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Shanghai Baoye Group Corp., LtdProcedure Document上海宝冶集团有限公司程序文件Document Name：Written Practice forTraining, Examinationand Certification of Visual Examination Personnel文件名称：目视检验员培训、考试及资格鉴定管理程序Document No.：文件编号：SBC-JZGS/ASM E-121. General 总则This procedure covers the training and the examinations of Visual Examination personnel for power piping..本大纲规定了从事ASME规范产品目视检验人员的考试方法.2. Requirement 要求All personnel performing visual examinations for power piping in CPMC will be qualified as follows.公司所有的目视检验人员都应按下列方法进行评定:2.1 Instruction in the fundamentals of the non-destructive examination method-visual examination by QC Engineer.由QC工程师对其进行无损检验方法-目视检验的基础知识指导.2.2 A minimum of 20 hours on- the- job training in order to familiarize the Visual Examiner with the appearance and interpretation of indications of weld defects by QC Engineer.QC工程师应对目视检验人员进行至少20小时的现场培训，以使其熟悉焊接缺陷的外观及解释.2.3 Prior to being designated as a Visual Examiner, the individual shall receive an eye examination and be able to read a Jeager Type No.1 Standard Chart at a distance of not less than twelve (12) inches (300mm) and capable of distinguishing and differentiating contrast between colors used. This shall be conducted annually.在被认命为目视检验员之前，该人应接受有资格人员对其进行的视力检查，并且他(她)能在不小于12英寸的距离之外读出Jeager标准视力表1号字，且能区分和辨别所用颜色间的不同.此种检查应每年一次.2.4 Prior to being qualified as a Visual Examiner, the visual examiner must receive a passing grade (minimum of 80%) on an oral consisting of 10 questions on visual examination methods, appearances, and interpretation of indications of weld defects by QC Manager.在被评定为合格的目视检验员之前，QC经理对该人进行口头考试(至少80分以上合格).试题共10道，包括焊接缺陷的目视检验方法、外观、解释等.2.5 Upon satisfactory completion with a passing grade the visual examiner shall be certified in writing that he is a qualified Visual Examiner by QC Manager.考试合格后，由质量经理书面认证该人为评定合格的目视检验员.3. Re-qualification 重新认证3.1 Re-qualification will be required when there is specific reason to question the ability of the individual to perform visual examination,当有特殊原因怀疑某人执行目视检验的能力时，可要求对其人重新进行评定认可. 3.2 Visual Examiner whose work has not performance of a visual examination method for a period of 1 year or more shall be re-qualification by successfully completing the examination of para.2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 above当目视检验员未从事对管道的目视检查工作超过一年,他的资格应按上述条款2.1,2.2和2.3中所述重新进行评定认可.3.3 Substantial changes in procedures or equipment shall require re-qualification of the Visual Examiner.当目视检测规程或设备发生实质性的修改时，应要求对其人重新进行评定认可.3.4 All the Visual Examiners shall be re-certified triennially by QC Manager in accordance with one of the following criteria:所有的目视检验人员每隔三年都须重新认证.由质量经理按下列标准进行:(1) Evidence of continuing satisfactory performance.(2) Re-examination in paragraph 2.4 deemed necessary by QC Manager.(1) 具有连续的令人满意的工作表现的证明(2) 当质量经理认为必要时，2.4节所述考试也应重新进行.4.0 Program 程序The Visual Examiner candidate must receive 20 hours training by QC Engineer in the fundamentals of visual examination; this shall include as a minimum the following:目视检验员必须接受20小时的目视检验基本知识培训.至少应包括:(a) Instruction in weld geometry. 焊缝几何形状的指导.(b) Instructions in undercut, lack of fusion, lack of penetration, slag inclusion, excessive weld reinforcement and lack of fill, etc. Welding Procedure Specifications will be explained to the Visual Examiner and the need to weld within the parameters of the Welding Procedure Specification shall be delineated. The trainee will understand how to determine if proper welding material, electrical characteristics, and other parameters as outlined on Welding Procedure Specification are being followed.咬边，未熔合，未焊透，夹渣，焊缝余高过大，及未填满等方面的指导。
飞行模拟技术第十二课：仪表进场飞行这一课我们将介绍什么是仪表进场，以及在何时何地、以什么方式进行仪表进场。
当您上完这一课应该有充分的把握进行基本的仪表进场飞行，或许能像专业飞行员驾驶波音747做进场飞行一样。
目视飞行与仪表飞行的比较在之前的课程中，我们花了许多的时间学习如何观看窗外的地平线进行所谓的“目视飞行”，也就是飞行员所称的“VFR”，指的是在“目视飞行准则“(Visual Flight Rules; VFR)下进行飞行。
然而在受到云层等因素的影响看不到地平线的时候，您又如何继续飞行呢？这时您可以进行“仪表飞行” (IFR flying)，IFR是“仪表飞行准则”(Instrument Flight Rules)的缩写。
遵循“仪表飞行准则”飞行，您可以通过飞机上的仪表控制飞机在云层中飞行，而导航设备，如甚高频多向信标(VOR)可以将您领向目的地机场。
以上这些飞行过程，都能够在能见度极低的云层中进行。
然而，若使飞机能安全着陆必须要求飞行员的目视状况足以清晰地看见跑道。
行员进行仪表飞行，首先需要通过仪表飞行考核。
这是飞行员拥有私人飞行员执照之后才能参加的考核项目。
这项考核要求额外的训练，如通过各种仪表操控飞机、高级导航等等。
这套仪表训练的大部分内容都和扫描仪表有关，这就和您此前练习的三个步骤扫描相类似。
由于您已经学习过仪表扫描了，所以下面我们就开始学习如何进行完整的仪表进场飞行。
仪表飞行简介仪表飞行是这样进行的。
首先，飞行员向“空中管制”(Air Traffic Control；ATC)报告将采取仪表飞行的计划。
计划一经报告，在即将开始仪表飞行的同时，您照例要在起飞地点呼叫空中管制塔台，告诉他们您有一份飞行计划已经报准。
有了飞行计划与起飞许可，您可以驾机离场升空爬升入云层，然后遵循航线飞往您的目的地。
这些航线由甚高频多向信标(VOR)发出的电波航线所构成纵横穿越整个国家。
您怎么知道自己要沿着哪条航线飞行呢？这就像要找到通往度假胜地的高速公路一样，您可以参考道路文通地图。
