高效阅读材料2

专题16非连续性文本阅读（二）一、（2023·四川巴中）阅读。

①材料一：据相关外卖行业调查显示，优惠活动、可口的餐品、天气不好、生活习惯等都促进了外卖订单的快速增长。

其中，工作节奏快成了用户订外卖的主要原因。

外卖行业的发展也促进了中国餐饮行业的发展。

据统计，2018年中国餐饮行业市场规模超过4万亿元。

②材料二：根据相关数据保守估算。

“饿了么”“美团外卖”“百度外卖”三大外卖平台的日订单量总和在2000万单左右。

有环保组织调研发现.每单外卖大约会消耗3个一次性塑料餐盒，这意味着每天消耗的餐盒超过6000万个。

以每个餐盒5厘米高计算，摞起来高度相当于339座珠穆朗玛峰。

③外卖垃圾数量多、体积大、不降解，给治理工作带来很多技术难题，也带来了很多社会问题。

1.阅读材料，判断对错，对的涂“√”，错的涂“×”。

（1）外卖餐品可口，而且有优惠活动是用户订外卖的主要原因。

（）（2）2018年中国餐饮行业市场规模为4万亿元。

（）（3）外卖行业的发展促进了中国餐饮行业的发展，但是外卖垃圾也给治理工作带来了很多技术难题。

（）2.从材料二的数字中你发现了什么？二、（2023·广东梅州）古诗阅读与鉴赏。

【材料一】（1）___________，（2）___________。

粉骨碎身浑不怕，要留清白在人间。

（明·于谦《石灰吟》）【材料二】《石灰吟》全诗句句不离石灰，表面描写了石灰的烧制过程，实际上句句关照人的品格，都是在说如何锤炼人的高尚品质。

“若等闲”写出了石灰的态度，不论是“千锤万击”，还是“烈火焚烧”。

都被看作是平常、轻松的事。

同时这也是诗人的心声：无论面对怎样的严酷考验，都能从容自如，处之淡然。

诗的后两句中，“粉骨碎身”是“烈火焚烧”的必然结果，“浑不怕”与“若等闲”一脉相承。

“要留清白在人间”则是前三句的总结，既是石灰“千锤万凿出深山”“烈火焚烧若等闲”“粉骨碎身浑不怕”的根本原因，也是诗人决不与世俗同流合污的誓言。

3.2议论文主题阅读2主题三传统文化六、(2023 辽宁盘锦)阅读下面文章，完成1～5题。

(15分)对接教材：同主题·七下第四单元“修身正己”话题新：三大文化·中华优秀传统文化阅读量：996字今天我们需要什么样的礼乐文化殷慧①“乐者，天地之和也；礼者，天地之序也。

”礼乐文化是中华文明的根基与灵魂。

北京冬奥会开幕盛典上，雪花飞舞，火炬点燃，烟花绽放，中国向世界张开热烈的臂膀，当冰雪之约如约而至的那一刻，我们激动万分。

这场盛大庄严、气势恢宏的仪式，彰显着中国礼乐文化的魅力。

新的时代环境下，中华礼乐文化需要与现代人的生活相适应，与社会主义核心价值观相契合。

②礼乐文化在现代社会有重要的精神价值和时代意义。

礼乐文化增强人们的认同感和归属感。

去年全国“七一勋章”颁授仪式上，红毯铺道，红旗漫卷，被待以“国家最高礼遇”的英雄们前往人民大会堂，登上授勋台的那一刻，我们百感交集，为自己的英雄自豪，也为生活在英雄的国度而骄傲。

礼乐文化促进社会和谐与发展。

在古代，礼乐文化是庙堂之上的“阳春白雪”，普通百姓只能对其“敬而远之”。

现代社会，我们要让礼乐文化走近普通百姓，引导普通人将礼乐文化内化于心，外化于行。

我们可以利用重大纪念日、民族传统节日，组织开展形式多样的纪念庆典活动，传播主流价值，让百姓知礼、懂礼、用礼，营造更为和谐美好的社会局面。

③为满足现代人的需求，我们要推动传统礼乐文化创新性发展。

学校和媒体在创新方面发挥了重大作用。

近些年，一些学校开发了大量现代礼仪课程，受到学生和社会人士的热烈欢迎。

媒体方面，山东广播电视台推出全国首档中华礼乐传习系列节目，如《尊师礼》篇，设计了“正冠、献桃枝、敬茶、训诫、赠书”等现代师徒礼仪；《成人礼》篇，从花木兰从军出征保家卫国，讲到排爆英雄张保国的女儿张汝佳女承父志选择当警察，让人看到“爱国敬业”等价值观念贯通古今。

④当然，一提起礼乐文化，一些人可能会想到“克己复礼”“三纲五常”“男尊女卑”，这些都是传统礼乐文化中的消极内容。

2.2 说明文主题阅读2主题三传统文化六、一材多设问(2023云南)阅读下面文章，完成1～3题。

(7分)对接教材：同主题·八上第五单元“文明印迹”话题新：三大文化·中华优秀传统文化阅读量：1136字巧夺天工的扬派盆景江华①扬派盆景始于唐代，是中国盆景“五大流派”之一，融“诗、书、画、技”于一体，以飘逸、清秀、古雅、写意而著称，堪称中国盆景艺术的代表。

它以小见大，以景抒怀，将大自然的美景浓缩于方寸之间，具有极高的艺术价值。

诗人杜甫赞誉扬州盆景：“一匮功盈尺，三峰意出群。

望中疑在野，幽处欲生云。

”扬派盆景历经几代艺人的锤炼，不仅造型精巧、意境深邃，富于装饰性；而且端庄大气、清丽古雅，是技艺与文化的完美结合。

②扬派盆景的植物选材是造景的灵魂。

在扬派盆景中，常见的植物有松、柏、榆、杨四种。

松有黑松、罗汉松等，柏有桧柏、刺柏等，榆有榔榆、白榆等，杨指的是黄杨。

黄杨是扬派盆景中的常用树种之一，明代散文家张岱在《陶庵梦忆》中就记载了一则关于黄杨盆景枯干复活的逸闻。

传统的扬派盆景以幼树为主，谓之“自幼栽培”，但成型缓慢。

现代的扬派盆景大多采用自然树桩，以缩短成型年限。

挑选树本时，首观其根，次看其本。

首选主根短、分根健硕、须根茂密的树本。

选本则要根据创作立意审视形态，一定要选理想之材，否则容易前功尽弃。

之后审视其枝条，特别是分枝和分布要有韵律。

分枝是“云片”(指盆景主体造型)出片的基础，虽可“因枝而宜”，但分布不理想，也将有碍“云片”的层次与姿态。

③扬派盆景的剪扎技艺需要深厚功力，如无多年的刻苦研习，很难掌握其精髓要领。

“剪”，指剪去不需要的部分；“扎”，指用棕榈树叶撕成的棕丝，将留下部分进行绑扎，形成理想的形态。

在剪扎过程中，扬派盆景强调依据中国画“枝无寸直”的画理，组合运用不同的绑扎方式，使不同部位的寸长之枝能有三弯，将枝叶剪扎成“枝枝平行而列、叶叶俱平而仰”的形态，以形成鲜明的层次感，营造出工笔细描之美。

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The Development of Steam Power 蒸汽机的发展 By the eighteenth century,Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.Because of the growth of population,most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay.Wood was in ever-shorter supply,yet it remained tremendously important.It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material.Processed wood(charcoal)was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron(raw iron).The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous,and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating.Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron,much of which was exported to Britain.But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too,and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back. 在18世纪之前，英国正在经历一次严重的能源短缺。

一、(2012年陕西临潼质检)阅读下面的文字，回答1～4题。

季老足迹：知识分子的精神高地12日下午5时半，一场罕见的大雨笼罩整个北京大学，但北大百周年纪念讲堂前的广场上，仍然聚集着北大的师生，还有很多人从校园外特地赶来，悼念季羡林老先生，久久不愿离去。

“我没有亲眼见过季老，没有和他打过交道，但他是北大人永远的精神灯塔。

”一位几天前从北大毕业的中文系学子，今天重回校园，在雨中向季羡林老先生鞠躬致敬。

“深切怀念季羡林老先生”——今天上午10时，季羡林老先生的灵堂尚未敞开大门，不少北大师生就已自发聚集在百周年纪念讲堂黑色的大幅挽联下。

在悼念人群中，82岁的雷鸣老先生从家中赶来，一直待到下午5时灵堂关闭都迟迟不愿离去。

他说：“1992年在‘中国丝绸之路’首届学术大会上，我的一篇论文得到了季老的点拨指正，此后，我多次和季老交流过相关学术问题。

先生之风，山高水长！这也许是每一个和他交往过的人最深刻的感受。

”北京大学中文系教授张颐武把季老先生比作“知识分子的精神高地”。

张颐武说，这么多年来，他们这批学人从未听到过有关季老的负面传闻，“从这个角度来说，季老是知识分子的精神高地，是一个将传统士人精神与现代专业知识完美结合的人。

”“季老先生做了一辈子学问。

不管是在什么状况下，都没有停止。

他对我最大的影响是在治学精神和态度上。

”季羡林老先生的学生、中国社会科学院研究员葛维钧回忆，季老先生写作《糖史》时，已经80多岁了，但仍不顾严寒酷暑每天到图书馆查阅资料。

“有时，季老发现了新线索就兴高采烈起来。

他的喜怒哀乐都是和做学问联系在一起的。

”“先生个性极为鲜明，广被万物的爱心与知识分子的胆识在季老先生那里体现得十分醒目。

如果来访者不学无术而又滔滔不绝，先生就会面色木讷长久不言；如果是清纯学生求访解惑，则他每次必从家中送出来直到大门口默默挥手告别。

”北京大学中文系博士生导师王岳川教授告诉记者，“季老生前说过，他最喜欢的知识分子是：质朴，淳厚，诚恳，平易；怀真情，讲真话；关键是一个‘真’字，是性情中人；最高水平当是孟子说的‘富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈’，这正是夫子自道！”“季羡林老先生为人所敬仰，不仅因为他的学识，更因为他的品格。

1、达标演练小热带鱼小热带鱼可好看啦！小热带鱼的身子是三角形的，全身金黄色。

尾巴是黑色的，也是一个三角形。

小热带鱼的头上长着一双小小的圆眼睛，一张尖尖的嘴巴，嘴巴下面还长着两根又长又黑的胡子呢！（1）第二自然段主要写小热带鱼的和。

第三自然段主要写小热带鱼的、和。

（2）小热带鱼长着一张的嘴巴，它的身子是色的，尾巴是色的。

（3）短文共有句话。

（4）请仿照下面的例句写一句话，注意使用叹号。

小热带鱼可好看啦！谁和谁好谁和谁好？小鸟和树好，小鸟飞一天，树儿变成床。

谁和谁好？我和影子好，影子天天陪伴我，快乐到学校。

谁和谁好？菜和刀子好，蔬菜一上来，刀子就舞蹈。

谁和谁好？妈妈和爸爸好，天天在一起，从来不吵闹。

（1）诗中的小鸟和好，我和好，菜和好，妈妈和好。

（2）第一小节有句话。

（3）作者的诗写得太美了，你也照样子写一节，注意要用上问号。

（4）用“”画出带问号的句子。

2、综合能力提升和太阳比赛跑当森林和鲜花还在沉睡，当小鸟和白兔还在梦里，我们离开帐篷，轻轻地走过他们身边。

别怕，我们不会打扰你，我们是和太阳比赛早起！我们穿过树林，跨过小溪，沿着小路，奔上山顶。

你看，东方的云彩在变颜色，云彩呀，是不是比不过我们，你才脸红？别嚷！太阳露出头顶了，太阳露出眉毛和眼睛了，太阳露出笑脸了！太阳跳起来了！花草树木一下子都睁开眼睛，唱着歌，摇动着手臂。

小鸟向四面八方报信。

太阳升起来了！太阳升起来了！啊，亲爱的朋友们，放开嗓子，唱起来吧！让我们尽情欢呼祖国的早晨，迎接这更美好的一天！（1）照样子填写词语：例：穿过树林（）小溪（）手臂（）笑脸（）眼睛（）嗓子（）山顶（2）从哪些词句看出“我们是和太阳比赛早起”？用横线画出有关的句子。

（3）诗歌中用了许多的感叹号，你能通过朗读表现出来吗？和同学开展比赛吧！春到校园春天来了，花儿开了，草儿绿了，我们的校园真美丽。

美在哪里呢？教学楼前摆放着五颜六色的鲜花。

有玫瑰、月季，还有郁金香，姿态各异，真美丽。

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▉托福TPO2阅读Passage2原文文本： The Origins of Cetaceans It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale. The fossil was officially named Pakicetus in honor of the country where the discovery was made. Pakicetus was found embedded in rocks formed from river deposits that were 52 million years old. The river that formed these deposits was actually not far from an ancient ocean known as the Tethys Sea. The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh- eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land. Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-longBasilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea. ▉托福TPO2阅读Passage2题目： Question 1 of 13 In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans? A. It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals.. B. It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.. C. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals.. D. It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.. Question 2 of 13 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.. B. There were great numbers of them.. C. They lived in the sea only.. D. They did not leave many fossil remains.. uestion 3 of 13。

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▉托福TPO11阅读Passage2原文文本： To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions. Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate. Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B. Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparent position. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order. So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box. In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rateof movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that. What about birds that migrate at night? Perhaps they navigate by the night sky. To test the idea, caged night-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory period. A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year. When the planetarium sky matched the sky outside, the birds fluttered in the direction of their normal migration. But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky. The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars. There is accumulating evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells. The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time. Furthermore, one sensory ability may back up another. Paragraph 1: To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions. ▉托福TPO11阅读Passage2题目： 1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1? ○ Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat. ○ The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds. ○ Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south. ○ The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year. 2. The word “perplexed” in the passage is closest in meaning to。