英汉语言对比-术语翻译

一．中西文化、语言比较：语言是思维的载体，首先来比较中西思维方式的区别1．中国人在哲学上注重心理时空，在思维上尤其突出悟性，主张天人合一、物我交融、和谐、了然；文化求全、求圆满，对称平衡。

不注重形式论证、强调整体性的、和谐的辩证法；中国人过着一种心灵的生活（拥有悠久的历史，既有成年人的智慧，又能过着孩子般的生活，所谓赤子之心）2．而西方人：思维以逻辑、分析、线性linear为特点，是直线形的，片面掘进break-through，single-minded, 崇尚个体思维、重形式论证、注重分析。

人为万物之尺度；（对比：音乐、文学、书法、绘画、医学、哲学、直觉）中国人的心态是一种恬静如沐天恩的心境The serene and blessed mood: 富于想象力的理性；语言也是心灵的语言；心灵是纤细而敏感的，就像毛笔，难于掌握，但一旦掌握，能够得心应手，创造促美妙优雅的书画。

二．语言区别：汉语：意合（Parataxis），靠句子内部逻辑关系联系结构：无主语及主语省略很多，主动语态多、连词少，不怕重复；汉语重质、质实结劲、词语内涵丰富，文句结构流洒自如，在词语和句法组织上重意合而非形合；英语: 形合(hypotaxis), 主要靠语言本身语法手段。

多用连词、介词构建句子，非人称主语多用，被动句，主语不省略；主干结构突出，主谓机制突出，名词（尤其是抽象名词）、介词突出。

所以中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言；因此：英语好比一棵大树；汉语好比一节节竹子；红楼梦：和尚；He bought six pens, which cost him 42 yuan.When he brought them home, he found they were all used.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？前途是光明的，道路是曲折的；While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns;has zigzags; tortous这是一项宏伟的工程，所有类似的工程与之相比都黯然失色；It is a gigantic project before which all similar projects pale significantly;典型的例子就是连词：so…. that 和when….1.What was the forbidden city in Beijing like? It wasso interesting that I went several times.北京的紫禁城是个什么地方？它是如此有趣以至我去参观了好几次；When 也不是总译成当…..时候..甚至大部分时间不译成“当……时候”有时甚至出现：“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着亨利.史密斯的名字的旧鱼竿的时候….”这样的怪句子；2．汉语：远看山有色，近听水无声，春去花还在，人来鸟不惊；英语：When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear;But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.汉语是婴儿语言；（1）隐含条件从句的意合早知今日，何必当初；If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.（2）隐含结果从句的意合；He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思；It was so cold that the river froze.天气寒冷，河水都结冰了；It couldn’t make out who he was as I only saw his back;我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁；（3）隐含转折的意合：江山易改，本性难移；It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.三．英汉两种语言句型具体区别及翻译中的应用：核心区别：汉语：并列型coordination, 表面上是没有主次之分的；英语：从属型subordination，一定是有主次之分的；Eg.7 将国有企业提供社会保障待遇与雇佣关系脱钩，这将有助于使国企经理在作出商业决策时不用考虑政府对社会问题的顾虑，同时还可使员工在调动工作不用担心失去社会福利待遇，这就能够提高劳动力的流动性。

英汉语言对比与翻译讲义（二）一、常见的被动式习语译法[1] It is said that 据说，有人说[2] It will be said that 有人会说[3] It is well-known that 大家都知道，众所周知[4] It is believed that 人们相信，大家相信[5] It is reported that 据报导，据报告，据通报[6] It is learned that 据闻，据说，已经查明[7] It is found that 据发现，人们认为[8] It has been found that 已经发现[9] It is considered that 据估计，人们认为[10] It is usually considered that 通常认为[11] It is thought that 有人认为[12] It is universally accepted that 普遍认为，是普遍接受的[13] It is taken that 人们认为，有人以为[14] It is regarded that 人们认为[15] It is generally agreed that 人们通常认为[16] It is generally recognized that 通常大家都承认[17] It is noticed that 人们注意到，有人指出[18] It is noted that 前面已经指出[19] It is announced that 据称，有人宣称[20] It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会说[21] It will be seen that 可见，可以看出[22] It will be seen from this (that) 由此可见[23] It should be pointed out that 必须指出[24] It must be admitted that必须承认，老实说[25] It is supposed that 据推测，人们猜测，假定[26] It may be safely said that 可以有把握地说[27] It is asserted that 有人主张[28] It has been proved that 已经证明[29] It has been shown (stated) that 有人指出，据说，据称，有人说[30] It has been illustrated that 据说明，据图示[31] It is expected that 人们希望[32] It is understood that 不用说，大家知道[33] It is suggested that 有人建议，建议[34] It is demonstrated that 据证实，已经证明[35] It is pointed out that人们指出，有人指出[36] It is estimated that 据估计，有人估计[37] It is claimed that 据称，有人宣称[38] It is recommended that 有人推荐，有人建议[39] It is decided that 已经决定[40] It cannot be denied that 无可否认[41] It is stressed that 人们强调说[42] It is arranged that 已经商定，已经准备[43] It has been calculated that 据估计[44] It is mentioned that 据说[45] It is assumed that 假定，假设[46] It is declared that 据宣称，有人宣称[47] It is hypothesized that 假设[48] It is proposed that 有人指出，有人提议，一般认为[49] It has been viewed that 讨论了，检查了[50] It is enumerated that 列举了[51] It is outlined that 概括地说[52] It is established that 可以认定[53] It is still to be hoped that （我们）仍应希望[54] It is predicted that 据估计，预计[55] It is hoped that 希望，有人希望二、王佐良谈翻译中的具体问题王佐良教授关于翻译的论述，归纳起来，有以下要点。

英汉对比术语表综合语（用形态变化表达语法）Synthetic 分析语（用词序及虚词表达语法）Analytic形态变化形式hereditary inflections语调语言（英）intonation language声调语言（汉）tone language主谓一致S-V concord语法关系一致grammatical concord意义一致notional concord就近原则principle of proximity倒装inversion描写性词语连用：在英语多作定语，少作谓语heavy attribute, small predicate在汉语多作谓语，少作定语small attribute, heavy predicate句末焦点end focus句末重心end weight英语虚词form words结构词structural words功能词function words并列连词co-ordinators从属连词subordinators汉语虚词empty words助词particles实词notion/full words汉语：双音节化和四音节化predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables over monosyllables and trisyllables关系网络connective-nexus 英语句式呈聚合型compactness句核kernel汉语句式呈流散型diffusiveness形合hypotaxis意合parataxis非逻辑表达方式illogical expressions汉语整句full sentence汉语零句minor sentence英语破句fragments形式接应formal cohesion意念连贯semantic coherence显性衔接overt cohesion链接手段和形式cohesive ties隐性连贯covert coherence严谨preciseness简洁concisenessEmbedded clauses包孕式的复合句complex sentences汉语复句composite sentences流水记事法chronicle style用流水句逐层叙述思维过程streamline the thoughts物称impersonal人称personal非人称主语inanimate subject有灵动词animate verb非人称被动式impersonal passive双重被动式double passive客观objective间接indirect婉转roundabout不提及行为者的被动式agentless passive公文文体bureaucratese科技文章technical writing报刊文章newspaperese无主句subjectless sentences主语省略句subject-omitted sentences祈使句或无形式标志的被动句passives with no grammatical marks被动passive主动active施事agent受事主语receptor subject含糊的人称主语vague pronoun subject信息性文本informative texts客观叙述impersonal activity seen objectively结构被动句syntactic passive意义被动句notional passive汉语“被字式”为不幸语态inflictive voice 通称generic person静态static动态dynamic名词化nominalization“名词优于动词”的倾向preponderance of nouns over verbs名词化表达法nominal style过分使用名词的习惯noun habit过分使用被动语态的习惯passive habit 堆砌名词noun pileups名词代替形容词noun adjectives削弱或淡化dilute弱化表达法debilitated style使叙述曲折迂回circumlocution弱式动词verbs of feeble phenomenality抽象abstract具体concrete大字眼pompous words行为抽象名词action-nouns范畴词category words具体化figuration间接indirect直接direct委婉euphemism官方英语officialese官僚英语bureaucratese五角大楼英语Pentagonese国务院英语State-Departmentese官腔英语gobbledygood地方市政府英语urbanbabble职业委婉语occupational euphemism含蓄implicitness转移否定transferred negation臆断assumptions含蓄虚拟句implied subjunctive反意问句disjunctive questions省略句ellipsis诅咒语swear-words讽刺语ironical idioms迂回periphrasis行话jargon替换substitutive重复reiterative替代substitution替代的形式pro-forms名词性替代nominal substitution 动词性替代verbal substitution分句性替代clausal substitution省略omission变换variation变相重复elegant variation上义词generic term下属词specific words上下义词hyponymy重叠reduplication重复repetition对照antithesis排比parallelism第三人称单数third person singular。