2011微观经济学第四章
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第四章生产论成本理论和生产理论是企业经营管理的关键所在,把生产函数和成本结合起来,就可以分析作为“经济人”的企业或厂商的利润函数。
本章讨论的企业或厂商,其生产的唯一目的就是使得其利润最大化,具体体现为利润最大化。
本章分析生产者行为,通过这种分析可以加深对供给定理的理解,本章只分析生产要素投入量和产出量之间的物质技术关系,不涉及货币因素,因而是一种实物关系。
难点在于各种产量的变化规律、一种要素的合理投入、多种要素的合理投入。
第一部分考查重点1、生产和生产函数2、短期生产函数3、长期生产函数4、等成本线和最优生产要素组合5、生产的经济区域6、规模报酬7、齐次生产函数与欧拉定理8、规模经济与范围经济第二部分主要内容解析一、生产和生产函数1、生产(1)厂商在微观经济分析中,生产者亦称厂商,是指能够做出统一的生产决策的单个经济单位,包括个人、合伙和公司性质的经营组织形式。
厂商被假定为合乎理性的经济人,其生产目的是为了追求最大化的利润。
(2)生产要素生产中的投入程总生产要素。
厂商进行生产的过程就是从生产要素的投入到产品产出的过程。
生产要素一般分为四类:①劳动(L):指人类在生产过程中提供的体力和智力的总和。
②土地(N):包括土地和地上、底下的一球自然资源。
③资本(K):包括资本品(实物形态)和货币资本(货币形态)。
④企业家才能(E):指企业家组织建立和经营管理企业的才能。
2、生产函数的概念生产函数表示在一定时间内,在技术水平不变的情况下,生产中所使用的各种生产要素的投入数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系。
一般地,如果1x ,2x ,…,n x 表示生产过程中投入的各种要素数量,Q 表示所能生产的最大产量,则生产函数可以表示为:),...,,(21n x x x f Q =假定生产者只投入劳动和资本这两种要素,则生产函数可表示为),(K L f Q =3、常见的生产函数(1)固定投入比例生产函数(也称为里昂惕夫生产函数)①概念固定投入比例生产函数:是指在每一产量水平上任何一对要素投入量之间的比例都是固定的生产函数的。
第4章生产论【练习及思考】参考答案要点1.填空题(1)总产量曲线、平均产量曲线和边际产量曲线都呈现出先上升,而后达到最大值以后,再呈现出下降的趋势。
其中,边际产量最先达到最大值,而后开始下降并与平均产量的最大值相交。
(2)边际产量的变化随着可变要素投入的增加一般经历两个阶段,即递增和递减两个阶段。
(3)按照生产过程中使用的生产要素的搭配情况可将那生产函数分为两种类型固定比例生产函数和可变比例生产函数。
2.判断题(下列判断正确的在括号内打√,不正确的打×)1)(√)在一种可变投入生产函数中,可变要素合理投入区域应在AP>MP>0的阶段。
2)(×)在一种可变投入生产函数中,可变要素合理投入区域应在MP>AP的第一阶段。
3)(√)生产理论中的短期是指未能调整全部生产要素的时期。
4)(×)AP曲线与MP曲线交于MP曲线的最高点。
5)(×)能提供相同效用的不同商品数量组合的点的连线即为等产量曲线。
6)(×)等产量曲线表示的是用同样数量劳动和资本生产不同的产量。
7)(√)当劳动的边际产量小于其平均产量时,平均产量肯定是下降的。
8)(×)边际产量递减,平均产量也递减。
9)(√)在生产的第Ⅱ阶段,AP是递减的。
3.选择题1)理性的生产者选择的生产区域应是(CD)。
A.MP>AP阶段B.MP下降阶段C.AP>MP>0阶段D.MP与AP相交之点起至MP与横轴交点止2)下列说法中正确的是(AC)。
A.只要总产量减少,边际产量一定为负B.只要MP减少,总产量一定减少C.MP曲线必定交于AP曲线的最高点D.只要MP减少,AP 也一定减少3)最优生产要素组合点上应该有(ABD)。
A.等产量曲线和等成本线相切B.MRTS LK=w/rC.dk/dl=w/rD.MP L/MP k=w/r4)等产量曲线上任意两点的产量肯定是(A )。
A.相等B.不等C.无关D.以上情况都存在5)若横轴代表劳动,纵轴表示资本,且劳动的价格为w,资本的价格为r,则等成本线的斜率为(C )。
微观经济学第四章习题答案HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】第四章生产论1. 下面(表4—1)是一张一种可变生产要素的短期生产函数的产量表:可变要素的数量可变要素的总产量可变要素的平均产量可变要素的边际产量122103244125606677080963(2)该生产函数是否表现出边际报酬递减如果是,是从第几单位的可变要素投入量开始的解答:(1)利用短期生产的总产量(TP)、平均产量(AP)和边际产量(MP)之间的关系,可以完成对该表的填空,其结果如表4—2所示:可变要素的数量可变要素的总产量可变要素的平均产量可变要素的边际产量1222212610324812448122456012126661167701048708\f(34)09637-7高点以后开始逐步下降的这样一种普遍的生产现象。
本题的生产函数表现出边际报酬递减的现象,具体地说,由表4—2可见,当可变要素的投入量从第4单位增加到第5单位时,该要素的边际产量由原来的24下降为12。
2. 用图说明短期生产函数Q=f(L,eq \o(K,\s\up6(-)))的TPL曲线、APL 曲线和MPL曲线的特征及其相互之间的关系。
解答:短期生产函数的TPL曲线、APL曲线和MPL曲线的综合图如图4—1所示。
图4—1由图4—1可见,在短期生产的边际报酬递减规律的作用下,MPL曲线呈现出先上升达到最高点A以后又下降的趋势。
从边际报酬递减规律决定的MPL曲线出发,可以方便地推导出TPL 曲线和APL曲线,并掌握它们各自的特征及相互之间的关系。
关于TPL 曲线。
由于MPL=eq \f(d TP L,d L),所以,当MP L>0时,TP L曲线是上升的;当MPL <0时,TPL曲线是下降的;而当MPL=0时,TPL曲线达最高点。
换言之,在L=L3时,MPL曲线达到零值的B点与TPL曲线达到最大值的B′点是相互对应的。
•第四章企业和生产理论•第一节•企业及其目标•一、企业及其目标1.企业(Firm)–把投入转化为产出的生产经营性组织。
2.为什么会有企业?–分工,专业化生产带来高效率–规模经济–交易活动内部化,降低交易成本3.企业的形式个人企业(业主制):指单个人独资经营的厂商组织。
合伙制:指两个人以上合资经营的厂商组织公司制:指按公司法建立和经营的具有法人资格的厂商组织•有限责任公司•股份有限公司–内部人控制4.企业经营目标–利润极大化5.企业经营目标–利润极大化但现实中往往并不都是如此,由于信息的不对称性,厂商往往选择销售收入最大化或者市场份额最大化。
经验研究:美国一项对500家大型企业高级经理抽样调查结果表明,企业有多重目标。
分项目标出现比例为:利润:96.9%;增长:86.2%;成本效率:81.5%;长期生存:74.5%;短期生存:55.4%;管理乐趣:53.8%–注:在长期,实现利润最大化是企业的最终目标。
•二、企业的本质1.传统的微观经济学把厂商的生产看做是一个“黑匣子”。
本身的性质被忽略。
美国经济学家科斯(R.H.Coase)在1937年发表的《企业的本质》一文被认为是对企业本质探讨的开端。
2.科斯从交易成本的角度分析企业的性质。
(1)企业的本质也就是企业为什么会存在?(2)企业作为生产的一种组织形式,在一定程度上是对市场的一种替代。
(3)同一笔交易,既可以通过市场的组织形式来进行,也可以通过企业的组织形式来进行来进行。
(4)企业和市场同时存在,是因为有的交易在企业内部进行成本更小,而有的交易在市场上完成,交易成本更小。
企业之所以存在,因为企业有降低成本的作用。
•三、企业和市场的比较1.市场的优势:多个需求商从一个供应商进货,有利于供应商实现规模经济,降低成本,实现稳定的销售额。
多个中间产品的供应商之间的竞争,迫使供应商降低成本。
2.企业的优势:自己生产中间产品能降低交易成本,保证质量。
可以自制特殊类型的专门化设备,生产专门产品;长期雇用专业人员,可得到便利的服务•四、企业的规模界限1.不完全信息(包括不确定性和信息不对称)导致了交易成本的产生,企业之所以存在是由于市场的交易成本比较高时,企业可以使市场交易内部化,从而降低交易成本。
1、什么是欲望和效用?马斯洛把人的欲望分为哪五个层次?效用和使用价值的关系.答:1)欲望是一种缺乏的感觉与求得满足的愿望。
这也就是说,欲望是不足之感与求足之愿的统一,两者缺一都不能称为欲望。
2)效用是从消费某种物品中所得到的满足程度。
3)马斯洛把人的欲望分为五个层次:第一,基本生理的需要,这是人类最基本的欲望;第二,安全的需要;第三,归属和爱的需要;第四,尊重的需要,这是人更高层次的社会需要;第五,自我实现的需要,这是人最高层次的欲望.2、基数效用论和序数效用论的基本观点是什么?它们各采用何种分析方法?答:1)基数效用论基本观点是:效用是可以用计量并加总求和的,效用的大小是可以用基数(1,2,3…)来表示,正如长度单位可以用米来表示一样。
2)序数效用论是为了弥补基数效用论的缺点而提出来的另一种研究消费者行为的理论。
其基本观点是:效用作为一种心理现象无法计量,也不能加总求和,只能表示出满足程度的高低与顺序,因此,效用只能用序数(第一、第二、第三…)来表示.3)基数效用论采用的是边际效用分析法;序数效用论采用的是无差异曲线分析法.3、什么叫“边际”?总效用和边际效用的关系如何?答:1)边际的含义是增量,指自变量增加1单位所引起的因变量的增加量.2)总效用是指从消费一定量某种物品中所得到的总满足程度;边际效用是指某种物品的消费量每增加1单位所增加的满足程度.消费量变动做引起的效用的变动即位边际效用。
当边际效用为正数时,总效用是增加的;但边际效用为零时,总效用达到最大;当边际效用为负数时,总效用减少。
4、什么是边际效用递减规律?边际效用为什么递减?答:1)随着消费者对某种物品消费量的增加,他从该物品连续增加的消费单位中所得到的边际效用是递减的,这就被称为边际效用递减规律.2)认为边际效用递减规律成立的学派,用两个理由来支持他们的论断。
一是从人的生理和心理的角度来进行解释,认为随着相同消费品的连续增加,从每一单位消费品中所感受到的满足程度和对重复刺激的反应程度是递减的.二是从商品的多用途的角度来进行解释,认为消费者总是将第一单位的消费品用在最重要的用途上,第二单位的消费品用在次重要的用途上,如此等等.这样,消费品的边际效用,就随消费品的用途重要性的递减而递减。
JIUJIANG UNIVERSITY《微观经济学》2011-2012学年第二学期期中考试类别习题分析英文题目REVIEW QUESTIONS ANDPROBLES院系商学院专业金融学姓名邹俊倩班级 A1143学号 ***********演讲日期:第 7 周星期二Chapter 4 ElasticityREVIEW QUESTIONS1.Why does a consumer’s price elasticity of demand for a gooddepend on the fraction of the consumer’s income spent on that good ?The budget share is one of the determinnation of price elasticity of demand .Because the lager the share of your budget get an item accounts for,the greater is your incentive to look for substitues when the price of the item rises,and if the smaller the share of your budegt get an item accounts for ,the smaller is your incentive to find out substitues when the price of the item down .So a consumer’s price elasticity of demand for a good depend on the fraction of the consumer’s income spent on that good.2.Why does the price elasticity of demand for a good decline aswe move down along a straight-line demand curve ?As we move down along a straight-line demand curve ,the price is move down,then the quantity also move down with the price .According the formula ofpice elasticity of demand is (P/Q)×(1/Slope),the price elasticity of demand for a good decline as we move down along a straight-line demand curve.3.Under what conditions will an increase in the price of aproduct lead to a reduction in total spending for that product ? When the elastic﹥1,and the quantity of the demand go down,there are will an increase in the price of a product lead to a reduction in total spending for that product.4.Why do economists pay little attention to the algebraic signof the elasticity of demand for a good with respect to its own price ,yet pay careful attention to the algebraic sign of the elasticity of demand for a good with respect to another good’s price ?For own price of goods,because price changes are always in the opposite direction from changes in quantity demanded,so for convenience,the economists dorp the nagetive sign and speak of price elasticities in terms of absolute value.For another good’s price,when the cross-priceelasticity of demand for one good with respect to the price of another good is positive ,the two goods are substitutes;when the cross-price elasticity of demand is negative,the two goods are complements.So it is important to note their algebraic sign carefully.5.Why is supply elasticity higher in the long run than in theshort run ?Because it takes time for producters to switch from one activity to another,and because it takes time to build new machines and factories and train additional skilled workers,the price elasticity of supply will higher for most goods in the long run than in the short run.PROBLENMS1.Calculate the price elasticity of demand at points A,B,C,D,and E on the demand curve below.1/slope=100/100=1;Point A:ε=(P/Q)×(1/slope)=∞the quantity of demand infinitely close to zero,so A is perfectly elastic.Point B:ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (75/25)×1=3;Point C:ε=(P/Q)×(1/slope)= (50/50)×1=1;Point D:ε=(P/Q)×(1/slope)= (25/75)×1=1/3;Point E:ε=(P/Q)×(1/slope)=(0/100)×1=0,so the point E is perferctly inelastic.2. The schedule below shows the number of packs of bagelsbought in Davis, California, each day at a variety of prices.ABCDE100 7550250 25 5075 100 PriceQuantitya.Graph the daily demand curve for packs of bagels inDavis.b. Calculate the price elasticity of demande at the point on the demand curve at which the price of bagels is $3 per pack.Slope=6/18000=1/3000ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (3/9000)×3000=1so the price elasticity of demand is 1.c. If all bagel shops increase the price of bagels from $3 per pack to $4 per pack, what would happen to total revenus? The initial total revenue:TR 1=P*Q=3×9000=27000 After change total revenue:TR 2=P*Q=4×Price of bagels($/pack) 0 Number of packs purchased per day1234563000 6000 9000 12000 15000 180006000=24000TR2-TR1 =24000-27000=﹣3000So total revenus will decrease 3000$.d.Calculate the price elasticity of demande at the point onthe demand curve where the price of bagels is $2 per pack.Slope=6/18000=1/3000ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (2/12000)×3000=1/2so the price elasticity of demand is 1/2.e.If bagel shops increase the price of bagels from $2 perpack to $3 per pack, what would happen to total revenus?The initial total revenue:TR1=P*Q=2×12000=24000After change total revenue:TR2=P*Q=3×9000=27000TR2-TR1=27000-24000=3000So total revenus will increase 3000$.3.Suppose,whlie rummaging through your uncle’s closet, you found the original painting of Dogs Playing Poker,a valuable piece of art.You decide to set up a display in your uncle’sgarage.The demand curve to see this valuable piece of art is as shown in the diagram. What price should you charge if your goal is to maximize your revenues from tickets sold? On a graph,show the inelastic and elastic regions of the demand curve.For a good whose demand curve is a straight line,total expenditure reaches a maximum at the price corresponding to the midpoint of the demand curve .So when the price is 6$,and the quantity is 3, the total revenues can reaches a maxmum.Slope=12/6=2ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (6/3)×(1/2)=1 so to achieve total revenues maxmum we should make 126Price($/visit)Quantity(visitors/day)the price is 6$.And demand is elastic on the top half,unit elastic at the midpoint A,and inelastic on the bottom half of a straight-line demand curve.(As shown in graph)4.Is the demand for a particular brand of car, like a Chevrolet, likely to be more or less price-elastic then the demand for all cars? Explain.The larger the share of your budget an item accounts for,the greater is your incentive to look for substitutes when the price of the item rises.So the high price goods tend to have higher price elasticities of demand.(1).when the price of the particular brand car higer than other cars ,there are more price-elastic; 126Price($/visit) Quantity(visitors/day) 3(2) when the price of the particular brand car lower than other cars,there are less price-elastic;(3) when the price of the particular brand car is similar with other cars,there are same price-elastic.5.Among the following groups—senior executives, junior executives, and students—which is likely to have the most and which is likely to have the least price-elastic demand for membership in the Association of Business Professionals ? The different group express different education level,and with the increasing of level,the number of the people would decreasing,and the quantity of the substitute is less ,because the demand will tend to be less elastic if the substitute not easy be found, so the senior executives is likely to have the least price-elastic demand for membership in the Association of Business Professionals.6.A 2 percent increase in the price of milk causes a 4 percent reduction in the quantity demanded of chocolate syrup . What is the cross-price elasticiy of demand for chocolate syrup with respect of the price of milk? Are the two goods complementsor substitutes?ε=△Q%/△P%=-4%/2%= -2,For another good ’s price, when the cross-price elasticity of demand is negative,the two goods are complements.7.What are the respective price elasticities of supply at A and B on the supply curve shown in the accompanying figure?Slope=△P/△Q=(6-4)/(12-9)=2/3;Point A:ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (4/9)×(3/2)= 2/3;Point B:ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (6/12)×(3/2)=3/4;So the price elasticity of supply is 2/3 at point A, 6 4 9 12 ABSΔP△Q Price Quantityand the price elasticity of supply is 3/4 at point B.8.Suppose that the ingredients required to bring a slice of pizza to market and their respective costs are as listed in the table:If these proportions remain the same no matter how many slices are made, and the inputs can be purchased in any quantities at the stated prices, draw the supply curve of pizza slices and compute its price elasticity.Because these proportions remain the same no matter Quanttity 120 pricehow many slices are made, and the inputs can be purchased in any quantities at the stated prices,so the price of the producter sold the goods have no change,then it is perfectly elastic supply.9.At point A on the demand curve shown, by what percentage will a 1 percent increase in the price of the product affect total expenditure on the product?Slope=6/18=1/3,price elasticity of demand at point A:ε= (P/Q)×(1/slope)= (4/6)×3=2;ε=(△Q%/△P%)=2,ε=x/1%=2 , x=2%,64618A0 P($/unit) Q(units/week)TR=TE,after change:TR2=4×(1+1%)×[6×(1-2%)]=23.7552, before change: TR1 =4×6=24,TR2-TR1=24-23.7552=0.6448The changed percentage of TR=0.6448/24≈3%. when elastic﹥1,if the price increase 1%,the total revenue would decrease 3%,and the total expenditure would decrease 3%.10.Suppose that ,in an attempt to induce citizens to conserve energy, the government enacted regulations requiring that all air conditioners be more efficient in their use of electricity. After this regulation was implemented, government officials were then surprised to discover that people used even more electricity than before. Using the concept of price elasticity, explain how this increase might have occurred.After the government enacted regulations,the power efficiency will improve,then the cost of using electricity relatively go down than before.According price-elastic ,when the price go down,the quantity would increase.Because the quantity increase,it means the quantity of using electricity go up.Sopeople used even more electricity than before.。