厦门大学 英汉教程 第一章
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英汉翻译教程第一讲完整版.ppt
11. Constant dripping wears away a stone. 11.水滴石穿.
12. Creep before you walk.
12. 循序渐进。
13. Don't put the cart before the horse.
13. 不要本末倒置。
14. Don't trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.
11. Constant dripping wears away a stone. 12. Creep before you walk. 13. Don't put the cart before the horse. 14. Don't trouble trouble until trouble
境和风俗习惯的影响而具有不同的特点。 Drug : 药; 大麻（美俚）
1.2.5 社会政治
一些词语的意义，有时与社会政治密切相关。就 是说，社会制度相同，有关文化之间的差异就比 较少；社会制度不同， 差异就相对地多一些。如：
working class; peasant propaganda; Exploit （开发利用、获取利润） 汉语中是：“剥削”
1.2.6 文学艺术
文学艺术反映一个民族的感情色彩。 对待同一事物， 不同民族的文化感情色彩可能完全不同
Dragon, dog, ox
不同文化艺术中，人们还常常用不同的事物表达相 同的思想。
Work like a horse 像老黄牛一样干活。
As strong as a horse As stupid as a goose
Scope of translation
Unit 1 翻译概述
信
• 首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须 首先指忠实于原作的内容。 把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来， 内容完整而准确地表达出来 把原作的内容完整而准确地表达出来， 不得有任何篡改、歪曲、 不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意 增删 的现象。 的现象。
• 内容通常指作品中所叙述的事实、说明的事理、描写的 内容通常指作品中所叙述的事实、说明的事理、 通常指作品中所叙述的事实 事理 景物以及作者在叙述 说明和描写过程中所反映的思想 以及作者在叙述、 思想、 景物以及作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、 观点、立场和所流露的感情等 和所流露的感情 观点、立场和所流露的感情等。
colorful tickets
译成：
隐形眼镜
invisible glasses
20
* All the answers are not right. （ 1 ）所有的答案都不对。 所有的答案都不对。 答案未必全对。 （ 2 ）答案未必全对。
达
* 不拘原文形式，尽译语 不拘原文形式， 之能事以求原意明显； 之能事以求原意明显； * 译文通顺流畅。 译文通顺流畅 通顺流畅。
Wuhan University （date back to 1893）： Nanjing University （founded in 1902）：
Be Honest and Intelligent, Study Hard and Act Sincerely
4
一些著名高等学府的中英文校训
北京大学（创建于1898年）：爱国 进步 民主 科学 武汉大学（前身建于1893年）：自强 弘毅 求 是 拓新 南京大学（创建于1902年）：诚朴雄伟 励学 敦行 Hong Kong Polytechnic University （founded in 1937）： To Learn and to Apply for the Benefit of Mankind 香港理工大学（创建于1937年）：开物 成务 励学利民
大学英语自学教程(上下合本)课文英文原文
大学英语自学教程(上下合本)课文英文原文Lesson 1: Introduction to College EnglishIn this first lesson, we will introduce you to the basic structure of the course and provide you with some tips on how to study effectively. We will also discuss the importance of setting goals and creating a study plan.Lesson 2: Grammar BasicsIn this lesson, we will cover the basic rules of English grammar. We will discuss nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. We will also provide you with some examples of how to use these parts of speech in sentences.Lesson 3: Vocabulary BuildingLesson 4: Reading ComprehensionLesson 5: Writing SkillsWriting is an important skill for academic and professional success. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how to improve your writing skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your writing skills.Lesson 6: Listening SkillsListening is an important skill for learning English. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how toimprove your listening skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your listening skills.Lesson 7: Speaking SkillsLesson 8: Review and AssessmentWe hope that you find this course helpful and enjoyable. Good luck on your journey to mastering the English language!Lesson 9: Cultural AwarenessLesson 10: Advanced GrammarIn this lesson, we will cover more advanced aspects of English grammar, including verb tenses, modal verbs, and passive voice. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you understand and practice these grammar points.Lesson 11: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an important skill for success in higher education. In this lesson, we will discuss the structure and conventions of academic writing, including essay organization, citation styles, and plagiarism. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your academic writing skills.Lesson 12: Pronunciation and Accent ReductionPronunciation is an important aspect of spoken English. In this lesson, we will discuss the phonetic system ofEnglish and provide you with some tips on how to improve your pronunciation and reduce your accent. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your pronunciation skills.Lesson 13: English for Specific PurposesEnglish is used in a wide range of fields, including business, medicine, and law. In this lesson, we will explore some specialized vocabulary and expressions used in these fields. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your English skills for specific purposes.Lesson 14: Conversation PracticeLesson 15: Final ProjectLesson 16: Advanced Reading StrategiesLesson 17: Public SpeakingPublic speaking is a valuable skill in many professional settings. In this lesson, we will discuss techniques for effective public speaking, including speech organization, delivery, and audience engagement. We will provide you with opportunities to practice delivering speeches and receive feedback to improve your public speaking skills.Lesson 18: Advanced Listening ComprehensionLesson 19: English for Travel and TourismLesson 20: English for Job InterviewsLesson 21: Advanced Writing TechniquesIn this lesson, we will explore advanced writing techniques, such as persuasive writing, argumentative writing, and creative writing. We will provide you with writingprompts and guidelines to help you develop your writingskills in different genres.Lesson 22: English for Social MediaLesson 23: English for Academic ResearchConducting academic research requires strong English language skills. In this lesson, we will discuss techniquesfor reading and understanding academic articles, as well as how to write research papers and cite sources correctly. Wewill provide you with practice exercises to enhance your academic research skills.Lesson 24: English for International RelationsIf you are interested in pursuing a career ininternational relations, this lesson will be beneficial. Wewill explore the language used in diplomacy, negotiations,and international conferences. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you develop your Englishskills in this specialized field.Lesson 25: Final ReflectionWe hope that this College English SelfStudy Course has equipped you with the necessary tools and knowledge to excelin your English language abilities. Remember to practiceregularly, seek opportunities for language immersion, and never stop learning. Good luck in all your endeavors!。
汉英翻译(厦门大学课程)教案
汉英翻译(厦门大学课程)教案第一章：翻译基本概念与理论1.1 翻译的定义与历史1.2 翻译的种类与标准1.3 翻译的基本原则与策略1.4 翻译的过程与步骤1.5 翻译理论与实践的关系第二章：语言与翻译2.1 语言的本质与特征2.2 语言的分类与翻译2.3 语言的层次与翻译2.4 语言的变体与翻译2.5 语言与文化的关系与翻译第三章：词义与翻译3.1 词义的概念与特点3.2 词义的分类与翻译3.3 词义的变化与翻译3.4 词义的转移与翻译3.5 词义的翻译策略与技巧第四章：语法与翻译4.1 语法的基本概念与特点4.2 词类的分类与翻译4.3 句子的结构与翻译4.4 语态与语气与翻译4.5 语法错误的翻译与修正第五章：修辞与翻译5.1 修辞的基本概念与作用5.2 常见的修辞手法与翻译5.3 修辞的翻译原则与策略5.4 修辞的适应与调整5.5 修辞的翻译案例分析第六章：文本类型与翻译6.1 文本类型的分类与特征6.2 不同文本类型的翻译策略6.3 文学文本的翻译6.4 学术论文的翻译6.5 广告文本的翻译第七章：翻译技巧与策略7.1 直译与意译7.2 忠实与通顺7.3 归化与异化7.4 省略与增译7.5 词类转译与结构调整第八章：计算机辅助翻译工具8.1 CAT工具的基本原理与使用8.2 常见CAT工具的介绍与比较8.3 术语管理器与语料库的使用8.4 网络资源与在线翻译工具8.5 CAT工具在翻译实践中的应用第九章：实践与案例分析9.1 汉英翻译案例选编9.2 翻译批评与评价9.3 翻译错误分析与避免9.5 翻译项目管理与团队协作第十章：翻译与跨文化交流10.1 翻译与跨文化交流的关系10.2 文化差异与翻译10.3 跨文化交流中的翻译策略10.4 翻译与跨文化能力的培养10.5 翻译在跨文化交流中的作用与限制重点和难点解析重点环节1：翻译基本概念与理论翻译的定义与历史：理解翻译的本质，以及翻译在不同文化和历史背景下的发展。
Unit 1
16
4. In terms of disposal (处理方式)
full-text translation （全文翻译） abridged translation （摘译） adapted translation （编译）
17
Translation Unit 汉英翻译的单位
对初学者而言，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。
9
Methods of Learning Translation
1. Practice (makes perfect).
Theories ( Practice should be based on theories) 2. An interpreter / translator has to know everything of something, and something of everything. a) 一个口译或笔译人员对一些事情要什么都懂，对 什么事情又要懂一些。 b) 翻译人员对有些事情要无所不晓，对什么事情要 略知一二。 c) 翻译人员搞学问，既要精深，又要渊博。 3. Learn from group members. Divide the class into groups (4-5 in each group)
Chinese-English Translation
Unit One
Introduction to Translation
1
Brief course description
Chinese English Translation is a compulsory major course for grade three students. It aims at further cultivating the SS’ ability of C- E translation based on the previous learning. The students should have the ability to master some basic theories and techniques in translating. E.g. the differences between C and E, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with special sentences, etc. learning to use the correct strategy to handle some difficult problems. Through study, the students should translate some Chinese material at intermediate level.
厦门大学基础英语教材
厦门大学基础英语教材Introduction:The Basic English textbook at Xiamen University is designed to provide fundamental language skills and knowledge to students. Developed by experienced educators, the textbook aims to enhance students' English proficiency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This article will explore the content of the textbook and its effectiveness in helping students achieve their language learning goals.Unit 1: Introduction to Basic EnglishThe first unit of the textbook introduces the concept of Basic English and its importance in global communication. Students learn greetings, introductions, and basic conversational phrases. Simple grammar rules and sentence structures are also covered, enabling students to construct basic sentences.Unit 2: Vocabulary BuildingVocabulary plays a crucial role in language learning. This unit focuses on expanding students' vocabulary by introducing commonly used words and phrases. Students engage in various activities such as word games, matching exercises, and context-based learning to improve their word recognition and usage.Unit 3: Listening SkillsEffective listening skills are essential for language comprehension. This unit provides students with opportunities to practice listening through audiomaterials, dialogues, and real-life conversations. Students develop their ability to understand different accents, extract key information, and respond appropriately.Unit 4: Speaking SkillsThe textbook emphasizes the development of speaking skills through interactive exercises and role-plays. Students learn to express themselves using correct pronunciation, intonation, and vocabulary. They engage in pair and group discussions, presentations, and debates, enabling them to communicate effectively in various situations.Unit 5: Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension is crucial for language comprehension and academic success. This unit focuses on improving students' reading skills through a wide range of authentic texts, including articles, essays, and news reports. Students learn to analyze the main idea, identify supporting details, and infer meanings from context, enhancing their overall reading proficiency.Unit 6: Writing SkillsIn this unit, students learn the fundamentals of effective writing. They practice structuring sentences, paragraphs, and essays using appropriate grammar and vocabulary. Writing activities include descriptive and narrative writing, opinion essays, and formal letters. Students receive feedback to improve their composition skills.Unit 7: Grammar and SyntaxGrammar forms the backbone of any language. This unit provides a comprehensive overview of English grammar, including tenses, parts of speech, sentence structures, and common grammatical errors. Students engage in grammar exercises and quizzes to reinforce their understanding and application of grammar rules.Unit 8: Cultural AwarenessUnderstanding different cultures is important for effective communication. This unit exposes students to aspects of English-speaking countries' culture and customs. Students learn about traditions, festivals, and etiquette, fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation.Conclusion:The Basic English textbook at Xiamen University offers a well-rounded approach to language learning. Its systematic structure, engaging activities, and comprehensive content enable students to develop their English skills effectively. The textbook not only enhances students' language proficiency but also cultivates their cultural awareness and communicative competence. By following this curriculum, students can lay a solid foundation in English and prepare themselves for further language learning and academic success.。
大学英语教程1读写译UNI
Timed Reading
Set a timer and practice reading at a faster pace while maintaining comprehension. Gradually increase the reading speed over time.
Eye Movement Training
• Writing Skills: Students will learn to write effectively in English, with a focus on essay writing, report writing, and creative writing. They will also learn to edit and proofread their own work.
summarizing key information.
02
Analyzing Text Structure
Recognize how the text is organized and identify important
elements such as the introduction, body, and conclusion.
Content Overview
The textbook covers a range of topics such as education, culture, technology, environment, and social issues. It includes a variety of text types such as essays, reports, news articles, short stories, and poems. The content is designed to engage students in critical thinking and discussion while improving their language skills.
Set a timer and practice reading at a faster pace while maintaining comprehension. Gradually increase the reading speed over time.
Eye Movement Training
• Writing Skills: Students will learn to write effectively in English, with a focus on essay writing, report writing, and creative writing. They will also learn to edit and proofread their own work.
summarizing key information.
02
Analyzing Text Structure
Recognize how the text is organized and identify important
elements such as the introduction, body, and conclusion.
Content Overview
The textbook covers a range of topics such as education, culture, technology, environment, and social issues. It includes a variety of text types such as essays, reports, news articles, short stories, and poems. The content is designed to engage students in critical thinking and discussion while improving their language skills.
厦门大学汉译英（2）
厦门⼤学汉译英（2）第⼆部分汉英⽂化⽐较相关参考：“⽂化的内涵丰富，包括社会组织、政经制度。
学术思想、风俗习惯等等，语⾔也在其内。
……学英语，既要在语⾔之⼤学，也要在语⾔之外——在社会⽂化背景中学。
”——王宗炎，1993年现在⼈们认识到，语⾔⾄少有两套规则：⼀是结构规则，即语⾳、词汇、语法等，⼆是使⽤规则，即决定使⽤语⾔是否得体的诸因素。
⼀句完全合乎语法的话，⽤于不恰当的场合，说得不合说话⼈的⾝份，或者违反当地的社会风俗习惯，就达不到交际的⽬的，有时甚⾄造成意想不到的后果。
语⾔的使⽤规则实际上就是这种语⾔所属⽂化的各种因素。
因此，学习和运⽤外语必须了解与这种外语有密切关系的⽂化。
如果掌握语法知识有助于保证所造的外语句⼦结构正确，那么熟悉有关⽂化知识则有助于保证使⽤外语得当。
——邓炎昌、刘润清，《语⾔⽂⽂化》第⼀节⽂化和语⾔的关系⼀、⽂化戚⾬村先⽣在《语⾔·⽂化·对⽐》⼀⽂中，对⼴义⽂化和狭义⽂化作了精辟的概括：“⼴义的⽂化指⼈类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，狭义的⽂化指社会意识形态、以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构；有时也特指教育、科学、⽂学、艺术等⽅⾯的精神财富，以便与政治、经济、军事等⽅⾯的知识和设施相区别。
”（见《外语研究》1992年第2期）⼴义的⽂化包括三个层次的内容：(1)物质⽂化，如建筑物、服饰、⾷品、⼯具等；(2)制度习俗⽂化，包括制度、法规，以及相应的设施和风俗习惯等；(3)精神⽂化，包括价值观念、思维⽅式、宗教信仰等，也包括哲学、科学、⽂学艺术⽅⾯的成就和产品。
⼆、⽂化中的语⾔语⾔是⽂化的⼀部分，是极其重要的⼀部分，因此可以说，⽂化是语⾔活动的⼤环境。
⽂化反映在语⾔⽂字中，⽂化⼜存在于使⽤该语⾔⽂字民族的知识结构中。
语⾔中的⽂化因素与⼈们头脑中的⽂化意识相互作⽤，由此完成⼈际交流的任务。
原有的⽂化环境⼀旦改变或失去，或⽂化得以寄托的语⾔系统发⽣变化，⽂语联系就要中断，仅靠语⾔本⾝的概念意义，交流的任务可能难以完成，甚⾄失败。
Unit 1 翻译概况
林语堂：翻译是一种艺术。（林语堂，1933） 董秋斯：翻译是一种科学。（董秋斯，1951） 林汉达：正确的翻译就是“尽可能按照中国语文的习惯、忠实地表达原文中所有 的意义”（林汉达：《英文翻译原则方法实例》中华书局，1953”） 金岳霖：“翻译大约有两种，一种是意译，另一种是译味。所谓译味是把句子所 有的情感上意味，用不同的语言文字表示出来；所谓译意就是把字句的意念上的 意义，用不同的语言文字表示出来”（金岳霖：“论翻译”，《翻译论集》，商 务印书馆，1984） 矛 盾：“文学翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读 原文的时候能够感受到像原作一样的得到启发，感动和美的感受”（矛盾，1954） “文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术已经传达出来，使读者再读译文的 时候能够像堵原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。”（茅盾：“为发展文学 翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗”，（《译文》杂志，1954年10月号） A.A.思米尔诺夫：“我们认为等同的翻译是这样的：译文要能够传达作者的全部 意图（包括他深思熟虑的，也包括它无意识的），即作者在对读者产生一定思想 感情上的艺术作用这个意义上的全部意图，而且要尽可能地（使用准确的对应物 或较为满意的代替物）保全作者所运用的形象、色彩、节奏等各种手段；但是， 不能把后者看成是目的本身，而只能看作区的总的效果的一种手段。毫无疑问， 这样就需要选择原文中某些次要的成分予以舍弃。”（转引自加切奇拉泽“现实 主义翻译及其理论任务”《翻译通讯》，1984年第11期）
先看一个句子：When quenstioned about the responsibility of the researchers in terms of the students who thought killing themselves who had actuallyy tried, the spokesperson took a turn and answered another quention;they intended to do something about the high percent of students who reported rape or forced sexual contact.咋一眼看这 个句子，觉得好长，让人生畏，不知道如何下手， 大概意思看懂，但是要用中文总结出来似乎有点难 度，的确，如果根据原文翻译的话，句子就会变得 很生硬：“当问到研究人员对那些曾经有过自杀念 头以及那些真试图自杀的学生负责什么时，主持人 转换了话题回答了另一个问题，他们打算做一些关 于高比例的学生曾经报告被强奸或被性骚扰的事”。
厦大口译08秋1级
厦大口译08秋1级第一篇：厦大口译08秋1级2008年秋季厦门大学英语口译资格证书考试1级试题2008年秋季厦门大学英语口译资格证书考试1级试题第一部分：单句口译1.汉译英1.我先带您去酒店休息一下，晚上7点再来接您。
2.我非常高兴地欢迎各位出席本次大会。
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9.如果顺利的话，也许两个月我们就可以将所有手续办好。
10.我们公司今年最新研发了几款玩具，您可以在这本产品目录上找到具体的介绍。
2.English to Chinese １.Could you please give me a brief introduction to your school? ２.I would like to introduce our team.This is my manager, Jack.This is my assistant, Bethany and my IT specialist, Scott.３.When does the conference start tomorrow? Also are there any last minute changes to the program? ４.How many people will be at the opening ceremony tomorrow? ５.Thank you very much for coming all the way to meet me in person.６.I'd like to know something about your foreign trade policy.It is said that a new policy is being put into practice.Is that true? ７.Our company is sure that both partners will have a bright future.８.Would you please tell me yourschedule so that we could arrange for your visit? ９.This time I’m here to discuss the establishment of a new factory in China with you.10.This product is very competitive in quality and price, plus we will offer a special discount on the day it is released.Part Two Dialogue Interpreting 情景：中国游客向夏威夷旅游局驻华的工作人员咨询旅游内容事宜，请为他们口译。
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第一章翻译的基本知识第一节翻译的类型根据语言学家罗曼·雅可布逊（Roman Jakobson）(1959/1966:233)论述，翻译可以分成三种类型：语内翻译（intralingual translation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language），是指同一语言中用一些语言符号解释另一些语言符号，如古文翻译成现代文。
语际翻译（interlingual translation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language），是指两种语言之间的翻译，即用另一种语言的语符来解释一种语言的语符，这就是人们通常所指的“翻译”，如英汉翻译。
符际翻译（intersemiotic translation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal sign system），是指通过非语言的符号系统解释语言符号，或用语言符号解释非语言符号，如把语言符号用图画、手势、数学、电影或音乐来表达。
罗曼·雅可布逊的这三种类型的划分具有重要的意义。
他使我们认识了广义和狭义的翻译概念。
雅可布逊首次提出了翻译中的对等概念。
在语内翻译中，是用一个语符单位替代另一个语符单位，对一个词的翻译可以选用同义词或者迂回表达法。
但同义词不可能是完全对等的词，而改换说法会使原意有增减。
同样，在语际翻译中，符号与符号之间一般也没有完全的对等关系。
人们通常不是用一种语言的语符替代另一种语言中的单个的符号，而是替代“更大的单位”，即“信息”（message），是用信息替代信息。
也就是说，在语际翻译中，我们所关注的不仅是符号与符号之间的对应（即逐词对应），而且也关注符号和符号组合的对等。
翻译所涉及的是两种不同语符的对等信息。
但双语符之间不存在完全对等的关系，对等关系存在于符号所承载的信息。
因此，语际翻译不是符号翻译，而是信息转换（李文革，2004）。
符际翻译的内容更是广泛多样，把语言符号转换为其他形式，如图画、电影、电视或音乐，其改编的幅度可能更大，常会涉及情节、内容、人物等的较大更改。
雅可布逊对翻译的三种分类，表明他对语言概念的观点，即语言概念是广泛的和无所不包的。
这三种类型的翻译，几乎包括了一切语言（和非语言）的交际活动。
翻译的定义虽然广泛，但当我们说“翻译”时，自然是指“语际翻译”。
而中文“翻译”一词词义丰富，基本可以涵盖英文的四种表达形式，表达四种不同的含义：translating（翻译过程）：进行翻译的过程，是活动而不是有形的物体；a translation（译作）：翻译过程的产品，即译语语篇；translation（翻译）：一个抽象概念，包括翻译过程和该过程的产品。
translator（译者）：翻译过程的执行者，译作的制作者。
在用中文表达时，我们或许可以用“翻译”一言以蔽之，但在用英文表述时，就要注意使用不同的词语。
第二节东西方学者论翻译翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来，具体说来，就是“换易言语使相解也”（[唐]贾公彦《义疏》）。
翻译的定义是开放性的，而不是排斥性的。
其目的不是要给翻译套上“紧箍咒”，或给出一个十全十美的定义，而是通过各家对翻译概念的论述，来展现翻译的特性和本质。
一．西方翻译家、翻译理论家观点：语文学观点：The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.The translation should have all the ease of the original composition (A. Tytler).Translation, the surmounting of the obstacles, is made possible by an equivalence of thought that lies behind its different verbal expressions (T. Savory, 1959: 13).Translation, essentially, is the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written or said in another.Translation is a pane of glass through which we look at the work of art (G. Mounin).Translation should produce a version which may be read with as much pleasure as the original, and yet remain faithful to its spirit, sense and style (A. V. Federov).（注解：作为翻译的语言学派的重要人物，Fedrove在这里却提出了一个翻译的文艺学观点。
可见，文学翻译归根到底是艺术。
）语言学观点：Translation is the “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” (J. C. Catford, 1965:20).Translation is “an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language” (Jakobson, 1959/1966: 233).Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences (Dubois).Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (Meetham and Hudson).Translation is the “the transfer of …meaning‟ from one set of language signs to another set of language signs” (Lawendowski, 1978:267).Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (E. Nida, 1969/1982:12).功能理论观点：Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text (Nord, 1991:28).Translation is a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language ().二．中国翻译家、翻译理论家学者观点：严复：信、达、雅译事三难信、达、雅。
求其信已大难矣。
顾信矣不达。
虽译犹不译也。
则达尚焉。
…易曰修辞立诚。
子曰辞达而已。
又曰言之无文，行之不远。
三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。
故信达而外，求其尔雅。
（严复：《天演论》序言）(Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive, and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too.The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness; Confucius says that express iveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if one‟s language lacks grace, it won‟t go far. These three qualities then are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness I also aim at elegance.)鲁迅：信、顺凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一则当然力求其易解，一则保存原作的丰姿。