形合与意合

(2)
• Chinese is paratactic in that it has no inflections and does no need connectives for sentence organization. The meanings of different parts help indicate the relationship with in a sentence. The structure of Chinese can be compared to a bamboo.
prepositions
• Over 90% of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:
• • • • • • • • • With To From At In Of By For On
英语造句几乎离不开介词，而汉语常常不 用或省略介词。
• 1) The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. • 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 • 2) This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. • 这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情 洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。 • 3) Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book. • 本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
形合和意合（hypotaxis and parataxis） 形合和意合（ ）
例如：Don’t come in until I call you. 我叫你再进来。 条件：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。 时间：He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago. 他离开北京五年了,从未回去过。 结果：He read so fast that we could not hear it clearly. 他读的太快，我们听不清楚。 原因：It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night. 昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。 转折：It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s natur英语造句注重显性（overt cohesion），注重句子 的形式和结构。其中使用大量的连接手段和形式 （cohesive ties）来以形显义。 1. 关系词（relatives）和连接词（connectives） • (1) When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. • 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？ 我认为原因有二，而二者之间又有深浅之分。
形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段。 形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段。 意合：主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。 意合：主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。
• 1、英语结构紧凑严 密。 • “西洋语言是法治的” • 以形统意 • Implicit coherence • 2、英语句子好比一 棵参天大树，一串葡 萄，一串珍珠，一树 荔枝。
• (2) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. (W. S. Maugham: Lucidity, Simplicity, Euphony) • 认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚， 让 任何人都能理解，这是种虚荣的念头。这样的作 家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精 确思考的能力。
(1)
• English is hypotactic in that the basic structure of a sentence is subject and verb, and that all the other elements are added on via connectives. In other words, form is needed to convey meaning. The structure of English can be compared to a tree.
• 3.其他连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词 缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副 词的形态变化（如性、数、格、时、体、 语态、语气、比较级、人称等）及其保持 前后一致的关系，广泛使用代词以保持前 呼后应的关系，以及使用“it”和“there”作 替补词其连接作用等。
Example：
• There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have here guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. (Western Manners) • 最令女主人失望的是，她花了很多心神或费用来 招待客人， 可是这位客人只顾津津有味得与她的 丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡， 松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可 能是她感到兴趣并引以为自豪的主要所在。
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic 形合 vs. 意合
Week 6
A Comparison between English & Chinese
• Hypotactic •Tree-like • Architectural style
• Paratactic
•linear
• Chronicle style
2. 介词（prepositions）
• 介词包括简单介词（with，to，in，through）、 合成介词（inside，without）和成语介词 （according to，with regard to，on behalf of）。 介词是英语里最活跃的此类之一，是连接词、语 或从句的重要手段。 • “A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence…. Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and writing. Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions: with, to, from, at, in, of, by, for and on. ---- R. Bander”
句法的差异
• 何谓“合”？ • 英语重形合（hypotaxis），具体来说，英语的句 子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心， 借助诸如分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副 词之类的连接手段，把句子的其他各个语法成分 层层搭架，呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式” 结构； • 汉语重意合(parataxis)，汉语一般通过多个动词的 连用或流水句形式，按照时间的先后顺序和事理 推移的方式，把一件件事交代清楚，呈现出一线 形的“排调式”结构。
汉语的意合法往往采用一下手段：
A tree-like English sentence
• Whatever(1) the enthusiasm of the English, who(1.1) seemed to believe that(1.1.1) the Prime Minister was making the long journey to do what(1.1.1.1) Mr. Asquith and Sir Edward had failed to do in 1914---warn Germany that(1.1.1.1.1) any aggression against a small power would bring not only France but Britain into war against it----Hitler realized, as(2) the confidential German papers and subsequent events make clear, that Chamerlain’s action was a godsend to him. (William L. Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)