高考英语语法介词考点
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。
①Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
②This machine is in good condition.(表语)
③Where is the key to my bike?(定语)
④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）
一、介词的分类
（1）从用法分类
（2）从结构分类
【考点一】考查with/without复合结构
介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词（分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词）在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。
With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.
Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.
单项填空
①It was a pity that the great writer died _____ his works unfinished.
A. for
B. with
C. from
D. of
解析：选B。考查with复合结构。works 与unfinish之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系，则用现在分词表示主动。
【考点二】考查工具、手段、方式介词
（1）by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式
①不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不加冠词。如by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。
②涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词须用单数形式，前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。
③当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如travel to New York in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school on my bike等。
注意：步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel。（2）with, by, in三词均意为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。
①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。They are digging with a pick/spade.
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
②by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。
注意：①使用语言、原料、材料时，用in表示，如in English/Japanese；in blue ink等。②表达“用……方法/式”时，所用介词有：in this/that/the same way，by means of，by this/that means，with this/that method等。
【考点三】考查of+抽象名词的用法
“of+抽象名词”的用法与形容词相同，在句中可作表语、定语、补语。
of+great/much +抽象名词=very+名词的形容词形式
of+no+抽象名词=not+名词的形容词形式
It is of great value.=It is very valuable.
It is of no use.=It is useless.
The camel is of great help to the Arab.
＝The camel is very helpful to the Arab.
【考点四】考查表示程度的介词by, to, beyond
by 表示“增加了……”；to表示“增加到……”；beyond表示“范围, 限度超出”。
This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond the reach of those with average incomes.
单项填空
②Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s ______ the visiting hours.
A. during
B. at
C. beyond
D. before
解析：选C。考查介词的用法。句意为：对不起，女士，你最好明天来，因为已经过了开放时间了。beyond（时间）晚于，迟于。
【考点五】考查介词but的固定搭配
have no choice but to do只得做某事；can’t help but do不得不做……；can’t but do不得不只能；can’t choose but do只得做某事；but for要不是……。
I have no choice but to accept his conditions.
There was no taxi that day, I couldn’t choose but stay there for
another night.
【考点六】考查to one’s+情感类名词
to 与情感类名词连用，表示“某人因某事的发生而唤起其内心的某种情感”。常见的结构有：to＋one’s＋delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret＝to the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.。这种结构表示结果，用作状语，通常置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。若要加强该结构的语气，有两种方式：①在名词前加great, deep 等形容词修饰；②在整个短语前加副词greatly, much等修饰。
To his disappointment, he failed again.
【考点七】考查名词与to构成的固定搭配
key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与to构成固定搭配：the key/approach/solution/answer/entrance/visit/attitude to...。
It is said that they have adopted a new approach to teaching English.
【考点八】考查介词by的用法
(1)by+地点名词。表示方位，意为“在……旁边”。
注意：表示“从……旁边经过”时,多与动词go/walk/pass等词连用。
(2)by+时间名词，意为“到……时（已发生某事）；最晚,不迟于……,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。
(3)by+名词。可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。
①by+the+可数名词(时间、长度、重量等),意为“按……计算;按……买(卖)”。
②by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）,意为“按……计算，按……买(卖)”。
③by+表示交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不用复数）,意为“通过……；由……；乘……”。
④by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不用复数），意为“靠……；通过……；由……所致”。
⑤by+地点或工具等具体名词。表示路线、途径，意为“通过（某物、某地）；取道……”。
