1.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，62)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and ________ work.
答案：from to and from work “上下班”。
2.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，68)After school she plans to take a year off to model full time before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
答案：in get a degree in ... “获得……学位”。
3.(2017·天津高考，12)When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be ________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.
答案：among 句意：当你驾车穿越加利福尼亚的红木森林时，你将会置身于千年以上树龄的树林中。among “在……之间；在……中”，由前文中的drive through the Redwood Forests可知among符合句意。
4.(2017·北京高考，35)Many people who live along the coast make
a living ________ fishing industry.
答案：in 句意：许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。介词in在此表示“从事于……”。make a living in fishing industry “靠渔业谋生”。
5.(2017·江苏高考，32)Determining where we are in relation
________ our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.
答案：to 句意：根据我们周围的环境来判定我们所处的位置仍然是我们生存的一项极其重要的技能。in relation to “与……相比/相对”。
6.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ，64)Most of us are more focused ________ our
tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
答案：on be focused on “专心于，集中于”，固定短语。
7.(2016·浙江高考，7)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up ________ influence the basic processes by which we see the world around us.
答案：in 句意：该项研究表明，我们成长的文化环境会影响我们看我们周围的世界的基本过程。in the cultures “在……的文化中”，介词in的宾语the cultures是定语从句“we grow up in”的先行词。
8.(2016·四川高考，67)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
答案：for 句意：熊猫妈妈继续照顾年幼熊猫两年多时间。for
可接表示一段时间的短语。
9.(2016·江苏高考，33)Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage ________ the opportunity to join sports teams.
答案：of 句意：父母应积极督促孩子抓住机会加入运动队。take advantage of “利用”。
10.(2015·安徽高考，33)They believe that there are transport developments ________ the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better.
答案：around 句意：他们相信，不久就会有能带来大量好的变化的交通发展。around the corner “即将来临”。
一、介词的分类
1.根据介词的构成形式可将介词分为以下几类：
简单介词：at, by, for, in, on, from, during, past等
复合介词：onto, into, inside, without等
短语介词：because of, instead of, in front of, by the end of等
双重介词：from behind, from around, till after等
动词的-ing形式介词：including, considering, regarding,
concerning等
2.根据介词的意义可将介词分为以下几类：
(1)表示方位和空间关系的介词(短语)：at, round, in, over, below, in front of, outside, among, away from, around, on, under, above, behind, inside, near to, off, beyond, past, across, over, up, opposite
(2)表示时间的介词(短语)：at, in, around, between, since, during, till, after, on, about, round, for, until, by, before, from ... to ...
(3)表示工具、手段、方式等的介词：like, in, with, by
(4)表示其他含义的介词：without, beside(s), with, except, instead of
二、常用介词的用法
1.表示时间的介词
(1)at, in, on和by
①at的用法：
a.时间的一点、时刻等，如at 12：00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreak
b.较短暂的一段时间，可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子，如at Christmas, at New Year, at the Spring Festival
②in的用法：
a.表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等)，如in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning
b.表示在一段时间之后，如I'll be back in an hour.
③on的用法：
a.用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间，如某日、某节日、星期几等。如on October 1st, on a rainy day, on National Day
b.用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。如on the eve of victory (胜利前夕)，on the morning of January 3rd, on the afternoon of his arrival
c.准时、按时on time
④by的用法：
a.表示“不迟于，在……前”，如The documents need to be ready by next Friday.
b.表示“在日间”“在夜间”，如He worked by day and slept by night.
注意：当时间名词前被this, that, last, next, some, every等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。
(2)after与in
二词均可表示在某一段时间后，但该时段的起点不同。
①in的用法：
in表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后，常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。
My father will be back from abroad in three days.
②after的用法：
a.与表示一段时间的词连用，常与过去时态的谓语动词连用，这时相当于“一段时间＋later”。
He left home and went to the front after two days / two days later.
b.与表示时间点的词连用，常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。
I'll go and see her after three o'clock.
注意：in the past意为“在过去”，与过去时态的谓语动词连用。
In the past, no villagers dared do that.
“in the past/last＋时间段”意为“在过去的……中/内”，表示从现
在算起过去的一段时间，包括此时此刻在内，常与现在完成时连用。
In the past/last few years, great changes have taken place in this village.
(3)during, for, from和since
during除具备in表时间段的用法外，还可指在某一活动过程中，如during the night, during the fire, during the meeting。
for后接时间段的名词词组，表示行为或状态持续了多久。
I have lived in this city for more than 10 years.
from接时间点的名词词组，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及
其持续时间的长短。
My younger sister began to learn dancing from the age of five.
since接时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻，因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。
I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993.
2.表示空间和方位的介词
(1)above, over, on, below, under, beneath
①above侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。
The sun is above the mountain in the east.
The position he pointed to was below the sea level.
②over侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是under。
Be careful; there is a heavy box over your head.
The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it.
③on侧重于与物体表面接触，其反义词是beneath。
There are some stamps on the desk.
The dolphins disappeared beneath the waves.
(2)across, over, through, past
四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across意为“横穿，穿越”，表示运动发生在物体的表面；over意为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生在物体的上方；through意为“穿过，通过”，表示运动发生在某物的内部；past意为“从旁边经过”，表示运动发生在某物旁边。
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.
After the meeting, I went past the post office straight to my home.
(3)at, in, on 三者均表示地点，“在……处”
①at
a.用于指较小的地方，如We'll meet each other at the park.
b.用于门牌号码前，如My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road.
②in 用于指较大的地方，如She lived in Hong Kong for 20 years.
③on 一般指与面或线接触，如Put the pictures on the wall.
(4)in, on, to在方位名词前的区别，三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系
in表示在范围之内，如Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China.；to表示在某范围之外的地方，如Japan is/lies to east of China.；on表示“毗邻、接壤”，如Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.
(5)between, among二词均表示“在……中间，在……之间”
between表示在二者之间，有时between之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语，但这时所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系，而among指在三者或三者以上之间。
This secret is only between you and me.
We'll visit a town among the mountains.
3.表示工具、手段、方式的介词
(1)by, in, on三词都表示出行的方式
①by
a.不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词，如by sea,
by water, by land, by rail, by air等。
b.涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语，如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train,
by spaceship, by car, by bus等。
②当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词
前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语，如travel to New York
in this plane; leave on an early train; go to school on my bike。
注意：步行、骑马等均可用on，如on foot, on horseback, on a horse, on the camel。
(2)with, by, in三词均译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式
①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
②by, in, on, over, through等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。
如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope。
注意：使用语言、原料、材料时用in表示，如in
English/Japanese, in blue ink。
(3)表达“用……方法/式”时，多用in, by, with。如in this/that/the same way; by this/that means, by means of ...; with this/that method
4.一些常用的介词搭配
(1)out of＋名词
out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能
out of order (机器或设备)发生故障，失灵；(举止)不当
out of sight 看不见
out of place 不适当；不相称；不在适当的位置上
out of pity 出于同情
out of curiosity 出于好奇
(2)in＋名词＋介词
in case of 要是……；在……的时候
in honor of 为了纪念……
in favor of 支持
in memory of 为了纪念……
in charge of 负责
in terms of 谈及；就……而言；在……方面
in need of 需要
in praise of 表扬
in view of 鉴于
in return for 作为对……的回报
in response to 对……的答复或反应
(3)to one's＋情感名词
to one's surprise 令某人惊讶的是
to one's joy 使某人高兴的是
to one's disappointment 令某人失望的是
to one's delight 使某人高兴的是
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.These comments came in response ________ specific questions often asked by local newsmen.
答案：to 句意：这些评论是对当地记者经常询问的特定问题的回应。in response to “作为对……的回答；作为对……的反应”，习惯搭配。
2.________ this time next week we will be in New York.
答案：By 句意：下星期的这个时候我们将在纽约。by作为介词，后接时间点，意为“在……之前”。
3.He went to Shanghai ________ an important meeting.
答案：for 句意：他去上海参加一个重要会议。for在此处表示
目的，其后习惯于接名词或代词。
4.In addition ________ the injures in the face and hands, he broke both legs while playing the final game.
答案：to 句意：决赛时除了脸部和手部受伤外，他还摔断了双腿。in addition to＝besides “除……之外(还)”。
5.Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live ________ harmony with nature.
答案：in 句意：人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，同样我们要生存下去的唯一方式就是要与大自然和谐相处。in harmony with “与……和谐相处；与……一致”。
6.She contributed more than any other scientist ________ solving
the structure of DNA.
答案：to 句意：她在解决DNA结构方面，比任何一个科学家
贡献都大。contribute ... to sth./doing sth. “为某事/做某事做出贡献”，to 为介词，后跟名词或动名词作宾语。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/035795092.html,st year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ________ average.
答案：above 句意：去年是有记录以来最暖和的一年，全球气温高于平均气温0.68度。根据语境the warmest year on record可知是比平均气温高0.68度。above average意为“高于平均温度”。
8.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
答案：with 句意：在印度，大多数人历来采用手抓的方式吃饭。with＋人体部位或工具，表示“用……(工具)”。
9.This meeting room is a nonsmoking area. I would like to warn you ________ advance that if you smoked here you would be fined.
答案：in 句意：这个会议室是禁烟区。我想提前告诫你如果你吸烟你会被罚款的。in advance “预先；提前”，固定搭配。
10.Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes ________ animals both on land and sea？
答案：to 句意：你听说过既可作为陆上动物们又可作为海上动物们栖息地的树吗？be home to ... “是……的家园或栖息地”。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.My connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s.
__________________________________________________
答案：back后加to go back to “追溯到”，固定短语。
2.My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time.
__________________________________________________
答案：dreams后加about/of dream about/of doing sth. “梦想做某事”。
3.The dictionary is out-of-date: many words have been added the language since it was published.
___________________________________________________
答案：added后加to add sth. to “增加”，为固定搭配。
4.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around thank for Thomas Edison.
__________________________________________________
答案：thank→but 句意：如果没有托马斯·爱迪生的话，我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but for “如果没有……的话”，固定搭配。
5.Now I am leaving home to college. At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever I need help.
_________________________________________________
答案：home后的to→for leave ... for ... “离开……去……”，固定搭配。
Ⅲ.语法填空
The Dutch are used to living in a country which is always exposed to dangers of deadly floods. A country with a half of its land below sea level cannot afford __1__ (ignore) the problem of rising sea level, and Holland, which already has spent about $2.5 trillion on flood __2__ (prevent), plans to invest more over the next century. Life in these challenging
__3__ (circumstance) has inspired the Dutch to develop many excellent methods of __4__ (fight) floods. Thanks to the skill of Dutch engineers, flooding in Holland is rarely widespread, and is instead limited __5__ certain areas of the country. Two such areas are the valleys of the Rhine and the Meuse Rivers. In spite of large flood wall, these rivers regularly flood the surrounding areas. During dry times, however, those areas are perfectly __6__(pleasure) to live in. One solution that __7__ (develop) now is a type of house that seems normal every day, except that it can float during times of high water rather than __8__(simple) sink beneath the waves as normal houses would. Groups of houses would form floating neighborhoods in __9__ people could live together during times of high water, temporarily getting around by boat __10__ the flood ends.
1.________
2.________
3.________
4.________
5.________
6.________
7.________
8.________
9.________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了荷兰人抗击洪水的经历和方法。
1.to ignore 考查固定短语。句意：任何一个半数陆地低于海平面的国家都无法忽视海平面上升的问题。can't afford to do sth.“无法承受做某事”。
2.prevention 考查词性转换。由“Sb. spend money on sth.”结构可知，所填词应为名词形式，故填prevention “预防”。
3.circumstances 考查名词的复数。句意：在这些具有挑战性的情形下生活鼓舞了荷兰人研发了许多抗洪的优良方法。由设空前的形容词challenging可知，应填名词circumstances “情况，情形”。
4.fighting 考查非谓语动词。介词of后面跟动名词，fighting floods “抗击洪水”。
5.to 考查介词。be limited to “限于……”。
6.pleasant 考查词性转换。句意：这些地区居住非常舒适。由设空前的“are perfectly”可知，应填形容词，且此处表示“舒适的”，故填pleasant。
7.is being developed 考查动词时态和语态。句意：现在正在开发一种解决方案。由句中的now及develop与solution之间为逻辑上的动宾关系可知，应用现在进行时的被动语态。
8.simply 考查词性转换。此处用副词修饰sink beneath the waves ...。
9.which 考查定语从句的引导词。先行词是floating neighborhoods，关系代词which作介词in的宾语，in which相当于where。
10.till/until 考查连词。句意：“直到洪水结束”，till/until是连词，意为“直到”。
Ⅳ.短文改错
One day when we were playing the basketball, I saw Tim wearing a pair sneakers of my style. I thought they were my shoes, so I shouted
angry and blamed him for using my personal possessions without permit. Then I went back to the dorm after he could say anything. I opened the door only to find mine own sneakers just under my bed. For a while, I stood there still, shocking and guilty. When realizing my act must have hurt him, immediately I rush to the court to apology to him sincerely. Fortunately, though he was angry and sad, he pardoned me. With my relief, the conflict ended happily.
答案：
One day when we were playing basketball, I saw Tim wearing a
①pair sneakers of my style. I thought they were my shoes, so I ∧
②of
shouted and blamed him for using my personal possessions angry
③angrily
without . Then I went back to the dorm he could say permit ④permission after
⑤before
anything. I opened the door only to find own sneakers just under mine
⑥my
my bed. For a while, I stood there still, and guilty. When shocking
⑦shocked
realizing my act must have hurt him, immediately I to the court to rush
⑧rushed
to him sincerely. Fortunately, though he was angry and sad, he apology
⑨apologize
pardoned me. my relief, the conflict ended happily. With
⑩To
1.去掉the 考查冠词。球类运动名词前不加冠词。
2.pair 后加of 考查固定搭配。a pair of “一双”，是固定搭配。
3.angry →angrily 考查副词。shout 是动词，要用副词修饰。
4.permit →permission 考查名词。without 是介词，后接名词作其宾语，动词permit 的名词是permission 。
5.after →before 考查连词。句意：然后他还没来得及说什么我就回到了宿舍。before “来不及；尚未……就……”。
6.mine→my 考查代词。sneakers是名词，其前用形容词性物主代词作定语。
7.shocking→shocked 考查过去分词。此处shocked and guilty是形容词短语作状语。
8.rush→rushed 考查动词的时态。全文讲述的是发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时。
9.apology→apologize 考查动词。apology “道歉”，是名词，apologize “道歉”，是动词，此处应是动词。
10.With→To 考查固定搭配。to one's relief “令某人感到宽慰的是”，是固定搭配。