答案Oral Test for the third term

医护英语水平考试应用指南3答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Medical English Level Examination Application Guide 3 Answer1. Multiple choice questions:1) Which of the following is not a common symptom of influenza?a) Feverb) Headachec) Sore throatd) Muscle weaknessCorrect answer: d) Muscle weakness2) Which of the following is not a sign of dehydration?a) Thirstb) Dark yellow urinec) Dry mouthd) Swollen feetCorrect answer: d) Swollen feet3) Which of the following is not a method of taking someone's temperature?a) Oralb) Axillaryc) Rectald) PulmonaryCorrect answer: d) Pulmonary4) What is the normal range for blood pressure in adults?a) Less than 100/60 mmHgb) 120/80 mmHgc) 140/90 mmHgd) Greater than 160/100 mmHgCorrect answer: b) 120/80 mmHg5) Which of the following is not a common side effect of antibiotics?a) Nauseab) Diarrheac) Headached) ConstipationCorrect answer: d) Constipation2. Fill in the blanks:1) The normal range for body temperature is ___ degrees Celsius.Correct answer: 37 degrees Celsius.2) A common test for diagnosing diabetes is a ___ test.Correct answer: Blood sugar.3) A patient with a high ___ count may have an infection.Correct answer: White blood cell.4) The ___ is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.Correct answer: Heart.5) An ___ is a medical professional who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy and childbirth.Correct answer: Obstetrician.Please note that these answers are for reference only and may vary depending on the specific exam question. Please consult with a medical professional or refer to the official guidelines for accurate information.篇2Guide to Applying for the Medical English Proficiency Exam 3 AnswersIntroduction:The Medical English Proficiency Exam is a crucial test for healthcare professionals looking to demonstrate their proficiency in English. In this guide, we will provide you with the answers to the third practice exam to help you prepare for the actual assessment.Section 1: Listening1. What is the main topic of the conversation?Answer: The main topic of the conversation is about a patient's symptoms.2. According to the speaker, what type of medication should the patient avoid?Answer: The patient should avoid taking anyover-the-counter medications.3. What is the purpose of the appointment?Answer: The purpose of the appointment is for the patient to receive a prescription for their symptoms.4. What is the patient's main concern?Answer: The patient is concerned about the side effects of the medication.Section 2: Reading1. According to the passage, what are the common symptoms of the flu?Answer: The common symptoms of the flu are fever, cough, and body aches.2. What does the term "antibiotic resistance" refer to?Answer: Antibiotic resistance refers to bacteria becoming resistant to the effects of antibiotics.3. How can healthcare professionals help prevent the spread of infections?Answer: Healthcare professionals can help prevent the spread of infections by practicing proper hygiene and using personal protective equipment.4. What is the main message of the passage?Answer: The main message of the passage is the importance of proper infection control practices in healthcare settings.Section 3: Writing1. Write a formal letter to a patient explaining their test results.Dear [Patient's Name],I am writing to inform you of the results of your recent tests.I am pleased to inform you that all your test results came back normal, and there are no concerns to worry about. It is essential to continue monitoring your health and attending regular check-ups to maintain good health.If you have any questions or concerns about your test results, please do not hesitate to contact me. I am here to assist you and provide any additional information you may need.Best regards,[Your Name]Medical Professional2. Write an essay about the importance of communication in healthcare.Communication plays a vital role in healthcare as it facilitates the exchange of information between healthcare professionals and patients. Effective communication ensures that patients receive the care they need and understand their treatment options. It also fosters trust between healthcare providers and patients, leading to better health outcomes.In conclusion, communication is essential in healthcare as it promotes patient-centered care, enhances patient satisfaction, and improves health outcomes.Conclusion:This guide provides you with the answers to the third practice exam for the Medical English Proficiency Exam. Use these answers to prepare for the actual assessment and demonstrate your proficiency in English as a healthcare professional. Good luck!篇3Guide to the Medical English Language Exam Level 3 Answer KeyIntroduction:The Medical English Language Exam Level 3 is a comprehensive assessment of a candidate's proficiency in English for medical and healthcare settings. This guide provides the answers to the exam questions to help candidates prepare and understand the level of knowledge and skill required to pass the exam successfully.Section A: Vocabulary and Terminology1. What is the medical term for high blood pressure?Answer: Hypertension2. What does the abbreviation CAT stand for in medical terms?Answer: Computerized Axial Tomography3. Define the term "anaphylaxis."Answer: An extreme and severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening4. What does the medical term ECG stand for?Answer: Electrocardiogram5. What is the medical term for inflammation of the liver?Answer: HepatitisSection B: Grammar and Usage1. Fill in the blank: The patient ___________ to the hospital yesterday.Answer: was admitted2. Rewrite the sentence using passive voice: The nurse is cleaning the wound.Answer: The wound is being cleaned by the nurse.3. Choose the correct word: The doctor recommended that the patient (take/ takes) the medication twice a day.Answer: take4. Fill in the blank with the correct preposition: The patient is allergic ______ penicillin.Answer: to5. Correct the sentence: She has worked at the hospital for ten years.Answer: She has been working at the hospital for ten years.Section C: Reading Comprehension1. What is the main idea of the passage?Answer: The importance of proper hand hygiene in preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings.2. According to the passage, why is it important to wash hands frequently in healthcare settings?Answer: To reduce the risk of spreading infections to patients and healthcare workers.3. What are some of the key steps in proper handwashing technique mentioned in the passage?Answer: Use soap and water, scrub all surfaces of the hands, including between fingers and under nails, rinse thoroughly, and dry hands with a clean towel or air dryer.4. How can healthcare workers help promote hand hygiene among patients and visitors?Answer: By setting a good example, reminding them to wash their hands, and providing hand hygiene education.5. What are the consequences of poor hand hygiene in healthcare settings?Answer: Increased risk of hospital-acquired infections, spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and increased healthcare costs.Conclusion:The Medical English Language Exam Level 3 assesses candidates' vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension skills in a medical and healthcare context. By reviewing the answers provided in this guide, candidates can better prepare for the exam and improve their chances of passing successfully. Good luck with your exam preparation!。

Part1Question Type 1: “Basic Description” Question Description Structures1)Lead-in phrase2)1st pointing phrase3)Point 14)Linking word/ phrase+ detail about point 15)2nd pointing phrase6)point 27)linking word/ phrase + detail about point 28)3rd pointing phrase9)point 310)linking word/ phrase+detail about point 3·Lead-in phraseOK then…AlrightWell,you know…ActuallyRight, ok…Well…Well first of all· 2nd pointing phrasesanother point which I could add is that…a second feature which I should mention is that as well as that, I could say thaton top of that I can also add thatalso, I suppose I should say that…Question Type 2: “Liking”·1st pointing phrase…the first thing I should mention is that..…the point I’d like to begin with is that……I could start off by saying that……my initial point would be that……I need to start off by pointing out that……the main thing you need to know is that……I suppose I should begin by highlighting the fact that……you may( or may not )be aware that in fact……I really need to kick off with the point that…3rd pointing phrasesand I shouldn’t forget to mention that…in addition to what I’ve just said, I can add that…something else that I need to comment on is that…I guess I could also remark on the fact that…add a linking word or phrase to introduce a specific type of the topic or categorya linking phrase to introduce your second phraseAlternative language for “liking”question type 3: “disliking” questionI’m not so keen on...I’m not much of a fan of…I’m not really that fond of…I totally detest…I absolutely loathe…I really can’t stand…避免使用简单词汇（like, dislike, enjoy, love, hate）处于举出正面理由与例子比反面简单的考虑，尽量给予肯定回答question type 4: “types of” question不要简单列举不要重复问题中的形容词不要在回答中使用popular（可用widespread替换）question type 5:”wh-/how often”questions不要直接给出侧重于信息的回答务必选择两种不同的情形，因对比来说较为容易务必两种情形都使用if和willquestion type 6: “yes/no”questionquestion type 7: “would” questions注意在答案中运用would（或者会might/could）应用条件句时态回答if + past simple, would/could/might + infinitive verbpart1回答原则：较长的回答——连接性短语——复杂的结构——冗词part 2语言特征：·流利：在2分钟的回答中连接词、连接性短语、填充词（冗词）·词汇：非常用词汇、习语。

12级全新版四级期中范围（Unit1, Unit 3 & Unit4）Part I：课文段落朗读30% (fluency, pronunciation & intonation)Read aloud a paragraph or two in Text A of Unit 1, Unit 3 & Unit 4.Part II：课后翻译(30%)1）作为项目经理，山姆办事果断，工作效率高，且判断准确。

Sam,as the project manager,is decisive,efficient,and accurate in his judgment.2）我们不能低估敌人，他们装备了最先进的武器。

We must not underestimate the enemy.Thy are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons.3）在记者反复追问下，该影星终于说漏了嘴，承认自己做过两次整容手术。

Grilled by the reporters,the movie star eventually blurted(out) that she had undergone two plastic surgeries.4）要是我事先知道你会带这么多朋友回家，我会好好准备的。

你看，我现有的食品和饮料连小吃一顿都不大够。

If I had known beforehand that you would bring so many friends home,I would have made better preparations.You see,I have barely enough food and drinks for a snack.5）当人们得知地震灾区将要建造结构更牢固的新校舍时，纷纷慷慨解囊。

People gave generously upon learning that new school rooms with stronger structures were to be built in the earthquake-stricken area.6）中国政府出台了一系列政策以加强同发展中国家的合作。

说明应许多教师和学生的要求，我们编写了本教科书每章后面的习题答案。

但是，有两点必须说明一下。

第一，对术语的定义或解释，多是以本书相关章节为依据，所以会有些局限性。

好在目前市场上有多种语言学词典，大家可参考其他定义和解释。

第二，对开放式问答题的回答，多为提示性的，而且也是基于本书内容做的基本回答，往往显得过于简略。

一方面，本书是入门性的教程，对诸多问题的讨论仍欠深入；另一方面，每章后面附的参考书，可以告诉读者到哪里去查找相关信息，加深对某个问题的了解。

总之，这里提供的答案是参考性的，绝不是唯一的，更不是穷尽一切的。

充其量，它只能给教师和同学提供一点点方便而已。

如发现不当之处，敬请指教。

Chapter 1Introduction1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) linguistics: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.(7) stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.(8) phatic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer.(9) functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.(10) formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.(11) synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used ata given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.2. No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in dogs’ or pigs’ noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems.3. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, in Chinese as “gou”, but “yilu”in Japanese; it barks wow wow in English but wang wang in Chinese. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack” and “bang” are exceptions, but words like these are relatively few compared with the total number of words in a language.4. A human baby does not speak any language at birth. What language the baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English child brought up in Beijing by a Chinese aunt will speak Chinese. That is to say, language cannot be transmitted through heredity. It is culturally transmitted.5. Firstly, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Secondly, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of the written language. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.6. A descriptive approach attempts to tell what is in the language while the prescriptive approach tells people what should be in the language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.7. Synchronic linguistics studies language at one particular time while diachronic linguistics studies language developments through time. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.8. No, human language has the design feature of specialization. It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. For example, a mother can tell a story to her child while slicing up a cake. However, wolves can only respond to a stimulus and is totally involved physically in the communication process. Thus, a wolf cannot have a language similar to man’s, even though it could express a thousand different emotions. Besides, the aspect of productivity also distinguishes human language from wolf ’s postures.Chapter 2The Sounds of Language1.Define each of the following terms briefly.(1) articulator: the tongue, lips, and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds.(2) assimilation: a phonological process whereby a sound becomes phonetically similar (or identical) to a neighboring sound, e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when followed by a [+nasal] consonant.(3) consonant: a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of partof the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, andmanner of articulation.(4) elision: the leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech.(5) intonation: the variation in pitch and stress which gives beat and rhythm to the tune the voice plays in ordinary speech.(6) phoneme: the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.(7) phonetics: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8) phonology: the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.(9) stress: the prominence given to certain sounds in speech.(10) voicing: the vibration in the larynx caused by air from the lungs passing through the vocal cords when they are partly closed; speech sounds are saidto be either voiced or voiceless.(11) voiceless: When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely.The sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless sounds.(12) vowel: a speech sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity.2. Minimal pair test or substitution test.Minimal pair test or substitution test is to see whether substituting one sound for another results in a different word. If it does, the two sounds represent different phonemes. For example, as to the English word bear, if we substitute p for b, we get the word pear, the two are different words. Then /b/ and /p/ represent different phonemes. Other examples are chunk/junk, ban/bin, bet/beat, fine/vine, side/ site, etc.3. Take the word big for example, in the word big /big/, /b/ is the onset, /i/ is the nucleus and /g/ is the coda. The difference between open syllables and closed syllables is whether the words have codas. If there are codas, they are closed syllables,such as pig, hat and at; if not, they are open syllables, such as do, I, tea and key.4. (1) stop, consonant(2) back, rounded, vowel5. (1) voiceless / voiced(2) bilabial / labiodental(3) close / semi-open(4) stop / nasal(5) alveolar / palatal(6) alveolar / dental(1) kit/git, bucker/bugger, bag/back(2) mark/nark, smack/snack, sum/sun(3) best/vest, ober/over, lib/live(4) bore/more, abate/amate, mob/mom(5) pat/fat, apt/aft (AmE), harp (BrE)/half7. (1) The stresses are placed on the second syllable except for “promise”. We mayeasily conclude that the verbs usually are stressed on the second syllable. (2) Syllable representations of the words:collide [k2#laid] elect [i#lekt] consider [k2n#sid2]Chapter 3Morphology1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) morphology: the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme: the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function.(3) free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme: a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word, e.g.-ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5) morph: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on thelevel of parole.(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.(7) derivation: the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word formation.(8) clipping: the process by which parts of a word of more than one syllable have been cut off, and reduced to a shorter form.(9) acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Examples: NATO, radar and yuppy.(10) initialism: Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. Such words are called initialism.(11) blending: A single new word can be formed by combining two separateforms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of oneword and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch isformed by the shortened forms of breakfast and lunch.(12) root: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system from un- + system + atic + ally.(13) stem: the base towhich one or more affixes are attached to create a morecomplex form that may be another stem or a word. For example, book is thestem of bookish.(14) prefix: Affixes can be joined to the beginning of the root or stem, in which case they are called prefixes.(15) suffix: Affixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suffixes.2. (3), (5), (7)3. (1) simple: fly tree suite(2) bound morpheme rootfly / fly reuse re-use spiteful -ful spitepreplan pre-plan desks -s desk triumphed -ed triumphsuite / suite optionality -ality option untie un-tiedelight de-light fastest -est fast prettier -ier prettytree / tree justly -ly just deform de-formmistreat mis-treat dislike dis-like payment -ment paydisobey dis-obey premature pre-mature4. (1) Column I: ablaut (vowel modification)Column II: suppletionColumn III: stress modification(2) The process in the Column I is finished by changing the vowel of each word, while in Column II, the process is finished by changing vowel and consonantof each word.(3) Column I: awake/awoke bear/bore arise/aroseblow/blew bite/bit hide/hidlie/lay know/knew foot/feetgoose/geese tooth/teeth louse/liceColumn II: bad/worse are/were many/moreColumn III: #combine/com#bine #compress/com#press#conduct/con#duct #insert/in#sert#insult/in#sult #intern/in#tern5. (1) Omitted.(2) Other examples:#rerun (n.) – re#run (v.) #contrast (n.) – con#trast (v.)#convert (n.) – con#vert (v.) #desert (n.) – de#sert (v.)#export (n.) – ex#port (v.) #increase (n.) – in#crease (v.)#conduct (n.) – con#duct (v.) #object (n.) – ob#ject (v.)#content (n.) – con#tent (v.) #protest (n.) – pro#test (v.)#insult (n.) – in#sult (v.) #produce (n.) – pro#duce (v.)When a word belongs to different word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on different syllables. When all the words above are stressed on the first syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verbs.6. (1) It means “the inhabitant of ”.(2) It means “the person who does”.(3) The morphological rule working here is “n. + -er –– n.”, and the last phoneme of the noun, which the suffix -er is added to, should be a consonant.(4) The rule in (3) doesn’t work in the word discoverer because the last phoneme of discoverer is a vowel /2/.7. (1) inflection (2) derivation (3) inflection (4) inflection (5) derivation Chapter 4Syntax1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.(2) word class: a group of words which are similar in function; words which aregrouped into word classes according to how they combine with other words,how they change their forms, etc.(3) prescriptive approach: This view regards grammar as a set of rules for the “proper” use of a language, that’s to say, it tries to lay down rules to tell peoplehow to use a language.(4) descriptive approach: the approach of linguistic studies, with which linguists collect samples of the language they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used.(5) IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. For example, the immediate constituents of “The man bought a car” are theman and bought a car. The immediate constituents of the man are the andman, and so on until no further cuts can be made. The ultimate constituentsof “The man bought a car” at the word level are the, man, bought, a, and car.(6) structural analysis: a type of descriptive approach to study the distribution of linguistic forms in a language through such methods as the use of “test frames”.(7) immediate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This processcontinues until no further divisions are possible. The first division or units are known as immediate constituents.(8) ultimate constituent: Linguistic units can be divided into small constituents, which can be further analyzed into smaller constituents. This process continues until no further divisions are possible. The final division or units areknown as ultimate constituents.(9) constituent structural grammar: It refers to a grammar which analyzes sentences using only the idea of constituency, which reveals a hierarchy of structural levels.(10) transformational grammar: a type of grammar which attempts to define and describe by a set of rules or principles all the grammatical sentences (without ungrammatical ones) of a language.(11) ideational function: the use of language as a means of giving structure to our experience of the real or imaginary world.(12) interpersonal function: the use of language for maintaining social roles and interacting with others.(13) textual function: to create written or spoken texts which cohere within themselvesand which fit the particular situation in which they are used.2. Yes. As we know, morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words, while syntax focuses on the structure and ordering of components within a sentence. The major distinction between morphology and syntaxis that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, while the latter is concerned with the combination of words.3. (2) Instead of using the form “suggest somebody to do something”, we usually use “suggest + that-clause” or “suggest doing”, here we’d better substitute “advise” for “suggest”(4) The word “request” is a transitive verb which should take an object directly, so the word “for” should be omitted.(6) The word “donate” cannot be followed by double objects as “donate somebody something”. Instead we always use “donate something to somebody”.(10) The subject of the verb “write” is usually a human; an “article” cannot write itself. In this case the passive construction is normally used: The article was very well writen.(11) Usually we don’t use “be bored of something/somebody”, but “be bored with something/somebody” which means losing interest in somebody/something.(13) Here “myself ” is a reflexive pronoun, which can’t be used as subject, and it should be replaced by “I”.(14) The word “surprise” is usually used as a transitive verb, so the expression “…surprise for you” is ungrammatical, and it can be replaced by “surprise somebody (with something)” or “I was surprised by your getting married.”(15) The word “sleep” is usually used as an intransitive verb, which can’t take an object. The cases of “sleep” being used as a transitive verb are semantically limited, as in “to sleep a good sleep” or “the room can sleep 3 people”.4. It’s ungrammatical, because “us” is the objective case which can’t serve as the subject,while “she” is the subjective case which can’t serve as the object. The sentence should be “We visit her on Sundays”. The personal pronouns “you” and “it” have the same form whether used as the subject or object.5. (1) NP: A Guns “N” Roses concert, an arena, some 2500 fans, a full-fledged riot,A Guns “N” Roses concert at an arena , A Guns “N” Roses concert at an arena near ST. Louis ,The trouble, venue security, a camera, the front, the stage, the front of the stage. PP: at an arena, at an arena near ST. Louis, near ST. Louis, in disaster, near the front, of the stage, near the front of the stage. VP: stageda full-fledged riot, asked venue security, confiscate a camera.(2) N: Guns, Roses, concert, arena, ST. Louis, disaster, fans, riot, trouble, Axl Rose, venue, security, camera, front, stage. Prep: at, near, in, of. V: end, stage, start, ask, confiscate, see.6. (1) You mustn’t end a sentence with a preposition.You mustn’t split infinitives.7. (i)SNP VP AdvArt N V NP Prep NPArt N Art NThe dog bit the man in the car.(ii)S ,Art N ,Art N ,Prep NP ,NP VP, Art N V NP P. The dog bit the man in the car.8. (1)a. Terry loves his wife and I love his wife, too.b. I love my wife as well as Terry loves his wife.(2) a. It’s yesterday that they said she would go.b. She would go yesterday as they said.(3) a. The governor is a street fighter who is dirty.b. The governor is a fighter in a dirty street.(4) a. The design has squares and circles, both of which are big.b. The design has big squares, and it also has some circles. (The sizes of the circles are not mentioned.)Chapter 5Semantics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.(2) truth-conditional semantics: an approach that knowing the meaning of the sentence is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence istrue or false, and knowing the meaning of a word or expression is knowingthe part that it plays in the truth or falsehood of the sentence containing it.(3) naming theory: the view that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names.(4) behaviorist theory: the view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as observable behaviors which is an approach drawing on psychology.(5) use theory: the semantic theory according to which the meaning of an expression is determined by its use in communication and more generally, insocial interaction.(6) sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, together with the context, determines its referent. For example, knowing the sense of a nounphrase such as the president of the United States in 2004 allows one to determine that George W. Bush is the referent.(7) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events and qualities they stand for. An example in English is the relationshipbetween the word tree and the object “tree” (referent) in the realworld.(8) conceptual meaning: It means the meaning of words may be discussed interms of what they denote or refer to, also called denotative or cognitive meaning. It is the essential and inextricable part of what language is and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. For instance, the conceptual meaning of “he” in English is any male person or male animal.(9) connotative meaning: It is the communicative meaning that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over its purely conceptual meaning. For example, the connotative meaning of “woman” is emotional,frail, inconstant, irrational, etc.(10) semantic field: the organization of related words and expressions into asystem which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation, sex, membership of the father’s or mother’s side of family.(11) lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes for “male” and “female” cousin.(12) componential analysis: (in semantics) an approach to the study of meaning which analyzes a word into a set of meaning components or semantic features.For example, the meaning of the English word boy may be shown as[+human][+male][-adult].(13) semantic feature: the smallest units of meaning in a word. The meaningof word may be described as a combination of semantic components orfeatures. For example, the feature [+male] is part of the meaning of father,and so is the feature [+adult], but other features are needed to make up the whole meaning of father. Often, semantic features are established by contrast and can be stated in terms of [+] and [-], e.g. woman has the semantic features [+human], [-male] and [+adult].(14) synonym: the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexical items, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) antonym: the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy: the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy, where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (the superordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.(17) meronym: the sense relation between body and its parts which are not only sections of the body but defined in terms of specific functions. For example, the head is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs,i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.(18) semantic role: the way in which the referent of a noun phrase is involved in the situation described or represented by the clause, for example as agent, patient, or cause.(19) entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (the second) is inferred from the truth of the other, e.g. Corday assassinated Marat and Marat is dead; if the first is true, the second must be true.(20) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”2. (1) He waited by the bank.a. He waited by the financial institution which people can keep their moneyin or borrow from.b. He waited by the bank of the river.(2) Is he really that kind?a. Is he really that type of person?b. Is he really that kind-hearted?(3) We bought her dog biscuits.a. We bought dog biscuits for her.b. We bought biscuits for her dog.(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.a. He saw that gasoline container explode.b. He saw that gasoline may explode.(5) Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.a. Fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes in total.b. Each of the fifty soldiers shot three wild foxes.(6) He saw her drawing pencils.a. He saw her pencils for drawing.b. He saw her drawing the picture of pencils.3. (2) (4) (5) (8) are antonyms; (1) (3) (6) (7) are synonyms.4. charity: kindness, sympathy, church, helpfuliron: strong, brave, hard, determinedmole: traitor, betrayal, spysnow: pure, virgin, cleanstreet: homeless, living hard, pitiable5. (1) a. hoard b. scribble c. barn, method d. olfactory(2) a. acquire b. tell c. way d. smell(3) a. buy, win, steal. b. talk, tell c. road, way, path d. smellThese words are less marked in their sets because they are more usual andtend to be used more frequently. They consist of only one morpheme andare easier to learn and remember than others. They are also often broader in meaning and cannot be described by using the name of another member ofthe same field.6. homophones: sea-see, break-brake; polysemies: sea, break, prayer, mature, trace, househomonyms: ear.7. In a semantic field, not all lexical items necessarily have the same status. The less marked members of the same semantic field (1) are usually easier to learn and remember than more marked members; (2) consist of only one morpheme incontrast to more marked members; (3) cannot be described by using the name of another member of the same field; (4) tend to be used more frequently than more marked terms; (5) broader in meaning than more marked members; (6) are notthe result of the metaphorical usage of the name of another object or concept, but more marked are.8. (1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram.The (a) and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human.The (b) words are animals.(2) a. ask, tell, say, talk, converseb. shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, hollerThe (a) and (b) words are realized by sounds.The (a) words are normal voice quality.The (b) words are produced by modifying one’s normal voice quality.(3) a. walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swimb. fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glideThe (a) and (b) words are sports (movement).The (a) words are sports without instruments.The (b) words are sports with instruments.Chapter 6Pragmatics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) pragmatics: a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2) deixis: the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations with respect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.(3) reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for.(4) anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(5) presupposition: implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate, e.g. “some tea has already been taken”is a presupposition of “Take some more tea!”(6) Speech Act Theory: The theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”, to perform acts. In saying “Sorry”, you are performing an act of apology.(7) indirect speech act: an utterance whose literal meaning (location) and intended meaning (illocution) are different. For example, Can you pass thesalt? is literally a yes/no question but is usually uttered as a request or polite directive for action.(8) the Cooperative Principle: a principle proposed by the philosopher Paul Grice whereby those involved in communication assume that both partieswill normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning.It is composed of 4 maxims: quality, quantity, relation and manner.(9) the Politeness Principle: politeness is regarded by most interlocutors as a means or strategy which is used by a speaker to achieve various purposes,such as saving face, establishing and maintaining harmonious social relationsin conversation. This principle requires speakers to “minimize the expression of impolite beliefs”. It is composed of 6 maxims: Maxims of Tact, Generosity, Approbation, Modesty, Agreement and Sympathy.(10) conversational implicature: the use of conversational maxims in the Cooperative Principle to produce extra meaning during conversation.。

Questions for Oral TestChoose one of the following questions to answer with your own words within 2 minutes. It is highly recommended that you use the words or phrases we have learned in the course of Introduction to American Society and Culture. THE MORE WORDS YOU USE, THE MORE POINTS YOU’LL GET!1.What is American culture like? Can you find key words to describe Americanculture in unit one? What are the differences between American culture and Chinese ones?2.What is your definition of success? According to unit one, what is the definition ofsuccess in the eyes of Americans? In which way do you think you can gain success?3.What are the five famous symbols of American culture? What does each symbolsymbolize? Can you find symbols of Chinese culture? What do you think these symbols symbolize?4.Why did early settlers emigrate from Europe to America? What is the basic part ofAmerican character? How many parts does individualism have? What are they?How did American idealism come into being? Why do Americans have a strong belief in materialism?5.What are the two elements that Americans save carefully? Why are Americansslaves to clock? What is your attitude towards time?6.What are some typical values, attitudes and beliefs that most Americans share?Which aspects of the American character impress you most? And Why?7.What has produced religious pluralism in the U.S.? Why did Protestants breakaway from the Catholic Church? What might be the policy of religion in the U.S.?Why did the American Constitution adopt the policy of “separation of church and state”? What is the purpose?8.What kinds of heritage has unit 4 mentioned as the Protestant heritage? What arethe ways for Americans to make self-improvement? Can you name one famous person that is highly regarded for his/her humanitarian work? Why is he/she so famous?9.What are the three values that are traditionally associated with the frontier heritage?And what are two new values introduced in unit 5? What are the two types of rugged individualists? Can you give one example? What was the frontier heritage of America?。

Oral Test ThreePart One Make quick responses to the sentences you hear.1.2.3.4.5.Part Two Ask two questions about each situation given below. At least one special question should be asked about each situation.Question 6-7 You are persuading Mike to go to a concert on Saturday.6.7.Questions 8-9 Mark and Mary are at a coffee shop. They are discussing what to have for breakfast.8.9.Part Three Read aloud the following passage. You willhave one minute to prepare and thirty seconds to read.A child of four is studying at college because he is too intelligent for school. Nicholas MacMahon has computer lessons at West London Institute.Nicholas spoke well before he was one. At eighteen months he took telephone messages for his parents. At two he began to learn French. The strange thing about Nicholas is that he taught himself to read before he could speak.When Nicholas went to school, his teachers gave him pictures to colour and toys to play with. He tried two different schools, but he was bored and unhappy and his parents decided that he couldn’t stay there. His teachers did not have time to prepare special lessons for Nicholas. The MacMahons had no idea what to do with him. Then the West London Institute offered to help. Nicholas spends some of his time there, and also studies at home. He reads the newspaper every day, and he can play the violin well.Part Four You will have one minute to prepare and another minute to talk on this topic.Do you think going to university is the only way to success?Part Five You will have one minute to prepare and another minute to talk about the pictures.Begin your talk with the sentence given.Autumn comes. Piles of leaves are failing with autumn wind billowing.Oral Test Three (Tape script and Keys)Part One Make quick responses to the sentences you hear.1.Thanks a million times for your helping me with myEnglish.It’s my pleasure./ You’re welcome./ Not at all. Don’t mention it.2.Can I try the shoes on, please?Yes, please.3.Can your really be sure of his honesty?Yes, pretty sure. / It’s hard to say.4.I don’t really enjoy watching TV. There are too manyadvertisements.I don’t like TV, either. / Neither do I.5.Who do you want to win the World Cup?I don’t care.Part Two Ask two questions about each situation given below. At least one special question should be asked about each situation.Question 6-7 You are persuading Mike to go to a concert on Saturday.6.What are you going to do this Saturday?7.Would you like to join me?Questions 8-9 Mark and Mary are at a coffee shop. They are discussing what to have for breakfast.8.What are you going to have?9.Would you like something to drink?Part Three Read aloud the following passage. You will have one minute to prepare and thirty seconds to read.A child of four is studying at college because he is too intelligent for school. Nicholas MacMahon has computer lessons at West London Institute.Nicholas spoke well before he was one. At eighteen months he took telephone messages for his parents. At two he began to learn French. The strange thing about Nicholas is that he taught himself to read before he could speak.When Nicholas went to school, his teachers gave him pictures to colour and toys to play with. He tried two different schools, but he was bored and unhappy and his parents decided that he couldn’t stay there. His teachers did not have time to prepare special lessons for Nicholas. The MacMahons had no idea what to do with him. Then the West London Institute offered to help. Nicholas spends some of his time there, and also studies at home. He reads the newspaper every day, and he can play the violin well.Part Four You will have one minute to prepare and another minute to talk on this topic.Do you think going to university is the only way tosuccess?July will be the time for us to take part in the entrance examination to higher education. Most of us think it a hard time. I expect to go to a good university, but it might simply be a good wish hard to carry out. If I can’t be a university student, I won’t lose heart. I think going to university is not the only way to success. Knowledge can be acquired from experience too. I plan to work in the daytime and attend a spare time college in the evening. I am going to finish the higher education within several years. With the specialized knowledge I learn in my spare time. I can surely achieve success in my work and do more for my country.Part Five You will have one minute to prepare and another minute to talk about the pictures.Begin your talk with the sentence given.Autumn comes. Piles of leaves are failing with autumn wind billowing.Autumn comes. Piles of leaves are failing with autumn wind billowing. Green and Gray, two little children are very excited. They think that it must be interesting to burn the leaves. So Green takes out a boxof matches. They light some leaves and enjoy their success. But unfortunately, the fire suddenly catches a pile of dried grass nearby. They try their best to put out the fire, but it is too late.。

1.A and B are freshmen at the same college. They are talking about the similarities and differences between college and high school life.2.A and B are classmates. While waiting anxiously for a much delayed train, they are making various assumptions about its late arrival.3.A and B are friends. While watching a televised basketball match, they are making different suppositions about which team will win.4.A and B are desk-mates. Though the school bell has rung, their teacher has not turned up. They are making various assumptions about the absence of their teacher.5.A and B are schoolmates. They are discussing the elimination of their school volleyball team in the qualifying competition.6.A and B are classmates. They are discussing a research project in which various possibilities cannot be ruled out.7.A and B are friends. They are discussing the recent government move to impose tougher restrictions on the emission of industrial pollutants in the city.8.A and B are neighbors. They are discussing the government’s intention to set a limit on the number ofimported foreign automobiles.9.A and B are classmates. A won the first prize in an athletic competition yesterday.10. A and B are classmates. A has just been granted a spot on a team to represent the school in a big competition. Talking about happiness and worry.11. A and B are both big basketball fans. Their school team lost an important game in the intercollegiate basketball tournament. Talking about unhappiness and worry.12. A and B are coach and player. A wants to remove B from the team.13. A and B are freshmen in the same university. They are talking about the credits of their university.14. A and B are comparing the teaching methods in university and in high school.15. A and B are comparing Hohhot and their hometowns.16. A and B are friends. A is complaining to B that his roommate is driving him crazy. Because his roommate always buys new clothes but never wears. These clothes make the room full and messy. And his roommate always borrows money from him.17. A is a traveler and wants to book the best restaurant in own. He asks the local tour guide to recommend one.B is the local tour guide.18. A is a customer in a restaurant. He asked for pasta with chicken but was given pasta with fish. He complained to the waiter. B is the waiter and responds to the complaint.19. A and B are roommates. They are talking about their likes and dislikes toward different types of movies.20. A and B are classmates. They are talking about their likes and dislikes toward different sports.21. A and B are roommate in college. As summer approaches, A suggests installing an air conditioner. B, considering its cost, doesn’t think it’s necessary. A and B are discussing on this matter.22. A and B are university students. They are talking about the advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling.。

Oral Test (second semester)Unit One1.How much do you enjoy your college life?(living on campus, college food, your room and roommates, privacy, your study and the teachers, your classmates)2.What does CNN mean?How much do you know about Harvard University?a.What subjects does it provide?b.What …s the kind of social life there/c.Do the students use the Internet a lot? For what purposes?d.In what ways are Oxford and Cambridge different from your university?e.What are the advantages of going to either Oxford or Cambridge?3.a. What makes a university “one of the best in the world”?b.What makes “ the best and most talented students”?c.What do you think is the purpose of a university education? Should it be an endin itself or a means to an end?4.Why do young people protest more than old people? Do you think today‟s youngpeople in China are very different from the previous generations?Unit Two1.There are many factors in early childhood which contribute to people‟spersonalities as adults. Can you give the list and the order and explain why you give such an order.2.What are the kinds of emotions or feelings that people usually have? What do youdo when you feel afraid? What do you do to relax when you‟re feeling stressed or angry?3.Do you think IQ tests are an accurate way of judging intelligence?How can EQ be measured?Which do you think is more important, IQ or EQ?Unit Three1.You wake in the night and realize there is a burglar in the rooma.what you would do in the situationb.how you would feelc.why you would react in this way2.a. What is distraction burglar? What people are targeted? What things people cando to prevent it happening?b. What do you do to avoid being mugged?3.Suppose your are a police officer, please give some professional advices toordinary people in these situation on behalf of the local police station.a.theft of personal possessionsb.bicycle theftc.street crime, eg mugger tries to steal someone‟s mobile phoneUnit Four1.From what sources do people get news? What are they? ( name at least 5 sources).What about you? Tell me your choices and your reasons.2.a. What does “paparazzi” mean? Why there are so many photographers like to takepictures of celebrities?b. Do you think celebrities should have a private life?c. Do you think that people who buy the tabloids should responsible for the actionsof tabloid photographers?3. What do you think makes a story newsworthy? In what way are the media powerful? How do you think people will get the news in the future? Tell me one of the news that impress you most.Unit Five1.How would you define a “catch 22 situation” (without referring to the example of the passage?) Please give an example of such situation in our daily life. What do you think of such situation, according to the example you give. ( If you are in such a situation, what would you do)2. Please talk about one of the world famous people you know.Unit Six1.Why do so many people go in for sports? Do you like sports? What kind of sportsdo you like? How often do you do physical exercises?2.Do you think everyone should learn self-defense? At what points does it becomeaggressive behavior?3.Do you think a sport which risks people‟s lives should be banned? Why or whynot?Unit SevenNowadays there are a great many people who raise animals as pets, but still there are many people who are against for raising pets. What is your ideas for that problem. ( analyze the reasons why people raise or not raise the pets. And your own opinion about that.)。

Oral Test for Graduate Student Reexamination in 2014Test. 11.Is education a worthy investment? Why or why not？2.Do you think whether the electronic communication can replace the face-to-face contact ? Why ?3.What d oes “Work while work, play while play” mean?Test. 21.Do you think if education can change your life ?Why or why not?2.Is online chatting a reliable and effective way to make friends? Why？Is the introduction of western cultures likely to harm or benefit China's culture?Test. 31.How do you understand “Education is not the filling of a pail ,but the lighting of a fire ” ?2.What is better for a city to protect its traditional buildings and historical landmarks or build more modern high-rises?3.What is the impact of the internet on learning ?Test.41.What do you understand “A mother is not a person to lean on but person to make leaning unnecessary” ?2.Which means of transport is better, cars or buses?3.What is your ideal education in your heart?Test. 51.What is university for？2.What do you think of electronic reading?3.What do you think of over-using mobile phones ? What is the consequence ?。

Oral TestPart I. Read AloudDirections: In this part, you’ll have 1 minute to read one of the following 5 passages: 1. A Forever Friend"A friend walks in when the rest of the world walks out."Sometimes in life, you find a special friend: someone who changes your life just by being part of it; someone who makes you laugh until you can't stop; someone who makes you believe that there really is good in the world; someone who convinces you that there really is an unlocked door just waiting for you to open it. This is Forever Friendship.When you're down, and the world seems dark and empty, your forever friend lifts you up in spirits and makes that dark and empty world suddenly seem bright and full. Your forever friend gets you through the hard times, the sad times, and the confused times. If you turn and walk away, your forever friend follows, If you lose you way, your forever friend guides you and cheers you on. Your forever friend holds your hand and tells you that everything is going to be okay. And if you find such a friend, you feel happy and complete, because you need not worry. Your have a forever friend for life, and forever has no end.2.LoveI love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you.No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won't make you cry.The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can't have them.Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile.To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.Don't waste your time on a man/woman, who isn't willing to waste their time on you.Just because someone doesn't love you the way you want them to, doesn't mean they don't love you with all they have.Don't try to hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one, so that when we finally meet the person, we will know how to be grateful.Don't cry because it is over, smile because it happened.3.Love Your LifeHowever mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names. It is not so bad as you are. It looks poorest when you are richest. The fault-finder will find faults in paradise. Love your life, poor as it is. You may perhaps have some pleasant, thrilling, glorious hours, even in a poor-house. The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man's abode; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. I do not see but a quiet mind may live ascontentedly there, and have as cheering thoughts, as in a palace. The town's poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of any. Maybe they are simply great enough to receive without misgiving. Most think that they are above being supported by the town; but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest means, which should be more disreputable. Cultivate poverty like a garden herb, like sage. Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends, Turn the old, return to them. Things do not change; we change. Sell your clothes and keep your thoughts.4.I’ll give you some advice about life. Do more than others expect you to do and do itat pains. Remember what life tells you. Don’t take too hard everything you hear.Don’t spend all that you have. Don’t sleep as long as you want. Whenever you say “I love you”, please say it honestly. Whenever you say “I’m sorry”, please look into the other person’s eyes. Fall in love at first sight. Don’t neglect dreams. Love deeply and ardently, even there’s pain, but this is the way to make your life complete. Finda way to settle but not to dispute. Never judge people by their appearance. Speakslowly but think quickly. When someone asks you a question you don’t want to answer, smile and say, “why do you want to know?” remember that the man who can shoulder the most risk will gain the deepest love and the supreme accomplishment. Call your mother on the phone. If you can’t, you may think of her in you heart. When someone sneezes, say “God bless you”. If you fail, don’t forget to learn your lessons. Remember the three respects: respect yourself, respect others, and stand on dignity and pay attention to your behavior. Don’t let a little dispute break up a great friendship. Whenever you find your wrong doing, be quick with reparation. Whenever you make a phone call, smile when you pick up the phone, because someone can feel it. Marry a person who likes talking, because when you get old, you’ll find chatting to be a great advantage.5.I’ll give you some advice about life. Find time for yourself. Life will change whatyou are, but not who you are. Remember that silence is golden. Read more books and watch less television. Live a noble and honest life. Reviving past times in your old age will help you to enjoy life again. Trust God but don’t forget to lock the door.The harmonizing atmosphere of a family is valuable. Try your best to let your family harmony flows smoothly. When you quarrel with a close friend, talk about the main dish; don’t quibble over appetizers. You cannot hold onto yesterday. Figure out the meaning of someone’s words. Share your knowledge to continue a timeless tradition. Treat our earth in a friendly way. Don’t full around with Mother Nature.Do the thing you should do. Don’t trust a lover who kisses you without closing their eyes. Go to a place you’ve never been to every year. If you earn much money, the best way to spend it is on charitable deeds, while you’re alive. Remember, not all the best harvest is luck. Understand rules completely and change them reasonably.Remember, the best love is to love others unconditionally, rather than make demands on them. Comment on the success you have attained by looking in the past at the target you wanted to achieve most. In love and cooking, you must give 100% effort but expect a little appreciation.Part II. Mini SpeechDirections: In this part, you’ll have 2 minutes to make a mini speech on one of the following topics:1.Should college students do part-time jobs in their spare time? What are theadvantages and disadvantages?2.Many important natural resources such as water, forest, oil, etc. are running out inthe world today. What are the reasons and what should we do to protect them?3.Some people think mothers should stay at home to take care of her husband andchildren, while others advocate a working mother. Which opinion do you prefer? 4.If automobiles had never been invented, would the world be a better place or aworse one now? Why do you think so?5.Some people think science has good effects on your life; others think that sciencehas caused many problems around us. Give your point of view and explain why.6.Many girls consider thinness is beautiful and try to lose weight no matter whetherthey’re overweight or not. What do you think about this phenomenon?7.Many college students have got addicted to computer games. What’s your opinionabout this and what suggestions do you want to give them?8.What’s the simil arity and difference between newspapers and TV as source of news?Which one do you prefer?9.Are you in favor of online learning? What are its advantages and disadvantages?10.Do you think social activities are essential for college students? Should studentsattend social activities at the cost of their study? How can students strike a balance between these two?Requirements:✧Organize your speech well to make it clear in idea and coherent in structure.Remember this is a speech, but not a question-answering.✧Speak with the right pronunciation and intonation, in a moderate volume of voiceand at an appropriate speed.✧Pay attention to your time limits.。