语篇翻译

英汉语篇衔接手段翻译策略及译文连贯性探讨连贯作为语篇的一个深层语义特征，在以语篇为单位的翻译活动中显得尤为重要。

语篇翻译的过程也可以说是连贯的识别和重构的过程。

本文将语篇作为翻译单位，从连贯角度探讨了翻译过程中译者对原语语篇衔接手段的调整及采用的翻译策略。

标签：衔接手段连贯照应替代一、引言传统翻译观以句子为翻译的基本单位，“注重研究源语与目的语之间的异同及言内关系，将翻译过程视为把一种文字材料转换成另一种文字材料，把一种语言产物在保持内容（命题）不变的情况下改变成另一种语言产物的过程”（张美芳、黄国文，2002）。

随着篇章语言学的兴起，人们已逐渐摆脱了传统语言学和语法学的束缚，将语言研究的重心由句子转为语篇。

大多数语言研究者也不断地将语篇分析延伸到其他领域，这自然也包括翻译领域。

李运兴认为“翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句，而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子……有机地组合在一起的语篇。

因此建立明确的语篇意识，不论在翻译实践还是在翻译研究中都十分重要。

”（李运兴，2001：19）连贯这一决定语篇语义结构的重要因素，在以语篇为基础的翻译活动中发挥着重要作用。

译者在翻译时，首先需要对原文语篇内部的各种衔接手段进行分析，以便在原文与译文之间建立语篇层次上的意义与功能对等（谭键，2002）。

译者必须尽可能保全和复现原文语篇的连贯性和完整性，才能使译文语篇结构严谨、行文流畅、语气贯通。

因此，在翻译中语篇连贯的实现直接关系到译文的可读性，并决定着译者对翻译策略的选择。

二、英汉语篇衔接手段的翻译策略Halliday和Hasan指出，衔接就是把上下文联系起来的机制，它本身是意义概念，是由词汇语法来实现的，“衔接是语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系。

这一‘其他成分’也必须在语篇中能找到……”（Halliday、Hasan，2004）。

Halliday和Hasan认为，语篇内部的衔接关系通过五种语言形式来实现：指称、省略、替代、连接、词汇。

86现代交际·2019年18期[作者简介]张歆闵，南京信息工程大学翻译硕士在读，研究方向：英语笔译。

语篇翻译角度的SPRING 译文赏析——以宋德利译文为例张歆闵(南京信息工程大学文学院 江苏 南京 210044)摘要：语篇是语言交际中的意义单位。

在翻译实践中，散文翻译等文学样式的翻译多采用语篇作为翻译单位。

语篇翻译应更加注重语篇的一致性、重点突出和衔接连贯三个方面。

以美国作家詹姆斯•J.凯尔帕特利克的散文SPRING 和宋德利先生对其的译文为例，分别说明这三方面在散文翻译中的具体体现和运用。

关键词：语篇翻译 翻译单位转换 衔接连贯中图分类号：H315.9 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009—5349（2019）18—0086—03语篇是人们运用语言系统进行交流的段落结构，是表达中实际使用的语义单位。

传统意义上，任何一段口头语言或书面文字，或长或短，即使其内在的语言特征不同，只要这个片段能够构成一个语义整体，即能够相对完整地表达一定的意义，这样的片段都可以被称作语篇（董晓华，2018：24）。

在语篇翻译过程中，译者最重要的工作就是要确保原文语篇中承载的中心信息、主要思想和内容能够顺利传达（司显柱，2002：71）。

翻译文学作品时，语篇作为翻译单位，在散文翻译和其他文学样式的翻译中适用性更强。

在语篇翻译实践中，译者需要结合全语篇的整体状况，运用比较巧妙的方法和精确的词语，恰当地表达出原文的主旨内容，传递出原作者的思想情感。

因此，文学翻译在实践中应该树立明确的语篇意识，译者应从语篇的层面出发，纵览全文，使译文与原文更加契合。

本文将以美国作家詹姆斯•J.凯尔帕特利克（James J.Kilpatrick）的散文SPRING 和宋德利先生对其的译文为例，具体说明语篇的一致性、突出重点和衔接连贯这三个方面在翻译活动中的具体体现和运用。

一、把握文章主题，保证语篇一致性语篇的一致性，指的是整个语篇必须围绕一个中心或主题，尽管表述的角度或方式可能略有差别，但从始至终不能偏离这个中心主题。

过节中国人过节，吃是主要内容，为了显示过节的气氛和水平，少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。

这样一来，节前的紧张采购暂且不说，节后的剩菜处理也落在我一个人身上，妻孩们是不愿吃隔天菜的，自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我，是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的，于是节后天天吃剩菜。

所以我不喜欢过节。

Festival-celebratingFor us Chinese,Festival celebration mainly consists in eating.To enhance the festival atmosphere/festive mood and show off the level of festivities,there will at least be a series of meat and vegetarian dishes.In this way,I have to not only assume the tight shopping before the festival but also make over leftovers after that as my wife and children are’t willing to touch the leavings.What’s worse,born in the countryside and deeply subjected to the saying“Every grain comes froms hardworking”，I absolutely refuse to throw away the leftovers.Therefore,it is my nightmare to eat up leftovers day by day after the festival,which really makes me hate festivals.。

The Same Language?——by David BartonIt was said by Sir George Berbard Shaw that “England and America are two countries separated by the same language.”My first personal experience of this was when I worked as a camp counsellor for two months in 2000 in a Summer Camp run by the Boy Scouts1 of America, as part of an international leader exchange scheme. Before I went, all the participants in the scheme were given a short list of words that are in common use in the UK which Americans would either be confused by or would even offend them. I memorized the words and thought “I’ll cope”.When I finally arrived in the States three months later, I realized that perhaps a lifetime of watching American television was not adequate preparation for appreciating and coping with the differences between American and British speech. In the first hour of arriving at the camp I was exposed to High School American English, Black American English and the American English spoken by Joe Public2, all very different to each other. Needless to say, I did cope in the end. The Americans I met were very welcoming and helpful, and I found they were patient with me when I made a social faux pas when I used an inappropriate word or phrase.Upon my return I began to wonder whether anyone had documented the differences between American and British English. I found several books on the subject but often these were written in a dry and academic way. I felt that I could do better and use my sense of humor and personal experience to help people from both sides of Atlantic to communicate more effectively when they met.Firstly, American English and British English are converging thanks to increased transatlantic travel and the media. The movement of slang words is mostly eastwards, though a few words from the UK have been adopted by the Ivy League3 fraternities. This convergent trend is a recent one dating from the emergence of Hollywood as the predominant film making centre in the world and also from the Second World War when large numbers of American GIs4 were stationed in the UK. This trend was consolidated by the advent of television. Before then, it was thought that American English and British English would diverge as the two languages evolved. In 1789, Noah Webster, in whose name American dictionaries are still published to this day, stated that “Numerous local causes, such as a new country, new associations of people, new combinations of ideas in the arts and some intercourse with tribes wholly unknown in Europe will introduce new words into the American tongue.”He was right, but his next statement has since been proved to be incorrect. “These causes will produce in the course of time a language in North America as different from the future language of England as the modern Dutch, Danish and Swedish are from the German or from one another.”Webster had underrated the amount of social intercourse between England and her former colony. Even before Webster had started to compile his dictionary, words and expressions from the America had already infiltrated the British language, for example “canoe”and “hatchet”. Very few people in Britain realize how many of the words they use are of American origin. Often this importation of American words has encountered a linguistic snobbery by the British, which was a manifestation of the cultural snobbery that bedevilled Anglo-American relationships for a long time. This is not,thankfully, the case now.Secondly, there are some genealizations that can be made about American English and British English which can reveal the nature of the two nations and their peoples. British speech tends to be less general, and directed more, in nuances of meaning, at a sub-group of the population. This has become a kind of code, in which few words are spoken because each, along with its attendant murmurings and pauses, carries a wealth of shared assumptions and attitudes. In other words, the British are preoccupied with their social status within society and speak and act accordingly fit into the social class they aspire to. This is particularly evident when talking to someone from “the middle class”when he points out that he is “upper middle class”rather than “middle class” or “lower middle class”. John Major (the former UK Prime Minister) may have said that we are now living in a “classless society”but the class system still prevails. At that moment both he and the leader of the Opposition, Tony Blair, were talking about capturing the “middle England, middle class vote”as the key to winning the next general election. American speech tends to be influenced by the over-heated language of much of the media, which is designed to attach an impression of exciting activity to passive, if sometimes insignificant events. Yet, curiously, really violent activity and life-changing events are hidden in bland antiseptic tones that serve to disguise the reality. Two examples come readily to mind —the US Military with their “friendly fire” and “collateral damages” and the business world with their “downsizing”. British people tend t o understatement whereas Americans towards hyperbole. A Briton might respond to a suggestion with a word such as “Terrific!”only if he is expressing an American rapturous enthusiasm, whereas an American might use the word merely to signify polite assent.Thirdly, the American language has less regard than the British for grammatical form, and will happily bulldoze its way across distinctions rather than steer a path between them. American English will casually use one form of a word for another, for example turning nouns into verbs or verbs and nouns into adjectives. In Britain, a disrespect for grammatical rules, particularly amongst the middle classes, would immediately reveal you to be “not one of us”. Listening to listener feedback programmes on Radio 4 (a radio station run by the British Broadcasting Corporation Or BBC) would reveal this. People actually write into complain about grammatical mistakes made by news presenters! Amongst young British people, this is not necessarily the case. British teenagers have long been accused of being poorly educated by politicians, parents and employers since they have little regard for grammar in their speech. As a consequence of American culture and speech patterns being commonplace on children’s television programmes in the UK, I have noted that most young British children of acquaintance now play with their toys in an American accent with the attendant syntax and grammatical structures. American teenagers have taken this disregard for grammatical form one step further and have almost abandoned syntax altogether. For example, a teenage girl might describe the first time she met her new boyfriend by saying “I looked at him and I was, like, whoa!”5I do hope what I’ve said will be of some help for the people on both sides of the Atlantic when they meet and communicate.Notes:1.the Boy Scouts: 男童子军2.Joe Public: 普通人；普通老百姓3.the Ivy League: 常青藤联盟（美国东北部八所著名大学的统称）4.GIs: 美国士兵（尤指步兵）。