链的平稳分布：如果存在一个概率向量π使得πP=π，那么π就是马尔可夫链的平稳分布。

马尔可夫链的应用：马尔可夫链在许多领域都有广泛的应用，例如自然语言处理、机器学习、金融、医学等。

下面以自然语言处理为例，介绍马尔可夫链的应用。

在自然语言处理中，马尔可夫链经常被用来生成文本。

假设我们有一个语料库，其中包含大量的句子。

我们可以将每个句子看作马尔可夫链的一个状态，状态之间的转移概率可以通过统计句子中每个单词的出现情况来计算。

使用马尔可夫链生成文本的步骤如下：1. 首先，从语料库中选择一个初始句子作为起始状态。

.李雅普诺夫稳定性自动化专业英语词汇表公告记录成长的脚印,分享败绩、成功的智慧。

(大部门日记转自采集,如有侵权,即删。

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coordination method 目标协调法 grammatical inference 文法判断 grap 你好 c search 图搜索 gravitygradient torque 重力梯度力矩 group technology 成组技术 guidancesystem 制导系统 gyro drift rate 捻捻转儿漂移率 hall displacementtransducer 霍尔式位移传感器 hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真 harmonious deviation 以及谐误差 harmonious strategy 以及谐计谋 heuristic inference 开导式推理你好 dden oscillation 隐蔽振动你好 erarc 你好 calchart 条理布局图你好 erarc 你好 cal planning 递阶规划你好 erarc你好 calontrol 递阶控制 homomorp 你好 c model 同态系统 horizontal decomposition 横向分解 hormonal control 内排泄控制 hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达 hypercycle theory 超循环意见 i controller 积分控制器 identifiability 可辨识性 idss(intelligent decision support system)智能决定计划支持系统 image recognition 图象辨认 impulse function 冲击函数,电子脉冲函数 incompatibility principle 不相容原理 incrementalmotion control 增量运动控制 index of merit 品质因数 inductiveforce transducer 电感式位移传感器 inductive modeling method 归纳建模法 industrial automation 工业不用人力化 inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏锐器 inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系 inertialwh eel 惯性轮 inference engine 推理机 infinite dimensional system 无限维系统information acquisition 信息采集 infrared gasanalyzer 红外线气体分析器 inherent nonlinearity 本来就有非线性 inherent regulation 本来就有调节 initial deviation 初始误差 injection attitude 入轨姿式input-output model 投入产出模子 instability 不稳定性 instructionlevel language 指令级语言 integral of absolute value of errorcriterion 绝对于误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则 integral performance criterion 积分性能准则 integration instrument 积算摄谱仪 intelligent terminal 智能终端 interactedsystem 互接洽统,关接洽统 interactive prediction approach 互联预估法,关联预估法 intermittent duty 断续事情制ism(interpretivestructure modeling) 诠释布局建模法 invariant embedding principle 不变镶嵌原理 inventory theory 库伦论 inverse nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图 investment decision 投资决定计划 isomorp 你好 c model 同构模子iterative coordination 迭代协调 jet propulsion 喷气推进 job-lot control 分批控制kalman-bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器 knowledgeaccomodation 常识适应knowledge acquisition 常识获取 knowledgessimilation 常识夹杂kbms(knowledge base management system) 常识库管理系统 knowledge representation 常识抒发 lad der diagram 菪瓮?lag-lead compensation 滞后超前赔偿 lagrange duality 拉格朗日对于偶性 laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 large scale system 大系统 lateral in 你好 bition network 侧抑制采集 least cost input 最小成本投入 least squares criterion 最小二乘准则 level switch 物位开关 libration damping 天平动阻尼 limit cycle 极限环 linearizationtechnique 线性化要领 linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动 linear motion valve 直行程阀 linear programming 线性规划 lqr(linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题 oad cell 称重传感器 local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性 local optimum 局部最优 log magnitude-phase diagram 对于数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆 lumped parameter model 集总参量模子 lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理 macro-economic system 宏观经济系统 magnetic dumping 磁卸载 magnetoelastic weig 你好ng cell 磁致弹性称重传感器 magnitude- frequencycharacteristic 幅频特征magnitude margin 幅值裕度 magnitudecale factor 幅值缩尺 man-mac 你好ne coordination 人机协调 manualstation 手动操作器 map(manufacturing automation protocol) 创造不用人力化以及谈 marginal effectiveness 边岸效益mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式 matc 你好 ng criterion 匹配准则 maximum 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nearest- neighbor 这段邻necessitymeasure 肯定是性侧度 negative feedback 负反馈 neural assembly 神经集合 neural network computer 神经采集计较机 nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学 noncoherent system 非枯燥关接洽统 noncooperative game 非互助博弈 nonequilibrium state 非平衡态 nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非枯燥逻辑 nonparametric training 非参量训练nonreversible electric drive 不成逆电气传动 nonsingular perturbation 非奇妙摄动 non-stationaryrandom process 非平稳 rand 历程 nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计 nutation sensor 章动敏锐器 nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据 objective function 目标函数 observability index 可测候指数observable canonical form 可测候标准型 on-line assistance 在线帮忙 on- off control 通断控制 open loop pole 开环极点 operational research model 运筹学模子 optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表 opt imal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术 orbital rendezvous 轨道交会 orbit gyrocompass 轨道捻捻转儿罗经 orbit perturbation 轨道摄动 order parameter 序参量 orientationcontrol 定向控制 oscillating period 振动周期 output predictionmethod 输出预估法 oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overalldesign 总体设计 overlapping decomposition 交叠分解 pade approximation 帕德类似 pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性 passive attitude stabilization 不主动姿态稳定 path repeatability 路径可重复性 pattern primitive 标准样式基元 pr(pattern recognition)标准样式辨认 p control 比例控制器 peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法 periodic duty 周期事情制 perturbation theory 摄动意见 pessimisticvalue 悲观值 phase locus 相轨迹 phase trajectory 相轨迹hase lead 相位超前 photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句布局文法 physical symbol system 物理符号系统 piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器 playbackrobot 示教再现式机器人 plc(programmable logic controller)可编步伐逻辑控制器 plug braking 反接制动 plug valve 旋塞阀 pneumaticactuator 气动执行机构 point-to-point control 点位控制 polar robot 极坐标型机器人 pole assignment 极点配置 pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消 polynom ial input 多项式输入 portfolio theory 投资配搭意见 pose overshoot 位姿过调量 position measuring instrument 位置丈量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器 positive feedback 正反馈 power system automation 电力系统不用人力化 predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表 pressure transmitter 压力变送器 price coordination 价格协调 primal coordination 主协调 primary frequency zone 主频区 pca(principal component analysis)主成份分析法principlef turnpike 通途原理 process- oriented simulation 面向历程的仿真production budget 生产预算 production rule 孕育发生式法则 profitforecast 利润预测 pert(program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 步伐设定操作器 proportionalcontrol 比例控制 proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器 protocol engineering 以及谈工程pseudo random sequence 伪 rand 序列 pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速度增量控制 pulse duration 电子脉冲持续时间 pulse frequency modulation control system 电子脉冲调频控制系统 pulse width modulation controlsystem 电子脉冲调宽控制系统 pwm inverter 脉宽调制逆变器 pushdown automaton 下推不用人力机 qc(quality control)质量管理 quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标 quali tative physical model 定性物理模子quantized noise 量化噪声 quasilinear characteristics 准线性特征 queuing theory 列队论 radio frequency sensor 射频敏锐器 ramp function 斜坡函数 random disturbance rand 扰动 random process rand 历程 rateintegrating gyro 速度积分捻捻转儿 ratio station 比率操作器 reactionwheel control 反效用轮控制realizability 可以使成为事实性,能使成为事实性 eal time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野 rectangularrobot 直角坐标型机器人 recursive estimation 递推估计 reducedorder observer 降阶测候器 redundant information 冗余信息 reentrycontrol 再入控制 regenerative braking 回馈制动,再生制动 regionalplanning model 地区范围规划模子 regulating device 调节装载 relationalalgebra 关系代数 relay characteristic 继电器特征 remote manipulator 遥控操作器 remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器 rendezvo 目前世界上最强大的国家 nd docking 交会以及对于接 resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 esolution principle 归结原理 resource allocation 资源分配responsecurve 相应曲线 return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratiomatrix 回比矩阵 reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动 revoluterobot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewritingrule 重写法则 rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 riskdecision 危害分析 robotics 机器人学 robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝丈量仪 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计otameter 浮子流量计,转子流量计 rotary eccentric plug valve 偏疼旋转阀 rotary motionvalve 角行程阀 rotating transformer 旋转变压器 routh approximation method 劳思类似判据 routing problem 肪段侍?sampled-data control system 采样控制系统 sampling controlsystem 采样控制系统 saturation characteristics 饱以及特征 scalarlyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数 scara(selective complianceassembly robot arm) 最简单的面关节型机器人 scenario analysis method 情景分析法 scene analysis 物景分析 self- operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统 self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制 semantic network 语义采集 semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真 sensing element 敏锐元件 sensitivity analysis 活络度分析sensory control 觉得控制 sequentialdecomposition 挨次分解 sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制,随动控制servomotor 伺服马达 settling time 过渡时间 short term planning 短期计划shorttime horizon coordination 短时程协调 signal detection and estimation 旌旗灯号检测以及估计 signal reconstruction 旌旗灯号重构 simulated interrupt 仿真中断 simulation block diagram 仿真框图 simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度 single axle table 单轴转台 single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度捻捻转儿 single levelprocess 单级历程 single value nonlinearity 单值非线性 singularattractor 奇妙吸引子 singular perturbation 奇妙摄动 slave dsystem 受役系统 slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统 socio-cybernetics 社会形态控制论 socioeconomic system 社会形态经济系统软体 psychology 软件生理学 solar array pointing control 日头帆板指向控制 solenoid valve 电磁阀 speed control system 魉傧低spin axis 自旋轴 stability criterion 稳定性判据 stabilitylimit 稳定极限 stabilization 镇定,稳定 stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决定计划意见 state equation model 状况方程模子 state space description 状况空间描写 static characteristics curve 静态特征曲线 station accuracy 定点精密度stationary random process 平稳 rand 历程 statistical analysis 统计分析 statistic pattern recognition 统计标准样式辨认 steady state deviation 稳态误差steadystate error coefficient 稳态误差系数 step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数 stepwise refinement 慢慢精化 stochasticfinite automaton rand 有限不用人力机 strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器 strategic function 计谋函数 strongly coupled system 狂詈舷低?subjective probability 主观频率 supervised training 喽窖??supervisory computer control system 计较机监控系统 sustainedoscillation 矜持振动 swirlmeter 旋进流量计 switc 你好 ng point 切换点 symbolic processing 符号处理 synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性syntactic analysis 句法分析 system assessment 系统评价 systemhomomorp 你好sm 系统同态 system isomorp 你好 sm 系统同构 system engineering 系统工程target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器 task cycle 功课周期 teac 你好 ng programming 示教编程 telemetering system ofrequency division type 频分遥测系统 teleological system 目的系统 temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库 theoremproving 定理证实 therapy model 治疗模子 t 你好ckness meter 厚度计 three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定 three state controller 三位控制器 thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统 time constant 时间常数 time-invariant system 定常系统,非时变系统 time schedule controller 时序控制器 time-sharing control 分时控制 time-varying parameter 时变参量 top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑布局 tqc(total quality control)全面质量管理 tracking error 跟踪误差 trade-off analysis 权衡分析 transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法 transient deviation 瞬态误差 transient process 过渡历程 transition diagram 转移图 transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表 trend analysis 趋向分析 triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统 turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计 turing mac 你好 ne 剂榛?two-time scale system 双时标系统 ultrasonic levelmeter??镂患?unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动 unbiasedestimation 无偏估计 uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性 uninterrupted duty 不间断事情制,长期事情制 unit circle 单位圆 unit testing 单位测试 unsupervised learing 非监视进修upperlevel problem 较高等级问题 urban planning 城市规划 utility function 效用函数 value engineering 价值工程 variable gain 可变增益,可变放大系数 variable structure control system 变布局控制 vectorlyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数 velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数 velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解 vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器 viscousdamping 粘性阻尼 voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortexprecession flowmeter 旋进流量计 vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计 wb(way base) 要领库 weig 你好 ng cell 称重传感器 weightingfactor 权因数weighting method 加权法 w 你好 ttaker-shannon samplingtheorem 惠特克-喷鼻农采样定理 wiener filtering 维纳滤波 work stationfor computer aided design 计较机匡助设计事情站 w-plane w 最简单的面 zero-based budget 零基预算 zero-input response 零输入相应 zero-stateresponse 零状况相应 zero sum game model 零以及对于策模子2022 年 07 月 31 日历史上的今天：ipad2 怎么贴膜好吧,我还是入了 iPad2 2022-06-26 斗破苍穹快眼看书 2斗破苍穹 22 下载 20 11-06-26特殊声明：1：资料来源于互联网，版权归属原作者2：资料内容属于网络意见，与本账号立场无关3 ：如有侵权，请告知，即将删除。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /0502233v 1 25 F eb 2005The Primakoffeffect on a proton targetget 11Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility,Newport News,Virginia 23606(Dated:February 2,2008)Primakoffeffect offers us with a way to determine the radiative decay width of pseudo-scalar mesons when they are photo-produced in the electromagnetic field of hadronic systems.Taking advantage of recent developments in the Regge description of the production of mesons in the strong hadronic field,this paper evaluates the relative importance of the electromagnetic and the strong amplitudes,and assesses the possibilities which become opened by modern experimental facilities.PACS numbers:13.60.Le,12.40.NnThe study of the Primakoffeffect [1]in the coherent photoproduction of pseudo-scalar mesons on nuclear tar-gets has been recently completed at JLab [2]and will greatly benefit of its energy upgrade to 12GeV [3].The production of a meson in the Coulomb field of the nuclear target gives a direct access to its radiative decay.A pre-cise knowledge of the π◦meson radiative decay provides an accurate test of chiral anomalies and mixing effects due isospin breaking by the difference of the masses of light quarks [4].The precise measurement of the radia-tive widths of the ηand η′mesons will lead to an absolute determination of their other decay widths,which are usu-ally measured relative to the radiative decay width.A better understanding of the (π◦,ηand η′)system will result in the determination of the mixing angles which quantify isospin and SU(3)symmetry breaking [4].However,the mesons can be concurrently photopro-duced in the strong nuclear field.This hadronic inter-action is mediated by the exchange of vector mesons (ρand ω)whose singularity is more distant to the phys-ical region than the singularity of the photon which is exchanged in the Primakoffamplitude.Consequently,the strong amplitude contributes to large production an-gles,but its tail must be subtracted from the Primakoffamplitude which contributes at smaller angles.In previ-ous pioneering experiments [5,6],this has been achieved by parameterizing the experimental yield at large angles and extrapolating it below the Primakoffpeak.While this procedure led to a radiative decay width of the π◦meson in good agreement with the value deduced from collider experiments,it led to a radiative width of the ηmeson about two times smaller [7].The quality of the beam of CEBAF at JLab,together with the improvement in the experimental set-up,permit the study of the Primakoffproduction of pseudo-scalar mesons,and the determination of their radiative decay widths,with an unprecedented statistical,as well as sys-tematic,accuracy.Mastering the hadronic contribution becomes mandatory.This note is an attempt to deter-mine the relative importance and the interplay between the Primakoffand the strong amplitude on the simplest target,the proton.It takes advantage of the latest de-velopments [8]in the Regge description of the photopro-duction of π◦and its extension to the ηand η′sectors.1010110d σ/d t (µb /Ge V 2)FIG.1:duced in the reaction p (γ,π◦)p ,at E γ=5.8GeV.The dashed curve corresponds to the hadronic cross section,while the full curve corresponds to the coherent sum of the electromagnetic and the hadronic amplitudes.The sign of the electromagnetic amplitude has been changed in the dotted curve.Let us start with the π◦production channel.Fig-ure 1summarizes the results at E γ=5.8GeV,where experimental data [9,10]exist.The cross sections are plotted against the squared four-momentum transfer t =(k γ−p π◦)2between the incident photon (k γ=(E γ, kγ))and the outgoing meson (p π◦=(E π◦, p π◦)).Since the en-ergy is large and the mass of the π◦is small,the minimum value,t min ,of −t is very small and the Primakoffpeak is well separated from the hadronic peak.The experimen-tal data seem to prefer a constructive (full line)rather a destructive (dotted)interference between the two contri-butions,but the tail of the hadronic amplitude does not2 affect at all the Primakoffpeak in the range of small−twhere it dominates.Quantitatively,the hadronic amplitude is the same asin ref.[8],where its detailed expression and an extended discussion on the choice of the vertices and coupling con-stants can be found.Suffice to say that the amplitude is based on the exchange of the Regge trajectories of theρandωmesons,and takes into account the full spin-isospin structure of the electromagnetic and the strong vertices. We have chosen a degenerate Regge propagator for the ω,in order to accommodate for the minimum in the ex-perimental angular distribution around−t=0.5GeV2:Pω=(gµν−kµωkνωs◦αω(t)−1πα′ωΓ(αω(t))×1+exp[−iπαω(t)]m2ρ) s sin[παρ(t)]124m3V m2πg2Vπγ(5)This gives gωπγ=0.314,forΓω→πγ=720keV,and gρπγ=0.103,forΓρ→πγ=68keV[8].It turns out that the contraction between the mass dependent term kµρkνρ/m2ρof the vector meson propaga-tor and the electromagnetic vertex vanishes,and only the contribution of the gµνpart survives.Therefore, the Primakoffamplitude takes the same form as the vec-tor meson exchange amplitudes,provided that the Regge propagator is replaced by the Feynman propagator of the photonPγ=gµν16g2πγγ(7)The full curve in Figure1corresponds to the centralvalueΓπ→γγ=8eV of ref.[7](gπγγ=0.0114),while thedot-dashed curve uses8.4eV at the edge of the experi-mental values.Due to the structure of the electromagnetic vertices,both the hadronic amplitude and the Primakoffampli-tudes strickly vanish atθπ=0,and therefore t min.How-ever,the photon pole is so close to the physical regionthat it boosts the Primakoffamplitude orders of magni-tude above the strong amplitude.b1meson exchange may also contribute to the strongamplitude.In ref.[8]we found that,while it is necessaryto reproduce the beam asymmetry,it only modifies byabout10%the unpolarized cross section in the region ofthe minimum(−t∼0.5GeV2)and above.So it maymodify by the same amount the strong amplitude below−t∼10−3GeV2.Since our knowledge of its couplingconstants is on less solid ground than those ofρandωmesons,I do not retain its contribution.The model confirms the earlier estimate of the crosssection which was included in the experimental pa-pers[9,10].While there is no reason why the Primakoffamplitudes be different,the strong amplitude includedexchanges of theωand b1meson Regge trajectories andtheωPomeron cut,following refs.[11,12].The residuesof the poles werefitted to the data,contrary to the modelwhich I use:in ref.[8]we chose the values of strongand the electromagnetic coupling constants in the rangeof values determined in independent channels,and weimplemented the full spin-isospin structure of the lowermass realization of each Regge trajectory.In Figure1the experimental points have been plottedat the mean value of−t in each experimental bin inθπ◦.A new experimental determination of theπ◦Primakoffcross section,with a better angular resolution,is highlydesirable,especially in the domain where the Primakoffand the strong amplitudes interfere.Increasing the energy up to Eγ=9GeV does notchange dramatically the picture.As it can be seen in Fig-ure2,t min decreases by a factor two,but this does notimprove the separation between the Primakoffand thehadronic peak,which was already very good at5.8GeV.Note that the Regge model reproduces quite well the ex-perimental data[13]at this energy also.On the contrary,increasing the energy helps in theηandη′channels.Figure3shows the angular distributionof theηemitted in the p(γ,η)p reaction at Eγ=6GeV.The value of t min is more than two orders of magnitudebigger than in theπ◦channel.Consequently,one has torely on the tail of the Primakoffamplitude,which shows31010110d σ/d t (µb /Ge V 2)FIG.2:duced in the reaction p (γ,π◦)p ,at E γ=9GeV.The meaning of the curves is the same as in Fig.1.up above the tail of the strong amplitude.The model uses the same ρexchange amplitude (de-generate Regge propagator,eqs.3,with the same strong coupling constants)as in the π◦channel.The radiative coupling constant g ρηγ=0.81is deduced from the ex-perimental decay width Γρ→ηγ=39keV [7]with eq.5(where the πmass is replaced by the ηmass,m η).In the ωexchange amplitude,the radiative decay con-stant g ωηγ=0.29is also fixed by the experimental decay width Γω→ηγ=5.4keV [7].But,following ref.[14],I use the degenerate form,eq.3,instead of the non degen-erate form which I used in the π◦channel.The reason is that available experimental data [15]do not exhibit a minimum in the vicinity of the first node of the ωnon-degenerate Regge trajectory.In nature,Regge trajecto-ries (in the form of eq.1)go by pair,each having the same slope but a different signature,S =±1,when it connects members with either odd or even spins.When it hap-pens that each trajectory has the same,or comparable,coupling constants with the probe,they combine into a degenerate trajectory with or without a rotating phase (eq.3).Only experiment tells us what is the best choice.The conjecture is that the photon couples to a degener-ate trajectory of the ωin the ηphotoproduction channel,while it couples to a non-degenerate ωtrajectory in the π◦sector.Consequently the strong coupling constants of the omega are not necessarily the same in both channels.A good agreement with the data is achieved when I use g 2ωNN /4π=6.44and I keep κω=0.1010101101010101010-t GeV 2d σ/d t (µb /Ge V 2)FIG.3:The angular distribution of the ηmesons photopro-duced in the reaction p (γ,η)p ,at E γ=6GeV.The meaning of the curves is the same as in Fig.1.This set of coupling constants is different from the setof ref.[14]which has been obtained from a global fit in the ηand η′sector.I prefer to use a set which differs in a minimal way from the π◦sector set.It is worth to note that both sets lead to a similar accounting of the strong part of the cross section.The Primakoffcoupling constant of the ηmeson,g ηγγ=0.0429,is deduced from the average (includ-ing Primakoffmeasurement)value Γη→γγ=0.46keV of ref.[7]with the help of eq.7(where the πmeson mass is replaced by the ηmeson mass).The experimental study of the Primakoffeffect will greatly benefit of the increase of the incoming photon energy.Figure 4clearly demonstrates that,at E γ=11GeV,t min is lowered by about a factor three and the Primakoffpeak is clearly separated from the strong hadronic peak.Let us turn now to the η′channel,where I keep the same amplitudes as in the ηchannel and only change the radiative coupling constants.The η′radiative decay to the ρor the ωmesons is related to the radiative coupling constant in the following way:Γη′→V γ=αem (m 2η′−m 2V )3410-310-210-1110-610-510-410-310-210-1-t GeV 2d σ/d t (µb /Ge V 2)p(γ,η)pE γ = 11 GeVRegge ω+ρPrimakoffΓηγγ = 0.46 keVFIG.4:The angular distribution of the ηmesons photopro-duced in the reaction p (γ,η)p ,at E γ=11GeV.The meaning of the curves is the same as in Fig.1.Γη′→γγ=4.27keV of ref.[7]with the help of eq.7(where the πmeson mass is replaced by the η′meson mass).The results are shown in Figure 5at E γ=11GeV.Even at such a high energy,t min is high and the Pri-makoffcontribution appears as a shoulder on the tail of the strong amplitude.The situation is similar as in the ηsector at E γ=6GeV.Certainly an experiment with an excellent energy resolution will disentangle the Primakoffamplitude at the lowest angles,where it overwhelms by more that an order of magnitude the strong amplitude,which will be calibrated at higher angles.A measure-ment of ηmeson production at E γ=6GeV would be very welcome in this respect:it is already possible.Contrary to the π◦and the ηchannels,the experi-mental data set is extremely scarce.The model can only be compared to integrated experimental cross sec-tions [16,17].At E γ=5GeV,it predicts σ=0.1µb in the range of the experimental cross section σexp =0.17±0.12µb.This gives confidence in its extrapolation from the ηto the η′channel.But a more accurate deter-mination of the angular distribution is definitely needed.In conclusion,the Regge description of the strong hadronic amplitude has been extended from π◦to ηand η′photo-production.It reproduces all the available ex-perimental data and provides us with a solid starting point to evaluate the hadronic contribution below the Primakoffpeak.The Primakoffamplitude has been in-corporated in the model.While in the π◦sector it is prominent already at E γ=6GeV,its determination10-310-210-1110-610-510-410-310-210-1-t GeV 2d σ/d t (µb /Ge V 2)p(γ,η,)pE γ = 11 GeVRegge ω+ρPrimakoff Γη,γγ = 4.27 keVFIG.5:The angular distribution of the η′mesons photopro-duced in the reaction p (γ,η′)p ,at E γ=11GeV.The meaning of the curves is the same as in Fig.1.in the ηand η′sector requires accurate experiments at higher energies.I would like to thank A.Bernstein and R.Miskimen who triggered my interest in the Primakoffeffect,J.Goity who taught me its relevance to QCD and M.Van-derhaeghen for discussions on Regge models.[1]H.Primakoff,Phys.Rev.81,899(1951).[2]D.Dale et al.,PRIMEX Experiment,JLab-E-02-103.[3]Pre-Conceptual Design Report(pCDR)for the Scienceand Experimental Equipment for the 12GeV Upgrade of CEBAF (JLab,April 2003).[4]J.L.Goity,A.M.Bernstein and B.R.Holstein,Phys.Rev.D66,076014(2002).[5]A.Browman et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.33,1400(1974).[6]A.Browman et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.32,1067(1974).[7]S.Eidelman et al.,Phys.Lett.B572,1(2004).[8]M.Guidal,get and M.Vanderhaeghen,Nucl.Phys.A627,645(1997).[9]M.Braunschweig et al.,Phys.Lett.B26,405(1968).[10]M.Braunschweig et al.,Nucl.Phys.B20,191(1970).[11]J.P.Ader,M.Capdeville and Ph.Salin,Nucl.Phys.B3407(1967).[12]A.Capella and J.Tran Thanh Van,Nuovo Cimento Let-ters 1,321(1969).[13]R.Anderson et al.,Phys.Rev.D1,27(1970).[14]Wen-Tai Chiang et al.,Phys.Rev.C68,045202(2003).[15]W.Braunschweig et al.,Phys.Lett.B33,236(1970).[16]ABBHHM Collaboration,Phys.Rev.175,1669(1968).[17]W.Struczinski et al.,Nucl.Phys.B108,45(1976).。

SPSS术语中英文对照【常用软件】SPSS术语中英文对照Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interac tion Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 一般线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。

Unit 1outcome结果statistics统计statistical 统计的toss投die骰子dice 掷骰子intuitive直觉的analogously类似的conceptually概念的simultaneous同时的collection集合identical同一的，同样的individual个别的ensemble集，总和ensemble average集平均variable变量random variable随机变量stationary平稳的ergodic个态历经的ergodic process各态历经过程deterministic确定性的normalize使标准化的normalized规格化的，归一化的expectation期望值product乘积truncate截断，截短periodic周期的covariance协方差uncorrelated不相关的uniform均匀的overlap部分重叠separation间隔，距离spacing间隔，间距random process随机过程on the average 平均，一般来说make measurement 量度sample function 样本函数statistical average 统计平均值probability density function概率密度函数statistical characteristic统计特征autocorrelation function 自相关函数in connection with 与，，有关physical significance物理意义Fourier transform傅里叶变换power spectral density 功率谱密度be at liberty to被允许gaussian process高斯过程physical fact外界存在的事实upper-frequency频率上限fall off下降in the limit在极限情况下delta function狄拉克函数random pulse随机脉冲time invariant时不变的parseval's theorem巴塞瓦尔定理statistically independent统计独立successive pulse连续脉冲be representative of表示，代表词组sample function样本函数ensemble average集合平均physical significance物理意义a fourier transform pair傅里叶变换对deterministic waveform 确定波形in the limit 在极限情况下time invariant时不变的an upper-frequency limit频率上限parseval，s theorem帕斯瓦尔定理random pulses随机脉冲随机过程random process统计平均statistical average随机变量random variable自相关函数autocorrelation function傅里叶变换fourier transform功率谱密度power spectral density概率密度函数probability density function 高斯过程gaussian process平稳过程stationary process统计独立statistically时间平均值time average统计特征statistical character各态历经过程ergodic processUnit 2abstraction抽象encompass包括devise设计whereby凭那个，由此arbitarily任意地theorem定理infrequent 罕见的override压倒thereby由此gaussian高斯的unity单一complementary补充的derivation推导formidable困难的undertake进行，从事presumed假定的presumably推测起来likelihood可能likely可能interval间隔rounding舍入，四舍五入abrupt，急剧的，不连续reliably可靠的，安全的heuristic启发式的intuitive直觉的intuitively直觉的contemplate预期的vice versa反之亦然quantize量化reception接受extreme极端的，偏激的attenuate衰减distort失真distortion失真equalizer均衡器recoverable可恢复的enter into参加，涉及due to 由于be something of 有一点in principle 原则上provided that假如on principle按照原则probability of error 误码率be close to接近bandlimited gaussian channel限带高斯信道physical system物理系统turn out结果lower bound下界upper limit 上限root-mean-square均方根root-mean-square error 均方误差amount of information 信息量ideal lowpass filter理想低通滤波器rise time上升时间as a matter of convenience为方便起见white gaussian noise 高斯白噪声on the other hand 另一面trade off交替换位tradeoff折中signal-to-noise ratio信号噪声比be free to 随意make up for 补偿词组physical system物理系统rise time 上升时间amount of information信息量in principle原则上gaussian channel高斯信道probability density概率密度root-mean-square均方根trade off折中lower bound下界equalizer均衡器vice versa反之亦然upper limit上限通信理论communication theory香农定理Shannon，s theorem信道带宽channel bandwidth信号波形signal waveform理想低通滤波器ideal lowpass filter自相关函数autocorrelation function无噪音高斯信道noiseless gaussian channel 通信信道communication channel信息速率information rate信噪比signal-to-noise ratio信道容量channel capacity双边功率谱密度two-side power误码率probability of error那奎斯特采样速率nyquist sampling rate限带高斯信道bandlimited gaussian channel 高斯白噪声White gaussian noiseUnit 3analog模拟quantization量化volt伏特discrete离散的quantum量unipolar单级的polar极性的on-off开关的encoding编码encoder编码器decoder解码器likewise同样的amplitude振幅margin余量trinary三倍的immune免疫的hereafter今后unavailable不能避免的reconstructed重建的evaluation计算span横跨interval间隔compandor压扩器companding压扩uniformly均匀的compress压缩compressor压缩器compressor ratio压缩比quantizer均匀量化器uniform quantizer均匀量化器equivalent相等的serially连续的reshape改造distortion失真interconnect使相互连接filter滤波transition转换，转变PCM: pulse code modulation脉冲编吗调制PAM: pulse amplitude modulation脉冲振幅调制PPM: pulse phase modulation 脉宽调制pulse train脉冲序列amount to等于round off舍入step size步长quantum step size 量化步长positive pulse 正脉冲refer to as称为quantization error 量化步长peak magnitude峰值overall performance总性能crest factor振幅因数root-mean-square均方根Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差分脉冲编码调制adaptive DPCM 自适应DPCMpredictive coding预测编码correspond to相应，符合in practice 实际中in an attempt to 力图词组overall performance总性能crest factor振幅因数nonlinear operation 非线性炒作inverse operation 逆运算RMS均方根PAM脉福调制maximum magnitude最大幅值error intervals误差间隔entropy墒round off四舍五入quantum level量化水平DPCM差分脉码调制正脉冲positive pulse脉冲编码调制PCM量化步长quantum step size 峰值peak magnitude线性函数linear function脉冲序列pulse train均匀量化器uniform quantizer 预测编码predictive coding 压扩器compandor压缩比compression ratio Unit 4selectively仔细挑选formula公式formulas公式化sacrifice牺牲redundant冗余的demonstrate证明orthogonal正交的arbitrarily任意地raw未加工的raw data 原始数据denote 指示Retransmission转发sophisticated复杂的impractical不切实际的parity奇偶校验encoder编码器codeword码字modulo以。

Guest editora vehicle of 一种手段productivity生产力perceive 感知empirical means：经验方法the prolonged exponential growth：长期的指数增长Fidelity：保真度energy harvesting：能源获取Ubiquitous computing：普适计算Photosynthesis ：光合作用incident light 入射光coated 覆盖的humidity 湿度moisture gradients：湿气梯度semiconductor fabrication：半导体制造Acoustic：声学的Miniaturization:小型化Photons：光子，量子Concentrations：浓度Tailored：定制的Spectrum：光谱sophisticated heterogeneous systems：复杂的异构系统Fusion：融合=aggregationQualitative 定性的Diffusion：扩散duty-cycle：占空比spatial dimension：空间范围Dissemination：散播Pervasive：普遍的Trajectory：轨道Ambient：周围的②leachMicrosensors：微传感器Cluster: 名词：簇动词：分簇Cluster head：簇头Hierarchy 分层Application-Specific 应用相关的In terms of 按照Aggregate聚合Diffusion：传播Dissipated：耗散Timeline 时间轴Backs off：后退Dissipation：耗散spread-spectrum：扩频intra-cluster：簇内Outperform：胜过③pegasisHomogeneous:同质的fusion ：融合aggregationFuse：v. 融合Humidity：湿度Beacon：信标timestamp 时间戳in terms of ：就...而言greedy approach：贪婪算法truncated chain：截断链Critical：关键的propagation delays：传播延迟Dissipate：v.发散SNR：信噪比Joules：焦耳The upper bound：上限tier：等级token ：令牌，象征Dense：密集的Sparse：稀疏的Heuristic：启发式Outperforms：胜过Preliminary：初步的Exponential：指数的traveling salesman problem 旅行商问题tradeoff 代价④z-macLatency：时间延迟Robust：鲁棒性slot assignment：时隙分配multiple access control：多址接入控制Aggregate：聚合duty cycle：占空比the overhead of：开销Vendors：厂商surface-mount：表面贴装hand-soldering：手工焊接Predetermined：预定的Stochastic：随机的Explicit Contention Notification:明确竞争通知Unicast：单播Congestion：拥塞Benchmark：基准Preamble：头部⑤A building。

multilingual processing system 多语讯息处理系统multilingual translation 多语翻译multimedia 多媒体multi-media communication 多媒体通讯multiple inheritance 多重继承multistate logic 多态逻辑mutation 语音转换mutual exclusion 互斥mutual information 相互讯息nativist position 语法天生假说natural language 自然语言natural language processing (nlp) 自然语言处理natural language understanding 自然语言理解negation 否定negative sentence 否定句neologism 新词语nested structure 崁套结构network 网络neural network 类神经网络neurolinguistics 神经语言学neutralization 中立化n-gram n-连词n-gram modeling n-连词模型nlp (natural language processing) 自然语言处理node 节点nominalization 名物化nonce 暂用的non-finite 非限定non-finite clause 非限定式子句non-monotonic reasoning 非单调推理normal distribution 常态分布noun 名词noun phrase 名词组np (noun phrase) completeness 名词组完全性object 宾语{语言学}/对象{信息科学}object oriented programming 对象导向程序设计[面向对向的程序设计]official language 官方语言one-place predicate 一元述语on-line dictionary 线上查询词典 [联机词点]onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首音ontogeny 个体发生ontology 本体论open set 开放集operand 操作数 [操作对象]optimization 最佳化 [最优化]overgeneralization 过度概化overgeneration 过度衍生paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paralanguage 附语言parallel construction 并列结构parallel corpus 平行语料库parallel distributed processing (pdp) 平行分布处理paraphrase 转述 [释意;意译;同意互训]parole 言语parser 剖析器 [句法剖析程序]parsing 剖析part of speech (pos) 词类particle 语助词part-of relation part-of 关系part-of-speech tagging 词类标注pattern recognition 型样识别p-c (predicate-complement) insertion 述补中插pdp (parallel distributed processing) 平行分布处理perception 知觉perceptron 感觉器 [感知器]perceptual strategy 感知策略performative 行为句periphrasis 用独立词表达perlocutionary 语效性的permutation 移位petri net grammar petri 网语法philology 语文学phone 语音phoneme 音素phonemic analysis 因素分析phonemic stratum 音素层phonetics 语音学phonogram 音标phonology 声韵学 [音位学;广义语音学] phonotactics 音位排列理论phrasal verb 词组动词 [短语动词]phrase 词组 [短语]phrase marker 词组标记 [短语标记]pitch 音调pitch contour 调形变化pivot grammar 枢轴语法pivotal construction 承轴结构plausibility function 可能性函数pm (phrase marker) 词组标记 [短语标记] polysemy 多义性pos-tagging 词类标记postposition 方位词pp (preposition phrase) attachment 介词依附pragmatics 语用学precedence grammar 优先级语法precision 精确度predicate 述词predicate calculus 述词计算predicate logic 述词逻辑 [谓词逻辑]predicate-argument structure 述词论元结构prefix 前缀premodification 前置修饰preposition 介词prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学 [规范语言学] presentative sentence 引介句presupposition 前提principle of compositionality 语意合成性原理privative 二元对立的probabilistic parser 概率句法剖析程序problem solving 解决问题program 程序programming language 程序设计语言 [程序设计语言] proofreading system 校对系统proper name 专有名词prosody 节律prototype 原型pseudo-cleft sentence 准分裂句psycholinguistics 心理语言学punctuation 标点符号pushdown automata 下推自动机pushdown transducer 下推转换器qualification 后置修饰quantification 量化quantifier 范域词quantitative linguistics 计量语言学question answering system 问答系统queue 队列radical 字根 [词干;词根;部首;偏旁]radix of tuple 元组数基random access 随机存取rationalism 理性论rationalist (position) 理性论立场 [唯理论观点]reading laboratory 阅读实验室real time 实时real time control 实时控制 [实时控制]recursive transition network 递归转移网络reduplication 重叠词 [重复]reference 指涉referent 指称对象referential indices 指针referring expression 指涉词 [指示短语]register 缓存器[寄存器]{信息科学}/调高{语音学}/语言的场合层级{社会语言学}regular language 正规语言 [正则语言]relational database 关系型数据库 [关系数据库]relative clause 关系子句relaxation method 松弛法relevance 相关性restricted logic grammar 受限逻辑语法resumptive pronouns 复指代词retroactive inhibition 逆抑制rewriting rule 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical structure 修辞结构rhetorics 修辞学robust 强健性robust processing 强健性处理robustness 强健性schema 基朴school grammar 教学语法scope 范域 [作用域;范围]script 脚本search mechanism 检索机制search space 检索空间searching route 检索路径 [搜索路径]second order predicate 二阶述词segmentation 分词segmentation marker 分段标志selectional restriction 选择限制semantic field 语意场semantic frame 语意架构semantic network 语意网络semantic representation 语意表征 [语义表示] semantic representation language 语意表征语言semantic restriction 语意限制semantic structure 语意结构semantics 语意学sememe 意素semiotics 符号学sender 发送者sensorimotor stage 感觉运动期sensory information 感官讯息 [感觉信息]sentence 句子sentence generator 句子产生器 [句子生成程序]sentence pattern 句型separation of homonyms 同音词区分sequence 序列serial order learning 顺序学习serial verb construction 连动结构set oriented semantic network 集合导向型语意网络 [面向集合型语意网络]sgml (standard generalized markup language) 结构化通用标记语言shift-reduce parsing 替换简化式剖析short term memory 短程记忆sign 信号signal processing technology 信号处理技术simple word 单纯词situation 情境situation semantics 情境语意学situational type 情境类型social context 社会环境sociolinguistics 社会语言学software engineering 软件工程 [软件工程]sort 排序speaker-independent speech recognition 非特定语者语音识别spectrum 频谱speech 口语speech act assignment 言语行为指定speech continuum 言语连续体speech disorder 语言失序 [言语缺失]speech recognition 语音辨识speech retrieval 语音检索speech situation 言谈情境 [言语情境]speech synthesis 语音合成speech translation system 语音翻译系统speech understanding system 语音理解系统spreading activation model 扩散激发模型standard deviation 标准差standard generalized markup language 标准通用标示语言start-bound complement 接头词state of affairs algebra 事态代数state transition diagram 状态转移图statement kernel 句核static attribute list 静态属性表statistical analysis 统计分析statistical linguistics 统计语言学statistical significance 统计意义stem 词干stimulus-response theory 刺激反应理论stochastic approach to parsing 概率式句法剖析 [句法剖析的随机方法]stop 爆破音stratificational grammar 阶层语法 [层级语法]string 字符串[串；字符串]string manipulation language 字符串操作语言string matching 字符串匹配 [字符串]structural ambiguity 结构歧义structural linguistics 结构语言学structural relation 结构关系structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义structure 结构structure sharing representation 结构共享表征subcategorization 次类划分 [下位范畴化] subjunctive 假设的sublanguage 子语言subordinate 从属关系subordinate clause 从属子句 [从句;子句] subordination 从属substitution rule 代换规则 [置换规则] substrate 底层语言suffix 后缀superordinate 上位的superstratum 上层语言suppletion 异型[不规则词型变化] suprasegmental 超音段的syllabification 音节划分syllable 音节syllable structure constraint 音节结构限制symbolization and verbalization 符号化与字句化synchronic 同步的synonym 同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律 [句法规则]syntactic semantics 句法语意学syntagm 句段syntagmatic 组合关系 [结构段的;组合的] syntax 句法systemic grammar 系统语法tag 标记target language 目标语言 [目标语言]task sharing 课题分享 [任务共享] tautology 套套逻辑 [恒真式;重言式;同义反复] taxonomical hierarchy 分类阶层 [分类层次] telescopic compound 套装合并template 模板temporal inference 循序推理 [时序推理] temporal logic 时间逻辑 [时序逻辑] temporal marker 时貌标记tense 时态terminology 术语text 文本text analyzing 文本分析text coherence 文本一致性text generation 文本生成 [篇章生成]text linguistics 文本语言学text planning 文本规划text proofreading 文本校对text retrieval 文本检索text structure 文本结构 [篇章结构]text summarization 文本自动摘要 [篇章摘要] text understanding 文本理解text-to-speech 文本转语音thematic role 题旨角色thematic structure 题旨结构theorem 定理thesaurus 同义词辞典theta role 题旨角色theta-grid 题旨网格token 实类 [标记项]tone 音调tone language 音调语言tone sandhi 连调变换top-down 由上而下 [自顶向下]topic 主题topicalization 主题化 [话题化]trace 痕迹trace theory 痕迹理论training 训练transaction 异动 [处理单位]transcription 转写 [抄写;速记翻译]transducer 转换器transfer 转移transfer approach 转换方法transfer framework 转换框架transformation 变形 [转换]transformational grammar 变形语法 [转换语法] transitional state term set 转移状态项集合transitivity 及物性translation 翻译translation equivalence 翻译等值性translation memory 翻译记忆transparency 透明性tree 树状结构 [树]tree adjoining grammar 树形加接语法 [树连接语法] treebank 树图数据库[语法关系树库]trigram 三连词t-score t-数turing machine 杜林机 [图灵机]turing test 杜林测试 [图灵试验]type 类型type/token node 标记类型/实类节点type-feature structure 类型特征结构typology 类型学ultimate constituent 终端成分unbounded dependency 无界限依存underlying form 基底型式underlying structure 基底结构unification 连并 [合一]unification-based grammar 连并为本的语法 [基于合一的语法] universal grammar 普遍性语法universal instantiation 普遍例式universal quantifier 全称范域词unknown word 未知词 [未定义词]unrestricted grammar 非限制型语法usage flag 使用旗标user interface 使用者界面 [用户界面]valence grammar 结合价语法valence theory 结合价理论valency 结合价variance 变异数 [方差]verb 动词verb phrase 动词组 [动词短语]verb resultative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话v-o construction (verb-object) 动宾结构vocabulary 字汇vocabulary entry 词条vocal track 声道vocative 呼格voice recognition 声音辨识 [语音识别]vowel 元音vowel harmony 元音和谐 [元音和谐]waveform 波形weak verb 弱化动词whorfian hypothesis whorfian 假说word 词word frequency 词频word frequency distribution 词频分布word order 词序word segmentation 分词word segmentation standard for chinese 中文分词规范word segmentation unit 分词单位 [切词单位]word set 词集working memory 工作记忆 [工作存储区]world knowledge 世界知识writing system 书写系统x-bar theory x标杠理论 ["x"阶理论]zipf's law 利夫规律 [齐普夫定律]。

1、microscopic world 微观世界2、macroscopic world 宏观世界3、quantum theory 量子[理]论4、quantum mechanics 量子力学5、wave mechanics 波动力学6、matrix mechanics 矩阵力学7、Planck constant 普朗克常数8、wave-particle duality 波粒二象性9、state 态10、state function 态函数11、state vector 态矢量12、superposition principle of state 态叠加原理13、orthogonal states 正交态14、antisymmetrical state 正交定理15、stationary state 对称态16、antisymmetrical state 反对称态17、stationary state 定态18、ground state 基态19、excited state 受激态20、binding state 束缚态21、unbound state 非束缚态22、degenerate state 简并态23、degenerate system 简并系24、non-deenerate state 非简并态25、non-degenerate system 非简并系26、de Broglie wave 德布罗意波27、wave function 波函数28、time-dependent wave function 含时波函数29、wave packet 波包30、probability 几率31、probability amplitude 几率幅32、probability density 几率密度33、quantum ensemble 量子系综34、wave equation 波动方程35、Schrodinger equation 薛定谔方程36、Potential well 势阱37、Potential barrien 势垒38、potential barrier penetration 势垒贯穿39、tunnel effect 隧道效应40、linear harmonic oscillator线性谐振子41、zero proint energy 零点能42、central field 辏力场43、Coulomb field 库仑场44、δ-function δ-函数45、operator 算符46、commuting operators 对易算符47、anticommuting operators 反对易算符48、complex conjugate operator 复共轭算符49、Hermitian conjugate operator 厄米共轭算符50、Hermitian operator 厄米算符51、momentum operator 动量算符52、energy operator 能量算符53、Hamiltonian operator 哈密顿算符54、angular momentum operator 角动量算符55、spin operator 自旋算符56、eigen value 本征值57、secular equation 久期方程58、observable 可观察量59、orthogonality 正交性60、completeness 完全性61、closure property 封闭性62、normalization 归一化63、orthonormalized functions 正交归一化函数64、quantum number 量子数65、principal quantum number 主量子数66、radial quantum number 径向量子数67、angular quantum number 角量子数68、magnetic quantum number 磁量子数69、uncertainty relation 测不准关系70、principle of complementarity 并协原理71、quantum Poisson bracket 量子泊松括号72、representation 表象73、coordinate representation 坐标表象74、momentum representation 动量表象75、energy representation 能量表象76、Schrodinger representation 薛定谔表象77、Heisenberg representation 海森伯表象78、interaction representation 相互作用表象79、occupation number representation 粒子数表象80、Dirac symbol 狄拉克符号81、ket vector 右矢量82、bra vector 左矢量83、basis vector 基矢量84、basis ket 基右矢85、basis bra 基左矢86、orthogonal kets 正交右矢87、orthogonal bras 正交左矢88、symmetrical kets 对称右矢89、antisymmetrical kets 反对称右矢90、Hilbert space 希耳伯空间91、perturbation theory 微扰理论92、stationary perturbation theory 定态微扰论93、time-dependent perturbation theory 含时微扰论94、Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method W. K. B.近似法95、elastic scattering 弹性散射96、inelastic scattering 非弹性散射97、scattering cross-section 散射截面98、partial wave method 分波法99、Born approximation 玻恩近似法100、centre-of-mass coordinates 质心坐标系101、laboratory coordinates 实验室坐标系102、transition 跃迁103、dipole transition 偶极子跃迁104、selection rule 选择定则105、spin 自旋106、electron spin 电子自旋107、spin quantum number 自旋量子数108、spin wave function 自旋波函数109、coupling 耦合110、vector-coupling coefficient 矢量耦合系数111、many-partic le system 多子体系112、exchange forece 交换力113、exchange energy 交换能114、Heitler-London approximation 海特勒-伦敦近似法115、Hartree-Fock equation 哈特里-福克方程116、self-consistent field 自洽场117、Thomas-Fermi equation 托马斯-费米方程118、second quantization 二次量子化119、identical particles全同粒子120、Pauli matrices 泡利矩阵121、Pauli equation 泡利方程122、Pauli’s exclusion principle泡利不相容原理123、Relativistic wave equation 相对论性波动方程124、Klein-Gordon equation 克莱因-戈登方程125、Dirac equation 狄拉克方程126、Dirac hole theory 狄拉克空穴理论127、negative energy state 负能态128、negative probability 负几率129、microscopic causality 微观因果性本征矢量eigenvector本征态eigenstate本征值eigenvalue本征值方程eigenvalue equation本征子空间eigensubspace (可以理解为本征矢空间)变分法variatinial method标量scalar算符operator表象representation表象变换transformation of representation表象理论theory of representation波函数wave function波恩近似Born approximation玻色子boson费米子fermion不确定关系uncertainty relation狄拉克方程Dirac equation狄拉克记号Dirac symbol定态stationary state定态微扰法time-independent perturbation定态薛定谔方程time-independent Schro(此处上面有两点)dinger equation 动量表象momentum representation角动量表象angular mommentum representation占有数表象occupation number representation坐标（位置）表象position representation角动量算符angular mommentum operator角动量耦合coupling of angular mommentum对称性symmetry对易关系commutator厄米算符hermitian operator厄米多项式Hermite polynomial分量component光的发射emission of light光的吸收absorption of light受激发射excited emission自发发射spontaneous emission轨道角动量orbital angular momentum自旋角动量spin angular momentum轨道磁矩orbital magnetic moment归一化normalization哈密顿hamiltonion黑体辐射black body radiation康普顿散射Compton scattering基矢basis vector基态ground state基右矢basis ket ‘右矢’ket基左矢basis bra简并度degenerancy精细结构fine structure径向方程radial equation久期方程secular equation量子化quantization矩阵matrix模module模方square of module内积inner product逆算符inverse operator欧拉角Eular angles泡利矩阵Pauli matrix平均值expectation value （期望值）泡利不相容原理Pauli exclusion principle氢原子hydrogen atom球鞋函数spherical harmonics全同粒子identical partic les塞曼效应Zeeman effect上升下降算符raising and lowering operator 消灭算符destruction operator产生算符creation operator矢量空间vector space守恒定律conservation law守恒量conservation quantity投影projection投影算符projection operator微扰法pertubation method希尔伯特空间Hilbert space线性算符linear operator线性无关linear independence谐振子harmonic oscillator选择定则selection rule幺正变换unitary transformation幺正算符unitary operator宇称parity跃迁transition运动方程equation of motion正交归一性orthonormalization正交性orthogonality转动rotation自旋磁矩spin magnetic monent(以上是量子力学中的主要英语词汇，有些未涉及到的可以自由组合。

c++ 信奥赛常用英语在C++ 信奥赛中（计算机奥林匹克竞赛），常用英语词汇主要包括以下几方面：1. 基本概念：- Algorithm（算法）- Data structure（数据结构）- Programming language（编程语言）- C++（C++ 编程语言）- Object-oriented（面向对象）- Function（函数）- Variable（变量）- Constants（常量）- Loops（循环）- Conditional statements（条件语句）- Operators（运算符）- Control structures（控制结构）- Memory management（内存管理）2. 常用算法与数据结构：- Sorting algorithms（排序算法）- Searching algorithms（搜索算法）- Graph algorithms（图算法）- Tree algorithms（树算法）- Dynamic programming（动态规划）- Backtracking（回溯）- Brute force（暴力破解）- Divide and conquer（分治）- Greedy algorithms（贪心算法）- Integer array（整数数组）- Linked list（链表）- Stack（栈）- Queue（队列）- Tree（树）- Graph（图）3. 编程实践：- Code optimization（代码优化）- Debugging（调试）- Testing（测试）- Time complexity（时间复杂度）- Space complexity（空间复杂度）- Input/output（输入/输出）- File handling（文件处理）- Console output（控制台输出）4. 竞赛相关：- IOI（国际信息学奥林匹克竞赛）- NOI（全国信息学奥林匹克竞赛）- ACM-ICPC（ACM 国际大学生程序设计竞赛）- Codeforces（代码力）- LeetCode（力扣）- HackerRank（黑客排名）这些英语词汇在信奥赛领域具有广泛的应用，掌握这些词汇有助于提高选手之间的交流效率，同时对提升编程能力和竞赛成绩也有很大帮助。

常用离散数学名词中英文对照集合：set元素：element严格定义:well defined成员:member外延原理:principle of extension泛集(全集):universal set空集:empty set(null set)子集:subset文氏图:venn diagram并:union交:intersection相对补集:relative complement绝对补集:absolute complement补集:complement对偶性:duality幂等律:idempotent laws组合律:associative laws交换律:commutative laws分配律:distributive laws同一律:identity laws对合律:involution laws求补律:complement laws对偶原理:principle of duality有限集:finite set计算原理:counting principle类:class幂集:power set子类:subclass子集合:subcollection命题:proposition命题计算:proposition calculus语句:statement复合:compound子语句:substatement合取:conjunction析取:disjuction否定:negation真值表:truth table重言式:tautology矛盾:contradiction逻辑等价:logical equivalence命题代数:algebra of propositions 逻辑蕴涵:logicalimplication关系:relation有序对:ordered pair划分:parti-on偏序:partial order整除性:divisibility常规序:usual order上确界:supremum下确界:infimum上(下)界:upper(lower) bound乘积集:product set笛卡儿积:cartesian product笛卡儿平面:cartesian plane二元关系:binary relation定义域:domain值域:range相等:equality恒等关系:identity relation全关系:universal ralation空关系:empty ralation图解:graph坐标图:coordinate diagram关系矩阵:matrix of the relation 连矢图:arrow diagram有向图:directed graph逆关系:inverse relation转置:transpose复合:composition自反:reflexive对称的:symmetric反对称的:anti-symmetric可递的:transitive等价关系:equivalence relation半序关系:partial ordering relation 函数:function映射:mapping变换:transformation像点:image象:image自变量:independent variable因变量:dependent variable函数图象:graph of a function合成函数:composition function可逆函数:invertible function一一对应:one to one correspondence 内射:injective满射:surjective双射:bijective基数度:cardinality基数:cardinal number图论:graph theory多重图:multigraphy顶点:vertix(point,node)无序对:unordered pair边:edge相邻的adjacent端点:endpoint多重边:multiple edge环:loop子图:subgraph生成子图:generated subgraph平凡图:trivial graph入射:incident孤立点:isolated vertex连通性:connectivity通路:walk长度:length简单通路:chain(trail)圈:path回路:cycle连通的:connected连通分支:connected component距离:distance欧拉图:eulerian graph欧拉链路:eulerian trail哈密顿图:hamilton graph哈密顿回路:hamilton cycle货郎行程问题:traveling salesman完全图:complete graph正则图:regular graph偶图:bipartive graph树图:tree graph加权图:labeled graph同构图:isomorphic graph同构:isomorphism同胚的:homeomorphic平面图:planar graph着色问题:colortion区域:region地图:map非平面图:nonplanargraph着色图:colored graphs顶点着色:vertex coloring色散:chromatic number四色原理:four color theorem对偶地图:dual map退化树:degenerate tree生成树:spanning tree有根树:rooted tree根:root水平(深度):level(depth)叶子:leaf分支:branch有序有根树:ordered rooted tree二元运算符:binary operational symbol半群:semigroup单位元素:identity element右(左)单位元素:right(left) identity左(右)消去律:left(right) cancellation law) 逆:inverse并列:juxtaposition有限群:finite group正规子群:normal subgroup非平凡子群:nontrivial subgroup循环群:cyclic group环:ring整环:integral domain域:field交换环:commutative ring加性环:additive group汇合:meet格:lattice有界格:bounded lattice分配格:distributeve lattice补格:complemented lattice表示定理:representation theorem。

小世界网络( small-world network)无标度网络( scale-free network)随机网络( random network)规则网络( regular network)无向网络( undirected network)加权网络( weighted network)图论( Graph theory)邻接矩阵( adjacency matrix)结构性脑网络( structural brain networks 或anatomical brain networks)功能性脑网络( functional brain networks)因效性脑网络( effective brain networks)感兴趣脑区( region of interest，ROI)血氧水平依赖( BOLD，blood oxygenation level depended)体素( voxel)自发低频震荡( spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations，LFF) 默认功能网络( default mode network，DMN)大范围皮层网络( Large-scale cortical network)效应连接(effective connectivity)网络分析工具箱（Graph Analysis Toolbox，GAT）自动解剖模板（automatic anatomical template，AAL）脑电图(electroencephalogram, EEG)脑磁图(magnetoencephalogram, MEG)功能磁共振成像(Functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)弥散张量成像(Diffusion Tensor Imaging, DTI)弥散谱成像( diffusion spectrum imaging ，DSI)细胞结构量化映射( quantitative cytoarchitecture mapping)正电子发射断层扫描(PET, positron emisson tomography)精神疾病：阿尔茨海默症( Alzheimer’ s disease，AD)癫痫( epilepsy)精神分裂症( Schizophrenia)抑郁症( major depression)单侧注意缺失( Unilateral Neglect)轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment, MCI）正常对照组（normal control, NC）MMSE (Mini-mental state examination) 简易精神状态检查量表CDR (Clinic dementia rating) 临床痴呆量表边( link，edge)节点(vertex 或node)节点度(degree)区域核心节点(provincial hub)度分布(degree distribution)节点强度( node strength)最短路径长度(shortest path length)特征路径长度( characteristic path length) 聚类系数( clustering coefficient)中心度(centrality)度中心度(degree centrality)介数中心度( betweenness centrality)连接中枢点( connector hub)局部效率(local efficiency)全局效率( global efficiency)相位同步( phase synchronization)连接密度(connection density/cost)方法：互相关分析( cross-correlation analysis) 因果关系分析( Causality analysis)直接传递函数分析( Directed Transfer Function，DTF)部分定向相干分析( Partial Directed Coherence，PDC)多变量自回归建模( multivariate autoregressive model，MV AR) 独立成分分析( independent component analysis，ICA)同步似然性(synchronization likelihood, SL)结构方程建模(structural equation modeling, SEM)动态因果建模(dynamic causal modeling, DCM)心理生理交互作用模型(Psychophysiological interaction model)非度量多维定标(non-metric multidimensional scaling)体素形态学(voxel-based morphometry, VBM)统计参数映射（statistical parametric mapping，SPM）皮尔逊相关系数（Pearson correlation）偏相关系数（Partial correlation）DTI指标：MD (Mean diffusivity) 平均扩散率ADC (Apparent diffusion coefficient) 表观弥散系数FA (Fractional anisotropy) 部分各向异性DCavg (Average diffusion coefficient) 平均弥散系数RA (Relative anisotropy) 相对各项异性VR (V olume ratio) 体积比AI (Anisotrop index) 各项异性指数TBSS (Tract-based Spatial Statistics) 基于纤维追踪束体素的空间统计DWI (Diffusion Weight Imaging) 弥散加权成像。

Quizzes for Chapter11单选(1分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/总分A.人类思考B.人工智能C.机器智能1.00/1.00D.机器动作正确答案：C你选对了2多选(1分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分 A.人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00B.人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法得分/1.00D.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、D你错选为A、B、C、D3多选(1分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分A.经济学0.25/1.00B.哲学0.25/1.00C.心理学0.25/1.00D.数学0.25/1.00正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了4多选(1分)下列陈述中哪些是描述强AI(通用AI)的正确答案？得分/总分A.指的是一种机器，具有将智能应用于任何问题的能力0.50/1.00 B.是经过适当编程的具有正确输入和输出的计算机，因此有与人类同样判断力的头脑0.50/1.00C.指的是一种机器，仅针对一个具体问题D.其定义为无知觉的计算机智能，或专注于一个狭窄任务的AI正确答案：A、B你选对了5多选(1分)选择下列计算机系统中属于人工智能的实例得分/总分A.Web搜索引擎B.超市条形码扫描器C.声控电话菜单该题无法得分/1.00D.智能个人助理该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、D你错选为C、D6多选(1分)选择下列哪些是人工智能的研究领域得分/总分A.人脸识别0.33/1.00B.专家系统0.33/1.00C.图像理解D.分布式计算正确答案：A、B、C你错选为A、B7多选(1分)考察人工智能(AI)的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI来解决得分/总分A.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.00B.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛C.在Web上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货正确答案：A、B、C你错选为A、C8填空(1分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下做正确的事。

概率论英文词汇1. Probability 概率2. Random Experiment 随机试验3. Sample Space 样本空间4. Event 事件5. Independent 独立的6. Conditional 条件7. Random Variable 随机变量8. Distribution 分布9. Expected Value 期望值10. Variance 方差11. Standard Deviation 标准差12. Covariance 协方差13. Correlation 相关性14. Independence 独立性15. Borel's Lemma 波莱尔引理16. Counting Rule 计数规则17. Conditional Probability 条件概率18. Bayes' Theorem 贝叶斯定理19. Markov Chain 马尔可夫链20. Markov Chain Monte Carlo 马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法21. Stochastic Process 随机过程22. Brownian Motion 布朗运动23. Poisson Process 泊松过程24. Geometric Brownian Motion 几何布朗运动25. Wiener Process 维纳过程26. Poisson Point Process 泊松点过程27. Gaussian Process 高斯过程28. Martingale 马丁格尔过程29. Expectation-Maximization Algorithm 期望最大化算法30. Maximum Likelihood Estimation 最大似然估计法31. Bayesian Inference 贝叶斯推理32. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 方法马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法33. Central Limit Theorem 中心极限定理34. Law of Large Numbers 大数定律35. Law of the Iterated Logarithm 迭代对数律。

Reduce-scatter 是一种常用的通信原语，用于并行计算中的数据操作和通信。

在本文中，我们将介绍reduce-scatter 的概念、用途和实现，以及一些常见的应用场景和性能优化技巧。

一、概念1.1 reduce-scatter 的定义Reduce-scatter 是一种并行计算中的数据操作和通信原语，用于将一个输入数组的数据进行全局 reduce 操作后再进行 scatter 操作。

1.2 reduce-scatter 的作用Reduce-scatter 主要用于并行计算中的数据并行操作，可以将一组数据分散到不同的处理单元上，并对这些数据进行局部 reduce 操作，然后将结果汇总到一个处理单元上。

1.3 reduce-scatter 的实现方式Reduce-scatter 可以通过不同的通信协议和算法来实现，常见的方式包括基于消息传递接口(MPI)的实现、基于共享内存的实现等。

二、用途2.1 并行计算中的数据分布和汇总Reduce-scatter 主要用于并行计算中的数据分布和汇总，可以有效地将数据分散到不同的处理单元上，并对数据进行局部处理后再进行汇总，从而加速并行计算的运算速度和效率。

2.2 大规模科学计算和模拟Reduce-scatter 在大规模科学计算和模拟中有着广泛的应用，可以用于加速复杂的数值计算和模拟，提高计算的效率和精度。

2.3 分布式系统中的数据处理和通信Reduce-scatter 也可以用于分布式系统中的数据处理和通信，可以帮助系统快速地处理和传输大量的数据，提高系统的可扩展性和稳定性。

三、实现3.1 基于消息传递接口(MPI)的实现在 MPI 中，reduce-scatter 可以通过 MPI_Reduce_scatter 函数来实现，该函数可以将一个输入数组的数据进行全局 reduce 操作后再进行 scatter 操作。

3.2 基于共享内存的实现在基于共享内存的并行计算中，reduce-scatter 可以通过多线程的方式来实现，可以将数据分配到不同的线程上进行局部 reduce 操作，然后再进行数据的汇总。