Metal Vapor Three Phase Boundary

a function of …的函数 absorption：吸附 acetone 丙酮acrylics丙烯酸树脂 Aerospace 航空 agricultural engineering农业工程agricultural engineer农艺师 Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉ammonia 氨 ammonium nitrate硝酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵 analyte分析物 analytical chemistry分析化学amorphous 非定型的,非晶型的,非结晶的,玻璃状的;无一定目的的,乱七八糟approximate to：接近，趋近 area 面积 argon氩 aromatic 芳香烃的as a whole整体而言 ash纯碱 asphalt沥青a priori：先验的,既定的,不根据经验的,由原因推出结果的,演绎的,直觉的accessory heater 附属加热器accident prevention事故预防accountant会计师，会计，出纳 activity coefficient活度系数actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率 adiabatic绝热的，不传热的alkane烷烃 ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物ammonium phosphate磷酸铵anhydrous无水的applied Chemistry应用化学aquatic plant 水生植物 artificial人工的 asphaltene沥青油assay分析化验 at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直bottoms product塔底产品 baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板balance 抵消，平衡 barrier障碍物 batch间歇的；benzene苯binary distillation双组分精馏 bioengineering生物工程 bionics（仿生学）biosynthesis生物合成 blower 风机 boundary layer 边界层brick wall 墙壁 brittleness 脆性 bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗 bulk explosive集装炸药 buoyancy force 浮力by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于 barrel桶(国际原油计量单位)base塔底，基础 biological production生物制品生产biomechanics生物力学 bitumen沥青 blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学boiling point 沸点 bottom 底部，塔底 branched chain支链烷烃branched-chain（带支链的） bulk chemical 大宗化工产品capillary action毛细管作用 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳capital expenditure 基建投资 carbon skeleton碳骨架capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资 carrier载体carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳 straightforward简单明了的 catalyst 催化剂catalyst催化剂， catalytic cracking 催化裂化catalytic oxidation催化氧化 chemical additive添加剂centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离 chemical process safety 化工过程安全chain-shaped链状的 chemical reactor transfer of heat, evaporation, crystallization结晶chain链 chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂chemical reaction化学反应 circulating gas 循环气civil engineer土木工程师 closed system封闭系统cleansing agent清洗剂 compound化合物close teamwork紧密的团队协作 computer microchip 计算机芯片coefficient系数 concentration difference 浓度差columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪 concentration gradient 浓度梯度combustion燃烧 condensate冷凝液，凝缩液commercial proportions 商业规模 condensation冷凝commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品 condenser冷凝器compress压缩 condense凝缩，冷凝computationally intensive计算量大的 constitute取代物，取代基concave （凸的，凸面） continuous：连续的concentration 浓度 convection 对流conduction 传导 convection drying对流干燥conduit导流管）, cooling water 冷却水conical funnel 锥形漏斗 coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律 corrosive property 腐蚀性constant-rate drying period恒速干燥阶段 cost engineer造价师control volume 控制体 counterpart对应物，配对物cooler 冷却器 cracking of petroleum石油裂解counteract抵消 cracking裂化counter-current逆流 criteria 指标 conversion转化，转化率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量 crude oil原油cake filtration 饼层过滤 capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力 crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂 depth 深度 derivative衍生物descriptive 描述性的 diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵 dislocation 错位dispersion model分散模型 dissolve 溶解 distillate product塔顶馏出产品distillate section精馏段 downcomer 降液管 drag forces曳力 drying of Solids 固体干燥drying rate干燥速率 ductility 延展性 dairy牛奶deactivate失活 deep bed filtration 深层过滤 defect structure 结构缺陷demonstrate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示density 密度 density difference密度差 deposit沉积物design engineer设计师 detector检测器 detrimental有害的devastate破坏，蹂躏 discolor变色，脱色drop in pressure 压降 drying gas干燥气体 drying干燥durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度eddy diffusion涡流扩散 efficiency improvement 效率提高electromagnetic wave 电磁波 Empirical model 经验模型employ采纳，利用 end-of-pipe solution 最终方案energy efficiency 能量效率 environmental health engineering环境健康工程equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散essential oil香精油 ether 乙醚 ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的）exotic chemistry 奇异化学explosive炸药 extract 萃取液extract萃取液 eddy 尾流，涡流 electrical conductivity 导电性emission释放物，排放物 emulsifying agent乳化剂energy saving 节约能量 enthalpy 焓 extract phase萃取相environmentally benign processing环境友好加工equilibrium constant 平衡常数 ethyl alcohol乙醇)energy conversion 能量转化falling-rate降速 falling-rate period降速干燥阶段feedstock 进料，原料 fermentation发酵Fick’s Law 费克定律 filter cake 滤饼filter paper 滤纸 filtering medium 过滤介质filtering surface 过滤表面 filtrate 滤液flux（通量，流通量） foodstuff 食品forces of friction 摩擦力 forefront最前线，最前沿fouling污垢，发泡 foundation 基础fraction collector馏分收集器fractional crystallization分步结晶fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流 functional group官能团furnace 火炉，燃烧器 fused quartz 熔化的石英factor 因数，因子，系数，比例 family族 feed liquor 进料液fertilizer化肥 fiber纤维 filter cake 滤饼filter 过滤器 filtration 过滤 final-proposal决议Fine chemical 精细化工 first-principles基本原理，基本规则fluid mechanics 流体力学 fluorescence 荧光色，荧光fossil fuel化石燃料 freeze drying冷冻干燥gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gasoline汽油 general service facilities公用工程gravity重力 gas adsorption 吸收；Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱gasoline汽油 governmental regulation政府规定heat exchanger 换热器 heat requirement热负荷heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质 heavy gas oil重瓦斯油helium氦 HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化high-efficiency高效的 high-fidelity高保真的 high-performance高性能human-factors engineering人类与环境工程humidity湿度 hydrodynamic model水力学模型hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应hydroquinone 对苯二酚 hard hat 安全帽hazard identification 危害辩识， health care保健hearing aid助听器 artificial limb假肢 heat exchange 热交换heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热 homologous series同系物human medicine人体医学 hydrocarbon naphthene环烷烃hydrogen cyanide氰化氢i feed tray进料板 ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸 ifetime寿命 impurity杂质in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..,大约…，在…左右information processing 信息处理injection注射 inorganic salt无机盐 insulation 绝缘inter-phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递is proportional to 与…成比例ideal system 理想系统 In principle从原理而言in the absence of无---存在 inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质inflection:折射 intensity强度，程度is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比internal structure 内部结构ketone酮 kilogram千克labor 劳动力 laminar sub-layer 层流底层 latent heat潜热 law 定律 Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸liquid mixture 液体混合物 lubricating oil润滑油Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根least-squares-regression最小二乘法 life scientist生命科学家liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取 locant位次，位标 loss prevention损失预防macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象 thermal stability热稳定性maintenance expense 维修费 macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子materials science材料科学 magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物matte无光泽的，无光的 mathematical expression steady-state model稳态模型mean value平均值 maximum最大的mechanical disturbance 机械扰动 mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）mechanical separation 机械分离） medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械 medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程membrane technology膜技术 medium 介质metal wall of a tube 金属管壁 membrane module膜组件metallic solid 金属固体 methane甲烷metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术 milliliter毫升micro-reactor 微型反应器 miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mobile phase移动相 model identification模式识别moisture content湿含量 molecular diffusion 分子扩散motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动 molecular transfer分子传递mount 安装，固定 moving gas stream移动的气流multi-component distillation多组分精馏natural gas天然气 naphtha石脑油near toequilibrium接近平衡 natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流neural network神经网络 net flow 净流量nitric acid 硝酸 nitric acid硝酸 nylon尼龙nitrogen oxides氮氧化物 nonlinear-equation-solving technique非线性方程求解技术nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法 nuclear power 核能octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值 of the same order具有同一数量级of enthalpy 焓通量 oil drilling采油operating condition操作条件 oil shale油页岩overhead vapor塔顶汽体 one-pass（单程）oxygenate content 氧含量 operating cost 操作费用or convex（凹的，凹面） organic有机的，有机物的outline描绘，勾勒 output产出，输出，产量oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物paraffin石蜡，烷烃parent母链，主链penicillin青霉素partial vaporization 部分汽化particle size 颗粒尺寸pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体pharmaceutical 制药 packed tower 填料塔phaseout消除 packing characteristics填充性质phenomenological model 现象模型 packing material 填料 pump 泵physical process 物理过程 paint涂料physiologists生理学 paraffin石蜡，链烷烃physiologist生理学家 per unit area单位面积plastic塑料 percent conversion百分比转化率plate tower 板式塔 installation 装置 feed 进料 perpendicular to：与----垂直polymers聚合物 Pharmaceutical制药power 动力 phosgene synthesis 光气合成.precipitate 沉淀物 plane chromatography薄层色谱precipitation沉淀，沉析 plant layout工厂布局pressure gradient plant location工厂选址probability of failure失效概率 pollutant 污染物process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师 poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体process engineering过程工程 porous medium 多孔介质process material过程物料(相对最终产品而言的） pretreatment 预处理process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包 processcontrol（过程控制）product 产物，产品 production line生产线prosthetics假肢器官学 protein蛋白质psychology心理学 pyridine砒啶 purify 精制提纯qualitative定性的 quantitative precision定量的精确 quantitative relation 定量关系radiation 辐射 raffinate萃余液ratio of A to B A与B的比值 rate of diffusion扩散速率reactant 反应物 reaction 反应 separation 分离reaction byproduct 反应副产物 reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度 reaction zone反应区reactive distillation 反应精馏 reactive distillation 反应精馏reactor energy input能量输入 recycle 循环回收reboiler再沸器 vaporization汽化 regression model回归模型.refix前缀 release释放，排放reflect 反射， replacement organ器官移植reflux回流 replication 复制 reforming重整 resistance 阻力regenerate再生 resistance 阻力，阻止replicating prefix重复前缀词 retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间 ring-shaped（环状的）Reynolds number雷诺准数 rules and regulations 规章制度reaction kinetics 反应动力学 reactant 反应物retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子safety experience安全经验 safety knowledge安全知识safety management support安全管理基础知识 safety shoe防护鞋sample样品 sandstone砂岩 sedimentary rock沉积岩 sanitation卫生segment段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断screening筛选，浮选sensor 传感器，探头 seepage渗出物 siltstone泥岩 self-taught自学size distribution 粒度分布 semiconductor 半导体sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠 sensible heat（sensible heat：显热）solubility，溶解度，溶解性 separation of solids 固体分离solute溶质 settling tank沉降槽 solution溶液 setup 装置solvent make-up 补充溶剂 optimum 最优的 shape 形状solvent 溶剂 soap肥皂solvent-recovery system 溶剂回收系统 solid state physics固体物理学stage-type distillation column级板式精馏塔 soluble可溶解的 solvent溶剂statistical technique 统计技术 specialized group专业组storage仓库 specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品stripping section汽提段,提馏段 spinning electrons 旋转电子structural steels 结构钢 spray chamber 喷淋室substituent取代基 stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相substitute取代，替代 steam蒸汽suffix后缀 stereoselective立体选择性的surface layer 表面层 straight line：直线surface treatment表面处理 streptomycin（链霉素）surgeon外科医生 styrene苯乙烯suspension 悬浮液 sublime升华supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官 synthetic rubber合成橡胶tanker油轮 kerosene煤油 tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的technical competence技术能力 tangible return有形回报terminology术语，词汇 tar sand沥青石thermal conductivity 导热性 technical advance 技术进步thermal diffusion热扩散 technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难total condense全凝器 technical evaluation技术评估tower shell 塔体 Telecommunication 电信toxic有毒的 temperature gradient 温度梯度transport of momentum 动量传递 temperature gradient 温度梯度tray 塔板 temperature level 温度高低turbulent flow 湍流 test mixture测试混合物two-film theory 双膜理论 the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会two-phase flow两相流 the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动thermal conduction 热传导 thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡 tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量 top 顶部，塔顶trap 收集，捕集 triple bond三健，三价unconverted reactant未转化的反应物 unabsorbed component未吸收组分 purity纯度urea尿素vacant atomic site 原子空位 vacuum drying真空干燥vapor-liquid contacting device汽液接触装置 Vacuum 真空viscous resistance粘性阻力 valve tray浮阀塔板volatility挥发性 vapor pressure蒸汽压voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的 via经，由，通过，借助于 viscosity 黏度waste 废物 wastewater treatment污水处理 waste disposal废物处理water droplet水珠，水滴 water purification水净化wax石蜡 weir溢流堰 with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果water-cooling tower水冷塔yield 产率，收率。

4 冶金过程物理化学4.1 冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgical processes 统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy 系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metal reaction平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar quantity总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbs energy生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation 反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram 二元相图binary-component phase diagram 三元相图ternary-component phase diagram 液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s law纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量１％溶液标准(态)1 mass% solution standard无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinityly dilute solution相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm吉布斯～亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equation质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学破度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basicoxide两性氧化物amphoteric泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous state硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere磷分配比碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物)elimination of nonmetallic inclusion非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonmetallic inclusion 脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD)4.2 冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical process传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction化学控制反应chenical-controlled reaction混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynolds number固定床fiexed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention time催化catalysis催化剂catalyst表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附absorption4.3 冶金电化学冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts固态离子学solid state ionics电解质溶液electrolyte solution阳离子cation阴离子anion电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in metallurgical physical chemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA热重法thermogravimetry分子筛molecular sieve5 钢铁冶金5.1 炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke formation中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke formation选煤coal preparation, coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf装煤车larry car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of coke 焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol苯benzene甲苯toluene二甲苯xylene苯并呋喃-茚树脂coumarone-indene resin精萘refined naphthalene精蒽refined anthracene煤[焦油]沥青coal tar pitch沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦formcoke5.2 耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay高岭土kaolin硬质粘土flint clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite叶蜡石pyrophyllite膨润土bentonite鳞石英tridymite方石英cristobalite砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite氧化铝alumina烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum红柱石andalusite蓝晶石kyanite,cyanite硅线石sillimanite橄榄石olivine方镁石periclase镁砂magnesia合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite clinker合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clinker尖晶石spinel镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel,magnesiochromite 硅藻土diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩perlite碳化硅silicon carbide氮化硅silicon nitride氮化硼boron nitride粘土熟料chamotte熟料grog轻烧light burning,soft burning死烧dead burning,hard burning成型模注shaping moulding机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic press捣打成型ramming process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength,dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln回转窑rotary kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick泡砂石quartzite sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous refractory [material]硅砖silica brick,dinas brick熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material]镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral refractory [material]复合砖composite brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle 定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable brick,porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer brick陶瓷纤维ceramic fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion resistance5.3 碳素材料[含]碳[元]素材料carbon materials无定形碳amorphous carbon金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization 石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of graphite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite electrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket plug电极糊electrode paste石墨坩埚graphite crucible石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite5.4 铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit process电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates 生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet 生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet 圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet firing链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing 环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment 置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove 顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making 熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process。

第一章soil 土rock 岩土sand 沙土silt粉土clay粘土weathering风化disintegration分解;崩解decomposition分解作用mineral矿物crack裂缝fracture断裂;破裂debris岩屑thermal stress热应力rock mass岩体sandstone砂岩gravel砾石parent rock母岩natural soil天然土;底土residual soil残积土transported soil运积土moraine 冰泽igneous rock火成岩granite花岗岩basalt玄武岩sedimentary rock沉积岩limestone石灰岩shale页岩alluvial soil冲积土wind-borne soil风积土loess黄土dune 沙丘wind blown silt风积尘土silty clay粉质粘土glacial soil冰川沉积土pleistocene epoch更新世glacial deposit 冰川沉积erosion侵蚀boulder漂石fragment碎屑foundation engineering基础工程bedrock基岩glacial till 冰土unstratified非层状的unconsolidated不固结的heterogeneous非均质的marsh soil沼泽土muck 淤泥,腐植土inorganic soil 无机土soil particle土粒void 孔隙solid phase固相liquid phase液相vapor phase气相saturated soil饱和土dry soil干土original mineral原生矿物quartz石英feldspar长石isinglass云母hornblende角闪石pyroxene辉石coarseness粗度roundness圆度secondary mineral次生矿物kaolinite高岭石illite依利石montmorillonite蒙脱石water content含水量crystal structure 晶体结构crystal cell晶胞alluminosilicate铝硅酸盐isomorphous replacement同晶置换grain group粒组scree卵石colloidal particle胶粒sieve analysis筛分析grading curve粒晶分布曲线crystal lattice晶格hygroscopic water吸着水capillary water毛细管水gravitational water重力水fabric组构single grain fabric单粒组构flocculent fabric絮凝组构disperded fabric分散组构bulk density湿密度unit weight容重specific gravity比重water content 含水量void ratio孔隙比porosity孔隙率dry density干密度degree of saturation 饱和度saturated unit weight饱和容重dry unit weight干容重buoyant density浮密度buoyant unit weight浮容重relative density 相对密度consistency稠度liquid limit液限plastic limit塑限shrinkage limit缩限kneading method搓滚法liquid-plastic limit combined device液塑限联合测定仪plasticity index塑性指数liquidity index液性指数compaction压实，夯实classification分类coarse grained soil粗粒土fine grained soil细粒土liquefaction液化第二章seepage 渗透total head 总水头elevation head位置水头pressure head压力水头head loss水头损失darcy’s law达西定律pore water pressure孔隙水压力coefficient of permeability渗透系数hydraulic gradient水力坡降(水力梯度) flow path length渗径长度constant-head test常水头试验falling-head test变水头试验pumping test压水试验groundwater地下水soil layers 土层Laplace’s Equation拉普拉斯方程homogeneous均质的isotropic 各向同性的anisotropic各向异性的incompressible不可压缩的finite difference method有限差分法finite element method有限单元法boundary element method边界单元法flow net流网equipotential lines等势线flow lines流线the principle of effective stress有效应力原理total stress总应力effective stress有效应力piezometer孔隙水压力计standpipe测压管seepage force 渗流力liquefaction液化boiling砂沸heaving隆起piping管涌Critical Hydraulic Gradient 临界水力梯度第三章additional stress（stress increase）附加应力at-rest静止bulk unit weight天然（湿）容重buoyant unit weight浮容重centric load中心荷载coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest静止土压力系数compatible相容，协调concentrated load点荷载，集中荷载contact pressure基底压力dam坝deposit 沉（堆）积，沉（堆）积物eccentric load偏心荷载effective overburden pressure自重应力（有效）elastic half-space弹性半空间体embankment堤坝，堤防，路堤embedment depth埋置深度flexible foundation柔性基础foundation基础geostatic stress自重应力geotechnical engineering岩土工程GL=ground level地面GWL=ground water level地下水位Ground地基Heterogeneous非均质Homogeneous均质Hydraulic fill水力吹填Heave隆起In-situ原位，现场Isotropic各向同性Landfill填埋场Line load线荷载Load intensity荷载强（集）度Major axis主轴Man-made ground人工地基Medium介质Moment力矩Moment of inertia惯性矩Natural ground天然地基Net contact pressure基底净压力（基底附加压力）Offsetting偏心矩Overturning倾覆Point load点荷载，几种荷载Principle of superposition叠加原理Reclamation围垦Retaining wall挡（土）墙Rigid foundation刚性基础Sediment沉积（淀），沉积（淀）物Semi-infinite mass半无限体Settlement沉降Solid waste固体废弃物Stratum（土，地）层Strip foundation条形基础Stress increase附加应力Superimposed stress附加应力Thrust推力Tracing paper描图（透明，透写）纸第四章, 第五章architectural damage建筑损伤brittle脆性caisson沉箱，沉井coefficient of consolidation固结系数coefficient of volume compressibility体积压缩系数collapse settlement湿陷沉降collapsible soil湿陷性土compressible layer 压缩层compression压缩compression index 压缩指数compression modulus压缩摸量consolidation固结consolidation analogy固结模型curve fitting曲线拟合deformation modulus变形摸量degree of consolidation固结度dial gauge量表，百分表differential settlement差异沉降dissipation消散drained，drainage排水drilled shaft钻孔桩driven pile打入桩expansion index回弹指数expansive soil膨胀土floodgate闸门half-closed layer单面排水层hogging crack顶裂Hooke’s law虎克定律hysteretic loop回滞环in-situ compression curve现场压缩曲线intact specimen原状试样isochrones等时线loading ratio荷载率loess黄土masonry砌体，砌石normally consolidated正常固结oedometer固结仪oedometer test固结实验open layer双面排水层overconsolidated超固结overconsolidation ratio超固结比peaty soil泥炭土piezometer孔压计poisson’s ratio泊松比porous stone透水石preconsolidation pressure前期固结应力primary consolidation主固结rebounding curve回弹曲线recompression curve再压缩曲线secondary consolidation次固结settlement沉降soil mass土体soil skeleton土骨架specimen土样standpipe测压管stratum（pl.strata）土层stress history应力历史structural damage结构损伤subsidence沉陷swelling curve回弹曲线swelling index回弹指数time factor时间因数total head总水头underconsolidated欠固结underpin托换undrained不排水uneven settlement不均匀沉降virgin compression curve初始压缩曲线Young’s modulus杨氏摸量第六章all-round pressure 围压anisotropic非各项相等borehole钻孔cohesion凝聚力compression压缩consolidated-drained固结排水consolidated-quick shear test固结快剪试验consolidated-slow shear test固结慢剪试验consolidated-untrained固结不排水creep蠕变critical极限的critical state极限状态critical void ratio临界孔隙比crushing压碎cyclic repeat load循环荷载cylindrical specimen 圆柱试样dense sand紧砂density密度deposition沉积deviator stress 压力差dilatancy膨胀directly shear test直剪试验drainage volume排水量dynamic load动力荷载excavation开挖failure破坏failure envelop强度包线fracturing破裂friction angle 摩擦角friction resistance摩擦阻力hollow cylinder空心圆柱interlocking咬合intermediate stress中主应力isotropic 各项相等kneading揉liquefaction液化loose sand松砂mohr-coulomb failure criterion摩尔- 库仑破坏准则o-ring O形圈parameter参数peak stress峰值应力pedestal底座piezometer孔压计plane strain平面应变pore pressure孔隙压力pore pressure coefficient孔隙压力系数porous ceramic stone透水石principle stress主应力remolded sample重塑土residual strength残余强度ring shear test圆环剪切试验roller bearings滚珠rubber membrane橡皮膜sampling制样screw 螺栓seepage渗透sensitivity灵敏度shear剪切shear vane test十字板剪切试验shell贝壳silt lamination粉沙夹层slope边坡specimen试样stability稳定strength强度stress path应力路径torque扭矩triaxial compression三轴压缩试验true triaxial test真三轴试验unconfined compression无侧限抗压试验unconsolidated-undrained不固结不排水undisturbed sample原状样vertical load垂直荷载volumetric strain体积应变weak plane 软弱面第七章Rankine’s Theory of earth pressure朗肯土压力理论Coloumb’s Theory of earth pressure 库仑土压力理论earth pressure土压力earth pressure at static state静止土压力active earth pressure主动土压力passive earth pressure被动土压力earth pressure coefficient土压力系数at-rest earth pressure coefficient静止土压力系数active earth pressure coefficient主动土压力系数passive earth pressure coefficient被动土压力系数force polygon力多边形bracing system支撑系统第八章acceleration加速度Bishop’s method毕肖普法Bishop’s simplified method简化毕肖普法cutting slope开挖边坡dam 大坝disturbing moment倾覆力矩driving moment滑动力矩earthquake地震effective stress有效应力embankment堤、坝excess pore water pressure超孔隙水压力failure surface破坏面limiting equilibrium 极限平衡method of slice条分法moment arm力臂moment力矩most critical surface最危险滑动面pore pressure孔隙压力pore water pressure孔隙水压力resisting moment抗滑力矩rupture surface破裂面saturated unit weight饱和重度seepage force渗流力seepage surface浸润面seepage, seepage flow渗流seismic force地震力shear resistance抗剪强度shear strength抗剪强度slip arc 滑弧slip circle滑弧slip surface滑动面slope angle坡角slope stability边坡稳定性slope surface 坡面slope边坡stability稳定性steady seepage稳定渗流Swedish method of slices瑞典条分法toe of slope坡脚top of slope坡顶total stress总应力unit weight重度weight重力bulk unit weight 重度。

结构单元constitutional unit重复结构单元constitutional repeating unit构型单元configurational unit立构重复单元stereorepeating unit立构规整度tacticity等规度, 全同立构[规整，整]度isotacticity间同度，间同立构[规整]度syndiotacticity无规度，无规立构度atacticity嵌段block规整嵌段regular block非规整嵌段irregular block立构嵌段stereoblock有规立构嵌段isotactic block无规立构嵌段atactic block单体单元monomeric unit二单元组diad三单元组triad四单元组tetrad五单元组pentad无规线团random coil自由连接链freely-jointed chain自由旋转链freely-rotating chain蠕虫状链worm-like chain柔性链flexible chain链柔性chain flexibility刚性链rigid chain棒状链rodlike chain链刚性chain rigidity聚集aggregation聚集体aggregate凝聚、聚集coalescence链缠结chain entanglement凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement物理缠结physical entanglement拓扑缠结topological entanglement凝聚相condensed phase凝聚态condensed state凝聚过程condensing process临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition受限链confined chain受限态confined state物理交联physical crosslinking统计线团statistical coil等效链equivalent chain统计链段statistical segment链段chain segment链构象chain conformation剥离强度peeling strength 疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance挠曲deflection压缩强度compressive strength压缩永久变形compression set压缩变形compressive deformation压痕硬度indentation hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness布氏硬度Brinell hardness抗刮性scrath resistance断裂力学fracture mechanics力学破坏mechanical failure应力强度因子stress intensity factor断裂伸长elongation at break屈服强度yield strength断裂韧性fracture toughness弹性形变elastic deformation弹性滞后elastic hysteresis弹性elasticity弹性模量modulus of elasticity弹性回复elastic recovery不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation裂缝crack银纹craze形变；变形deformation永久变形deformation set剩余变形residual deformation剩余伸长residual stretch回弹，回弹性resilience延迟形变retarded deformation延迟弹性retarded elasticity可逆形变reversible deformation应力开裂stress cracking应力-应变曲线stress strain curve拉伸应变stretching strain拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation热历史thermal history热收缩thermoshrinking扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA应力致白stress whitening应变能strain energy应变张量strain tensor剩余应力residual stress应变硬化strain hardening应变软化strain softening电流变液electrorheological fluid无规线团模型random coil model无规行走模型random walk model自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model卷曲构象coiled conformation高斯链Gaussian chain无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension扰动尺寸perturbed dimension热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction链间相互作用interchain interaction链间距interchain spacing长程有序long range order近程有序short range order回转半径radius of gyration末端间矢量end-to-end vector链末端chain end末端距end-to-end distance无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance伸直长度contour length相关长度persistence length主链；链骨架chain backbone支链branch chain链支化chain branching短支链short-chain branch长支链long-chain branch支化系数branching index支化密度branching density支化度degree of branching交联度degree of crosslinking网络network网络密度network density溶胀swelling平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly自组装self assembly微凝胶microgel凝胶点gel point可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositional heterogenity摩尔质量平均molar mass average数均分子量number-average molecular weight, number-average molar mass重均分子量weight-average molecular weight, weight-average molar massZ均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight, Z-molar mass 黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass 表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass表观分子量apparent molecular weight聚合度degree of polymerization动力学链长kinetic chain length单分散性monodispersity临界分子量critical molecular wweight分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID平均聚合度average degree of polymerization质量分布函数mass distribution function数量分布函数number distribution function重量分布函数weight distribution function舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution最概然分布most probable distribution对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution聚合物溶液polymer solution聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent均方末端距mean square end to end distance均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyrationθ温度theta temperatureθ态theta stateθ溶剂theta solvent良溶剂good solvent不良溶剂poor solvent位力系数Virial coefficient排除体积excluded volume溶胀因子expansion factor溶胀度degree of swelling弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory哈金斯公式Huggins equation哈金斯系数Huggins coefficientχ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter溶度参数solubility parameter摩擦系数frictional coefficient流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume珠-棒模型bead-rod model球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence动态光散射dynamic light scattering小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method相对黏度relative viscosity相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment黏度比viscosity ratio黏数viscosity number[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer 毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer落球黏度计ball viscometer落球黏度ball viscosity本体黏度bulk viscosity比浓黏度reduced viscosity比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscosity number 特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number黏度函数viscosity function零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity端基分析analysis of end group蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation 折光指数增量refractive index increment瑞利比Rayleigh ratio超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio粒子散射函数particle scattering function粒子散射因子particle scattering factor齐姆图Zimm plot散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering解偏振作用depolarization分级fractionation沉淀分级precipitation fractionation萃取分级extraction fractionation色谱分级chromatographic fractionation柱分级column fractionation洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation热分级thermal fractionation凝胶色谱法gel chromatography摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit洗脱体积elution volume普适标定universal calibration加宽函数spreading function链轴chain axis等同周期identity period链重复距离chain repeating distance晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period构象重复单元conformational repeating unit几何等效geometrical equivalence螺旋链helix chain构型无序configurational disorder链取向无序chain orientational disorder构象无序conformational disorder锯齿链zigzag chain双[股]螺旋double stranded helix[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation 结晶聚合物crystalline polymer半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer高分子晶体polymer crystal高分子微晶polymer crystallite结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism 聚合物形态学morphology of polymer片晶lamella, lamellar crystal轴晶axialite树枝[状]晶体dendrite纤维晶fibrous crystal串晶结构shish-kebab structure球晶spherulite折叠链folded chain链折叠chain folding折叠表面fold surface折叠面fold plane折叠微区fold domain相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model接线板模型switchboard model缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal球状链晶体globular-chain crystal长周期long period近程结构short-range structure远程结构long-range structure成核作用nucleation分子成核作用molecular nucleation阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation主结晶primary crystallization后期结晶secondary crystallization外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallization外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长epitaxial growth织构texture液晶态liquid crystal state溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal近晶中介相smectic mesophase近晶相smectic phase条带织构banded texture环带球晶ringed spherulite向列相nematic phase盘状相discotic phase解取向disorientation分聚segregation非晶相amorphous phase非晶区amorphous region非晶态amorphous state非晶取向amorphous orientation链段运动segmental motion亚稳态metastable state相分离phase separation亚稳相分离spinodal decompositionbimodal decomposition，微相microphase界面相boundary phase相容性compatibility混容性miscibility不相容性incompatibility不混容性immiscibility增容作用compatiibilization最低临界共溶(溶解)温度lower critical solution temperature, LCST 最高临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 浓度猝灭concentration quenching激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy单轴取向uniaxial orientation双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation取向度degree of orientation橡胶态rubber state玻璃态glassy state高弹态elastomeric state黏流态viscous flow state伸长elongation高弹形变high elastic deformation回缩性，弹性复原nerviness拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio泊松比Poisson's ratio杨氏模量Young's modulus本体模量bulk modulus剪切模量shear modulus法向应力normal stress剪切应力shear stress剪切应变shear strain屈服yielding颈缩现象necking屈服应力yield stress屈服应变yield strain脆性断裂brittle fracture脆性开裂brittle cracking脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature延性破裂ductile fracture冲击强度impact strength拉伸强度tensile strength极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength抗撕强度tearing strength弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength 弯曲模量bending modulus弯曲应变bending strain弯曲应力bending stress收缩开裂shrinkage crack剪切强度shear strength拉胀性auxiticity牛顿流体Newtonian fluid非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid冷流cold flow牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity剪切黏度shear viscosity表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity剪切变稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy塑性形变plastic deformation塑性流动plastic flow体积弛豫volume relaxation拉伸黏度extensional viscosity黏弹性viscoelasticity线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity蠕变creep弛豫[作用] relaxation弛豫模量relaxation modulus蠕变柔量creep compliance热畸变温度heat distortion temperature弛豫谱relaxation spectrum推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum弛豫时间relaxation time推迟时间retardation time动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve动态转变dynamic transition储能模量storage modulus损耗模量loss modulus复数模量complex modulus复数柔量complex compliance动态黏度dynamic viscosity复数黏度complex viscosity复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time玻璃化转变glass transition玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature次级弛豫secondary relaxation次级转变secondary transition次级弛豫温度secondary relaxation temperature开尔文模型Kelvin model麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model时-温叠加原理time-temperature superposition principle 玻耳兹曼叠加原理Boltzmann superposition principle平移因子shift factorWLF公式WLF[Williams-Lendel-Ferry] equation 软化温度softening temperature平衡熔点equilibrium melting point物理老化physical ageing光老化photoageing热老化thermal ageing热氧老化thermo-oxidative ageing人工老化artificial ageing加速老化accelerated ageing计算机模拟computer simulation分子动力学模拟molecular dynamics simulation蒙特卡洛模拟Monte Carlo simulation。

vacancy 空位 vacant site 空位 vacuum 真空 vacuum apparatus 真空装置 vacuum chamber 真空室 vacuum diagram 真空图 vacuum diffusion 真空扩散 vacuum effect 真空效应 vacuum pump 真空泵 vacuum state 真空态 vacuum tank 真空罐 vacuum tight 真空密闭的 vacuum value of velocity 真空速度 vacuum valve 真空阀 vacuum vector 真空⽮量 validity 有效性 validity criteria 有效准则 valley floor ⾕底 value 值 valve lift 阀升程 valve lift curve 阀升距图 valve lift diagram 阀升距图 van der waals energy 范德⽡⽿能量 van der waals equation 范德⽡⽿斯⽅程 van der waals force 范德⽡⽿斯⼒ vane 叶⽚ vane grid 叶栅 vane type pump 叶轮泵 vane wheel 叶轮 vaned diffuser 叶⽚式扩散器 vaneless diffuser ⽆叶⽚式扩散器 vanishing 消失 vanishing point 消失点 vapor pressure 蒸汽压 vapor pressure equation 蒸汽压⽅程 vapor pump 蒸汽喷射泵 vaporization 汽化 vaporization heat 蒸发热 vapour 蒸汽 variability 变异性 variable 变数 variable acceleration 可变加速度 variable capacity 可变容量 variable geometry wing 可变翼 variable load 可变负荷 variable mass 变质量 variable mass body 变质量体 variable mass mechanics 变质量⼒学 variable motion 变速运动 variable of state 状态变数 variable pitch airscrew 变距螺旋桨 variable pitch propeller 变距螺旋桨 variable quantity 变量 variable rotation 可变旋转 variable sweep aerofoil 可变后掠翼 variable wind 变向风 variance ⽅差 variation 变化 variation method 变分法 variation of amplitude 幅度的变动 variational calculus 变分学 variational equation 变分⽅程 variational principle 变分原理 variational problem 变分问题 varied orbit 变化轨道 variometer 升降速度仪 vector analysis ⽮量分析 vector component ⽮量分量 vector coupling ⽮量耦合 vector diagram ⽮量图 vector equation ⽮量⽅程 vector field ⽮场 vector flux ⽮通量 vector function ⽮量函数 vector interaction ⽮量相互酌 vector of force ⼒⽮量 vector of oscillation 振荡⽮量 vector polygon ⽮量多边形 vector potential ⽮量势 vector product ⽮积 vector space ⽮量空间 vector sum ⽮量和 vector tube ⽮量管 vector wave equation ⽮量波⽅程 vector wave function ⽮量波函数 vectorial ⽮量的 velocimeter 速度计 velocity 速度 velocity circulation 速度环量 velocity coefficient 速度系数 velocity component 速度分量 velocity constant 速率常数 velocity correlation of turbulence 湍临度相关 velocity coupling 速度耦合 velocity curve 速度曲线 velocity diagram 速度图 velocity distribution 速度分布 velocity distribution function 速度分布函数 velocity ellipse 速度椭圆 velocity field 速度场 velocity gradient 速度梯度 velocity head 速度头 velocity head tachometer 液压转速计 velocity in free space ⾃由空间速度 velocity limit 极限速度 velocity load diagram 速度载荷图 velocity modulation 速度灯 velocity of blade 叶⽚速度 velocity of combustion 燃烧速度 velocity of flow 临 velocity of longitudinal wave 纵波速度 velocity of moving space 牵连速度 velocity of propagation 传播速度 velocity of propagation of flame ⽕焰传播速度 velocity of slip 滑临度 velocity of sound 声速 velocity of transformation 转变速度 velocity of transverse waves 横波速度 velocity of wave front 波前速度 velocity operator 速度算符 velocity parallelogram 速度平⾏四边形 velocity pickup 速度传感器 velocity plane 速度平⾯ velocity potential 速度势 velocity profile 速度剖⾯图 velocity rating 额定速度 velocity resonance 速度共振 velocity shock 速度冲击 velocity space 速度空间 velocity spectrum 速度谱 velocity time diagram 速度时间图 velocity triangle 速度三⾓形 ventilation loss 通风损耗 ventilator 风扇 ventilator pressure 通风机压⼒ venturi meter ⽂丘⾥量计 venturi tube ⽂丘⾥管 vernier 游标 vertex 顶点 vertex function 顶点函数 vertex tangent 顶点切线 vertical 垂直 vertical axis 垂直轴 vertical circle 等⾼圈 vertical component 垂直分量 vertical curve 竖直线 vertical deflection 竖直偏转 vertical displacement 垂直位移 vertical distribution 竖向分布 vertical fall 垂直落下 vertical flow 竖直怜 vertical force 垂直⼒ vertical hydrodynamic force 铃动⼒浮⼒ vertical line 铅垂线 vertical load 垂直荷载 vertical motion 竖向运动 vertical pendulum 竖直摆 vertical plane 垂直⾯ vertical plate 竖直板 vertical projection 垂直投影 vertical reaction 垂直反⼒ vertical section 竖直截⾯ vertical shock 竖震 vertical stream 竖直怜 vertical temperature grade 垂直温度梯度 vertical velocity 竖向速度 vertical velocity curve 竖向临曲线 vertical velocity distribution 竖直速度分布 vertical wind tunnel 竖直风洞 very low frequency 甚低频 vessel 船 vibrate 振动 vibrating compaction 振动压实 vibrating field 振荡场 vibrating load 振动负载 vibrating potential model 振动势模型 vibrating reed 振簧 vibrating rod 振荡棒 vibrating rotator 振动转⼦ vibrating screen 振动筛 vibrating string 振动弦 vibrating system 振动系统 vibrating table 振动台 vibration 振动 vibration absorber 消振器 vibration analysis 振动分析 vibration damper 振动阻尼器 vibration damping 减振 vibration frequency 振动频率 vibration galvanometer 振动式检疗 vibration generator 振动器 vibration instrument 振动仪表 vibration isolation 隔振 vibration isolator 隔振器 vibration level 振动级 vibration meter 振动计 vibration node 振动节点 vibration of bar 杆的振动 vibration of plate 板的振动 vibration of string 弦的振动 vibration pickup 振动传感器 vibration plane 振动平⾯ vibration proof 耐振的 vibration range 振荡范围 vibration resistance 抗振性 vibration resonance 振动共振 vibration rotation 振荡转动 vibration rotation band 振动转动谱带 vibration rotation spectrum 振动转动谱 vibration state 振动态 vibration stress 振动应⼒ vibration system 振动系统 vibration test 振动试验 vibration tester 振动试验仪 vibration testing machine 振动试验仪 vibrational angular momentum 振动⾓动量 vibrational constant 振动常数 vibrational coordinate 振动坐标 vibrational corrosion 振动腐蚀 vibrational energy 振动能 vibrational enthalpy 振动焓 vibrational entropy 振动熵 vibrational instability 振动不稳定性 vibrational line 振动线 vibrational mode 振动模式 vibrational period 振动周期 vibrational perturbation 振动扰动 vibrational relaxation 振动弛豫 vibrational scattering 振动散射 vibrational spectrum 振动谱 vibrational state 振动状态 vibrogram 振动记录图 vibrograph 测振计 vibrometer 振动计 vibroscope 振动仪 vickers hardness 维⽒硬度 virial equation of state 维⾥状态⽅程 virial expansion 维⾥展开 virial theorem 维⾥定理 virtual center 瞬时中⼼ virtual deformation 虚形变 virtual displacement 虚位移 virtual entropy 有效熵 virtual free energy 有效⾃由能 virtual free enthalphy 有效⾃由焓 virtual friction 表观摩擦 virtual inertia 表观惯性 virtual mass 虚质量 virtual particle 虚粒⼦ virtual transformation 虚转变 virtual velocity 假想速度 virtual work 虚功 virtual work method 虚功法 virtual work theorem 虚功定理 visco elasticity 粘弹性 viscoelastic 粘弹性的 viscoelastic body 粘弹性体 viscoelastic foundation 粘弹性基础 viscoelastic gas 粘弹性⽓体 viscoelastic material 粘弹性材料 viscoelastic model 粘弹性模型 viscoelastic solid 粘弹性固体 viscoelastic wave 粘弹性波 viscoelastic wave equation 粘弹性波动⽅程 viscometry 粘度测定法 viscoplastic 粘塑性的 viscoplastic constitutive equation 粘塑性本构⽅程 viscoplastic strain 粘塑性应变 viscoplasticity 粘塑性 viscosimeter 粘度计 viscosimetry 粘度测定法 viscosity 粘性 viscosity correction 粘性校正 viscosity force 粘性⼒ viscosity function 粘度函数 viscosity measurement 粘度测定 viscosity pump 粘性泵 viscosity tensor 粘性张量 viscous boundary layer 粘性边界层 viscous damping 粘性阻尼 viscous drag 粘滞阻⼒ viscous flow 粘性怜 viscous fluid 粘⼒ viscous friction 粘滞摩擦 viscous liquid 粘性液体 viscous motion 粘性怜 viscous resistance 粘滞阻⼒ viscous shearing stress 粘性切应⼒ viscous solid 粘滞固体 viscous strain 粘性应变 viscous stress 粘性应⼒ visibility 能见性 visualization of flow 怜显⽰ void 空隙 void coalescence 孔隙聚结 void coefficient 空隙系数 void fraction 空隙率 volplane 滑翔飞⾏ volume 体积 volume change by shear 切变体积变化 volume compressibility 体积压缩率 volume compression 体积压缩 volume concentration 体积浓度 volume contraction 体积收缩 volume density 体积密度 volume diffusion 体积扩散 volume diffusion coefficient 体积扩散系数 volume elasticity 体积弹性 volume element 体积元 volume energy 体积能 volume expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数 volume fraction 体积率 volume parameter 体积参数 volume potential 体积势 volume ratio 体积⽐ volume resistance 体积阻⼒ volume resonance 体积共振 volume strain 体积应变 volume stress 体积应⼒ volume velocity 体积速度 volumetric diameter 体积径 volumetric efficiency 体积效率 volumetric energy 体积应变能 volumetric expansion 体积膨胀 volumetric flow rate 体积临 volumetric flowmeter 体积式量计 volumetric flux 体积通量 volumetric force 体积⼒ volumetric modulus of elasticity 体积弹性模量 volumetric strain 体积应变 von karman number 卡门数 vortex 涡旋 vortex center 涡旋中⼼ vortex chamber 涡旋室 vortex core 涡核 vortex field 涡场 vortex filament 涡丝 vortex flow 涡流 vortex flux 涡通量 vortex free motion ⽆涡运动 vortex frequency 涡旋频率 vortex invariant 涡旋不变量 vortex layer 旋涡层 vortex line 涡线 vortex line motion 涡线运动 vortex motion 涡了动 vortex nucleus 涡核 vortex path 涡道 vortex point 涡点 vortex pump 涡旋泵 vortex region 涡柳 vortex ring 涡环 vortex ring flow 涡环怜 vortex sheet 旋涡层 vortex source 涡源 vortex space 涡琳间 vortex street 涡街 vortex strength 涡量度 vortex surface 涡⾯ vortex tube 涡淋 vortex velocity 涡旋速度 vortex wake 涡粒 vorticity 涡量 vorticity density 涡量密度 vorticity tensor 涡度张量 vorticity transfer equation 涡度转移⽅程 vorticity transfer theory 涡度转移理论。

表面技术第53卷第4期金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展杨庆，徐文文，周伟，刘璐华，赖朝彬*（江西理工大学 材料冶金化学学部，江西 赣州 341000）摘要：大多数金属材料的失效都是从其表面开始的，进而影响整个材料的整体性能。

研究表明，在金属材料表面制备纳米晶，实现表面纳米化，可以提升材料的表面性能，延长其使用寿命。

金属材料表面纳米化是指利用反复剧烈塑性变形让表层粗晶粒逐步得到细化，材料中形成晶粒沿厚度方向呈梯度变化的纳米结构层，分别为表面无织构纳米晶层、亚微米细晶层、粗晶变形层和基体层，这种独特的梯度纳米结构对金属材料表面性能的大幅度提升效果显著。

根据国内外表面纳米化的研究成果，首先对表面涂层或沉积、表面自纳米化以及混合纳米化3种金属表面纳米化方法进行了简要概述，阐述了各自优缺点，总结了表面自纳米化技术的优势，在此基础上重点分析了位错和孪晶在金属材料表面自纳米化过程中所起的关键作用，提出了金属材料表面自纳米化机制与材料结构、层错能大小有着密不可分的联系，对金属材料表面自纳米化机制的研究现状进行了归纳；阐明了表面纳米化技术在金属材料性能提升上的巨大优势，主要包括对硬度、强度、腐蚀、耐磨、疲劳等性能的改善。

最后总结了现有表面强化工艺需要克服的关键技术，对未来的研究工作进行了展望，并提出将表面纳米化技术与电镀、气相沉积、粘涂、喷涂、化学热处理等现有的一些表面处理技术相结合，取代高成本的制造技术，制备出价格低廉、性能更加优异的复相表层。

关键词：金属材料；表面纳米化；梯度纳米结构；纳米化机理；表面性能中图分类号：TG178 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2024)04-0020-14DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2024.04.002Research and Progress on Surface Nanocrystallizationof Metallic MaterialsYANG Qing, XU Wenwen, ZHOU Wei, LIU Luhua, LAI Chaobin*(Department of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University ofTechnology, Jiangxi Ganzhou 341000, China)ABSTRACT: It is well known that the failure of most metallic materials starts from their surfaces, which in turn affects the overall performance of the whole material. Numerous studies have shown that the preparation of nanocrystals on the surface of metallic materials, i.e., surface nanosizing, can enhance the surface properties of materials and extend their service life. Surface nanosizing of metallic materials makes use of repeated violent plastic deformation to make the surface coarse grains gradually收稿日期：2023-02-23；修订日期：2023-06-29Received：2023-02-23；Revised：2023-06-29基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目（52174316，51974139）；国家重点研发计划项目（2022YFC2905200，2022YFC2905205）；江西省自然科学基金项目（20212ACB204008）Fund：National Natural Science Foundation of China(52174316, 51974139); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2905200, 2022YFC2905205); Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20212ACB204008)引文格式：杨庆, 徐文文, 周伟, 等. 金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(4): 20-33.YANG Qing, XU Wenwen, ZHOU Wei, et al. Research and Progress on Surface Nanocrystallization of Metallic Materials[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(4): 20-33.*通信作者（Corresponding author）第53卷第4期杨庆，等：金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展·21·refine to the nanometer level, forming nanostructured layers with gradient changes of grains along the thickness direction, including surface non-woven nanocrystalline layer, submicron fine crystal layer, coarse crystal deformation layer and matrix layer, and this unique gradient nanostructure is effective for the significant improvement of surface properties of metallic materials. The process technology and related applications of nanocrystalline layers on the surface of metallic materials in China and abroad are introduced, and the research progress of high-performance gradient nanostructured materials is discussed.Starting from the classification of the preparation process of gradient nanostructured materials and combining with the research results of surface nanosizing in China and abroad, a brief overview of three methods of metal surface nanosizing, namely, surface coating or deposition, surface self-nanosizing and hybrid nanosizing, was given, the advantages and disadvantages of each were discussed and the advantages of surface self-nanosizing technology were summarized. On the basis of this, the key role of dislocations and twins in the process of surface self-nanitrification of metallic materials was analyzed, and the mechanism of surface self-nanitrification of metallic materials was inextricably linked to the material structure and the size of layer dislocation energy, and the current research status of the mechanism of surface self-nanitrification of metallic materials was summarized. Finally, the key technologies required to be overcome in the existing surface strengthening process were summarized, and future research work was prospected. It was proposed to combine surface nanosizing technology with some existing surface treatment technologies such as electroplating, vapor deposition, tack coating, spraying, chemical heat treatment, etc., to replace the high-cost manufacturing technologies and prepare inexpensive complex-phase surface layers with more excellent performance.Techniques for the preparation of gradient nanostructured materials include surface coating or deposition, surface self-nanosizing, and hybrid surface nanosizing. Surface coating or deposition technology has the advantages of precise control of grain size and chemical composition, and relatively mature process optimization, etc. However, because the coating or deposition technology adds a cover layer on the material surface, the overall size of the material increases slightly, and there is a certain boundary between the coating and the material, and there will be defects in the specific input of production applications.In addition, the thickness of the gradient layer prepared by this technology is related to the deposition rate, which takes several hours to prepare a sample. The surface self-nanitrification technique, which generates intense plastic deformation on the surface of metal materials, has the advantages of simple operation, low cost and wide application, low investment in equipment and easy realization of unique advantages. The nanocrystalline layer prepared on the surface of metal materials with the surface self-nanitrification technique has a dense structure and no chemical composition difference from the substrate, and no surface defects such as pitting and pores, but the thickness of the gradient layers and nanolayers prepared by this technique as well as the surface quality of the material vary greatly depending on the process. Hybrid surface nanosizing is a combination of the first two techniques, in which a nanocrystalline layer is firstly prepared on the surface of a metallic material by surface nanosizing technology, and then a compound with a different composition from the base layer is formed on its surface by means of chemical treatment.To realize the modern industrial application of this new surface strengthening technology, it is still necessary to clarify the strengthening mechanism and formation kinetics of surface nanosizing technology as well as the effect of process parameters, microstructure, structure and properties on the nanosizing behavior of the material. For different nanosizing technologies, the precise numerical models for nanosizing technologies need to be established and improved, and the surface self-nanosizing equipment suitable for industrial scale production needs to be developed. In the future, surface nanosizing technology will be combined with some existing surface treatment technologies (e.g. electroplating, vapor deposition, adhesion coating, spraying, chemical heat treatment, etc.) to prepare a complex phase surface layer with more excellent performance, which is expected to achieve a greater comprehensive performance improvement of the surface layer of metal materials.KEY WORDS: metal material; surface nanocrystallization; gradient nanostructures; nanocrystallization mechanism; surface properties金属材料在基建工程、航空航天中扮演着重要角色，随着当今科学技术的高速发展，传统金属材料的局限性日趋明显，开发一种综合性能优异的金属材料迫在眉睫。

1、整体热处理 bulk heat treatment2、表面热处理 surface heat treatment3、化学热处理 thermo-chemical treatment4、预备热处理 conditioning heat treatment5、局部热处理 local heat treatment6、可控气氛热处理 heat treatment in-controlled atmosphere7、真空热处理 vacuum heat treatment008、离子热处理 ion heat treatment9、高能束热处理high energy density heat treatment10、形变热处理 thermomechanical treatment11、复合热处理 complex heat treatment12、流态床热处理 heat treatment in fluidized beds13、吸热式气氛 endothermic atmosphere14、放热式气氛 exothermic atmosphere15、放热-吸热式气氛 exo-endothermic atmosphere16、滴注式气氛 drip feed atmosphere17、氮基气氛nitrogen-base atmosphere18、合成气氛artificial atmosphere019、直生式气氛 direct prepared atmosphere20、淬火冷却介质 quenching media21、淬火冷却烈度 quenching severity22、淬透性 hardenability23、淬硬性 hardening capacity24、端淬试验Jominy test25、奥氏体化austenitizing26、等温转变isothermal transformation27、连续冷却转变 continuous cooling transformation28、退火 annealing29、完全退火full annealing30、不完全退火 incomplete annealing31、去应力退火 stress relieving annealing32、球化退火spheroidizing033、正火 normalizing34、等温正火isothermal normalizing35、淬火 quenching harding36、等温淬火austempering37、分级淬火martempering38、亚温淬火intercritical hardening39、冷处理 subzero treatment40、深冷处理cryogenic treatment41、马氏体临界冷却速度 critical colding rate42、有效淬硬深度 effective hardening depth043、回火tempering44、低温回火 low temperature tempering045、高温回火high temperature tempering46、自回火 self tempering47、回火脆性temper brittlement48、淬冷畸变quenching distortion49、氢脆 hydrogen embrittlement50、残留应力residual stresses51、热应力 thermal stresses52、相变应力transformation stresses53、固溶处理solution treatment54、时效 ageing055、沉淀硬化precipitation hardening56、氧化 oxidation57、脱碳 decarburizing58、内氧化 internal oxidation59、渗碳 carburizing60、固体渗碳pack carburizing61、气体渗碳gas caiburizing62、液体渗碳liquid carburizing63、真空渗碳vacuum carburizing64、离子渗碳plasma carburizing065、复碳 carbon restoration66、碳势 carbon potential67、露点 dew point68、强渗期 carburizing period69、扩散期 diffusion period70、载气 carrier gas71、富化气 enrich gas72、渗氮 nitriding73、液体渗氮liquid nitriding74、气体渗氮gas nitriding75、离子渗氮ion nitriding076、退氮 denitriding77、渗氮化合物层 compound layer78、氨分解率ammonia dissociation rate79、渗金属 metal cementation80、多元共渗multicomponent cementation81、碳氮共渗carbonitriding082、氮碳共渗nitrocarburizing83、流氮共渗sulpho-nitriding84、氧氮共渗oxynitriding85、化学气象沉淀 chemical vapor deposition86、物理气相沉淀 physical vapor deposition87、相phase88、组织 structure89、晶粒 grain90、晶界 grain boundary91、晶粒度grain size92、晶粒度等级 grain size number93、共晶组织 eutectic-structure094、共析组织 eutectoid structure95、层片状组织 lamellar-structure96、弥散相dispersed phase97、亚组织substructure98、位错 dislocation099、结构 texture机械专业名词金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals 刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element 反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴歧 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工 electric spark machining电火花线切割加工 electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图 phase diagram热处理 heat treatment固态相变 solid state phase changes有色金属 nonferrous metal合成纤维 synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis悬架 suspension转向器 redirector变速器 speed changer板料冲压 sheet metal parts孔加工 spot facing machining车间 workshop工程技术人员 engineer气动夹紧 pneuma lock数学模型 mathematical model画法几何 descriptive geometry机械制图 Mechanical drawing投影 projection视图 view剖视图 profile chart标准件 standard component零件图 part drawing装配图 assembly drawing尺寸标注 size marking技术要求 technical requirements刚度 rigidity内力 internal force位移 displacement截面 section疲劳极限 fatigue limit断裂 fracture塑性变形 plastic distortion脆性材料 brittleness material刚度准则 rigidity criterion垫圈 washer垫片 spacer直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear运动简图 kinematic sketch齿轮齿条 pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear虚约束 passive constraint曲柄 crank摇杆 racker凸轮 cams共轭曲线 conjugate curve范成法 generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\微分 differential coefficient求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积菲 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheel。

散热行业常用英语汇总电脑行业常用相关用语：英特尔，专业芯片供应商超威，专业芯片供应商威盛，专业芯片供应商：超威下属的显卡品牌：英伟达，专业显卡芯片供应商：夏普，日本电脑品牌日电，日本电脑品牌：联想，中国电脑品牌：戴尔，美国电脑品牌：Microsystems：升阳，美国服务器品牌：惠普，美国电脑品牌：苹果，美国电脑品牌：飞利浦，荷兰电脑品牌：国际商务机器公司，美国电脑品牌：宏基，台湾电脑品牌华硕，台湾电脑品牌：明基，台湾电脑品牌 Semiconductor：半导体Chipset：芯片CPU：Socket：CPU插座Core：核心Duo：Core：双核Northbridge：北桥芯片Southbridge：南桥芯片Computer：电脑，计算机Note：book：笔记本电脑Laptop：PC：膝上型电脑Netbook：上网笔记本电脑Nettop：上网台式机Server：服务器Desktop：PC：台式机，桌上型电脑 LCD：TV：PC：液晶电视电脑一体机Play：Box/Play：station：游戏机 VGA：card：显卡Board：基板communication：通信new：version：新版compact：精简的、紧凑的copy：复制on：line：上线中database：资料库hardware：硬体laser：printer：雷射印表机 lay：out：布置memory：记忆、内存条microprocessor：微处理器 modeling：造型module：模组monitor：显示器mouse：鼠标Combo：（电脑）可读可写可刻录光驱network：网路processor：处理器scanning：扫描software：软体system：系统Wireless：无线的vent：（机箱中的）散热排气风道，通风孔,出口,Administrator：管理员 Key：board：键盘Hinge：转轴Coaxial：Cable：同轴线 shrink：tube：热缩套管 Terminal：端子Antenna：天线HDD：bracket：硬盘支架、硬盘盒 Speaker：喇叭、扬声器 Camera：摄像头Webcam：网络摄像头Power：button：电源按钮 Touch：pad：触摸板Logo：标牌Mic：/：microphone扩音器,：麦克风Keyboard：bracket：键盘支架 LCD：Cable：（电子）LCD：线材 Front：plate：前板Rear：plate：后板Chassis：：基座，下盖 Bezel：panel：面板Housing：塑胶盖Top：housing：上盖Back：housing：下盖LCD：housing：液晶显示屏后盖 LCD：cover：液晶显示屏前盖Battery：pack：电池组Adapter：电源适配器：研发技术类常用相关用语 RD：Center：研发中心Thermal：RD：散热工程师Project：management：专案管理 Project：Schedule：专案排程 Put：in输入Put：out输出Forecast：（产品的）预估量 Lifecycle：生命周期Customer：客户NB：thermal：Module：笔记本散热模组 Desktop：Cooler：台式机散热器Server：cooler：服务器散热器 VGA：Module：显卡散热模组 Mechanical：Engineer：结构工程师 Thermal：热的，热量的Heatsink不带风扇的散热器，散热片 Cooler：带风扇的散热器Thermal：module：散热模组 Passive：Heatsink：被动型散热器 Active：cooler：主动型散热器 Liquid：cooling：system：水冷系统 Power：功率瓦特数Thermal：solution：散热解决方案 Feasibility：study：可行性研究Simulation：仿真模拟Prototype：原型Pilot：run：试产Tooling：Start：模具开始Try：out：试模heat：dissipation热传Conduction：传导Convection：对流Radiation：辐射Thermal：conductivity导热系数/热导率 Dummy：Heater：模拟发热器Mockup：sample手工版样品Validation测试验证Thermal：resistance：热阻值 Industrial：Automation(IA)工控机Medical：Appliance(MA)医疗器械LED：Light：发光二极管灯 Digital：TV数字电视Projector投影仪Power：Supply：System电源供应器 Thermoelectric热电的Patent专利：know：how：秘诀：Description品名：Supply：Chain：供应链Sample样品Specification：for：Approval：承认规格书Model：No.机型、机种Mechanical：Drawings：：结构图纸 Assembly：drawing：装配图 Drawing：for：quotation：估价图 Drawing：for：samples：打样图 Detail：view：局部视图Section：drawing：剖视图 sketch：草图revision版次remark备注Material：材料、材质notes说明bug：故障：、问题draft：taper：拔模斜度Tolerance：配合公差hatching：剖面线sinking：凹陷：straightness：直线度Roundness：真圆度Flatness平面度Surface：roughness：表面粗度 Heatsink：Mass：散热片重量 Thermal：Interface：Management热界面管理Thermal：interface：material：/TIM导热界面材质Silicon：Grease：导热硅脂 Phase：change：相变化Thermal：Pad：导热垫片Sheet：metal：parts：(or：stamping：parts)冲压件：Plastic：parts塑胶件：Case：kit：机箱Packing：包装Carton纸箱：Partition：隔板Pallet栈板Tray：（吸塑）托盘Aluminum：alloy：Extrusion：铝挤型Stamping：Fin冲压鳍片Folded：Fin：折叠鳍片Skived：Fin铲削鳍片Heatpipe热管Vapor：Chamber：Heat：Spreader：封闭容器式蒸汽传热器Sheet：Shape：Heatpipe：薄片状热管Wick：structure：毛细结构 Fine：Fiber：Bundle：Wick：精细线丝结构Axially：Grooved：Wick轴向沟槽结构Screen：Mesh：编织网孔结构 Copper：Powder：铜粉Sintering：烧结Powder：Heatpipe：粉末热管 Groove：Heatpipe：沟槽热管 Bending：and：Flattening：Heatpipe：折弯打扁的热管Reflow：回流焊Solder：paste锡膏Flux：助焊剂Solder：Balls：锡球Lead：free无铅O-Ring：：O型扣环Cover：盖体、盖子Hook：卡勾Copper：plate：铜板Cooper：block：铜块Fan：Crown：风扇网罩Rib：加强筋、补强肋Stainless不锈钢Back：Plate：背板Mylar/Insulator：麦拉/绝缘片 Gasket：导电泡棉Sponge缓冲垫，泡棉Clip扣具Fin：鳍片Spring：screw：弹簧螺丝 Standoffs：支撑柱、螺柱 Steel/rolled：steel 钢材 tapping：攻丝：、攻牙Precision：Tooling：精密模具 DC：Fan：直流风扇DC：Brushless：Fan：直流无刷风扇DC：Blower：直流鼓风机 AC：Fan：交流风扇Centrifugal：Fan：离心风扇 Axial：Fan：轴流风扇NANO：magnet：bearing：NANO磁悬浮轴承Dual：Ball：Bearing：双滚珠轴承 Sleeve：Bearing：含油轴承Hydraulic：Bearing：液压轴承 Dynamic：Balancing：动压平衡 Vibration：振动Waterproof：防水的Bobbin：绕线轴，绝缘片 Coil：线圈Lead：Wire：引线Impeller：叶轮/扇叶Motor：马达Oil：Sealing：油封Label：标签Magnetic：Flux：磁通量 Stator：定子Rotor转子Enameled：wire漆包线Oil：Cap油封盖Lock：Washer扣环Capacitor电容Resistor电阻Transistor(Q1)：三极管 Diode(D1)：二极管Hall：IC霍尔ICSi-Steel：：Ass'y：硅钢片组 Shaft轴芯Duty：cycle：占空比Startup：Voltage：启动电压 Air：flow：风流量Pressure：风压Noise：噪音Safety：approval：安规认证 Rated：Voltage：额定电压 Operating：voltage：操作电压 Static：air：pressure：静压 Input：power：输入电压Flotherm：一种散热仿真软件 Icepak：一种散热仿真软件 Board：Layout：线路板布局Fan：Speed：风扇转速Boundary：Condition：Definition：边界条件定义 Thermal：Design：and：Modeling：散热设计与建模 Thermal：Solution：Validation：散热方案验证System：Validation：系统验证Thermal：Mechanical：Design：散热结构设计 Design：process：设计流程Thermal：Metrology：热度量学Adaptive：Thermal：Monitor：适调型热监控器 Processor：Component：Keep-Out：Zones：处理器组件避位区域Attachment：附件Shoulder：Screw：台阶螺丝Load：Lever：负载杆Frame：框架Load：plate：负载板Design：Concept：设计概念Electrical,：Mechanical：and：Environmental：Specifications：电气、结构、环境规范Thermal：Specifications：热规范Design：Guidance：设计指南Quality：and：Reliability：质量与可靠性 Component：Suppliers：：零件供应商 Thermal：Profile：热曲线thermal：efficiency热效率thermal：conductivity：热导率（单位W/K-m） Thermal：Impedance：热阻抗（单位?C-in2/W） Thermal：solution：Performance：散热方案效能 Die：Size：and：Orientation：芯核尺寸和位置 Thermal：Monitor：热监控器Flow：Chart：流程图Quotation：报价单Cost：成本Baseline：Cost：底线成本Cost：and：freight;：C&F：含运费价格 Phase：in：导入Phase：out：导出，使逐步淘汰,：逐渐停止 Pending：Issue：未决项nanomaterial纳米材料carbon：nano-tube碳纳米管Nanotube：composites碳纳米管复合材料 Thermo：sintering：machine：：热压烧结机 Dielectric：Constant：介电常数Adhesive：背胶Pressure：Sensitive：压敏的Data：sheet：参数表Team：Member：团队成员Declaration：Form：宣告书，申明表 Restricted：Substance：禁用物质Lead：鉛Cadmium：鎘Hexavalent：Chromium：六價鉻 Mercury：汞Bromine：Flame：Retardant：：溴素系難燃劑PBB：聚溴聯苯PBDE：溴聯苯醚PCBs：多氯聯苯产品处理类常用相关用语Nickel：plating电镀Surface：processing表面处理 age：hardening：时效硬化ageing：时效处理anodizing：阳极氧化处理barrel：plating：滚镀blackening：染黑法bonderizing：锌、铁表面的防腐处理 chemical：plating：化学电镀Nickel：plating：电镀镍Zinc：plating：电镀锌Electroless：nickel：无电解镍、化学镍、化镍Surface：finish：by：electrophoresis：表面电泳Texture：咬花Rubbing：(or：milling)研磨 surface：passivation：表面钝化 oxide：passivation：氧化物钝化法 granolite：treatment：磷酸溶液热处理hardening：硬化heat：treatment：热处理Phosphating：磷酸盐皮膜处理 sand：blasting：喷砂处理surface：hardening：表面硬化处理 Chromate：transform：finish铬酸处理sintering：烧结处理Sputtering：溅镀、阴极真空溅镀 Coating：烤漆Printing：印刷Cleaning：清洗Degrease：脱脂,：除油污Vacuum：Heat：Treatment：真空热处理 Polishing：抛光Wiredrawing：（金属表面的）拉丝处理 To：Clean：by：soaking：in：alkaline：liquor：碱液浸泡清洗、洗白测试验证类常用相关用语Wind：Tunnel：风洞thermocouple：line热电耦线：Acoustic：Chamber：声学测试房Retention：force：testing：sensor扣合力测试传感器Temperature：Data：Recorder：温度数据采集仪 tensile：strength：抗拉强度bursting：strength：破裂强度：Constant：temperature：&：humidity：chamber可程序恒温恒湿机rockweel：hardness：洛氏威尔硬度： scratch：hardness：抗刮硬度Drop：Test跌落测试Vibration：Test：振动测试：Hi-pot：test：高压测试Burn-in：老化测试Component：Thermal：Test：单体热测试 Acoustic：Test：声学测试Air：Flow：Rate：Test：风量测试Retention：Force：Test：扣合力测试 System：Thermal：Test：系统热测试Thermal：Resistance：Test：热阻测试 brinell：hardness：test：布氏硬度试验： dart：drop：impact：test：落锤冲击试验： fatigue：test：疲劳试验：thermal：cycle：test：热循环试验： mullen：bursting：strength：tester：密廉式破裂强度试验机：rockweel：hardness：test：洛氏硬度试验： surface：abrasion：test：表面磨耗试验： tensile：impact：test：拉伸冲击试验： thermal：shock：test：冷热冲击试验： Vickers：hardness：test：维氏硬度试验： warpage：test：翘曲试验：weather：meter：人工老化试验。

第一章Combustion 燃烧Autoignition自燃、自动点火Flame 火焰Thermochemistry 热化学Nonflame 无焰Molecular transport of mass（and heat）质量（和热）分子输运Premixed flames 预混火焰Chemical kinetics 化学动力学Nonpremixed（diffussion） flames 非预混（扩散）火焰Fluid mechanics 流体力学第二章Extensive property Absolute（or standardized） enthalpy 绝对（标准）焰Intensive property Enthalpy of formation 形成（生成）焰Equation of state 状态方程Sensible enthalpy change 显焰变化Calorific equations of state Standard reference state 标准参考状态Constant-volume specific heats 定容比热Enthalpy of combustion 燃烧焰Constant-pressure specific heats 定压比⅛⅛Enthalpy of reaction 反应焰Mole fraction of species 组份的摩尔分数Heating value 热值Mass fraction of species 组份的质量分数Heat of combustion 燃烧热Mixture molecular weight 混合物分子量Upper or higher heating value 高位热值Partial pressure of the ith species 组分i 的分压Lower heating value 低位热值Latent heat of vaporization 汽化潜热Adiabatic flame temperatures 绝热火焰温度（理论燃烧温度）Enthalpy of vaporization 汽化焙Constant-pressure adiabatic flame temperature 定压绝热火焰温度Clausius-Clapeyron equation Constant-volume adiabatic flame temperature 定容绝热火焰温度Fixed mass 定质量Chemical equilibrium 化学平衡System 系统DissociateLean贫（燃料或空气）Second-law 第二定律Rich富（燃料或空气）Gibbs function吉布斯函数Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio空气-燃料化学当量比Gibbs free energy 吉布斯自由能Equivalence ratio 当量比Gibbs function of formation 吉布斯形成函数Percent stoichiometric air 化学当量空气百分数Standard-state Gibbs function change 标准状态吉布斯函数变化Percent excess air 过量空气百分数Equilibrium constant 平衡常数Conservation of elements 元素守恒Complex systems 复杂系统Principle of Le Chatelier 勒夏特列原理Generalized Newton,s method 广义牛顿方法Equilibrium products of combustion 燃烧平衡产物Major species 主要组份Full equilibrium 全平衡Minor species 次要组份Water-gas equilibrium 水■气平衡Flue gas recirculation 尾气再循环Water-gas shift reaction 水-气转换反应Exhaust gas recirculation 排气再循环Recuperation and regeneration RegeneratorRecuperator Straight chains 直链Alkanes 烷烧类Branched chains 支链Alkenes稀烂类Normal正常体Alkynes块烽类Isomers异构体Cyclanes 环烷煌类Isooctane 异辛烷aromatics 芳香族化合物Octane rating辛烷值Benzene 苯alcohols 洒精类Methanol 甲醇Ethanol 乙醇Propanol 丙醇第三章Mass transfer 传质Species conservation 组份守恒方程Fick's law 费克定律Stefan problem 斯蒂One-dimensional binary diffusion 一维二元扩散Stefan flowMass flux 质量流率Droplet evaporation 液滴蒸发Binary diffusivity 二元扩散系数Evaporation rate 节发率Diffusional flux 扩散流率Transfer number 传梯数Fourier's law of conduction 傅立叶导热定律Droplet mass conservation 液滴质量守恒方程Transport properties 输运特性Evaporation constant 蒸发常数Ordinary diffusion 一般扩散D21awD 平方定律Thermal diffusion(soret) 热扩散Molar flux 摩尔通量Pressure diffusion 压力扩散Mass-average velocity 质量平均速度Molar-average velocity 摩尔平均速度第四章Chemical kinetics 化学动力学Third body 第三物Globiil reaction mechanism 总包反应机理Multistep mechanisms 多步反应机理Global rate coefficient 总包反应速率系数Net production rates 净产生率Reaction order反应级数Stiff system 刚性系统Intermediate species 中间组份Compact notation 紧缩记法Elementary reactions 基元反应Stoichiometric coefficients 化学当量系数Radicals 基元Production rates 产生率Free radicals自由基Rate-of-progress variable 中间过程变量反应率Reaction mechanism 反应机理Steady-state approximation 稳态近似Bimolecular 双分子Chain reactions 链式反应Activation energy 活化能Chain-branching reactions 链式分枝反应Steric factor位阻因素、空间配置因素Chain-initiation reaction 链的激发反应Activated complex 活性复合体Chain-propagating reactions 链的传递反应Arrhenius form阿累尼乌斯形式Chain-terminating reaction 链的中止反应Pre-exponential factor 指前因子Chemical time scales 化学时间尺度Frequency factor 频率因子Partial equilibrium 部分平衡Arrhenius plots 阿累尼乌斯图Partiiil-equilibrium approximation 部分平衡近似Unimolar 单分子Shuffle reaction 正反混合反应Teπnolecular 三分子第五章Heterogeneous reaction 非均相（异相）反应 Thermal mechanism 热力反应机理 Paraffins 石蜡Zeldovich mechanism 谢尔多维奇机理 Alkanes 链燃 Fenimore mechanism费尼摩机理H-atom abstraction H 原子提取 Prompt mechanism 瞬间反应机理 -scission rule 分裂规则 N2O-intermediate mechanism N20 "∣ 间体机理 Global mechanisms总包反应机理 Extended Zeldovich mechanism 扩展的谢尔多维奇机理Quasi-global mechanisms 准总包反应机理 Superequilibrium O 过平衡氧Complex mechanism 复杂反应机理 Nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮第六章Constant-pressure, Fixed-mass reactor 定压恒质量反应器 Ignition delay 着火延迟 Constant-volume fixed-mass reactor 定容恒质量反应器 Source 源Well-stirred reactor 均匀搅拌反应器Sink 汇Plug-flow reactor 塞状流 Mass conservation 质量守恒方程Initial-value problem 初值问题 x-momentum conservation X-方向动量守恒方程 Thermal explosion热力爆炸Energy conservation 能量守恒方程Induced period 感应期 Species conservation 组份守恒方程219 组分速度219,222正常扩散 总包速度 221热扩散 Soret 效应（热扩散效应） 222 压力扩散 222 强制扩散Ordinary multicomponent diffusion coefficients 222 正常多组分扩散系数Stefan-Maxwell equation 223 Stefan-Maxwell 方程 Thermal diffusion velocity 223 热扩散速度 Thermal diffusion coefficient 223热扩散系数Effective binary diffusion coefficient 227 有效二元扩散系数 Shavb-Zeldovich energy equation 236 Shavb-Zeldovich 能量方程 Lewis number 236 Lewis 数 Unity Le assumption 236Lewis 数为一的假设Conserved scalar 241 守恒标量Chapter 7Species velocity Ordinary diffusion Bulk velocity 220 Thermal diffusion Soret effect 221 Pressure diffusion Forced diffusioncontinuity 269 连续性Boundary value problem 270 边界值问题Chapter 8 Flame 254 deflagration detonation Preheat zone火焰254 254 255 Reaction zone 255 Lewis number, Le Mass conservation Species conservation Energy conservation Eigenvalues 265 爆燃过程 爆燃，爆炸 预热区反应区 262 262 262, 264, 本征值Lewis 数 质量守恒 270 270 组分守恒 能量守恒 Quenching distance 284 flashback Lower limit 284, 294 289 下限 熄火距离 回火，闪回Upper limit 289 上限 Minimum ignition energy 291最小点火能量Liftoff 294 脱火 Attached 295（火焰）附着Chapter 9Potential core 306 entrained 307 Schimidt number, （火焰）隐核 携带 Sc 308, 323 Schimidt 数 Axial momentum conservation 308 轴向动量守恒 similar 309 相似的 Similarity variable Spreading rate 3II Spreading angle 311 Jet half-width 311 smoke 316 烟 309相似变量 喷射率 喷射角 射流半宽 Flame-sheet approximation Mixture fraction 320 Absolute enthalpy 321 318 火焰片近似 混合物分数 绝对焰 Nondimensional equatons 322 无量刚方程 State relationships 324 状态关系式Burke-Shumann 327 Burke-Shumann （人名） Beseel functions 329 Beseel 函数 Roper 329 Roper （人名） Constant-density Solution 329 常密度解法Variable-Density Approximate Solution 330 变密度近似解法Numerical solutions 331 数值解法 Roper ,s correlations 331 Roper 关联Circular port 331 圆口Inverse error function 333 逆误差函数 Slot-burner 333 矩形口燃烧器 Momentum controlled 333 动量控制 Square port 333 方 口 Buoyancy controlled 334 浮力控制Transition regime 335 转援区，过渡区Froude number 335 Froude 数 Fuel type 337 燃料类型Primary aeration338 一次风flashback339回火Oxygen content of oxidizer 339 氧化剂中的氧气含量 Fuel dilution with inert gas 340 以惰性气体稀释燃料Smoke point 345 发烟点 alkanes 346 烷烽 Alkenes 346 烯燃 alkynes 346 块Aliphatic aromatics 346 脂肪族芳香煌 Mathematical description 349 数学描述Structure of CH4-air flame 350甲烷-空气火焰结构Chapter 10Indirect-injection 363 间接喷射 Primary zone 365 一次风区 Secondary zone 365 二次风区 Dilution zone Pattern factor Pressure-fed Pump-fedDroplet-Gas-Phase interface Energy Balance 374 液滴-空气相界面能量平衡 Spalding number 375 Spalding 数 Transfer number 375 输运数 Evaporation constant 376 蒸发常数 Inner region 381 内区Outer region 382 夕卜区 Temperature distribution 384 温度分布Liquid-vapor equilibrium 388 液（体）■气（体）平衡unknown 390 未知数，未知量 Burning rate constant 391 燃烧速率常数 Nusselt Number 396 Nusselt 数 Sherwood number 396 Sherwood 数Direct injection 363 直接喷射 365 366 367 367 稀释区 形状因子 压力喂料泵喂料Variable properties 398 变量特性Supercritical droplet combustion and evaporation 398 超临界液滴燃烧与蒸发Fuel-vapor accumulation 398 燃料蒸发积聚Droplet heating 398 液滴加热Multicomponent fuel 398 多组分燃料Internal recirculation 398 内循环Soot shell 399 碳黑壳Interactions among multiple droplets 399 液滴间相互作用Mathematical problem statememt 401 数学问题描述Gas-phase energy conservation 404 气相能量平衡Gas-phase composition 405 气相成分Droplet momentum conservation 406 液滴动量守恒Chapter 11Renolds number 424 雷诺数Mean quantities 424 平均量Fluctuating quantities 424 脉动量Renolds decomposition 425 雷诺分解方法Intensity 425 强度Relative intensity 425 相对强度eddy 425 漩涡，涡vortex 427 漩涡，涡vorticities 427 涡量，涡量方程scale 427 等级，尺度，尺寸Engulf 428 漩涡、卷吸stir 428 搅动，混合Integral scale 428 积分尺度Taylor microscale 428 泰勒微（观）尺度Kolmogorov microscale 429 Kolmogorov 微（观）尺度Turbulence Reynolds numbers 430 湍流雷诺数Reynolds averaging 435 雷诺平均Turbulent stress 435, 436 湍流应力Closure problem 435 封闭问题Two-dimensional boundary layer 435 二维边界层Turbulent momentum flux 436 湍流动量流量Reynolds stress 436 雷诺应力Eddy viscosity 437 涡粘度Mixing-length Hypothesis 439 混合长假说Viscous sublayer Buffer layer 440 Fully developed 440 Two-equation model k- ∈ model 444 Higher-order model 440 粘性底层缓冲层、过渡层充分发展444 双方程模型Axisymmetric jet 437 轴对称射流k∙∈模型444 高阶模型William-Klimov criterion Damk7hler criterion 458 Damk7hler number 458 Fast-chemistry regime 459 Damk7hler 判据 Damk?hler 数，Da 快速化学反应区旁路通道，旁通 燃烧器瓦 钝体，非流线体472 吹熄速度，脱火速度Turbulent thermal diffusivity 472 湍流热扩散率Swirl induced recirculating flows 473 旋流引起的回流流动Jet-induced recirculating flows 473 射流弓I 起的回流流动 Chapter 13General observations 484 总论 attached 486 附着 liftoff'487 脱附Liftoff distance 487 脱附距离 blowout 487 吹熄Reynolds stress model 444 Direct numerical simulation Large-eddy simulation 445 雷诺应力模型 445直接数值模拟 大涡模拟Chapter 12Industrial gas burners 452 Experimental observations Turbulent flame brush 456 Laminar flamelets 456Three flame regimes 457工业气体燃烧器 456 实验观察 湍流火焰刷层流火焰梢 三种火焰区域 Wrinkled laminar-flame regime 458 褶皱层流火焰区域 Distributed-reaction regime 458 Flamelets-in-eddies regime 458 Regime criteria 458 分区判据 分布反应区域 涡内焰梢区 458 William-Klimov 判据Bypass ports 470 Burner tiles 471Bluff bodies 471 Blowoff velocitySimplified analysis Nonreacting jets Conserved scalars Conservation laws factor 495 因素correlations 497Momentum diameter Radiant fractionLiftoff height 504 configuration 509489 489 491 492 简化分析非反应射流，无反应射流 守恒（标）量 守恒定律关联 497 动量直径501辐射分数 脱附高度 结构Coal-fired boilers 520 燃煤锅炉Heterogeneous reaction 520 非均相反应，异相反应 Homogeneous reaction 520均相反应 Intraparticle diffusion 524 颗粒内部扩散One-film model 524 单膜模型Two-film model 524 双膜模型continuous-film model 524 连续膜模型overall 526 总体的，全部的，全面的Surface kinetics 528, 539表面化学动力学，表面反应动力学 Circuit analogy 529 电路比拟Diffusionally controlled 531 扩散控制 Kinetically controlled 531 动力控制Nearly diffusionally controlled 532 近似扩散控制 closure 540 封闭Particle burning times 542 颗粒燃烧时间Proximate analysis 544工业分析 Ultimate analysis 544 元素分析 solid 545 固体（燃料）Chapter 14Concern 551 考察量，关注点，关注量Combustion-generated 551燃烧产生的 Related species 551 相关量，相应组份Effects of pollutants 551 污染物影响Criteria pollutants 552 标准污染物Hazardous air pollutants 552有害大气污染物Emission index 553 排放指数Emission indices 553 排放指数Corrected concentrations 555 修正浓度Various specific emission measures 558 各种单位排放量 NOx control strategies 562 NOx 控制策略hydrocarbon 568 ½Quench layer 568 熄火层Low excess air 577 低过量空气Staged combustion 577 分级燃烧Temperature reduction 578 温度降低Low-NOx Burners 578 低 NOx 燃烧器Oxy/Gas Combustion 580增氧/气体燃烧 reburn 580 再燃 Catalytic aftertreatment Particulate matter 571 Oxides of nitrogen 573 Simple turbulent jet flames 569 催化后处理微粒物质，颗粒物 氮氧化物573简化湍流射流火焰Selective catalytic reduction 581 选择性催化还原Utility boilers 582 电站锅炉Gas turbine 584 燃气轮机Chapter 15detonation 598 爆燃Shock wave 598 冲击波Normal shock 599 正常冲击deflagration 600 爆燃过程Strong detonations 605 强爆燃Weak detonation 605 弱爆燃Detonation velocity 609 爆燃速度Structure of detonation waves 613 爆燃波结构 其中页码为 An Introduction to Combustion --- Stephen S. Turns (PSU) Diesel engine 584 Oxidizes of sulfur 柴油发动机586 硫氧化物One-dimensional analysis Conservation laws State relationships Combined relations The Rayleigh line 601 602 602 602 600 一维分析守恒定律状态方程复合关系式Rayleigh 线 The Rankine-Hugoniot curve Upper branch 604 上枝Lower branch 604 下枝Upper Chapman-Jouguet point Lower Chapman-Jouguet poin 603 605 605 Rankine-Hugoniot 曲线Chapman-Jouguet 上切点Chapman-Jouguet 下切点。