专题04 说明文阅读(原卷版)-【寒假自学课】2024年八年级语文寒假提升学与练(统编版)
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专题3 诗歌阅读关于古诗词,课标是这样要求的:诵读古代诗词,能借助注释和工具书理解基本内容。
注重积累、感悟和运用,提高自己的欣赏品位;了解课文涉及的重要作家作品知识和文化常识。
考查题型为填空题、选择题和简答题。
常考考点有标题理解与分析、内容理解与概括、诗句赏析、画面描述、主旨情感把握、开放性试题等。
考点一、标题的理解与分析标题是理解诗歌的重要切入点,标题蕴含的信息可以从以下方面来“读”:1.“读”标题揭示的写作时间、地点、对象、事件、主旨。
例如“次北固山下”交代了写作的地点是北固山的山脚下。
“观沧海”交代了事件及写作的对象。
2.“读”标题交代的写作缘由或目的。
例如“闻王昌龄左迁龙标遥有此寄”交代了写作的缘由是:听说好友王昌龄被贬龙标,所以写了这首诗。
3.“读”标题暗含的情感或奠定的感情基调。
例如“天净沙·秋思”中的“秋思”暗示诗歌的感情基调是游子漂泊他乡的孤寂。
4.“读”标题表明的诗歌体裁。
例如“天净沙·秋思”中的“天净沙”是曲牌名,表明这是一首元曲。
考点二、内容理解与概括答题技巧:1.结合注释,理解句子大意。
诗歌语言本质上还是文言文,所以面对一些疑难词语,完全可以用推断文言文实词词义的方法(组词法、语境推断法、成语迁移法、课内迁移法等)进行推断。
2.紧抓关键词体会情感。
关键词可以从三个方面看:(1)体现情感的词句称为“情语”,如“愁”“怨”“喜”“思”“泪”和景物描写等。
如“夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯”这句景物描写,流露出诗人羁旅的孤单和思乡之情。
(2)透露作者感情、感悟、观点态度等的词句。
如“我寄愁心与明月,随君直到夜郎西”表达了作者的感情:陪伴友人到夜郎县的西边,流露了诗人对友人的关切之情。
(3)关注诗歌中的意象。
一些意象常常表达固定的意思,如“杨柳”蕴含的是依依惜别之意;“乡书何处达?归雁洛阳边”中,“乡书”“归雁”(因“鸿雁传书”的典故)寄托的是思乡之情。
考点三、诗句赏析1.常考题型与答题技巧:题型一:炼字。
八年级语文说明文阅读训练试题(word版可编辑修改)编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望(八年级语文说明文阅读训练试题(word版可编辑修改))的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
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江苏省连云港市岗埠中学八年级说明文阅读训练试题班级姓名一、技巧点拨一般情况下,试卷中用来做阅读材料的说明文,多为一千余字的单篇文章,或者是长文中千字左右的节选,篇幅较短,阅读量不大;内容浅显,较易把握。
但在阅读答题时一定要注重以下三点。
一是心中须有文体特点。
应该凭借自己所掌握的说明文知识,根据说明文的文体特点来筛选信息,解答试题。
如注重对说明对象、说明特征、说明顺序和说明方法等的分析和认定,并随手做好记号,以备答题时参考或直接采用。
二是条分缕析思路结构.考试中,我们一定要学会从文章结构特点这个角度对阅读材料进行认真的阅读、分析,力求从材料的阅读中,找到文章结构、层次线索等方面的特点,获得某方面的重点突破。
如一篇事物说明文,是以时间为序,还是以空间为序,或者是以逻辑为序,思路顺序理清了,信息的筛选也就容易了。
三是准确理解关键词句。
说明文中的关键词语有:这、那、其、此、等代词;略微、大概、大约等副词;以及“只有……才”“只要……就”“而"等连词,要结合具体语境准确理解它们。
答题时,要认真、仔细地分析上下文的意思,调动自己的知识储备,进行认真的辨识和推断。
对于材料中的关键语句,要理清其结构,剖析其含义,从而准确地筛选出有效信息。
二、考点提炼及答题方法指导根据对各省市近几年中考说明文考题的提炼,大致有以下考点:1、说明的对象及特征;2、说明的顺序;3、说明的方法及其作用;4、说明语言的准确性和生动性;5、对语段说明内容的概括;6、开放性试题。
专题5 记叙文阅读一、课标要求:1.能用普通话正确、流利、有感情地朗读。
2.在通读课文的基础上,理清思路,理解、分析主要内容,体味和推敲重要词句在语言环境中的意义和作用。
对课文的内容和表达有自己的心得,能提出自己的看法,并能与他人合作,共同探讨、分析、解决疑难问题。
3.在阅读中了解叙述、描写、说明、议论、抒情等表达方式。
能区分写实作品与虚构作品,了解诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧等文学样式。
4.欣赏文学作品,有自己的情感体验,初步领悟作品的内涵,从中获得对自然、社会、人生的有益启示。
能对作品中感人的情境和形象说出自己的体验,品味作品中富于表现力的语言。
二、考查题材篇目:有革命文化类(23年河南《老兵和军马》、23年内蒙古通辽《寻找最后的红色娘子军》),传统文化类(23年山东临沂《接过铜旋子》),社会主义先进文化类(23年四川成都《皮鞋》),五育并举类(23年湖北宜昌《与美邂逅》),游记散文类(23年浙江台州《贺兰山凝眸》)等。
三、高频考点:1.内容概括2.原因分析3.主旨概括4.梳理文章思路5.语言赏析6.题目理解7.句子段落的作用……考点一、内容概括1.常考题型:①请简要概括本文的主要内容。
②本文主要写了几件事?③请将文章的相关情节补充完整。
2.解题技巧:标题扩展法:有些标题点明了主要事件,将标题适当扩展补充即可。
串联要素法:找出叙事“六要素”(时间,地点,人物,事件的起因、经过和结果),根据需要删减整合,一般保留“人物+事件”。
摘录句段法:引用或整合总领句、总结句等。
合并段意法:概括出每段的大意,将各段段意进行整合。
考点二、原因分析1.常见题型:冬天的济南在作者的眼中是个“理想的境界”,他为什么会有这样的感受?2.解题技巧:第一步:审题,根据题干中“为什么”“原因”等表述,圈出“结果”,围绕结果找原因。
第二步:看题干是否点明具体段落,如果点明段落,直接定位找到相关内容;如果未点明,先在文中找出题干中的“结果”句,联系上下文,结合分值推断答案要点个数,从文中勾画出原因。
专题04说明文、议论文阅读【2020年上海市静安区中考二模语文试题】阅读下文,完成下面小题南洋杉,见证恐龙统治地球的植物(1)在许多恐龙复原图上,经常有大片的“松林”,郁郁葱葱,是大恐龙的绝美背景。
只是,你知道吗?那其实()松林,()另一类了不起的植物,那就是南洋杉家族。
(2)南洋杉家族在2亿年前至6500万年前的侏罗纪到白垩纪时期遍布全球,向南覆盖了现今南美洲、非洲、南极洲、印度和澳大利亚组成的冈瓦纳大陆,向北延伸到了英格兰、格陵兰和瑞典。
(3)化石证据表明,如今的南洋杉森林在恐龙时代已经成型,但在6500万年前的大灭绝事件中,南洋杉林和恐龙一道遭受了重创。
目前,南洋杉林基本仅限南半球部分地区,或者作为松树以及杉树林的附属种出现在北半球。
(4)尽管有时会被当成松树,南洋杉科的球果、种子和叶子与松科有着明显的区别。
松科的球果鳞屑上表面有一对带“翅膀(翼)”的胚珠(种子),而南洋杉科成员的球果鳞屑上仅有一个胚珠。
此外,与松科的典型细长针状叶子不同,南洋杉科的叶子的尖锐程度非常多样。
不同的物种,叶子的形态可呈鳞片状、锥形到线形或者椭圆状。
还有一些种类有着宽阔的叶子,就像开花植物的叶子一样。
(5)现在,古老的南洋杉家族(南洋杉科)仅存3个小家族(南洋杉属、贝壳杉属和瓦勒迈杉属),总计41个物种。
这其中,瓦勒迈杉属是最古老的,也是最稀有的。
(6)6500万年前,瓦勒迈杉很可能从墨西哥的尤卡坦半岛熊熊的森林大火和行星撞击中幸存了下来,恐龙却很不幸没能逃脱灭绝的厄运。
在狭窄的砂岩峡谷里躲避了数百万年,瓦勒迈杉从至关重要的根部共生真菌那儿获得适宜的湿度和足够的水分。
在潮湿的峡谷里,瓦勒迈杉从基底(灌木丛)里再次发芽,逐步复苏。
但是,诺布尔瓦勒迈杉是唯一现生的成员。
(7)至于相对“树丁兴旺”的贝壳杉属,总计21种,分布于澳大利亚、新西兰和马来群岛。
在新西兰北岛上发现的最大的考里松Tāne Mahuta(毛利语意为“森林之主”),据2002年的观测,整棵树高度超过45米,树干周长不小于15.4米(以胸径约4.9米计),它可能至少生长了2000年!(8)沿着南洋杉科木化石旁边的隐蔽小路散步,我们可以深深地感受到过去的地质历史。
2024 年下半年语文八年级说明文阅读试卷试题部分一、选择题:1. 下列词语中,不属于说明文常用语言的是()A. 解释B. 描述C. 议论D. 说明2. 下列句子中,不符合说明文语言风格的是()A. 这是一种非常实用的工具。
B. 这种现象引起了广泛关注。
C. 他的观点很有见地。
D. 这种方法非常有效。
3. 下列说明文中,不属于举例说明的是()A. 例如,这种植物在我国南方地区广泛分布。
B. 比如,这种机器可以自动完成许多工作。
C. 比如,这种动物在夜晚活动频繁。
D. 比如,这种疾病在我国发病率较高。
4. 下列说明文中,不属于列数字说明的是()A. 据统计,我国人口已超过14亿。
B. 据调查,这种产品的销量逐年上升。
C. 据研究,这种药物对治疗该疾病有显著效果。
D. 据观察,这种植物的生长速度非常快。
5. 下列说明文中,不属于作比较说明的是()A. 与其他地区相比,这里的气候条件更为适宜。
B. 与其他产品相比,这款手机的功能更加全面。
C. 与其他动物相比,这种鸟类的鸣叫声非常悦耳。
D. 与其他疾病相比,这种病症的治疗难度较大。
6. 下列说明文中,不属于分类别说明的是()A. 这种植物可以分为草本植物和木本植物两大类。
B. 这种产品可以分为电子产品和非电子产品两大类。
C. 这种动物可以分为哺乳动物和鸟类两大类。
D. 这种疾病可以分为急性病和慢性病两大类。
7. 下列说明文中,不属于引用说明的是()A. 据专家介绍,这种植物具有很高的药用价值。
B. 据调查,这种产品的市场前景非常广阔。
C. 据研究,这种药物对治疗该疾病有显著效果。
D. 据观察,这种动物的生长速度非常快。
8. 下列说明文中,不属于图表说明的是()A. 如表1所示,我国近年来GDP逐年增长。
B. 如图1所示,这种植物的生长周期为一年。
C. 如表2所示,这种产品的销量逐年上升。
D. 如图2所示,这种动物的生活习性如下。
9. 下列说明文中,不属于逻辑顺序说明的是()A. 介绍这种植物的形态特征。
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专题04 名句默写目录考点聚焦:核心考点+中考考点,有的放矢重点速记:知识点和关键点梳理,查漏补缺难点强化:难点内容标注与讲解,能力提升学以致用:真题感知+提升专练,全面突破核心考点聚焦1、直接默写型2、理解型背诵默写3、运用型默写4、归类型默写中考考点聚焦考点1:直接默写型主要形式为根据上句默写下句,根据下句默写上句,或给出诗歌名和作者。
要求学生直接默写整首诗或补充完整整首诗歌,难度较低。
【例】(2023·江苏盐城)古诗文名句填写。
,天涯若比邻。
(王勃《送杜少府之任蜀州》)【答案】海内存知己考点2:理解型背诵默写在古诗文默写中,通常在题目中给出一定的情景信息,要求联系这些信息写出相应的诗句。
这就要求我们平时要理解透学习过的诗、词、曲或文的句子或篇章的内容,要在对原文内容充分理解的基础上进行回答。
不能盲目死记。
【例】(2023·湖南常德)古诗文默写。
(1)《马说》中的“ ?”二句,自问自答,寄寓了者对人才被压抑、被埋没的不平与悲愤。
(2)“雁”是古诗词中的典型意象,常用来表达羁旅思乡之情,如:“ ,。
”【答案】其真无马邪其真不知马也示例:乡书何处达归雁洛阳边;戍鼓断人行边秋一雁声;塞下秋来风景异衡阳雁去无留意;征蓬出汉塞归雁入胡天【解析】本题考查识记古诗文名句的能力。
解答此类题目,我们需要在平时的学习中,做好积累,根据提示语句写出相应的句子,理解性识记,注意根据语境的意思来解答,尤其要注意不能出现错别字。
考点3:运用型默写在名句默写题中,题干中设置某种情景(境),根据该情景(境)内容选填恰符合题干要求的古诗文句子。
此类型是各地常考的题型。
【例】(2023·山东菏泽)根据提示默写。
“天下国家”是古诗词中永恒的话题,仁人志士常常借“梦”抒发自己的家国情怀,如:陆游《十一月四日风雨大作(其二)》中的“夜阑卧听风吹雨,”。
【答案】铁马冰河入梦来【解析】本题考查对名句名篇的识记。
专题4 文言文阅读文言文阅读课标要求:阅读浅易文言文,能借助注释和工具书理解基本内容。
注重积累、感悟、和运用,提高自己的欣赏品位。
中考主要考查学生能否凭借注释和工具书理解文言文大意,词法、句法等方面的概念不作为考试内容。
考查形式有课内文言文阅读、课内与课外文言文的比较阅读、课外文言文阅读。
常考考点有实词解释、虚词用法、划分节奏、句子翻译、内容理解与概括、情感主旨、开放性试题。
考点一、实词解释1.常见题型:①解释加点字的含义;②选出对加点字解释有误(正确)的一项()。
2.解题技巧:①积累课内文言词语的意义和用法;②借助成语,古诗句、课内文言文等实现知识迁移;③组词法。
考点二、虚词用法①选出与例句中加点字的用法相同(不同)的一项();②下列句中加点字意义和用法相同(不同)的一项是()。
2.解题技巧:中考中常考的文言虚词有“之”“以”“而”“于”“其”“乃”“虽”“者”“则”“所”等,其中最常考的是“之”“以”“而”“于”“其”这五个虚词。
同一个文言虚词常有多个意义和用法,我们在日常学习中要注意积累,这样在做题时才能迁移运用。
考点三、划分节奏1.常见题型:①请用“/”为文中画线句子断句;②请用“/”标出下面句子的朗读停顿;③选出对文中画线句子的朗读停顿划分正确的一项是()。
2.解题技巧:①理解句子意思:理解句意是划分节奏的基础,将意思结合紧密的文字划分在一起;②分析语法:根据语法特点划分节奏,具体可以从以下几个角度考虑。
根据虚词:句首语气词之后应有停顿,如夫、盖等;句末语气词之后应有停顿,如也、矣、耳、而已等。
根据关联词:句首关联词之后要停顿,如故、是故、则、是以、遂、至若等。
根据句式特点:如判断句“……者,……也”,被动句“为……所……”等。
根据对话:文言对话,引文常以“曰”“言”“云”“谓”等为标志,一般后面要断开。
考点四、翻译句子1.常见题型:①请将下面的句子翻译成现代汉语;②选出对文中画线句子翻译正确的一项是()。
第04讲阅读理解之说明文(模拟精练+真题演练)multi-task while watching TV or cooking.Researchers said people used voice search for different purposes.One important use for teens was to study.Almost one-third of the13-18-year-olds surveyed said they ask their phones for answers to their homework.14.Why do more and more people speak to their computers or mobile devices?A.Because they like to show off.B.Because they want to search for things online or on their hard drives.C.Because this is the only way to look for information.D.Because they are busy with others matters.15.What does the underlined phrase“tech savvy”in paragraph two mean?A.Having a good knowledge of technology.B.Caring about technology.C.Improving technology.D.Making full use of technology.16.When do teens and adults use voice search to multi-task?A.When they read.B.When they cook.C.When they do homework.D.When they become tired.17.Which of the following is TRUE about voice search?A.It is more popular among adults than teenagers.B.Teens use it to play games.C.It is the achievement of the development of technology.D.It suggests that people like talking more than they like typing.18.What is the passage mainly about?A.Importance of computers and mobile phones.B.Different purposes of using voice search.C.Opinions on the right use of voice search.D.Popularity of voice search among people.(2023·重庆渝中·重庆巴蜀中学校考模拟预测)Do you have good friends?Do you sometimes feel so close to them that they are like family to you?It turns out that this isn’t just an expression.A study has found that you and your friends have more genes(基因)in common than strangers do.Researchers looked at the genes of1,932people and compared them in pairs of unrelated friends and strangers.They found that friends have1%of genes that match.1%of genes may not sound like much to us,but to geneticists it is a larger number.In fact,this is the same amount of genes you share with your fourth cousins.So do you happen to become friends with people who share your genes?Not at all.In fact,it is evolution(进化)that brings you together.People who share certain genes also share skills and have similar likes and dislikes.In ancient times,it was important that people who were alike stayed together.For example,people who had a similar susceptibility(易感性),giving them a better chance to stay alive.Among all the genes studied,those producing a change in sense of smell were the most similar in friends.This is probably because people who smell things in the same way are more easily drawn to similar environments.For example,people who like the smell of coffee may hang out at cafes more often and as a result are more likely to meet and become friends with each other.With these findings,researchers have developed an interesting test called the“friendship score”.It can help tell how likely two people will be friends by studying their genes.So,here is a question for you:would you like to take this test and know in advance(提前)who your friends are going to be.19.What does the author mean by saying“It turns out that this isn’t just an expression”?A.Friends look like our cousin.B.Friends share1%of genes with us.C.Friends feel close to our family.D.Friends can help us when we feel cold.20.The writer takes the example of ancient people in Paragraph5to________.A.study how ancient people dealt with the coldB.predict that similar environments lead to friendshipC.prove that it is evolution that brings friends togetherD.explain why ancient people gave each other chance to keep alive21.According to this passage,what is the right relationship?A.Evolve same skills and hobbies→Same Genes→Become friendsB.Same Genes→Evolve same skills and hobbies→Become friendsC.Same Genes→Become friends→Evolve same skills and hobbiesD.Become friends→Evolve same skills and hobbies→Same Genes22.You decide to use the“friendship score”described in the article to make an App based on the purpose of the score.What’s the best name for your new App?A.Hello Gene!B.Gene Test C.Green Finder D.Gene Friends(2023·福建福州·福建省福州第十六中学校联考模拟预测)For middle and primary school students,being able to cook has become a must.They will also need to learnhow to plant vegetables,raise poultry(家禽)and mend home appliances(家电)under new requirements for labor education.The Ministry of Education(MOE)brought out a new standard for labor education in schools last year.Starting from the2022fall semester,students in primary and middle schools have to take courses on labor skills at least once a week.Labor education helps students value hard work.It includes things like household chores(家务),on-campus labor and community volunteer services.The new standards include three types of labor tasks.The first is for things like everyday chores,including cleaning,organizing,cooking,and using and maintaining home appliances.Next is productive labor,including agriculture,making traditional handicrafts,and applying new technologies such as3D printing and laser cutting(激光切割).The third type is service work,which includes volunteer work.Schools in China have traditionally placed more focus on studying and many have seen household chores as a waste of children’s time.But according to the MOE,labor education must be built up to help students cultivate(培养)social values and develop an interest in labor.Online,people have been busy discussing the new standards on social media.Liu Fang,a mother of6-year-old twins in Beijing,strongly supports labor education.For the past year,she has trained her daughters to do household chores and make simple dishes for the family.“The main idea is to let them share responsibility as family members and become independent as early as they can,”said Liu.“Through doing housework,their hand-eye coordination(协调),time management and organization skills can be trained and it’s also good to help them relax.”Through such education,Liu said her twins have found fun in doing chores and are more independent.23.Who should take part in the labor course according to the new standard for labor education in schools?A.students over20years old B.students in junior high schoolC.parents D.teachers and students24.What can students learn through labor education?a.How to plant vegetables.b.How to raise chickens or ducks.c How to be more focused in class.d.How to fix computers or fridges.A.abc B.abd C.bcd D.acd25.What is Paragraph4mainly about?A.Why students should receive labor education.B.What labor education was like in China in the past.C.The types of labor education included in the new standard.D.How students find a balance between their study and labor tasks.26.What does Liu Fang think of labor education?which students are not behaving well.She thinks that when a class knows they may be given a detention,the students who were doing the wrong thing will own up(承认).Our school’s psychologist(心理学家),Miriam Koch,says that students who have learning difficulties and keep making trouble in classrooms often have poor social skills.Her opinion is that collective punishment can keep these students away from their classmates.She believes that it is best for teachers to use group rewards(奖励)and clear rules for students behavior to help develop teamwork.43.What does the underlined word“irate”mean?A.Silent.B.Angry.C.Lost.D.Worried.44.In what way is collective punishment good?A.It gets students to work harder.B.It brings students hearts closer.C.It helps keep order in the classroom.D.It helps form good teacher-student relationships. 45.How can collective punishment harm students who want to do the right thing?A.They feel unloved.B.They copy bad behavior.C.They hate to go to school.D.They avoid seeing people46.Why does the parent find collective punishment useful?A.It helps teachers to find troublemakers.B.It makes students tell on one another.C.It allows students to know one another better.D.It gets teachers to help badly-behaved students.47.What does Miriam Koch think of troublemakers in a classroom?A.They want to get rewards.B.They have good social skills.C.They are not clear about rules.D.They may get worse after collective punishment.(2023·湖北武汉·统考模拟预测)Do you have social jetlag?Our sleep changes through our lives in many different ways.When it comes to the hours of sleep that we need, they seems to become less as we get older.Even though it may seem that teenagers need a lot of sleep,14-year-old to17-year-old typically need around8to10hours per night,which isn’t too dissimilar to adults7to9hours per night.The timing of our sleep changes as we age.During adolescence(青春期),sleep timing becomes later. Interestingly,this change in sleep timing happens in adolescents around the world and is even found in other mammals(哺乳动物).Because society is changing and young people often have to live out of their natural ways because they have to get up early to go to school in the week.If they are unable to fall asleep early,this can mean they may not sleep enough.When the weekend arrives,they have more control over their schedule(日程安排),so ★.They may try to“catch up”on sleep loss during the school week.This shift in sleep timing has been called“social jetlag”,as a change in schedule can lead to jetlag symptoms(症状).Social jetlag has been connected with factors including fatness and unhappiness.It is sometimes suggested that a weekend lie-in(睡懒觉)is fine,but that proper wake time should be within two hours of that during the weekday,to make people become well from no enough sleep,while stopping social jetlag from becoming worse.48.What do we know about the hours of sleep?________A.Most teenagers need less sleep than adults.B.We need more sleep as we grow older.C.The hours of sleep change through our lives in almost the same way.D.There are small differences in the hours of sleep adults and children need.49.Which of the following can be put in★?________A.they get up earlier.B.they stay up late and play games.C.they fall asleep earlier and wake up later.D.they talk about their school lives with their parents.50.Which of the following may best describe“social jetlag”?________A.A change in sleep timing.B.A symptom of unhappiness.C.A feeling about sleep loss.D.An action of a weekend lie-in.51.According to the passage,to stop social jetlag from becoming worse,we can________.A.wake up at7:30on the weekday and wake up at9:00on the weekendB.wake up two hours earlier on weekends than the wake time on weekdaysC.take a nap often and wake up at the same time on the weekendD.have a weekend lie-in all the morning and not wake up till noon52.The writer’s writing purpose is to________.A.tell people something about“social jetlag”B.advise people to go to bed early and get up earlyC.show his surprise about the change in people’s livesD.show the society is developing(2023·湖南娄底·统考二模)Nobody wants to lose,but we must accept that losing is a part of life.After all,we can’t win all the time. However,we can learn something valuable from every failure(失败).This may help us succeed in the future.So we must know how to be a good loser.We mustn’t be afraid of losing.When we lose,just take it with a smile and look on the bright side of it.Failure can’t be avoided in our life.Edison failed10,000times before he invented the light bulb(灯泡).When he wasA.It happens quite often.B.Most students have done it.C.It is bad for people’s brains.D.It’s an important way to protect oneself. 62.What happens to your brain when you lie?A.It works more slowly.B.It has to do some extra work.C.It often says yes to others.D.It becomes better at answering questions. 63.According to the story,why is it harder for people under25to tell lies?A.Because they are not clever enough.B.Because they have too much brainpower.C.Because they don’t have fully grown brains.D.Because they are still learning how to talk to other people.64.What is the best title of the passage?A.More lies,more work B.Lies make us healthyC.Lies grow with age D.Lies are difficultC.the capital of art D.the home of Legos67.Which of the following is true about the Little Mermaid statue?A.It’s called fairy land.B.It was built by Andersen.C.It welcomes the ships there.D.It has been there for about110years.68.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.Fairy tales.B.Andersen’s life.C.Some facts about Denmark.D.The history of Denmark.(2023·江苏常州·统考中考真题)Scientists who study happiness have evidence(证据)to show that being kind to others can result in happiness. Acts as simple as buying a cup of coffee for someone can lift a person’s mood,for example.Everyday life is full of chances for such actions,yet people do not always make the most of them.In studies,behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley and I examined a possible explanation:people who do kind acts underestimate(低估)how much the ones receiving kindness value their behavior.In the experiments(实验),about1,000people were asked to do some actions to make someone else feel good. We asked both the person performing(执行)the kind act and the one receiving it to answer some questions.The performers were asked to report their own experience and to guess how the receivers might feel.We wanted to understand how valuable people considered these acts to be,so both the performer and receiver had to rate(评分) how“big”the act seemed.In all cases,we compared the performer’s expectations of the receiver’s mood with the receiver’s actual(实际的)experience.For one,both performers and receivers experienced more positive(积极的)moods.For another,the receivers felt much better than the kind performers expected.The receivers also rated these acts as“bigger”than the people performing them did.At first,we studied acts of the kindness done for familiar people,such as friends,classmates or family.But we found that performers underestimated their positive influences on strangers as well.In one experiment,performers in a public park gave away hot chocolate on a cold winter’s day to people that just happened to be nearby.Again, the kind act brought more happiness than the performers expected.These findings suggest that what might seem small could matter a great deal to the person we do it for. Considering these warm actions can improve our own mood and brighten the day of another person,why not choose kindness when we can?69.What did the receivers do in the experiments?A.They showed kindness to others.B.They guessed the performers’feelings.C.They rated how valuable the performers’act of kindness was.D.They compared the performers’expectations with their actual results.70.What is paragraph5mainly about?A.Different purposes of the research.B.More evidence for the research results.We know that everyone about five seconds.You take that yawning is contagious.Many people say theyA.They are too tired or too bored.B.A yawn can let good things in.C.A yawn can help a warm brain cool down.D.A yawn can stretch the muscles in their faces.75.What is the main idea of Paragraph5?A.Reasons for yawning.B.Advantages of yawning.C.Disadvantages of yawning.D.Different ideas about yawning.76.What can we probably infer from the passage?A.People use different ways to yawn.B.Scientists will do further research on yawning.C.It’s hard to notice things quickly while yawning.D.Some scientists think yawning is good for people.77.What would be the best structure of the passage?A.B.C.D.(2023·重庆·统考中考真题)The Chinese pingfeng(folding screen)is an ancient invention and traditional Chinese furniture(家具).Its earliest common use dates from the Han Dynasty.The term pingfeng means protection from wind,showing its purpose at the very beginning.As time passes,it has been made into different sizes with colourful paintings.On screens usually appears a dragon.It’s a symbol of light,growth and life-giving water.It also stands for nobility and power.The peacock,a beautiful bird,can be seen on screens,too.It’s a symbol of everlasting life.Beautiful flowers,which mean wealth and good luck,are also chosen as a popular design of the pingfeng.All the designs carry people’s beautiful wishes.Behind the pingfeng lies an interesting story.In the past the unmarried daughter of a rich family was not supposed to see or be seen by men except her father,brothers or very close male cousins.When an admirer paid a visit however,she might take a secret look at him from a screen behind which she would be completely hidden.Her father would discuss poems with the young man and ask him to create one.If the daughter and her father were satisfied with the young man’s poem and his looks,she might agree to take him as a husband.Today the pingfeng is back in fashion for its beauty and its practical(实际的)use as furniture.Acting as a moving wall or divider,it can be the perfect match(相配)for modern sofas and walls,which adds style to them.The pingfeng is more than beautiful furniture.78.What was the pingfeng used for at the very beginning?82.Where is this passage most probably from?A.A storybook.B.An art magazine.C.A guidebook.D.A science magazine. 83.How can a certain kind of ants find their way?A.By imagining the way.B.By counting their steps.C.By bringing food together D.By walking through a forest. 84.What does the underlined word“mystery”in paragraph4probably mean?A.Secret.B.Choice.C.Reason.D.Feeling. 85.What are people advised to do according to the last paragraph?A.To help animals.B.To travel at night.C.To keep city lights on.D.To develop unusual abilities. 86.Which can be the best title for the passage?A.Birds’Sense of Light B.Fish’s Sense of SmellC.Animals’Sense of Direction D.Animals’Sense of Magnetic Field。
专题7 写作一、课标要求:1.多角度观察生活,发现生活的丰富多彩,能抓住事物的特征,为写作奠定基础。
写作要有真情实感,表达自己对自然、社会、人生的感受、体验和思考,力求有创意。
2.写作时考虑不同的目的和对象。
根据表达的需要,围绕表达中心,选择恰当的表达方式。
合理安排内容的先后和详略,条理清楚地表达自己的意思。
运用联想和想象,丰富表达的内容。
正确使用常用的标点符号。
3.写记叙性文章,表达意图明确,内容具体充实;写简单的说明性文章,做到明白清楚;写简单的议论性文章,做到观点明确,有理有据;能根据生活需要,写常见应用文。
能从文章中提取主要信息,进行缩写;能根据文章的基本内容和自己的合理想象,进行扩写;能变换文章的文体或表达方式等,进行改写。
4.注重写作过程中搜集素材、构思立意、列纲起草、修改加工等环节,提高独立写作的能力。
根据表达的需要,借助语感和语文常识修改自己的作文,做到文从字顺。
能与他人交流写作心得,互相评改作文,以分享感受,沟通见解。
二、常考题型:命题作文、半命题作文、话题作文、材料作文。
考点一、生动的情节,鲜明的人物作文中的叙事和写人是融合在一起的,很难割裂来讲,因为在索然无味的故事中不可能会有一个人给我们留下深刻的印象。
如何讲好故事,写活人物呢?1.事件应该是作者亲身经历或者旁观的,生编硬造的故事不会有真情实感。
2.事件要有变化,在波澜起伏中彰显出作品的主题。
3.人物描写要具体细腻,不用面面俱到。
例如外貌描写不需要把人物的衣着、身高、年龄、五官、发型等都一一介绍到,只需要抓住能体现人物特点的即可。
4.刻画人物时综合运用多种描写手法,例如刻画人物“高兴”的瞬间,需要把人物此时的语言、神态、动作综合到一起去表现,这样更能突出“高兴”的样子。
考点二、谋篇布局思路是否清晰是判断作文好坏的一个重要标准。
如何谋篇布局,使作文思路清晰呢?1.把故事情节叙述完整,讲清楚起因、经过、结果。
2.找出事件的重点,理出事件的层次,排出先后顺序。
专题04 说明文阅读近年来,说明文阅读的分值一般比较固定,多在6—12分之多以简答题、选择题的形式出现,兼及填空题。
其考点除指出说明对象及特征、概括说明内容、判断说明方法及作用、明确说明顺序、品析语言特点等常规题型外,拓展积累与探究性试题逐渐增多。
所选材料涉及热点科技、生活百科、传统文化、自然奥妙、生态环保等,多来自于《人民日报》、《知识窗》、《科技日报》、《百科知识》、《中国国家地理》等报刊以及网络文章。
就选材来说,注重选文的科学价值,选文视野开阔,材料以生态环境、前沿科学、社会、民俗民情、传统文化为主,注重时代性、知识性、实用性、趣味性。
就命题来说,以主观题为主、客观题为辅,说明方法和说明文语言将继续高频率出现在试卷中,增加对探究能力的考查比例。
如对文章所体现的科学精神和思想方法的感悟和评价,为文章介绍的科学产品或事物写宣传语,为文章说明的自然生态现象提建议等。
考点一说明文及分类说明文是以“说明”为主要表达方式,用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功用、制作方法、发展过程以及内在事理的一种实用文体。
说明文分类(1)按说明对象分事物说明文:以具体的事物为说明对象,侧重说明事物的形态、构造、性质、特征、种类、功用等。
如《苏州园林》,说明“务必使游览者无论站在哪个点上,眼前总是一幅完美的图画”的特征。
事理说明文:以抽象的事理为说明对象,阐释抽象的事理、本质、关系、规律等。
如《大自然的语言》《大雁归来》《被压扁的沙子》等。
事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象;事理说明文要找准开头结尾的总结句。
(2)按语言风格分平实说明文:以平实的笔法,客观准确地介绍事物,具体科学,简明易懂,更多的是给读者以理性认识。
如《中国石拱桥》运用大量数据对说明对象作客观的说明。
生动说明文(包括科学小品文):用文艺的笔调,兼用描写的笔法,以对话、故事、修辞等形式来加强说明的形象性,使文章更加生动有趣,给读者以艺术的享受。
如《大雁归来》中有不少记叙、描写、议论结合的语句,使文章颇富感染力。
考点二说明对象及特征1.辨识说明对象(1)看题目。
有的标题直接表明说明对象,如课文《中国石拱桥》《苏州园林》,这些都是事物说明文,标题就直接表明了文中要说明的事物,即说明对象。
(2)观首段。
题目没有表明说明对象时,甚至有的文章没有题目时,那么我们就要看文章的第一段,在第一段的结尾处往往会点出文章的说明对象。
(3)找结尾段。
有时文章标题与首段均找不出说明对象,作者会在文章的结尾处揭示文章的说明对象,所以要十分关注结尾段落。
(4)归纳总结。
如果以上方法都不可行,那么这时候,只能研读全文,逐段分析、归纳、总结,最后确定说明对象。
一般表述:介绍了……的……(对象+内容)。
值得注意的是,一篇文章有一篇文章的说明对象,局部段落有局部段落的说明对象,千万不要把局部说明对象当作整篇文章的说明对象。
2.说明对象的特征说明对象的特征,可以通过对说明特征在文中出现的位置情况进行归纳分类,以达到正确并快速地找出说明特征的目的。
概括说明对象的特征可以从以下几个方面入手:(1)看标题。
特别要注意标题中的修饰性、限制性成分。
(2)抓总括句、中心句、段落中心句或关键句。
(3)摘抄整合语段中的关键词、句,并作简要概述。
(4)结合标点,尤其注意有分层作用的分号、问号、句号等,归纳层意,再综合概括。
要通篇阅读课文,筛选勾画出最能揭示说明对象特征的重点词句。
部分词句可以直接使用,但部分词句需要归纳概括考点三标题的作用1.标题的作用(1)内容上:①交代了文章的说明对象(需要写出说明对象是什么)。
②点明了说明对象的主要特征。
③点明了文章的主要内容。
④表达了作者……的情感。
(2)表达效果:(1)运用比喻、拟人等修辞手法;或运用名言、俗语、流行语、新词等;或引用新鲜话题、热门话题等,使得标题生动、别致,激发读者的阅读兴趣。
(2)引用(化用)古诗词,增添文学色彩,激发读者的阅读兴趣。
(3)运用问句(反问句或疑问句等)、感叹句等句式,设置悬念或增强表达效果,引发读者思考。
2.给说明文拟写标题给说明文拟标题,可以从以下方面入手:(1)明确说明内容,直接以说明对象为题。
(2)以“说明对象的主要特征+说明对象”为题,可以运用恰当的修辞表达情感。
(3)以含说明对象的特殊句式为题,可以是反问句、疑问句、感叹句。
考点四说明顺序与结构阅读说明文时,需要理清说明顺序。
说明文一般按时间、空间、逻辑(事理)顺序说明。
1.常见的说明顺序及作用(1)时间顺序:即以事物发生、发展的时间先后来安排说明顺序,从而写出事物的发展变化情况。
这种顺序一般用于人物的生平介绍、科学观察记录,说明事物或事理发生、发展或制作过程一类的说明文。
时间顺序一般都有明确的时间标志,例如介绍工作程序的文章,程序顺序也是时间顺序。
作用:过程明晰,线索清楚,纵向排列,明确有序。
(2)空间顺序:即按照事物的空间存在形式,或从外到内,或从上到下,或从前到后,或由远及近依次进行说明。
这种说明顺序,一般用于说明事物的形状、构造特征等。
空间顺序一般都有常用方位词,如《人民英雄永垂不朽》一文,按照瞻仰的路线由远及近、由低到高,先四周后正中,先台阶后碑身、碑座的顺序依次进行介绍。
作用:能把复杂的事物讲清楚,可使读者对该事物的本体面貌以及空间分布有清晰、具体的了解。
(3)逻辑顺序:即按照事物或事理的内部联系或人们认识事物的过程来安排说明顺序。
事物的内部联系包括因果关系、层递关系、主次关系、总分关系、并列关系等;认识事物或事理的过程则指由浅入深、由具体到抽象、由现象到本质等。
作用:可以把复杂的事物讲得更清楚,有利于说明、揭示事理的内在联系。
根据说明的目的和对象,文章可以以一种说明顺序为主,兼用其他说明顺序。
近几年说明文选段多为科技类说明文,此类说明文一般是事理说明文居多,故多用逻辑顺序。
2.说明文的结构说明顺序是文章的内在思路,而结构是文章的外在形式。
说明文的基本结构有4种:并列式、递进式、总分式、承接式(连贯式)。
(1)并列式文章各部分的内容没有主次之分,没有轻重之别,是平行式结构。
多用于空间顺序的说明文。
(2)递进式事理说明文多用递进式结构,一层一层地剖析事理。
多用于从现象到本质的事理说明文。
(3)总分式包括总—分、分—总、总—分—总等。
事物说明文多用“总—分”式,其中“分”的部分常按并列式安排。
总分式结构常用于逻辑顺序中从概括到具体或从整体到局部的说明。
(4)承接式(连贯式)各层之间按照事物发展过程安排层次,前后互相承接。
多用于时间顺序的说明文。
3.分析说明顺序与结构的方法(1)看内容,辨顺序。
理清说明顺序,首先明确是哪类说明文,事物说明文往往以时间、空间顺序居多,而事理说明文则以逻辑顺序(即按事物种类、成因、功用等顺序)为主。
(2)根据重点词句辨顺序。
空间顺序一般用方位词;时间顺序一般用时间名词;逻辑顺序一般用“因为”“所以”“首先”“其次”“总之”“综上所述”等词语。
要特别关注每一段的开头句,找出中心句、过渡句、总领句、总结句等关键语句。
其次对这些关键信息进行合并整合。
(3)分析段与段、部分与部分之间的关系,就容易看出文章的基本结构。
如果是总分式的结构还要着重分析“分”的部分是按什么关系组合的,是并列,是递进,还是包含有总分关系。
递进式结构要着重分析各层意思是怎样逐步深入展开的,是由现象到本质,还是由个别到一般,或者是从结果到原因等。
把握结构后,最好能画出结构示意图。
(4)说明某段在文中的作用,除了弄清该段说明的主要意思,还要看它在文中的位置。
如果在首段一般是提出说明对象,总领全文;在中间,有承上启下的作用;在尾段一般是总结全文的作用。
考点五说明方法及作用1.常见的说明方法及作用(1)举例子:通过列举……的事例,具体形象地说明了××的××特点,便于读者理解,使说明更有说服力。
(2)列数字:科学、准确地说明××的××特点,使说明更有说服力。
(3)打比方:把……比作……,生动形象地说明××的××特点,增强了文章的趣味性。
(4)作比较:通过……和……的对比,突出强调了……的……特点。
(5)分类别:条理清晰地说明了××的××特点。
(对××的特征/事理分门别类加以说明,使说明更有条理性。
)(6)下定义:科学、准确、具体地说明了××的××特点,使之与其他事物区别开来。
(7)作诠释:对××进一步解释说明,让读者对××有进一步的认识。
下定义和作诠释常采用“××是××”的语言形式。
它们形式相同,该如何区分呢?下定义要求对事物的本质特征进行科学准确的概括说明。
下定义有两种固定格式:“××是……”和“……叫××”。
作诠释对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明,使说明更通俗易懂。
一般来说,“是”字两边的内容如果能够互换,就是下定义;如果不能互换,就是作诠释。
例如:“人是能制造工具并使用工具进行劳动的高级动物”这句话,改成“能制造工具并使用工具进行劳动的高级动物是人”之后,意思不变。
“雪是在云中形成的一种固态降水物”这句话,如果改成“云中形成的一种固态降水物是雪”,则说法不够严谨,“云中形成的一种固态降水物”不一定是“雪”。
由此可以辨别,前一句是下定义,后一句是作诠释。
(8)摹状貌:具体生动形象地说明了……,使文章具有可读性。
(9)画图表:使读者一目了然,直观形象地说明××的××特点。
2.判断说明方法的窍门注意语言标志:举例子:例如、比如、据说……列数字:数词(与年代有区别)分类别:一类(种)……一类(种)……作比较:也、相对于、较……下定义:是、叫…… (判断句)打比方:像、如、仿佛……考点六说明文的语言说明语言的准确性和科学性,是说明文语言的先决条件。
在准确的前提下,说明的语言有的以平实见长,有的以生动活泼见长。
在说明文阅读中,主要考查说明文语言的准确性和生动性。
中考阅读能力考查中,这是个重要的考点。
1.对整篇文章语言的品析一般从两个角度谈:(1)准确,是一般说明文的共同特点。
(2)形象生动或简明平实。
是针对不同语言风格的角度而言的。
做这种评析整篇文章语言特点的题目,一定要结合文章具体内容谈,比如可以选择一句话为例子。
2.说明文语言的常考词:限定时间:到那个时候、当时、刚刚、迄今为止、目前、自古以来等。
限定数量:之一、有余、很少、极少数、绝大部分等。
限定程度:极其、比较、最、尤其、更、稍微、很大程度上等。