西交大数字图像处理第四次作业

工程力学C主观题作业第一次作业三、主观题(共16道小题)36. 试作下列各杆件的受力图。

答：37. 1-4 试作下面物体系中各指定物体的受力图：（a）圆柱体O、杆AB及整体；（b）吊钩G、钢梁、构件；（c）折杆ABC、圆柱体O及整体；（d）杆AB及整体；（e）棘轮O、棘爪AB；（f ）梁AB、DE和滚柱C。

答：38.图示三铰刚架由AB和BC两部分组成，A、C为固定铰支座，B为中间铰。

试求支座A、C和铰链B的约束力。

设刚架的自重及摩擦均可不计。

答：39.压路的碾子O重P = 20 kN，半径R = 400 mm。

试求碾子越过高度d = 80 mm的石块时，所需最小的水平拉力Fmin。

设石块不动。

答：Fmin = 15 kN40. 构架ABCD在A点受力F = 1 kN作用。

杆AB和CD在C点用铰链连接，B、D两点处均为固定铰支座。

如不计杆重及摩擦，试求杆CD所受的力和支座B的约束力。

答：41.梁AB如图所示，作用在跨度中点C的力F = 20 kN。

试求图示两种情况下支座A和B的约束力。

梁重及摩擦均可不计。

答：42. 如图a所示，重量为P = 5 kN的球悬挂在绳上，且和光滑的墙壁接触，绳和墙的夹角为30º。

试求绳和墙对球的约束力。

（4）根据平衡条件列平衡方程。

可先求出各力在x、y轴上的投影，如表2-1中所示，于是43. 重P = 1 kN的球放在与水平成30º角的光滑斜面上，并用与斜面平行的绳AB系住（图2-15 a）。

试求绳AB受到的拉力及球对斜面的压力。

44.答：45.答：46. 已知AB梁上作用一矩为Me的力偶，梁长为l，梁重及摩擦均不计。

试求在图示四种情况下支座A、B的约束力。

答：47. 汽锤在锻打工件时，由于工件偏置使锤头受力偏心而发生偏斜，它将在导轨DA和BE上产生很大的压力，从而加速导轨的磨损并影响锻件的精度。

已知锻打力F = 1000 kN，偏心距e = 20 mm，锤头高度h = 200 mm，试求锻锤给两侧导轨的压力。

《数字图像处理》期末大作业大作业题目及要求：一、题目：本门课程的考核以作品形式进行。

作品必须用Matlab完成。

并提交相关文档。

二、作品要求：1、用Matlab设计实现图形化界面，调用后台函数完成设计，函数可以调用Matlab工具箱中的函数，也可以自己编写函数。

设计完成后，点击GUI 图形界面上的菜单或者按钮，进行必要的交互式操作后，最终能显示运行结果。

2、要求实现以下功能：每个功能的演示窗口标题必须体现完成该功能的小组成员的学号（后三位）。

1）对于打开的图像可以显示其灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化和直方图匹配（规定化）。

2）实现灰度图像的对比度增强，要求实现线性变换和非线性变换（包括对数变换和指数变换）。

3）实现图像的缩放变换、旋转变换等。

4）图像加噪（用输入参数控制不同噪声），然后使用空域和频域进行滤波处理。

5）采用robert算子，prewitt算子，sobel算子，拉普拉斯算子对图像进行边缘提取。

6）读入两幅图像，一幅为背景图像，一幅为含有目标的图像，应用所学的知识提取出目标。

3、认真完成期末大作业报告的撰写，对各个算法的原理和实验结果务必进行仔细分析讨论。

报告采用A4纸打印并装订成册。

附录：报告模板《数字图像处理》期末大作业班级：小组编号：组长：小组成员：浙江万里学院计算机与信息学院2013年12月目录（自动生成）1 绘制灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化和直方图匹配（规定化）1.1 算法原理1.2 算法设计1.3 实验结果及对比分析图1 ××××××图2 ××××××分析***********************************************2 灰度图像的对比度增强2.1 算法原理2.2 算法设计2.3 实验结果及分析3 图形的几何变换3.1 算法原理3.2 算法设计3.3 实验结果及分析4 图像加噪（用输入参数控制不同噪声），然后使用空域和频域进行滤波处理4.1 算法原理4.2 算法设计4.3 实验结果及分析5 采用robert，prewitt，sobel，拉普拉斯算子对图像进行边缘提取5.1 算法原理5.2 算法设计5.3 实验结果及分析6 读入两幅图像，一幅为背景图像，一幅为含有目标的图像，应用所学的知识提取出目标6.1 算法原理6.2 算法设计6.3 实验结果及分析7 小结（感受和体会）（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthenparty laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Y ears, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulationsrepeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the FifthPlenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee PoliticalBureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revisionof the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y an to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline andto implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists ona positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," atotal of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen yearsimplement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Y an Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility shouldbe depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effectiveconvergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for actsof mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Applicationof this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situationmade explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give。

西南交⼤结构设计原理（钢结构）第1-4次作业（客观题）第⼀次作业⼀、单项选择题(只有⼀个选项正确，共15道⼩题)1. 下列情况中，属于正常使⽤极限状态的情况是(A) 强度破坏(B) 丧失稳定(C) 连接破坏(D) 动荷载作⽤下过⼤的振动你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：2. 钢材作为设计依据的强度指标是(A) ⽐例极限f p(B) 弹性极限f e(C) 屈服强度f y(D) 极限强度f u你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：3. 需要进⾏疲劳计算条件是：直接承受动⼒荷载重复作⽤的应⼒循环次数 n ⼤于或等于(A) 5×104(B) 2×104(C) 5×105(D) 5×106你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：4. 焊接部位的应⼒幅计算公式为(A)(B)(C)(D)你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：5. 应⼒循环特征值（应⼒⽐）ρ=σmin/σmax将影响钢材的疲劳强度。

在其它条件完全相同情况下，下列疲劳强度最低的是(A) 对称循环ρ=-1(B) 应⼒循环特征值ρ=+1(C) 脉冲循环ρ=0(D) 以压为主的应⼒循环你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：6. 与侧焊缝相⽐，端焊缝的(A) 疲劳强度更⾼(B) 静⼒强度更⾼(C) 塑性更好(D) 韧性更好你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：7. 钢材的屈强⽐是指(A) ⽐例极限与极限强度的⽐值(B) 弹性极限与极限强度的⽐值(C) 屈服强度与极限强度的⽐值(D) 极限强度与⽐例极限的⽐值你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：8. 钢材因反复荷载作⽤⽽发⽣的破坏称为(A) 塑性破坏(B) 疲劳破坏(C) 脆性断裂(D) 反复破坏你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：9. 规范规定：侧焊缝的计算长度不超过60 h f，这是因为侧焊缝过长(A) 不经济(B) 弧坑处应⼒集中相互影响⼤(C) 计算结果不可靠(D) 不便于施⼯你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：10. 下列施焊⽅位中，操作最困难、焊缝质量最不容易保证的施焊⽅位是(A) 平焊(B) ⽴焊(C) 横焊(D) 仰焊你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：11. 有⼀由两不等肢⾓钢短肢连接组成的T形截⾯轴⼼受⼒构件，与节点板焊接连接，则肢背、肢尖内⼒分配系数K1、K2为(A)(B)(C)(D)你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：12. 轴⼼受⼒构件⽤侧焊缝连接，侧焊缝有效截⾯上的剪应⼒沿焊缝长度⽅向的分布是(A) 两头⼤中间⼩(B) 两头⼩中间⼤(C) 均匀分布你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：13. 焊接残余应⼒不影响钢构件的(A) 疲劳强度(B) 静⼒强度(C) 整体稳定(D) 刚度你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：14. 将下图（a）改为（b）是为了防⽌螺栓连接的(A) 栓杆被剪坏(B) 杆与孔的挤压破坏(C) 被连构件端部被剪坏(D) 杆受弯破坏你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：15. 规范规定普通螺栓抗拉强度设计值只取螺栓钢材抗拉强度设计值的 0.8 倍，是因为(A) 偏安全考虑(B) 考虑实际作⽤时可能有偏⼼的影响(C) 撬⼒的不利影响(D) 上述A、B、C你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C第⼆次作业⼀、单项选择题(只有⼀个选项正确，共20道⼩题)1. 受剪栓钉连接中，就栓钉杆本⾝⽽⾔，不存在疲劳问题的连接是(C) 承压型⾼强度螺栓(D) 受剪摩擦型⾼强度螺栓你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：2.(A) 螺栓材料不均匀性的折减系数(B) 超张拉系数(C) 附加安全系数(D) 考虑拧紧螺栓时扭矩产⽣的剪⼒的不利影响你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：3. 以被连板件间之间的静⼒摩擦⼒作为其极限值的连接是(A) 普通螺栓连接(B) 铆钉连接(C) 摩擦型⾼强度螺栓连接(D) 承压型⾼强度螺栓连接你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：4. ⽤螺栓连接的轴⼼受⼒构件，除了要验算净截⾯强度外，还要进⾏⽑截⾯强度验算的连接螺栓连接是(A) 普通粗制螺栓连接(B) 普通精制螺栓连接(C) 摩擦型⾼强度螺栓连接(D) 承压型⾼强度螺栓连接你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：5. 提⾼轴⼼受压构件的钢号，能显著提⾼构件的(A) 静⼒强度(D) 刚度你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：6. 钢结构规范关于轴⼼受压钢构件整体稳定的柱⼦曲线（φ-λ关系曲线）有多条的根本原因是考虑了(A) 材料⾮弹性(B) 构件的初弯曲(C) 残余应⼒的影响(D) 材料⾮均匀你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：7. ⼯字形截⾯轴⼼受压钢构件局部稳定的验算⽅法是(A) 和整体稳定⼀样验算应⼒(B) 验算宽厚⽐，且认为是“细长柱”(C) 验算宽厚⽐，且认为是“粗短柱”(D) 验算刚度你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：8.(A) 绕x轴的长细⽐λx(B) 绕y轴的长细⽐λy(C)(D)你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：9. 采⽤格构式轴⼼受压构件，可以显著提⾼(A) 构件的强度(B) 构件绕虚轴的刚度(C) 构件绕实轴的刚度(D) 构件的局部稳定你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：10. 宽⼤截⾯轴⼼受压钢构件腹板局部稳定的处理⽅法：当构件的强度、整体稳定、刚度绰绰有余时，应采⽤(A) 增加腹板厚度以满⾜宽厚⽐要求(B) 设置纵向加劲肋(C) 任凭腹板局部失稳(D) 设置纵向加劲肋、横向加劲肋和短加劲肋你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：11. 焊接组合梁翼缘的局部稳定保证通常是(A) 验算宽厚⽐（增加翼缘厚度）(B) 设置横向加劲肋(C) 设置纵向加劲肋(D) 设置短加劲肋你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：12. 焊接组合梁翼缘和腹板（⼯字形截⾯）的连接焊缝承受的是(A) 弯矩作⽤(B) 弯矩和剪⼒共同作⽤(C) 拉⼒作⽤(D) 剪⼒作⽤你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：13. 直接承受动⼒荷载的端焊缝强度提⾼系数为(A) βf=1.0(B) βf=1.22你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：14. 吊车钢梁在设计荷载作⽤下应按哪个应⼒阶段设计计算(A) 弹性阶段(B) 弹塑性阶段(C) 全塑性阶段(D) 强化阶段你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：15. ⼯字形组合截⾯吊车钢梁在进⾏抗弯强度计算时，截⾯塑性部分发展系数取值为(A) γx=γy=1.0(B) γx=1.05, γy=1.2(C) γx=1.15, γy=1.2(D) γx=1.05, γy=1.15你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：16. 下列截⾯中，抗扭刚度最⼤的截⾯形式是(A) ⼯字形截⾯(B) T形截⾯(C) H形截⾯(D) 箱形截⾯你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：17. （静⼒荷载作⽤下）⼯字形截⾯梁的截⾯部分塑性发展系数为(A) r x=1.0,r y=1.0(B) r x=1.05,r y=1.2(C) r x=1.2,r y=1.05(D) r x=1.05,r y=1.05你选择的答案：B [正确]18. 格构式构件应该⽤在当⽤实腹式时(A) 强度有余但刚度不⾜的情况(B) 强度不⾜但刚度有余的情况(C) 强度不⾜刚度也不⾜的情况(D) 强度有余刚度也有余的情况你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：19. 轴⼼受压钢构件（如⼯字形截⾯）翼缘和腹板的宽厚⽐验算时，公式中的长细⽐取截⾯两主轴⽅向较⼤者是因为(A) 这样更为安全(B) 这样更为经济(C) 这样更容易通过(D) 材料⼒学公式中总体稳定由较⼤长细⽐⽅向控制你选择的答案：D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：20. 在其它条件相同情况下，简⽀钢梁在下列哪种受⼒情况下对应的临界弯矩值最低(A) 全跨匀布荷载(B) 跨中⼀集中荷载(C) 纯弯曲(D) 任意荷载你选择的答案：C [正确]正确答案：C第三次作业⼀、单项选择题(只有⼀个选项正确，共15道⼩题)1. 某轴⼼受压钢构件绕x轴和绕y轴属于同⼀条的柱⼦曲线（即ф-λ关系曲线或表格），则，两轴等稳定的条件是(A)(B)(C)(D)你选择的答案：A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：2. 钢材蓝脆现象发⽣的温度⼤约是(A) 2000C(B) 2500C(C) 3000C(D) 3500C你选择的答案：B [正确]正确答案：B解答参考：3. 钢构件的受剪连接中栓钉类型不同，孔洞对构件强度削弱的程度不同。

本次作业是本门课程本学期的第1次作业，注释如下：一、判断题(判断正误，共7道小题)1. 点的一个投影不能确定点在空间的位置。

你选择的答案：说法正确[正确]正确答案：说法正确解答参考：2. 在V面上的点A，其a¢与空间点A重合，a、a²在相应的投影轴上。

你选择的答案：未选择[错误]正确答案：说法正确解答参考：3. 侧垂线的正面投影和侧面投影均反映实长。

你选择的答案：未选择[错误]正确答案：说法错误解答参考：4. 直线与平面的交点是既在直线上，又在平面上的点。

你选择的答案：说法正确[错误]正确答案：说法正确解答参考：5. 圆柱面是由一条与轴线平行的直线绕轴线回转而形成的。

你选择的答案：说法错误[错误]正确答案：说法正确解答参考：6. 倾斜于圆柱轴线的平面截切圆柱面，其截交线可能出现抛物线。

你选择的答案：未选择[错误]正确答案：说法正确解答参考：7. 辅助面选择的原则是所选辅助面与两立体的交线应是简单易画的图形。

你选择的答案：未选择[错误]正确答案：说法正确二、主观题(共12道小题)8.参考答案：侧平，平行，正垂9.参考答案：10.参考答案：11.参考答案：12.参考答案：13.参考答案：14.参考答案：15.参考答案：16.参考答案：17. 投影法分为两类：__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 和_ _ _ _ __ __ 。

参考答案：中心投影法和平行投影法18. 水平线的水平投影反映直线的___ _ _ ___, 水平投影与x轴的夹角等于直线与__ _ _面的倾角，与y轴的夹角等于直线和__ _ _投影面的倾角。

参考答案：实长，V，W19. 正平面的_ _ _ 投影反映平面图形的实形, 水平投影为平行于_ _ _ 轴的直线, 侧面投影为平行于_ _ _ 轴的直线。

正面，X,Z本次作业是本门课程本学期的第2次作业，注释如下：一、判断题(判断正误，共7道小题)1. 一般位置直线在H、V、W面上的投影可能有一个投影能反映实长。

《数字图像处理》课后作业（2015）第2章2.5一个14mm⨯14mm的CCD摄像机成像芯片有2048⨯2048个像素，将它聚焦到相距0.5m远的一个方形平坦区域。

该摄像机每毫米能分辨多少线对？摄像机配备了一个35mm镜头。

（提示：成像处理模型见教材图2.3，但使用摄像机镜头的焦距替代眼睛的焦距。

）2.10高清电视（HDTV, High Definition TV ）使用1080条水平电视线（TV Line）隔行扫描来产生图像（每隔一行在显像管表面画出一条水平线，每两场形成一帧，每场用时1/60秒,此种扫描方式称为1080i，即1080 interlace scan；对应的有1080p，即1080 progressive scan,逐行扫描）。

图像的宽高比是16:9。

水平电视线数（水平行数）决定了图像的垂直分辨率，即一幅图像从上到下由多少条水平线组成；相应的水平分辨率则定义为一幅图像从左到右由多少条垂直线组成，水平分辨率通常正比于图像的宽高比。

一家公司已经设计了一种图像获取系统，该系统由HDTV图像生成数字图像，彩色图像的每个像素都有24比特的灰度分辨率（红、绿、蓝分量各8比特）。

请计算不压缩时存储90分钟的一部HDTV电影所需要的存储容量。

2.22图像相减常用于在产品装配线上检测缺失的元件。

方法是事先存储一幅对应于正确装配的产品图像，称为“金”图像（“golden” image），即模板图像。

然后，在同类型产品的装配过程中，采集每一装配后的产品图像，从中减去上述模板图像。

理想情况下，如果产品装配正确，则两幅图像的差值应为零。

而对于缺失元件的产品，其图像与模板图像在缺失元件区域不同，两幅图像的差值在这些区域就不为零。

在实际应用中，您认为需要满足哪些条件这种方法才可行？第3章3.5在位平面分层中,（a）如果将低阶位平面的一半设为零值，对一幅图像的直方图大体上有何影响？（b）如果将高阶位平面的一半设为零值，对一幅图像的直方图又有何影响？3.6试解释为什么离散直方图均衡化技术一般不能得到平坦的输出直方图。

数字图像处理第四版课后答案杨帆1. 下列选项中，可以为选区或图层直接填充前景色的组合键是（）。

[单选题] *【Alt+Delete】组合键(正确答案)【Ctrl+Delete】组合键【Shift +Delete】组合【Ctrl+Alt】组合键2. 下列选项中，属于自由变换快捷键的是（）。

[单选题] *【Ctrl+A】【Ctrl+T】(正确答案)【Ctrl+D】【Ctrl+B】3. 下列选项中，色相/饱和度的快捷键是（） [单选题] *【Ctrl+V】组合键【Ctrl+D】组合键【Ctrl+O】组合键【Ctrl+U】组合键(正确答案)4. 下列选项中，属于“钢笔工具”的快捷键是（） [单选题] *【P】键(正确答案)【S】键【0】键5. 下列选项中，可以向下合并图层的快捷键为（） [单选题] *【Ctrl+T】【Ctrl+E】(正确答案)【Ctrl+D】【Ctrl+Y】6. 下列选项中，用于复制图层的快捷键是（） [单选题] *【Ctrl+J】(正确答案)【Ctrl+T】【Ctrl+A】【Ctrl+B】7. 在Photoshop中，关于橡皮擦的描述，下列说法正确的是（） [单选题] *橡皮擦工具的快捷键是Ctrl+E橡皮擦工具可以将图像背景擦至透明色橡皮擦工具是一种根据像素颜色擦除图像的工具橡皮擦工具用于擦除图像中的像素(正确答案)8. 下列选项中，用于新建文件的快捷键是（） [单选题] *【Ctrl+O】【Ctrl+Shift+S】【Ctrl+N】(正确答案)9. 下列选项中，用于修改画布尺寸的快捷键是（） [单选题] *【Ctrl+Alt+C】(正确答案)【Ctrl+Shift+S】【Ctrl+Alt+I】【Ctrl+S】10. 使用“椭圆选框工具”创建选区时，按住（）的同时拖动，可以创建一个以单击点为中心的正圆选区 [单选题] *【Ctrl】键【Shift】键【Alt】键【Alt+Shift】组合键(正确答案)11. 快捷键【Ctrl+Z】是（）的快捷键。

西安交大软件学院选课指南（上）本人17级学生，这是我研一上学期了解的一些课程，下学期再写一片选课指南下。

1.《高级面向对象方法与技术》高级面向对象课程是吴晓军副教授授课，课程主要内容是用面向对象的思想分析问题，问题包括但不限于程序设计前的分析，比如期末考试题分析的就是现实问题，并不是程序设计问题。

课程最大篇幅是各种UML图的画法，期末会交大作业，是对一个课题用面向对象的方法进行设计，画大概15张左右的图，基本图画熟练了，考试就没有问题了，课程参考书图书馆可以借到。

闭卷考试，10个选择题，关于各种图的应用场景的选择；6个画图题，用的同一份素材，给完素材后根据素材。

2.《移动计算与应用》这门课是杜小智老师讲授。

课程讲了几个部分，学期一半时间是汇编指令的介绍，还有一些课堂上的练习，应用载体是ARM9处理器，用的三星的S3C2410处理器。

另外一半时间讲述的是普适计算相关知识以及云计算。

老师上课讲的很认真，考试开卷考试，也特别简单。

带上课件，再借一本S3C2410介绍的书就可以了。

3，《软件过程成熟度模型》是宋永红老师讲授的，宋老师有非常丰富的实战经。

这门课讲述了5种成熟度级别的软件模型，以及每一种成熟度下的关键过程域，五种成熟度级别的关键过程域共18个。

这种系统化的分析方法对于我们做软件以及实际生活中分析问题都非常有帮助。

考试为开卷考试，全部是课件上的内容，10道选择题，其他都是问答题，很好通过。

但是老师不提供课件，所以上课时候拍照片记录课件是很有必要的。

4.《数据库理论与技术》是电信院的侯迪老师讲授的，3个学分。

很好拿，又能学到东西。

不讲本科学过的基础的数据库理论。

是在此基础上的扩展。

有半结构化数据库，分布式数据库等比较新的概念。

平时会有4到6次的小测验，20分左右，期末会有大作业，可以寒假做。

每次小测验前都有复习题，期末考试前也有复习题。

考试是半开卷。

很好通过。

老师又尽自己所能把自己指导的讲给学生。

数字图像处理技术作业解答选择题答案：1：bc ，2：adhij ，3：abde ，4：ahikl ，becfj ，dg ，mno ，5：ad ，（第一章） 1（6）：acd ，2：abd ，3：abd ，4：abc ，5：bc ，6：acd ，7：abce ，8：c 9：acd ，10：bd ，11：ac ，12：b ，13：abcde ，14：bd ，（第二章）1：（20）ad ，2：ade ，3：abd ，4：abcd ，（第四章）1：（24）abcde ，2：abcde ，3：abce ，4：abd ，5：ab （第五章）1：abc ，2：abcd ，3：acde ，4：abcde ，5：bcde ，6：acdefhj ，7：bc （第六章） 1：acd ，2：acdef ，3：c ，4：abcef ，5：acde ，6：ade ，7：ad （第七章） 1：abcdfi （第十章）1：bcfg ，2：bcd ，3：abcd ，4：abc ，5：abcd ，6：abc ，7：abd(第十二章) 1：acd(第十六章) 第二章：2.1：1400/72*25.4=493.89毫米 2.2：几何结构如下图所示：h12M照片中物体的高度h=12/95*50=6.316mm像素点个数=6.316/25.4*4000=9952.5：二值图像的每个像素需要占用1bit ，所以该幅图像占用比特数为4000*3000=1.2*107bit 。

2.6：8位深度占用的存储空间为3*8*640*480=7.3728*106bit 10位深度占用的存储空间为3*10*640*480=9.216*106bit12位深度占用的存储空间为3*12*640*480=1.10592*107bit 14位深度占用的存储空间为3*14*640*480=1.29024*107bit 第四章：1. 灰度直方图图形化显示时的纵横坐标分别是什么？答：灰度直方图图形化显示时的横坐标表示灰度值，纵坐标表示像素个数或者像素个数百分比。

数字图像处理每章课后题参考答案第一章和第二章作业：1.简述数字图像处理的研究内容？答：数字图像处理的主要研究内容，根据其主要的处理流程与处理目标大致可以分为图像信息的描述、图像信息的处理、图像信息的分析、图像信息的编码以及图像信息的显示等几个方面，将这几个方面展开，具体有以下的研究方向：1.图像数字化，2.图像增强，3.图像几何变换，4.图像恢复，5.图像重建，6.图像隐藏，7.图像变换，8.图像编码，9.图像识别与理解。

2.什么是图像工程？根据抽象程度和研究方法等的不同，图像工程可分为哪几个层次？每个层次包含哪些研究内容？答：图像工程是一门系统地研究各种图像理论、技术和应用的新的交叉科学。

根据抽象程度、研究方法、操作对象和数据量等的不同，图像工程可分为三个层次：图像处理、图像分析、图像理解。

图像处理着重强调在图像之间进行的变换。

比较狭义的图像处理主要满足对图像进行各种加工以改善图像的视觉效果。

图像处理主要在图像的像素级上进行处理，处理的数据量非常大。

图像分析则主要是对图像中感兴趣的目标进行检测和测量，以获得它们的客观信息从而建立对图像的描述。

图像分析处于中层，分割和特征提取把原来以像素描述的图像转变成比较简洁的非图形式描述。

图像理解的重点是进一步研究图像中各目标的性质和它们之间的相互联系，并得出对图像内容含义的理解以及对原来客观场景的解释，从而指导和规划行为。

图像理解主要描述高层的操作，基本上根据较抽象地描述进行解析、判断、决策，其处理过程与方法与人类的思维推理有许多相似之处。

第三章图像基本概念1.图像量化时，如果量化级比较小时会出现什么现象？为什么？答：当实际场景中存在如天空、白色墙面、人脸等灰度变化比较平缓的区域时，采用比较低的量化级数，则这类图像会在画面上产生伪轮廓（即原始场景中不存在的轮廓）。

图像的量化等级反映了采样的质量，数字图像的量化级数随图像的内容及处理的目的差别而不同，低的量化级数只满足于处理简单的线条而对于图像，若线条不明显时，则会产生伪轮廓。

数字图像处理第四次作业姓名：班级：学号：提交日期：摘要本次作业学习了空域滤波器的使用，并且学习了如何产生高斯函数。

通过对实验结果的分析可以发现高斯函数对于细小的噪声优化效果较好，而中值滤波对于大噪声也有一定的优化效果。

而后面的边缘提取作业，很明显的可以看出使用Canny算子的图片处理效果要好很多，虽然仍旧存在边缘不连续的问题，但是整体的边缘已经提取了出来。

一、空域低通滤波器：分别用高斯滤波器和中值滤波器去平滑测试图像test1和2，模板大小分别是3x3 ，5x5 ，7x7；（利用固定方差sigma=1.5产生高斯滤波器）(一)中值滤波器：一个数值集合的中值n是这样的数值，即数值集合中有一半小于或等。

于n，还有一半大于或等于n。

为了对一幅图像上的某点进行中值滤波处理，首先将领域内的像素分类排序，确定其中值，并将中值赋予滤波后图像中的相应像素点。

这样，中值滤波器的主要公式是使拥有不同灰度的点看起来更接近于它的相邻点。

事实上，我们使用mxm中值滤波器来去除那些相对于其领域像素更亮或更暗并且其区域小于m^2/2（滤波区域的一半）的鼓励像素族。

在这种情况下，“去除”的意思是强制为领域的中值灰度。

较大的族所受到的影响明显较小。

程序运行结果：结果观察：通过运行结果可以看出从处理后的图像看，图像的平滑效果较为明显，且受窗口的影响，窗口越大，平滑效果越明显，图像细节越模糊，尤其是test2中人脸图像的眼睛部分，随着滤波器模板的增大，可以明显的感受到图像模糊的效果。

这三个模板中，感觉5x5的模板滤波效果最好。

(二)高斯滤波器：（1）二维高斯函数具有旋转对称性，即滤波器在各个方向上的平滑程度是相同的。

一般来说，一幅图像的边缘方向是事先不知道的，因此，在滤波前是无法确定一个方向上比另一方向上需要更多的平滑．旋转对称性意味着高斯平滑滤波器在后续边缘检测中不会偏向任一方向。

（2）高斯函数是单值函数。

这表明，高斯滤波器用像素邻域的加权均值来代替该点的像素值，而每一邻域像素点权值是随该点与中心点的距离单调增减的。

电子测量技术本次作业是本门课程本学期的第1次作业，一、单项选择题(只有一个选项正确，共5道小题)1. 某台测量仪器说明书中列出一项性能指标为±0.1μV，该性能指标是指仪器的( )。

(A) 示值误差(B) 引用误差(C) 随机误差(D) 最大允许误差你选择的答案： D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：2. 极差法确定测量值的实验标准差的公式为s(xk)=R/C ,其中C表示( )。

(A) 自由度(B) 极差(C) 极差系数(D) 相关系数你选择的答案： C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：3. 若B类标准不确定度的评定是已知扩展不确定度情况下的评定且没有特别说明,则包含因子按( )确定。

(A) 正态分布(B) 均匀分布(C) 三角分布(D) 梯形分布你选择的答案： A [正确]正确答案：A解答参考：4. 当y=x1+2x2，且x1与x2完全正相关，u(x1)=17mm，u(x2)=3mm ，则uc(y) 为( )。

(A) 20mm(B) 18mm(C) 17mm(D) 23mm你选择的答案： D [正确]正确答案：D解答参考：5. 某功率的测量结果为5.778W，其扩展不确定度为0.24W（置信概率为95%），有效自由度为10，则该功率的完整测量结果为( )。

(A) P=5.778W,U95=0.24W,νeff=10(B) P=5.778W,U95=0.3W,νeff=10(C) P=5.78W,U95=0.24W,νeff=10(D) P=5.8W,U95=0.2W,νeff=10你选择的答案： C [正确]正确答案：C解答参考：二、不定项选择题(有不定个选项正确，共4道小题)6. 下面哪些情况会产生系统误差? [不选全或者选错，不算完成](A) 测量设备有缺陷。

(B) 测量环境条件不合要求。

(C) 测量方法不完善。

(D) 测量人员的不良习惯及生理条件限制。

你选择的答案： A B C D [正确]正确答案：A B C D解答参考：7. 在实际测量中，下列哪些因素会引入粗大误差? [不选全或者选错，不算完成](A) 测量操作失误。

数字图像处理第四次作业报告200821111X班XX班XXX1. 实验要求1.给出原始图象premier_zhou.jpg,利用matlab计算并画出中心化频率谱。

2.利用lapalace算子将其锐化（利用matlab中的函数实现）2. 实验思路用fftshift(fft2(J)函数进行频谱的搬移，然后用lapalace算子将其锐化。

3.实验源程序及结果源程序：temp_image=imread('E:\premier zhou.jpg'); % 读文件temp_image=rgb2gray(temp_image); % 将图象变为黑白temp_image=im2double(temp_image); % 转化为二维矩阵move1=fftshift(fft2(temp_image));%将频谱转到中心Lap_count=fspecial('laplacian'); % lapalace filterimage_lap1=filter2(Lap_count,temp_image,'same');%用lapalace滤波image_lap=temp_image-image_lap1;image_adjust=imadjust(image_lap,[],[0,0.8]);move2=fftshift(fft2(image_lap1)); %再将频谱到中心close all;figure(1)imshow(log(abs(move1)),[])%其实也有类似标定的东西。

title('锐化前中心化频率谱')figure(2)subplot(2,2,1),imshow(temp_image);title('原始图象')subplot(2,2,2),imshow(image_lap1);title('拉普拉斯滤波后图象')subplot(2,2,3),imshow(image_lap1,[]);title('标定后图象')subplot(2,2,4),imshow(image_adjust,[]);title('增强的结果')figure(3)imshow(log(abs(move2)),[])title('拉普拉斯滤波后中心化频率4.结果显示：1.滤波前中心功率谱滤波前的中心功率谱滤波后的中心功率谱2.处理后的图象：5.结果分析（1）由频率谱可以看出：未滤波前，图像的低频分量能量较高，滤波后，低频部分的能量明显降低，laplace算子起到了锐化图像的作用。

数字图像处理第四次作业姓名：班级：学号：提交日期：2015年3月31日1、空域低通滤波器：分别用高斯滤波器和中值滤波器去平滑测试图像test1和test2，模板大小分别是3x3，5x5，7x7；（1）问题分析：空域滤波是直接对图像的数据做空间变换达到滤波的目的。

它是一种邻域运算，其机理就是在待处理的图像中逐点地移动模板，滤波器在该点地响应通过事先定义的滤波器系数与滤波模板扫过区域的相应像素值的关系来计算。

如果输出像素是输入像素邻域像素的线性组合则称为线性滤波（例如最常见的均值滤波和高斯滤波），否则为非线性滤波（中值滤波、边缘保持滤波等）。

空域滤波器从处理效果上可以平滑空间滤波器和锐化空间滤波器：平滑空间滤波器用于模糊处理和减小噪声，经常在图像的预处理中使用；锐化空间滤波器主要用于突出图像中的细节或者增强被模糊了的细节。

模板在源图像中移动的过程中，当模板的一条边与图像轮廓重合后，模板中心继续向图像边缘靠近，那么模板的某一行或列就会处于图像平面之外，此时最简单的方法就是将模板中心点的移动范围限制在距离图像边缘不小于（n－1）/2个像素处，单处理后的图像比原始图像稍小。

如果要处理整幅图像，可以在图像轮廓边缘时用全部包含于图像中的模板部分来滤波所有图像，或者在图像边缘以外再补上一行和一列灰度为零的像素点（或者将边缘复制补在图像之外）。

中值滤波器的设计：中值滤波器是一种非线性统计滤波器，它的响应基于图像滤波器包围的图像区域中像素的排序，然后由统计排序的中间值代替中心像素的值。

它比小尺寸的线性平滑滤波器的模糊程度明显要低，对处理脉冲噪声（椒盐噪声）非常有效。

中值滤波器的主要功能是使拥有不同灰度的点看起来更接近于它的邻近值，去除那些相对于其邻域像素更亮或更暗，并且其区域小于滤波器区域一半的孤立像素集。

在一维的情况下，中值滤波器是一个含有奇数个像素的窗口。

在处理之后，位于窗口正中的像素的灰度值，用窗口内各像素灰度值的中值代替。

实验一Matlab图像处理基础一、实验目的1.了解Matlab的基本功能及操作方法2.练习图像读写和显示函数的使用方法3.掌握Matlab支持的五类图像的显示方法（灰度、索引、黑白、彩色等）4.熟悉常用的图像文件格式与格式转换；二、实验内容1.图像的读写A)图像读rgb = imread('ngc6543a.jpg');B)图像写先从一个.mat 文件中载入一幅图像，然后利用图像写函数imwrite，创建一个.bmp文件，并将图像存入其中。

Load clownwhosimwrite(X,map,'clown.bmp')Command windows 窗口显示已载入的图片分辨率、字节大小、格式等信息。

C)图像文件格式转换bitmap = imread('clown.bmp','bmp');imwrite(bitmap,'clown.png','png');D)图像综合操作利用matlab提供的函数将图像读入；编写程序实现对给定图像进行一定比例的放大和缩小处理，在Mfile编辑器中写入以下程序，全速执行：I=imread('lena.tif'); %读入图像J = imresize(I,10); %放大10倍K = imresize(I,0.1); %缩小10倍L=imrotate(I,-10,'bilinear','crop'); %逆时针旋转10°subplot(2,2,1),imshow(I),title('原图'); %原图subplot(2,2,2),imshow(J),title('放大10'); %放大10倍subplot(2,2,3),imshow(K),title('缩小10'); %缩小10倍subplot(2,2,4),imshow(L),title('逆时针旋转10°'); %逆时针转10°2.图像显示A)二进制图像的显示BW1=zeros(20,20); %创建仅包含0/1的双精度图像BW1(2:2:18,2:2:18)=1;imshow(BW1,'notruesize');whosBW2=uint8(BW1);figure,imshow(BW2,'notruesize')BW3=BW2~=0; %逻辑标志置为on figure,imshow(BW3,'notruesize')whosBW=imread('circles.png');imshow(BW);figure,imshow(~BW);figure,imshow(BW,[1 0 0;0 0 1]);B)灰度图像的显示I=imread('testpat1.tif');J=filter2([1 2;-1 -2],I);imshow(I)figure,imshow(J,[])C)索引图像的显示load clown %装载一幅图像imwrite(X,map,'clown.bmp'); %保存为bmp文件imshow(X)imshow(X,map)D)RGB图像的显示I=imread('flowers.tif');imshow(I)RGB=imread('ngc6543a.jpg');figure,imshow(RGB)imshow(I(:,:,3)) % 显示第3个颜色分量E)多帧图像的显示mri=uint8(zeros(128,128,1,27)); % 27帧文件mri.tif初始化for frame=1:27[mri(:,:,:,frame),map]=imread('mri.tif',frame); % 读入每一帧endimshow(mri(:,:,:,3),map); % 显示第3帧figure,imshow(mri(:,:,:,6),map); % 显示第6帧figure,imshow(mri(:,:,:,10),map); % 显示第10帧figure,imshow(mri(:,:,:,20),map); % 显示第20帧F)显示多幅图像[X1,map1]=imread('forest.tif');[X2,map2]=imread('trees.tif');subplot(1,2,1),imshow(X1,map1)subplot(1,2,2),imshow(X2,map2)subplot(1,2,1),subimage(X1,map1)subplot(1,2,2),subimage(X2,map2)三、思考题1.简述MatLab软件的特点。