国彰化师范大学97学硕士班招生考试试题

系所:輔導與諮商學系科目：測驗與統計☆☆請在答案紙上作答☆☆共9 頁，第 1 頁
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系所：教育研究所碩士班科目：教育測驗與統計☆☆請在答案紙上作答☆☆共3頁，第1頁一、綜合測驗題：請依照下列問題情境，從四個選項中選出一個正確的答案，依照題目順序寫在答案紙上，每小題2分，共計60分。

1．在統計學上用來表示倍數的平均值的統計量數是那一種？（a）算術平均數（b）幾何平均數（c）假設平均數（d）調和平均數。

2．當X變數是連續變數，而Y變數是真正二分變數時，用以表示兩變數的相關係數應採用（a）積差相關（b）等級差異相關（c）點二系列相關（d）四分相關。

3．在諸多種眾數的計算方法中，認為「中數減眾數」比「平均數減眾數」等於2比3的統計學家是誰？（a）Pearson（b）Fisher（c）Czuber（d）King。

4．在常態分配的情形下，被稱為可能誤差（PE）的是指那一種變異量數？（a）四分差（b）平均差（c）標準差（d）變異數。

5．下列那一情況「不可能」出現？（a）M>Md>Mo（b）Mo>Md>M（c）Md>Mo>M （d）M=Mo=Md。

6．峰態（kurtosis）是屬於第幾級動差？（a）第一（b）第二（c）第三（d）第四。

7．標準九的第三分所應包括的常態面積是多少？（a）6%（b）12%（c）17%（d）20%。

8．根據X變數去預測Y變數時，其預測的準確性叫做什麼係數？（a）決定係數（b）系所：教育研究所碩士班科目：教育測驗與統計☆☆請在答案紙上作答☆☆共3 頁，第2頁離間係數（c）效標係數（d）可靠係數。

9．在變異數分析中，若研究者採用隨機效果模式，自變項與依變項的關係應該用什麼表示？（a）級內相關係數（b）亞米加平方相關係數（c）積差相關係數（d）聯列相關係數。

10．在ANOVA過程中，如果在ｋ個實驗處理組中包括一組控制組，則事後比較最適宜採用那一種方法？（a）薛費法(Scheffe` method ) （b）鄧恩法( Dunn method )（c）杜基法( Tukey method )（d）鄧奈特法( Dunnet method )。

志聖研究所國立彰化師範大學九十四學年度碩士班招生考試試題系(所)別：教育研究所 科目：教育學與教育心理學一、試比較行為主義學派與人文學派對教育之影響. (25%)【擬答】(一)行為主義代表人物為巴夫洛夫，其特色是對人類行為進行研究，發現環境會塑造行為，因而產生教育萬能之說。

其對教育的影響如下：1.發現人類行為規則，改良教學行為技術2.教育行為工程，透過對環境的佈置來塑造人類行為3.重視人類行為研究，強調環境可塑造行為4.教學法：行為塑造法，編序教學法5.透過客觀量化評估教學成果(二)人文學派其代表人物為Neil 及Glasser ，認為人能獨立自主，且能為自己行為負責，教育乃協助其發展而達到自我實現。

其對教育的影響如下：1.重視學生的生活經驗與興趣2.課程採多元參與方式進行3.排除講解灌輸法，採用問答的啟發式教學4.教師非扮演知識權威，而是學生的輔導者5.破除制式化的課程，強調動態循環教學 二、馬克思等人所影響產生之衝突論, 對教育機會均等有何不同之看法. (25%)【擬答】(一)教育機會均等乃指每一個體應享受相同年限的基本義務教育，這種教育是共同性、強迫性的，不因個人家庭背景、性別、地區之差異而有不同。

試以Collins 及Bowels&Gintis 之理論解釋之。

(二)Collins 之教育階層化的功能與衝突理論認為社會塑造出有高文憑即有高成就之假象，以致眾人接追求文憑，而成為一各文憑社會，實則不然，在學校習得之技能並不能用於工作，其實雇主所找的員工仍是高度社會化的成員，教育資格或條件再度成為文化控制的工具。

(三)Bowels&Gintis 之再製理論認為社會受制於優勢團體，教育成為其優勢團體培育下一代再次擁有優勢的工具，其學生在學校的表現與其家庭之社會地位不謀而合，稱之為符應原則，形成了科層化之分工，而非平等、公平的接受學習。

三、試述後現代主義對教育之影響. (18%)【擬答】(一)後現代的特色1.反對後設敘述與巨型論述，強調應顛覆傳統知識的本源，並將中 心解構。

华东师范大学
1997年攻读硕士研究生入学试题考试科目：普通心理学（含西方近代心理学史）
专业：心理学学科
一、简述下列各对概念（每小题3分，共30分）
1、感受性和感觉阈限
2、表象和想象
3、语义记忆和情节记忆
4、陈述性知识和程序性知识
5、数据驱动和概念驱动
6、语言和言语
7、形象思维和抽象思维
8、情绪和情感
9、能力和智力
10、个性和性格
二、问答题（每小题10分，共70分）
1、试述注意的基本特征。

2、试述解决问题的思维过程。

3、试述个性倾向性及其关系。

4、试述制约个体心理发展的因素。

5、试述冯特对心理学的贡献和局限。

6、试述勒温的动力场理论。

7、试述皮亚杰的心理学的基本理论和基本概念。

中国农业大学1997年硕士研究生入学考试试题生物化学碳糖。

6____________________氧化脱羧，形成______________________，这一过程是连接糖酵解和三羧酸循环的纽带。

7氨基酸降解的反应主要有三种方式，即__________________________,___________________和_______________反应。

8高等绿色植物体内，在___________________酶和___________________酶的共同作用下，可以将氨和α-酮戊二酸合成为谷氨酸。

9蛋白质的平均含氮量为______________，它是___________法测定蛋白质含量的计算基础；蛋白质溶液在____________nm有特征吸收峰，该波长是固_______________法测定蛋白质含量所采用的波长。

10米氏方程的表达式为__________________________，它表达了__________________关系，其中的________是酶的特征常数。

11用凝胶过滤法分离蛋白质是基于蛋白质_________________不同进行的，而离子交换柱层析则是基于蛋白质________________不同进行的。

三、问答题（共42分）1讨论呼吸链的组成及电子传递顺序。

（7分）2生物体内脱氧核苷酸是怎样合成的？（7分）3什么是酶的专一性？指出两种酶作用专一性的假说，并说明其中一种的重要观点。

（7分）4在PH3左右，氨基酸混合液（酸性、碱性、中性三类），经强酸型阳离子交换树脂被洗脱分离，指出这三类氨基酸被洗脱的先后顺序，并说明为什么。

（6分）5为什么DNA的复制能保持高度的忠实性？（7分）6简述原核生物蛋白质合成的主要过程。

（8分）。

1997年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Part I Structure and VocabularySections ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)andD). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, _____ could go penniless by next year.A)the larger oneB)the larger of whichC)the largest oneD)the largest of whichNowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _____ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.A)combinedB)having combinedC)combineD)being combinedAndrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the picnic, _____ to the family's disappointment.A)muchB)moreC)too muchD)much moreI would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _____ fully occupied the whole of last week.A)wereB)had beenC)have beenD)wasHelp will come from the UN, but the aid will be _____ near what's needed.A)everywhereB)somewhereC)nowhereD)anywhereThe chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates _____ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A)andB)asC)butD)orHe claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. _____ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.A)What littleB)So muchC)How muchD)So littleAlthough we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciled _____ the decision made by our fellow countrymen.A)forB)onC)toD)inJust as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _____ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.A)addingB)to have addedC)to addD)addedThe vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly _____ .A)noticedB)to be noticedC)being noticedD)to noticeSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A),B),C)andD). Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)Example:A number of A) foreign visitors were taken B) to the industrial exhibition which C) they saw D) many new products.Part C) is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C).Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over A) the fifty minute B) period, but none C) of his students even D) objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.When A) Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off B) all power C) in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of D) this great man.They pointed out A) the damage which B) they supposed that C) had been done by last night's D) storm.Because of A) the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming B) in the river unless C) someone agrees to watch D) over us.A great many A) teachers firmly B) believe that English is one of the poorest taught C) subjects in high schools at present. D)In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound?produced A) ability, organizing B) two sounds delivered C) at a high rate as one call. D)I thought the technician was to blame A) for the blowingB) of the fuse, but I see now how C) I was D) mistaken.For him to be re elected, A) what is essential is not that his policy works, B) but that C) the public believe that it is. D)As far as A) I am concerned, his politics are B) rather conservative compared C) with other politicians. D)I'd say whenever you are going A) after something that is belonging B) to you, anyone who is depriving C) you of the right to have it is criminal. D)In this factory the machines are not regulated _____ but are jointly controlled by a central computer system.A)independentlyB)individuallyC)irrespectivelyD)irregularlyEvery chemical change either results from energy being sued to produce the change, or causes energy to be _____ in some form.A)given offB)put outC)set offD)used upIf businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually _____ .A)shrinkB)delayC)disperseD)sinkAmerican companies are evolving from mass?production manufacturing to _____ enterprises.A)moveableB)changingC)flexibleD)varyingIf you know what the trouble is, why don＇t you help them to _____ the situation?A)simplifyB)modifyC)verifyD)rectifyI can't _____ what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked this morning.A)figure outB)draw outC)look outD)work outI tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat _____ .A)disapprovalB)rejectionC)refusalD)declineFrom this material we can _____ hundreds of what you may call direct products.A)deriveB)discernC)diminishD)displaceShe had clearly no _____ of doing any work, although she was very well paid.A)tendencyB)ambitionC)intentionD)willingnessWhat seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become _____ a third time.A)clean and measurableB)notable and systematicC)pure and wholesomeD)clear and organicThe public opinion was that the time was not _____ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.A)reasonableB)ripeC)readyD)practicalHudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the _____ of hunger.A)sensationB)causeC)purposeD)motiveFor the new country to survive, _____ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.A)to name a fewB)let aloneC)not to speakD)let's sayForeign disinvestment and the _____ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A)displacementB)eliminationC)exclusionD)exceptionWhen a number of people _____ together in a conversational knot, each individual expresses his position in the group by where he stands.A)padB)packC)squeezeD)clusterPart II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A),B),C),D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. A)swarm B)stride C)separate D)slip42. A)For B)Because C)As D)Since43. A)from B)in C)on D)by44. A)Even though B)Now that C)If only D)Provided that45. A)durable B)disposable C)available D)transferable46. A)approach B)flow C)fashion D)trend47. A)instantly B)reversely C)fundamentally D)sufficiently48. A)but B)while C)and D)whereas49. A)imposed B)restricted C)illustrated D)confined50. A)excitement B)conviction C)enthusiasm D)importancePart III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A),B),C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Passage 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: “We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia — where an aging population, life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part — other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death —probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. “I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,” he says.From the second paragraph we learn that _____ .A)the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB)physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC)changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD)it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passageWhen the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means _____.A)observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasiaB)similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countriesC)observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoesD)the effect?taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stopWhen Lloyd Nickson dies, he will _____.A)face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasiaB)experience the suffering of a lung cancer patientC)have an intense fear of terrible sufferingD)undergo a cooling off period of seven daysThe author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of _____.A)oppositionB)suspicionC)approvalD)indifferencePassage 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small minded officials, rude waiters, and ill?mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was awelcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily meant that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many American value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____.A)rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the USB)small minded officials deserve a serious commentC)Canadians are not so friendly as their neighborsD)most Americans are ready to offer helpIt could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.A)culture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipB)courteous convention and individual interest are interrelatedC)various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsD)social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventionsFamilies in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____.A)to improve their hard lifeB)in view of their long distance travelC)to add some flavor to their own daily lifeD)out of a charitable impulseThe tradition of hospitality to strangers _____.A)tends to be superficial and artificialB)is generally well kept up in the United StatesC)is always understood properlyD)was something to do with the busy tourist trailsPassage 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs)is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning “mind?manifesting”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.“Substance abuse” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse” in that _____.A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB)“drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takersC)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonousThe word “pervasive” (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean _____.A)widespreadB)overwhelmingC)piercingD)fashionablePhysical dependence on certain substances results from _____.A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB)exclusive use of them for social purposesC)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseasesD)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptomsFrom the last paragraph we can infer that _____.A)stimulants function positively on the mindB)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsPassage 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self?examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to ?17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,”he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thoughtand expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society's ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle”between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15 member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,” says Luce. “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _____.A)its raising of the corporate stock priceB)its self?examination of soulC)its neglect of social responsibilityD)its emphasis on creative freedomAccording to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A)Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.B)Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.C)Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D)Stever Ross is no longer aliveIn face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _____.A)stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB)softened his tone and adopted some new policyC)changed his attitude and yielded to objectionD)received more support from the 15?member boardThe best title for this passage could be _____.A)A Company under FireB)A Debate on Moral DeclineC)A Lawful Outlet of Street CultureD)A Form of Creative FreedomPassage 5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures inBritain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen bellow most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.From the passage we learn that _____.A)there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB)economy will always follow certain modelsC)the economic situation is better than expectedD)economists had foreseen the present economic situationAccording to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A)Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a carB)An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflationC)A high unemployment rate will result from inflationD)Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economyThe sentence “This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that _____.A)the low inflation rate will last for some timeB)the inflation rate will soon riseC)the inflation will disappear quicklyD)there is no inflation at presentThe passage shows that the author is _____ the present situation.A)critical ofB)puzzled byC)disappointed atD)amazed atPart IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points).Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground?clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake— a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl —is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71._____________________________________________________________.72._____________________________________________________________.73._____________________________________________________________.74._____________________________________________________________.75._____________________________________________________________.Part V Writing (15 points)Directions:A.Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120.B.Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.C.Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:1. Interpret the following pictures.2.Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reason.参考答案：Part I Structure and Vocabulary。

华南师范大学考研试题—教育学华南师范大学考研试题—教育学一、选择题：1-45小题，每小题2分，共90分。

在每个小题给出的四个选项中，请选出一个最符合题目要求的。

1.提出教学过程最优化思想的教育家是()A.赞科夫B.乌申斯基C.巴班斯基D.维果斯基2.德育过程的基础是()A.活动和交往B.自我教育C.学校教育D.道德内化3.创立“发现法”教学的是( )A.瓦•根舍因B.斯金纳C.布鲁纳D.洛扎洛夫4.下列哪一说法不正确?( )A.访问者及介绍人的被信任程度,可能使被试的反应失真,使调查资料产生较大误差.B.访谈调查常常是个人之间进行的,样本的代表性不会影响访谈调查的资料价值.C.遗失被试的资料可能会造成取样的偏差.D.对调查对象的群体资料必须有明确的了解,这样才能群体的基本单位.5.格塞尔的“同卵双生子爬梯实验”充分说明了( )是教育的重要条件3A.遗传素质B.教师水平C.父母培养D.后天学习6.( )根据两难故事法的实验形成了儿童道德发展的理论3A.皮亚杰B.科尔伯格C.杜威D.马斯洛7.20世纪初，创立实验教育学，主张用实验的方法研究教育活动，为教育学研究提供新方法，进一步推动教育学科学化的德国教育学家、心理学家是( )A.赫尔巴特B.福禄倍尔C.梅伊曼和拉伊D.弗洛伊德8.( )是获取科学信息的一种重要方式，是科学研究的重要方法。

A.实验与观察B.假设C.统计D.测量9.( )认为个体认识的起源既不是外部客体给予的刺激，也不是有机体内部预先形成的结构的呈现，而是主体与外部世界不断交互作用的结果。

A.皮亚杰B.柯尔伯格C.马斯洛D.杜威10.我国颁布且实行的第一个学制是()A. 壬寅学制B.癸卯学制C.壬戌学制D.壬子癸丑学制11.最早提出“教育性教学”的教育家()A.夸美纽斯B.赫尔巴特C.凯洛夫D.布鲁纳12.我国第一部马克思主义的教育学著作是()A.《论共产主义教育》B.《教学与发展》C.《教育史》D.《新教育大纲》13.在对课题研究进行设计时,不包括的一项是( )A.确定研究方法B.论证课题C.制定研究计划D.选择研究对象14.在教育对象问题上,提出“有教无类”主张的是( )A.孔子B.孟子C.荀子D.墨子15.道家的教育主张是( )A.“以吏为师”B.“以法为教”C.“化性起伪”D.“不言之教”16、在自然情境下进行的，比较灵活且适用范围较广的一种观察方法是( )A.教育实验观察B.严格控制的观察C.全结构式观察D.教育现场观察17.建立良好的师生关系，从根本上说取决于( )A.家长的配合B.学校领导的积极配合C.教师的实际水平D.学生的实际水平18.《学记》中提出“长善救失”体现了( )A.知行统一的原则B.尊重信任与严格要求相结合的原则C.教育影响的一致性与连贯性原则D.发扬积极因素，克服消极因素原则19、战国后期，具有世界影响的中国教育文献是( )A.《大学》B.《中庸》C.《孟子》D.《学记》20、在教育史上最早颁布义务教育法的国家是( )A.美国B.英国C.日本D.普鲁士21、适当过渡学习能促进知识保持，研究表明，最佳效果的过渡学习是学习熟练程度达到( )A. 130%B.140%C.150%D.160%22、联结学习理论认为，学习就是在刺激和反应之间建立直接联结的过程，其中起重要作用的是( )A.练习B.学习C.强化D.巩固23.下列不是阿特金森所提出的成就动机理论模型的缺陷的是( )A.人的成就动机被看成仅仅由内部因素所激发,没有充分看到外部社会生活条件对人的成就动机的作用B.初步把动机的情感方面和认知方面结合起来C.对影响成就和行为的内部因素的了解和探讨不全面和不够充分D.对认知的作用的了解是模糊的,笼统的,不具体的24.“对抗偏见”是一种专门用来改变学生在特定的领域内的原有认识的以对话为基础的教学策略,它是由( )提出的A.科斯格儒B.罗尔C.查朴尼D.斯太威25.( )是把成就看作赢得相应社会地位与自尊心的根源,是一种外部动机A.附属内驱力B.自我提高的内驱力C.内部动机D.认知内驱力26.古儒学校产生于古代的( )A.埃及B.苏美尔C.希腊D.印度27.智者派提出了古希腊课程中的( )A.前三艺B.后四艺C.七艺D.六艺28、自20世纪20年代起，在河北定县主持乡村建设实验运动的教育家是( )A.晏阳初B.陶行知C.黄炎培D.梁漱溟29、苏格拉底法又称为( )A.问答法B.发现法C.讲授法D.雄辩术30、1916年出版的( )，最集中、最系统地表述了杜威的教育理论。

1997-1998年华东师范大学硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目代码及名称：647 体育学基础招生专业（领域）名称：体育人文社会学、运动人体科学、体育教育训练学、民族传统体育学考生注意：无论以下试题中是否有答题位置，均应将答案写在考场另发的答题纸上（写明题号）1997年试题一、解释下列各对概念，并说明两者的关系。

1．心理－意识2．心理过程－个性心理3．绝对感觉域限－绝对感受性4．动作记忆－运动记忆5．随意运动－意志行动6．气质－性格7．一般能力－智力8．注意范围－注意紧张度二、试说明作为体育动机的基础的需要有那几种?并阐述之。

三、说明操作思维、预测思维和战术思维，并结合实例分别说明这三重思维在体育活动中的作用。

四、什么是焦虑？并分析焦虑与动作技能的学习（或与运动成绩）之间的关系。

五、请用3个实例说明体育心理学对指导体育教学的重要作用。

六、试述心理训练应当遵循的原则，并举一实例说明心理训练在体育教学中的应用。

注：第五、六题中任选一题做答。

1998年试题一、解释下列各对概念，并说明两者的关系。

1、心理－意思2、心理过程－个性心理3、外部注意－内部注意4、差别感觉域限－差别感受性5、知觉－动觉6、动作记忆－运动记忆7、创造性想象－创造性思维二、动作的遗忘进程与词语的遗忘进程有什么不同？并说明如何安排动作练习有助于长时间的保持记忆？三、什么时运动技能的迁移和干扰？并说明在体育教学中怎样促进学生运动技能的积极迁移，防止相互干扰?(至少各举2个例子)四、什么时心理训练？常用的心理训练有那些？并说明它们在体育教学中的运用。

五、什么是心境状态？并说明它在体育教学中的作用。

六、什么是紧张状态？并说明它在体育教学中的作用。

注：第五、六题中任选一题做答。

1998年人体生理学一、名词解释1、静息电位2、稳态3、反射弧4、条件反射5、运动单位6、兴奋-收缩偶联7、比肌力8、肌梭9、通气当量10、运动性疲劳二、问答题1、肌肉收缩的形式有那几种形式?分类的依据是什么?各种收缩的主要特点如何?2、细胞膜常见的物质转运形式有那几种?请加以讨论?3、大脑皮层主要的运动区定位所在?其功能特征有那些?4、什么叫氧离曲线?其重要的生理意义如何?影响氧离曲线的因素有那些?5、决定人体有氧能力的因素有那些?如何评定人体的有氧能力?。

武汉大学1997硕士入学综合考试试题1997年说明：本题共14个部分，每个部分25分，考生必须根据自己报考的专业，按招生专业目录中各专业规定的四个部分答题，未按规定的四个部分所答的题无效。

宪法学部分一、名词解释（每小题3分，共9分）1．事后审查2。

人民民主专政3。

村民委员会二、填空题（每小题1分，共4分）1．无产阶级宪法学者根据列宁主义原理把宪法分为（）。

2．决定一个国家采取何种国家结构形式的原因主要有二、即（）。

3．义务是指（）。

4．我国中央军事委员会的领导体制是（）。

三、判断说明（每小题3分，共6分）1．我国的民族自治机关是指民族自治地方的人民代表大会、人民政府、人民法院和人民检察院。

2．在我国，选民或者代表三人以上联名即可推荐代表候选人。

四、简答题（6分）1982年宪法为什么要恢复设置国家主席？中国法制史部分一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1．律、令、格、式、敕（隋唐）2．《春秋决事比》3．商法（清末商法的名称及公布或草成时间）4．不睦5．五刑（夏、商、周）（按顺序写）二、简述题（共10分）1．简述明代的会审制度。

（4分）2．简述唐代的定罪量刑原则。

（6分）中国法律思想史部分一、简述下列各题（每小题5分，共25分）1．简述“礼禁未然，刑禁已然”说。

2．简述沈家本的法律主张。

3．简述韩非法、术、势的思想。

4．简述“大德小刑”论。

5．简述“中体西用”法律观。

国际法部分一、解释下列术语（每小题5分，共15分）1．二元论2。

战争罪3。

引渡与庇护二、简答题（10分）简述《公民与政治权利国际公约》的主要内容。

法理学部分一、区别下列概念（每小题4分，共8分）1．普通法学、普通法、根本法2．法律效力、法的溯及力、法律实效二、简答题（共17分）1．简述我国“公民在法律面前一律平等原则”的基本含义及其与西方“法律面前前人人平等”原则的区别。

（10分）3．简述我国审判机关的法律监督内容。

（7分）民法学部分一、辩析题（第小题5分，共20分）1．民事权利能力与民事权利2．用益物权与担保物权3．定金与预付款4．人格权与身份权二、案例分析（5分）甲（其妻已亡）有二子A、B，A、B均已结婚，且A有一女，B有一儿一女。