一、单片机基础知识1.1介绍:单片机,简称MCU.内部集成了CPU,RAM,ROM,定时器,终端系统,通讯接口等一系列电脑的常用硬件功能1.1.1点亮一个LED:安装好stc-isp与Keil5C51,配置USB驱动;建立一个新工程,选择AT89C52型号添加新文件选择C语言(通常情况下)通过调节P20的电压实现点亮/熄灭写好程序勾选创建HEX文件,再次编译;配置芯片型号(带RC选RC)与串口点击打开程序文件打开HEX文件下载到单片机;查找时重启单片机电源;成功点亮1.1.2LED闪烁:可从此处进行延时函数复制(系统频率一般默认为12Hz)#include<REGX52.H>//The Definition#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_()void Delay500ms() //@12.000MHz{unsigned char i, j, k;_nop_();i = 4;j = 205;k = 187;do{do{while (--k);} while (--j);} while (--i);}void main(){while(1){P2 = 0xFE;//1111 1110 There is a pressure drop across the diode Delay500ms();P2 = 0xFF;//1111 1111 There isn't a pressure drop across the diode Delay500ms();}}使用此函数进行LED闪烁;1.1.3LED流水灯:通过控制P2管脚的十六进制数值改变对应LED灯的压降,实现亮/灭;P2实际上为8位一体的导线;P2_X则可以操作单独的LED控件#include<REGX52.H>//The Definition#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_()void Delay1ms(unsigned int xms) //@12.000MHz{unsigned char i, j;while(xms){i = 2;j = 239;do{while (--j);} while (--i);xms--;}}void main(){while(1){P2=0xFE;//1111 1110 D1Delay1ms(500);P2=0xFD;//1111 1101 D2Delay1ms(500);P2=0xFB;//1111 1011 D3Delay1ms(500);P2=0xF7;//1111 0111 D4Delay1ms(500);P2=0xEF;//1110 1111 D5Delay1ms(500);P2=0xDF;//1101 1111 D6Delay1ms(500);P2=0xBF;//1011 1111 D7Delay1ms(500);P2=0x7F;//0111 1111 D8Delay1ms(500);}}1.2独立按键控制LED亮灭:通过查询原理图发现,K1独立按键对应P3_1;#include<REGX52.H>//The Definitionvoid main(){while(1){if(P3_1){//UPP2_0=1;//D1 Dark}else{//DOWNP2_0=0;//D1 Light}}}1.2.1独立按键控制LED状态:按键抖动:对于机械开关,当机械触点断开,闭合时,由于机械触点的弹性作用,一个开关在闭合时不会马上稳定地接通,在断开时也不会立刻断开,开关闭合/断开时往往伴随着波动#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_()void Delay(unsigned int xms){unsigned char i, j;while(xms){i = 2;j = 239;do{while (--j);} while (--i);xms--;}}void main(){while(1){if(!P3_1){//DOWNDelay(20);while(!P3_1);Delay(20);P2_0=~P2_0;}}}消除误差1.2.2独立按键控制LED显示二进制unsigned char 用来表示一个寄存器#include<REGX52.H>//The Definition#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_() void Delay(unsigned int xms){unsigned char i, j;while(xms){i = 2;j = 239;do{while (--j);} while (--i);xms--;}}void main(){unsigned char LEDNumber = 0;while(1){if(!P3_1){//DOWNDelay(20);while(!P3_1);Delay(20);LEDNumber++;P2=~LEDNumber;}}}对P2进行取反操作则为计算二进制数值1.2.3独立按键控制LED移位:#include<REGX52.H>//The Definition#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_() void Delay(unsigned int xms){unsigned char i, j;while(xms){i = 2;j = 239;do{while (--j);} while (--i);xms--;}}void main(){unsigned char LEDNumber=0;P2=~0x01;//Rename the character while(1){if(!P3_0){//K2 DOWN Moving RightDelay(20);while(!P3_0);Delay(20);LEDNumber++;if(LEDNumber>=8){LEDNumber=0;}P2=~(0x01<<LEDNumber);}if(!P3_1){//K1 DOWN Moving LeftDelay(20);while(!P3_1);Delay(20);if(!LEDNumber){LEDNumber=7;}else{LEDNumber--;}P2=~(0x01<<LEDNumber);}}}包括左移(K1)和右移(K2);if语句中为消除误差+移动计算;通过改变P2总导线压降,来控制对应LED灯的亮灭首先对P2进行初始化0000 0001 D1亮0x01<<00000 0010 D2 亮0x00<<1....1000 0000 D8亮0x00<<81.3静态数码管显示:确定静态数码管显示时,先根据所选型号与待输出数据确定位选(3.8引脚的高低电平)与段码(剩下引脚的高低电平)通过此两排端口进行控制,下方端口由P0控制通过138译码器实现仅一位LED为1的操作(其余为0),通过观察真值表确定端口: 三端口为P2引脚.C B A Y0 0 0 70 0 1 60 1 0 50 1 1 41 0 0 31 0 1 21 1 0 11 1 1 0DIR控制数据传输方向DIR通过J24控制电平高低.当DIR接高电平时,从左向右传输数据#include<REGX52.H>//The Definition#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_()void Delay(unsigned int xms){unsigned char i, j;while(xms){i = 2;j = 239;do{while (--j);} while (--i);xms--;}}unsigned char NixieTabel[]={0x3F,0x30,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,0x7D,0x07};void Nixie(unsigned char Location, Number){ switch(Location){case8:{P2_4=0;P2_3=0;P2_2=0;break;}case7:{P2_4=0;P2_3=0;P2_2=1;break;}case6:{P2_4=0;P2_3=1;P2_2=0;break;}case5:{P2_4=0;P2_3=1;P2_2=1;break;}case4:{P2_4=1;P2_3=0;P2_2=0;break;}case3:{P2_4=1;P2_3=0;P2_2=1;break;}case2:{P2_4=1;P2_3=1;P2_2=0;break;}case1:{P2_4=1;P2_3=1;P2_2=1;break;}}P0=NixieTabel[Number];}void main(){unsigned int location = 1, number = 0;while(1){if(location > 8){location = 1;number = 0;}Delay(1000);Nixie(location,number);location++;number++;}}1.3.1动态数码管显示在实现显示多个数据时,清零上一个数据,实现消影#include<REGX52.H>//The Definition#include<INTRINS.H>//Using the _nop_()void Delay(unsigned int xms){unsigned char i, j;while(xms){i = 2;j = 239;do{while (--j);} while (--i);xms--;}}unsigned char NixieTabel[]={0x3F,0x30,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,0x7D,0x07};void Nixie(unsigned char Location, Number){switch(Location){case8:{P2_4=0;P2_3=0;P2_2=0;break;}case7:{P2_4=0;P2_3=0;P2_2=1;break;}case6:{P2_4=0;P2_3=1;P2_2=0;break;}case5:{P2_4=0;P2_3=1;P2_2=1;break;}case4:{P2_4=1;P2_3=0;P2_2=0;break;}case3:{P2_4=1;P2_3=0;P2_2=1;break;}case2:{P2_4=1;P2_3=1;P2_2=0;break;}case1:{P2_4=1;P2_3=1;P2_2=1;break;}}P0=NixieTabel[Number];Delay(1);P0=0x00;//Creat Last digit.}void main(){while(1){Nixie(1,5);Nixie(2,2);Nixie(3,0);}}1.3.2LCD1602调试工具LCD_Init();//初始化LCD_ShowChar(1,1,'A');//显示一个字符LCD_ShowString(1,3,"Hello");//显示字符串LCD_ShowNum(1,9,123,3);//显示十进制数字LCD_ShowSignedNum(1,13,-66,2);//显示有符号十进制数字LCD_ShowHexNum(2,1,0xA8,2);//显示十六进制数字LCD_ShowBinNum(2,4,0xAA,8);//显示二进制数字1.4矩阵键盘:矩阵按键按列扫描P引脚均为弱上拉,即同时输入1&&0,输出0添加如下文件:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"unsigned char MatrixKey(){unsigned char KeyNumber=0;//先判断列数,再判断行数,避免电平错位P1=0xFF;//全部置为高电平P1_3=0;//仅启动P1_3--即第一列 if(!P1_7){Delay(20);while(!P1_7);Delay(20);KeyNumber=1;}if(!P1_6){Delay(20);while(!P1_6);Delay(20);KeyNumber=5;}if(!P1_5){Delay(20);while(!P1_5);Delay(20);KeyNumber=9;}if(!P1_4){Delay(20);while(!P1_4);Delay(20);KeyNumber=13;}P1=0xFF;//全部置为高电平P1_2=0;//仅启动P1_2--即第二列 if(!P1_7){Delay(20);while(!P1_7);Delay(20);KeyNumber=2;}if(!P1_6){Delay(20);while(!P1_6);Delay(20);KeyNumber=6;}if(!P1_5){Delay(20);while(!P1_5);Delay(20);KeyNumber=10;}if(!P1_4){Delay(20);while(!P1_4);Delay(20);KeyNumber=14;}P1=0xFF;//全部置为高电平P1_1=0;//仅启动P1_1--即第三列 if(!P1_7){Delay(20);while(!P1_7);Delay(20);KeyNumber=3;}if(!P1_6){Delay(20);while(!P1_6);Delay(20);KeyNumber=7;}if(!P1_5){Delay(20);while(!P1_5);Delay(20);KeyNumber=11;}if(!P1_4){Delay(20);while(!P1_4);Delay(20);KeyNumber=15;}P1=0xFF;//全部置为高电平P1_0=0;//仅启动P1_0--即第四列if(!P1_7){Delay(20);while(!P1_7);Delay(20);KeyNumber=4;}if(!P1_6){Delay(20);while(!P1_6);Delay(20);KeyNumber=8;}if(!P1_5){Delay(20);while(!P1_5);Delay(20);KeyNumber=12;}if(!P1_4){Delay(20);while(!P1_4);Delay(20);KeyNumber=16;}return KeyNumber;}1.4.1矩阵键盘密码锁main函数:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"#include "LCD1602.h"#include "MatrixKey.h"unsigned int KeyNumber;unsigned int PassWord,Count;//密码,位数void main(){LCD_Init();LCD_ShowString(1,1,"PassWord:");while(1){KeyNumber=MatrixKey();if(KeyNumber){if(KeyNumber<=10){//将10变成0,仅考虑0~9范围内if(Count<4){PassWord*=10;//每输入一位密码,当前密码左移一位 PassWord+=KeyNumber%10;//获取一位密码Count++;//计次}LCD_ShowNum(2,1,PassWord,4);//输出密码}if(KeyNumber==11){//清零Count=0;//清零次数PassWord=0;//清零密码LCD_ShowNum(2,1,PassWord,4);//更新显示}if(KeyNumber==12){//确认LCD_ShowString(1,12," ");if(PassWord==1976){LCD_ShowString(1,12,"OK");}else{LCD_ShowString(1,12,"ERROR");}//清零Count=0;PassWord=0;LCD_ShowNum(2,1,PassWord,4);//更新显示}}}}1.5定时器1.5.1按键控制LED流水灯模式TMOD:定时器寄存器:配置M1,M2为1 0-更改为16定时器模式0~65535:溢出时才进行中断判断每隔1us计数加一,总共定时时间65535us;赋初值64535-1000us(1ms)后计数器溢出,进行中断操作快捷生成定时器模块该函数未配置中断与中断优先级,且定时器时钟模式不需要定义定时器函数://1ms定时器void Timer0_Init(){//模式寄存器,高四位为计时器1,低四位为计时器2//高四位不变,低四位清零:10101100&11110000=10100000TMOD&=0xF0;//高四位不变,低四位赋1:10101100|00000001=10100001TMOD|=0x01;//控制寄存器;能单独对部分赋值TF0=0;//中断标志TR0=1;//运行控制位;1时运行T0进行计数//给定时器赋初值TH0=0xFC;//64535高八位TL0=0x18;//64535低八位//配置中断ET0=1;EA=1;//优先级选取PT0=0;}中断函数://定时器中断函数void Timer0_Rountine() interrupt 1{static unsigned int T0Count;//计数//复位TH0=0xFC;//64535高八位TL0=0x18;//64535低八位T0Count++;//每中断一次计数加一if(T0Count>=1000){//1ms中断一次,中断1000次则为1s //具体操作T0Count=0;P2_0=~P2_0;//闪烁}}主函数:#include <REGX52.H>#include <INTRINS.H>#include "Timer0.h"#include "Key.h"unsigned char KeyNumber,LEDMode;void main(){P2=0xFE;//点亮D1,给予循环移位初值Timer0_Init();//启用定时器while(1){KeyNumber=Key();if(KeyNumber){//按下独立按键if(KeyNumber==1){//S1为模式改变按键LEDMode++;if(LEDMode>=2){//仅有0|1两种模式LEDMode=0;}}}}}//中断操作void Timer0_Rountine() interrupt 1{ static unsigned int T0Count;//计数//给定时器赋初值复位TH0=0xFC;//64535高八位TL0=0x18;//64535低八位T0Count++;//每中断一次计数加一if(T0Count>=500){//0.5s操作一次T0Count=0;if(LEDMode){//模式1P2=_cror_(P2,1);//右移一位}else{//模式0P2=_crol_(P2,1);//左移一位}}}1.5.2定时器时钟:#include <REGX52.H>#include <INTRINS.H>#include "Timer0.h"#include "LCD1602.h"unsigned char Second,Minute,Hour;void main(){LCD_Init();//显示屏初始化LCD_ShowString(1,1,"Clock:");Timer0_Init();//启用定时器while(1){LCD_ShowNum(2,1,Hour,2);LCD_ShowString(2,3,":");LCD_ShowNum(2,4,Minute,2);LCD_ShowString(2,6,":");LCD_ShowNum(2,7,Second,2);}}//中断操作void Timer0_Rountine() interrupt 1{static unsigned int T0Count;//计数//给定时器赋初值复位TH0=0xFC;//64535高八位TL0=0x18;//64535低八位T0Count++;//每中断一次计数加一if(T0Count>=1000){//0.5s操作一次T0Count=0;Second++;if(Second==60){Minute++;Second=0;if(Minute==60){Hour++;Minute=0;if(Hour==25){Hour=Minute=Second=0;}}}}}1.6串口:1.6.1串口通信:配置波特率:1.6.2交互数据传输:#include <REGX52.H>//串口函数******************void UART_Init(){//配置串行控制寄存器,调整工作模式1SCON=0x50;//允许双向传输,REN置为1,配置使能//配置波特率选择位--需要配置定时器PCON|=0x80;//最高位置1,波特率加倍//定时器模式寄存器式//使用双八位模式(复位与计数分开)提高精度//清除定时器1模式位TMOD&=0x0F;//设定定时器1为八位自动重装方式TMOD|=0x20;//256溢出一次TL1=0xF4;//设定定时器初值TH1=0xF4;//设定定时器重装值ET1=0;//禁止定时器1中断TR1=1;//启动定时器1//使能中断EA=1;ES=1;}//发送函数void UART_SendByte(unsigned char Byte){SBUF=Byte;//发送数据到SBUF缓存器中即可进行传输//检测是否完成while(!TI);TI=0;}#ifndef __UART_H__#define __UART_H__/*串口函数输入:void输出:void功能:实现串口使用的初始化*/void UART_Init();/*串口发送函数输入:void输出:void功能:通过串口发送数据至接收端*/void UART_SendByte(unsigned char Byte);#endifmain:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"#include "UART.h"void main(){UART_Init();while(1){}}//使能中断函数;发送/接收中断函数void UART_Routine() interrupt 4{if(RI==1){//限制仅为接收中断才进行后续操作P2=~SBUF;//外部设备传输数据存放在SBUF缓存器内 UART_SendByte(SBUF);//输出传入数据RI=0;}}1.7LED点阵屏:通过74HC595三个引脚控制八个LED 显示(新版板子是没有该八位LED 的)通过控制75HC595进行数据传输: #include <REGX52.H>//重新进行声明sbit RCK = P 3^5; //RCLKsbit SCK = P 3^6; //SRCLKsbit SER = P 3^4;//移位寄存器输入数据void _74HC595_WriteByte(unsigned char Byte){unsigned char i;for(i=0;i<8;i++){//从高位开始缓存数据SER=Byte&(0x80>>i);//非零置一0x80--10000000SCK=1;//赋予高电平进行移位SCK=0;//复位}RCK=1;//传输数据RCK=0;//复位}void main(){//初始化SCK=0;RCK=0;_74HC595_WriteByte(0xF0);while(1){}}1.7.1LED点阵屏显示动画:使用该软件进行数据读取MatrixLED_ShowColumn.c:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"#include "MatrixLED_ShowColumn.h"//移位寄存器输入数据,控制段选void _74HC595_WriteByte(unsigned char Byte){unsigned char i;for(i=0;i<8;i++){//从高位开始缓存数据SER=Byte&(0x80>>i);//非零置一0x80--10000000SCK=1;//赋予高电平进行移位SCK=0;//复位}RCK=1;//传输数据RCK=0;//复位}//LED点阵屏void MatrixLED_ShowColumn(unsigned char Column,unsigned char Data){ _74HC595_WriteByte(Data);//段选MATRIX_LED_PORT=~(0x80>>Column);//位选0时出现压降,导通Delay(1);MATRIX_LED_PORT=0xFF;//位清零}//初始化void MatrixLED_Init(){SCK=0;RCK=0;}MatrixLED_ShowColumn.h:#ifndef _MATRIXLED_H__#define _MATRIXLED_H__//重新进行声明sbit RCK= P3^5;//RCLKsbit SCK= P3^6;//SRCLKsbit SER= P3^4;#define MATRIX_LED_PORT P0/*移位寄存器函数输入:Byte-点阵屏行数据输出:void功能:通过输入数据对LED点阵屏行(即位选)进行调整范围:0~7*/void _74HC595_WriteByte(unsigned char Byte);/*LED点阵屏函数输入：Column-位选 Data-段选输出:void功能:通过输入位选与段选实现LED点阵屏的动画演示*/void MatrixLED_ShowColumn(unsigned char Column,unsigned char Data);/*LED点阵屏初始化函数输入:void输出:void功能:对LED相关参数进行初始化*/void MatrixLED_Init();#endifmain.c:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"#include "MatrixLED_ShowColumn.h"unsigned char code Animation[]={//存放在flash内存中,避免占用RAM内存0x00,0x40,0x20,0x1F,0x20,0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x40,0x7F,0x40,0x40,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7E,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x02,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x76,0x91,0x89,0x6E,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7F,0x88,0x88,0x70,0x00,0x00,};void main(){//只要是局部变量的定义都要放在所在函数体内的第一行unsigned char j,Offset,Count;MatrixLED_Init();while(1){for(j=0;j<8;j++){MatrixLED_ShowColumn(j,Animation[j+Offset]);}Count++;if(Count>10){//扫描十遍偏移一次Count=0;Offset+=8;Delay(200);if(Offset>32){//防止溢出Offset=0;}}}}1.8DS1032定时时钟:从上到下依次存储不同的时间左边两列为其地址命令字第六位:1-RAM;0-CK,对时钟进行操作(有横线代表低电平有效)仅改变前七位,最后一位恒为1前一个字节是命令字,后一个是数据重新定义该三个端口1.8.1DS1302固定时钟主函数:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"#include "DS1302.h"#include "LCD1602.h"void main(){LCD_Init();DS1302_Init();LCD_ShowString(1,1," - - ");LCD_ShowString(2,1," : : ");DS1302_SetTime();//设置时间//DS1302芯片内部自动会进行时间进位,不需要手动设置,只需要输入初始时间即可while(1){DS1302_ReadTime();//读入时间LCD_ShowNum(1,1,DS1302_Time[0],2);LCD_ShowNum(1,4,DS1302_Time[1],2);LCD_ShowNum(1,7,DS1302_Time[2],2);LCD_ShowNum(2,1,DS1302_Time[3],2);LCD_ShowNum(2,4,DS1302_Time[4],2);LCD_ShowNum(2,7,DS1302_Time[5],2);}}DS1302.c:#include <REGX52.H>#include "Delay.h"//重新定义端口名称,便于模块化集成sbit DS1302_SCLK=P3^6;sbit DS1302_IO=P3^4;sbit DS1302_CE=P3^5;#define DS1302_SECOND 0x80#define DS1302_MINUTE 0x82#define DS1302_HOUR 0x84#define DS1302_DATE 0x86#define DS1302_MONTH 0x88#define DS1302_DAY 0x8A#define DS1302_YEAR 0x8C#define DS1302_WP 0x8E//Year,Month,Day,Hour,Minute,Second,Weekdayunsigned char DS1302_Time[]={22,5,22,21,19,55,7};//DS1302初始化,将使能端置0,SCLK置0void DS1302_Init(void){DS1302_CE=0;DS1302_SCLK=0;}//写入操作void DS1302_WriteByte(unsigned char Command, unsigned char Data){ //写入预操作//Command的第零位赋予IO口,第零位是标志位,判断读/写//Command与Data都是通过上升沿进行判断,因此总共有16个脉冲unsigned char i;DS1302_CE=1;//进行Command判断for(i=0;i<8;i++){DS1302_IO=Command&(0x01<<i);//进行电平变化,产生上升沿与下降沿DS1302_SCLK=1;Delay(1);//一般需要增加延时,具体参考芯片手册DS1302_SCLK=0;}//进行数据写入for(i=0;i<8;i++){DS1302_IO=Data&(0x01<<i);DS1302_SCLK=1;Delay(1);DS1302_SCLK=0;}//写入末操作DS1302_CE=0;}unsigned char DS1302_ReadByte(unsigned char Command){//读入预操作unsigned char i;unsigned char Data=0x00;Command|=0x01;//此处将最低位,置成1,使输入的写Command变成读Command DS1302_CE=1;//读入的Command是上升沿,而Data是下降沿,因此总共有15个脉冲for(i=0;i<8;i++){DS1302_IO=Command&(0x01<<i);//调整位置确保脉冲与Data一致DS1302_SCLK=0;DS1302_SCLK=1;}//读入数据//IO口默认为0,因此输入的数据为1时,for(i=0;i<8;i++){DS1302_SCLK=1;DS1302_SCLK=0;if(DS1302_IO){Data|=(0x01<<i);}}//读入末操作DS1302_CE=0;DS1302_IO=0;return Data;}unsigned char ChangeToDec(unsigned char Number){return (Number/16*10+Number%16);}。
