虚拟语气（一）英语有两种语气——陈述语气和虚拟语气。
陈述语气表示事实上发生的事情或客观存在的情况。
虚拟语气表示假定、想象、愿望等非事实观念。
Ⅰ.虚拟语气在条件句中主要有以下几种情况。
(1).表达与现在的事实相反的假设或想象：条件从句主句If + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + should/would + 动词原形If + 主语 + were，主语 + would/should + 动词原形其中，should用于第一人称，would可用于各个人称。
If I had enough money, I should/would buy a camera.假如我有足够的钱，我就买一架照相机。
If I were rich, I would help the poor.假如我富有，我愿帮助穷人。
(2).表达与过去事实相反的假设或想象：条件从句主句If + 主语 + had + 过去分词，主语 + should/would have + 过去分词If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.如果我有足够的钱，我就买新车了。
（= I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t buy it.）（事实上我那时没有钱，所以我没买它→表示与过去的事实相反。
）If it had not rained yesterday, we should have gone fishing.假如昨天没下雨的话，我们就钓鱼去了。
(3)表达与将来事实相反的假设或想象，有三种形式：条件从句主句If +主语+ should + 动词原形，主语 + should/would + 动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go.万一明天下雨，我就不去。
注意：if从句的动词形式不分人称与数，一律用“should+动词原形”条件从句主句If +主语 + were to + 动词原形，主语 + should/would +动词原形If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 倘若我要出国，我就到美国。
条件从句主句If +主语 +动词过去式，主语 + should/would +动词原形If he went to the party, he would be disappointed.他如果去参加聚会的话，他会后悔的。
时态形式混用的虚拟语气用法：(4) 在条件状语从句中，常会出现主句所表示的行为所发生的时间与从句表示的行为的时间不一致。
If you had gone to bed early last night, you would not be so sleepy now.如果你昨晚早些睡觉，你现在就不会这么困了。
If I were you, I wouldn’t have gone to the party last night.如果我是你的话，我昨晚就不会去参加那个聚会。
(5)条件从句if的省略：当从句中有were，过去分词had, 或should时，if经常省略。
此时，主语后面的主动词（were，had，should等）被移至句首。
Were I a bird, I would fly to you.= If I were a bird, I would fly to you,假如我是一只鸟，我愿飞到你那儿去。
Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there.= If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.万一明天下雨，我就不去那儿。
(6)虚拟语气与陈述语气混用：在句中有but, otherwise等表示转折的词语时，两个分句中可能会分别使用虚拟语气和陈述语气。
论及现在的情形：He would gain weight but he doesn’t eat much.他有可能增重的（虚拟语气），可是他吃得太少（陈述语气）。
论及过去的情形：I would have gone with you to the party, but I had to study.我原本可以和你一起去参加晚会（虚拟语气），但是，我得学习（陈述语气）。
Ⅱ用在宾语从句中的虚拟语气(⒈)在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中，需用虚拟语气。
（wish后的that 常省略），根据主句时态，从句谓语时态相应退后一位，例如：How she wished his family could go with him.(⒉)在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。
谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。
值得注意的是，如果宾语从句的动词是否定的，否定词not 的位置应在动词之前，而不是动词之后。
例如：The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外，如suggest表达“暗示”，insist表示“坚持某种说法”时，后面的从句不用虚拟语气，例如：Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy. 除此之外，上述动词也要求用虚拟式①在It is+上述动词的过去分词，其后所跟的主语从句中，如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.②在上述动词相应的名词形式作主语+连系动词，其后的表语从句中，例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.③在对上述动词相应的名词进行解释的同位语从句中，如：The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.⒊would （had）rather , would sooner也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。
谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反，例如：I would rather he went right now.Ⅲ其他形式的虚拟语气⒈it is +necessary等形容词后，that主语从句中虚拟形式使用，这类形容词包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等，例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.⒉在It's (high/about) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。
谓语动词用过去式，例如It is high time that you went to school⒊虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。
例如：He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。
⒋在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。
例如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.（1998年1月四级第38题）⒌在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。
谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。
例如：Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
如：①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。
让我们就从最简单的开始吧。
语法专项练习：1. But for the help of John, he _____ last night.A. should have drownedB. would have drownedC. was drownedD. may have drowned2. If it _____ fine tomorrow, we would go for a swim in the sea.A. would beB. should beC. isD. was to3. He suffered a sudden heart attack and her wife found him dead when she got home from work. But _____.A. if his wife came back earlier, he might be savedB. if his wife had come back earlier, he might be savedC. if his wife came back earlier, he might have been savedD. if his wife had come back earlier, he might have been saved4. I would rather she _____ tomorrow than by plane.A. travel on trainB. traveled by trainC. travels by trainD. travelling by the train5. How old would you _____ if you _____ in 1900?A. be; had been bornB. be; would be bornC. have been; would be bornD. have been; were6. _____ the sun, nothing on earth could live.A. Were it not toB. If it were not toC. If it had not been forD. If it were not for7. If he _____, give him the message.A. were comingB. would comeC. should comeD. were come8. Were I to move to a foreign country, I _____ away all my furniture in my house here.A. would giveB. shall giveC. gaveD. will give9. I would go to the concert but I _____ no time.A. hadB. had hadC. haveD. has10. —Would you have told him the answer had it been possible?—Yes, I would have, but I _____ so busy then.A. had beenB. wereC. wasD. am11. —Why didn’t you buy it?—I _____ but I didn’t have the money.A. wouldB. would haveC. had hadD. had bought12. —You should have finished it sooner.—I know but I _____ the time.A. don’t haveB. won’t haveC. didn’t haveD. had not13. _____ water, we could not live a day in the desert.A. WithoutB. NoC. Having noD. But not for14. If you _____ the doctor’s advice, you would have recovered already.A. followedB. would followedC. will followD. had followed15. If he had not lost the money, he _____ the piano last week.A. could have boughtB. had boughtC. would buyD. have bought1. If only he ____quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now.A. liesB. layC. had lainD. should lie2. How I wish every family ____a large house with a beautiful garden.A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had3. You did not let me drive. If we ____in turn, you ____ so tiredA. drove; didn’t getB. drove; wouldn’t getC. were driving; wouldn’t getD. had driven ; wouldn’t have got4. _____it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu BridgeA. WereB. ShouldC. WouldD. Will5. I suggested the person _____ to be put into prisonA. refersB. referringC. referredD. refer6. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it____A. breaksB. has brokenC. were brokenD. had been broken7. I insisted _____to see a doctor, but he insisted nothing ___ wrong with himA. on him to go; should beB. he went; beC. he go; wasD. he should to; is8. ---Your aunt invites you to the movies today---I had rather she ____ me tomorrow than todayA. tellsB. toldC. would tellD. had told答案与解析：1. 选B。
