International Property-Liability Insurance Consumption
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安本環球基金公開說明書二O一O年四月* 本公開說明書中譯本僅供參考。
本公開說明書中譯本之內容與英文公開說明書若有歧異,以英文公開說明書之內容為準。
* 本公開說明書應與管理機構西元2009年1月7日及西元2009年4月2日出具之切結書併同閱讀。
目錄重要聲明 (3)詞彙表 (4)摘要 (6)安本的組織 (6)安本環球基金董事會 (7)ABERDEEN GLOBAL SERVICES S.A. 董事會 (8)行政與管理 (8)安本環球基金的主要特性 (10)主要合約 (12)基金資訊 (14)一般風險因素 (23)安本環球基金的股份交易 (26)收費及費用 (31)股息政策 (33)投資收益淨值的計算 (34)支付股息 (35)稅項 (35)股價之公告 (36)會議及報告 (37)備查文件 (37)附錄 A −投資限制 (38)附錄 B −資產淨值的計算 (44)附錄 C −一般資料 (47)附錄D−股份類別及股息 (53)附錄 E −首次申購費及管理費 (54)附錄F −透過模里西斯附屬公司投資 (55)附錄G −有關投資者之額外訊息 (58)本公開說明書應於申請股份前完整地閱讀。
如果您對本公開說明書的內容有任何疑問,應諮詢您的股票經紀人、銀行經理、律師、會計師或其他經授權的專業財務顧問。
董事們盡其所知及所信(各董事亦盡一切努力確保的確如此),本公開説明書所載資訊均以事實為依據且無忽略任何重大影響此等資訊重要性之內容。
據此,安本環球基金之董事就本公開説明書所載資訊負責。
本公開說明書所作的陳述是根據盧森堡大公國現行有效的法律和實務,並依其法律和實務變更。
安本環球基金獲授權為2002年法律第 I 部分項下可轉讓證券集體投資事業,並為合格之UCITS。
股份的發行僅根據目前公開說明書所載資訊及最新年度報告和帳目或中期報告和帳目(若比年度報告和帳目為新)所載之經審核之財務報表,以及安本環球基金後續未經審核之中期報告(之後若有發表),此等文件可於安本環球基金於盧森堡之註冊辦事處、全球及英國經銷商索得。
The follow are the conditions and exceptions hereinbefore referred to:1.D EFINTION. “Merchant” i ncludes the Shipper, the Receiver, the Consignor, the consignee, the Holder of the Bill of Lading and the Owner of the Goods.2.J URISDICTION. All disputes arising under and in connection with this Bill of Lading shall be settled in the flag – state of the ship, or otherwise in the place mutually agreed between the Carrier and the Merchant.3.P ARAMOUNT CLAUSE. This Bill of Lading shall be subject to the Hague Rules contained in the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of law Relating to Bills of Lading, dated at Brussels the 25th August 1924, or the corresponding legislation of the flag state of the ship. If the stipulation of this Bill of Lading are wholly or partly contrary there to, this Bill of Lading shall be read as if such stipulation or part thereof, as the case may be, were deleted.4.P ERIOD OF RESPONSIBILITY. The responsibility of the Carrier shall commence from the time when the goods are loaded on board the vessel and shall cease when they are discharged from the vessel.The Carrier shall not be liable for loss of or damage to the goods before loading and after discharging from the vessel, howsoever such loss or damage arises.5.P ACKING AND MARKS. The Merchant shall have the goods properly packed and accurately and clearly marked before shipment. The port of destination of the goods should be marked in letters not less than 5 cm high, in such a way as will remain legible until their delivery, All fines and expenses arising from insufficiency or inadequacy of packing or marks shall be borne by the Merchant.6.F EIGHT AND OTHER CHARGES. (1) Advance freight together with other charges is due onshipment. If not prepaid. Though stipulated, the freight and other charges shall be paid by the Mer- chant plus 5% interest per annum running from the date of notification for their payment,If the cargo shipped are perishables, low cost goods, live animals, deck cargo or goods for which there is no Carrier’s agent at the port of destination, the freight for such cargo and all related charges shall be paid at the time of shipment.Freight payable at destination together with other char ges is due on vessel’s arrival.Advance freight and/or freight payable at destination shall be paid to the Carrier in full, and non-returnable and non-deductable irrespective of whatever loss or damage may happen to vessel and cargo or either of them.(2) All dues, taxes and charges or any other expenses in connection with the goods shall be paid bythe Merchant.7.INCORRECT STATEMENT. The Carrier is entitled, at port of shipment and /or port of destination, to verify the quantity, weight, measurement and/or contents of such goods as declared by the Merchant. If the weight, measurement and/or contents of such goods as stated in the Bill of Lading turned out to be inconsistent with that of the goods actually loaded, and the freight paid falls short of the amount which would have been due if such declaration had been correctly given the Carrier is entitled to collect from the Merchant as liquidated damages to the Carrier double the amount of difference between the freight for the goods actually shipped and that misstated.The Merchant shall be liable for loss of and damage to the vessel and/or goods arising or resulting from inaccuracies in stating the description, quantity, weight, measurement or contents of the goods and shall indemnify the Carrier for the costs and expenses in connection with weighing, measuring and checking such goods.8.LOADING, DISCHARGING AND DELIVERY. The goods shall be supplied and taken deliveryof by the Owner of the goods as fast as the vessel can take and discharge them, without interruption, by day and if required by Carrier also by night, Sundays and holidays included, notwithstanding any custom of the port to the contrary and the Owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default thereof.Discharge may commence without previous notice, If the goods are not taken delivery of by the Receiver from alongside the vessel without delay, or if the Receiver refuses to take delivery of the goods, or in case there are unclaimed goods, the Carrier shall be at liberty to land such goods on shore or any other proper places at the sole risk and expense of the Merchant, and theCarrier’s responsibility of delivery of cargo shall be deemed to have been fulfilled.Weighing on board is only allowed by special permission of the Carrier, including detention and extra costs of discharging, shall be for account of the Receivers or Consignees, notwithstanding any custom of the port to the contrary.If the goods are unclaimed during a reasonable time, or wherever the goods will become deteriorated decayed or worthless, the Carrier may, at his discretion and subject to his lien, and without any responsibility attaching to him, sell, abandon or otherwise dispose of such goods solely at the risk and expense of the Merchant.9.LIGHTERAGE.,Any lighterage in or off ports of loading or ports of discharge shall be for the ccount of the Merchant.10..LIEN. The Carrier shall have a lien on the goods and any document relating thereto for freight,dead freight, demurrage and any other amount payable by the Merchant, and for General Average contributions for whomsoever due and for the cost of recovering the same, and for this purpose shall have the right to sell or otherwise dispose of the goods. If on sale of the goods, the proceeds fail to cover the amount due and the cost and expenses incurred , the Carrier shall be entitled to recover the deficit from the Merchant.11.NOTICE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE, THIME BAR. Unless notice of loss or damage and thegeneral nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the Carrier or his agent at the port ofdischarge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitledto delivery thereof under the contact of carriage, such removal shall be prima facie evidence ofthe delivery by the Carrier of the goods as described in the Bill of Lading. If the loss or damage isnot apparent, the notice must be given within three days of the delivery.The notice in writing neednot be given if the state of the goods has at the time of their receipt been the subject of joint survey or inspection.In any event the carrier and the vessel shall be discharged from all liability in respectof loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the datewhen the goods should have been delivered.In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the Carrier and the Receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.12.LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. All claims for which the Carrier may be liable shall be calculatedon the basis of the Merchant’s net invoice cost, p lus freight and insurrance premuim, if paid. In no event shall the Carrier be liable for any loss of possible profit or any consequential loss.The Carrier for any loss of or damage to the goods shall be limited to an amount not exceeding £100 per package or freight unit unless the value of the goods higher than the amount is declared in writing by the Shipper before receipt of the goods by the Carrier and inserted in this Bill of Lading and extra freight paid as required. If the actual value of the goods per package of per freight unit exceeds such value, the declared value shall nevertheless be deemed to be the declared value and the Carrier’s liability if any, shall not be the declared value and any partial loss or damage shall be adjusted pro rata on the basis of such declared value.13.FORWARDING, SUBSTITUTE OF VESSEL, THROUGH CARGO AND RANSHIPMENT.If necessary, the Carrier shall be at liberty to carry the goods to their port of destination by othervessel or vessels either belonging to the Carrier or other persons or by rail or other means oftransport proceeding either directly or indirectly to such port and to carry the goods or part of them beyond their port of destination, and to tranship, lighter, land and store the goods on shore or afloat and reship and forward same at the Carrier’s expenses but at Merchant’s risk. The responsibility of the Carrier shall be limited to the part of the transport performed by him on the vessel under hismanagement.14.DANGEROUS GOODS, CONTRABAND. (1) The Merchant undertakes not to tender fortransportation any goods which are of a dangerous, inflammable, radio-active, and/or any harmful nature without previously giving written notice of their nature to the Carrier and marking the goods and the container or other covering on the outside as required by any laws or regulations whichmay be applicable during the carriage.(2) Whenever the goods are discovered to have been shipped without complying with the subclause1 above or the goods are found to be contraband or prohibited by any laws or regulations of the portof loading, discharge or call or any place or waters during the carriage, the Carrier shall be entitled to have such goods rendered innocuous, thrown overboard or discharged or other wise disposed of at the Carrier’s discretion without compensation and the Merchant shall be liable for and indemnify the Carrier against any kind of loss, damage or liability including loss of freight, and any expenses directly or indirectly rising out of or resulting from such shipment.(3)If any goods shipped complying with the sub-clause (1) above become a danger to the ship orcargo, they may in like manner be rendered innocuous, thrown overboard or discharged or other wise disposed of at the Carrier’s discretion without compensation except to General Average, if any. 15.DECK CARGO, LIVE ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Cargo on deck, plants and live animals arereceive d, handled, carried, kept and discharged at Merchant’s risk and the Carrier shall not be liable for loss thereof or damage thereto.16.CARGO IN CONTAINERS. (1)Goods may be stowed by the Carrier or his agents or servants in containers and containers whether stowed aforesaid or received fully stowed may be carried on or under deck without notice. The Carrier’s liability for such carriage shall likewise be governed bythe terms and conditions of this Bill of Lading irrespective of Clause 15 hereof notwithstanding the fact that the goods are being carried on deck and the goods shall contribute to General Average and shall receive compensation in General Average. (2) If a container has not been filled, packed,stuffed or loaded by the Carrier, the carrier shall not be liable for loss of or damage to the contents and the Merchant shall indemnify the Carrier against any injury, loss, damage, liability or expense incurred by the Carrier if such injury, loss, damage, liability or expense has been caused by:1) the manner in which the container has been filled, packed, stuffed or loaded; or2) the unsuitability of the contents for carriage in containers; or3) the unsuitability or defective condition of the container which would have been apparent uponreasonable inspection by the Merchant at or prior to the time the container was filled, packed,stuffed or loaded.If a container which has not been filled, packed, stuffed or loaded by the Carrier is deliveredby the Carrier with the seal intact, such delivery shall be deemed as full and complete performance of the Carrier’s obligation hereunder and the Carrier shall not be liab le for any loss of or damage to the contents of the container, The Shipper shall inspect containers before stuffing them and the use of the containers shall be prima facie evidence of their being sound and suitable for use.17.REFRIGERATED GOODS. Before loading goods in any insulated space, the Carrier shall, inaddition to the Class Certificate, obtain the certificate of the Classification Society’s Surveyor orother competent person, stating that such insulated space and refrigerating machinery are in the opinion of the surveyor or other competent person fit and safe for the carriage and preservation ofrefrigerated goods, The aforesaid certificate shall be conclusive evidence against the Merchant.Receivers have to take delivery of refrigerated cargo as soon as the vessel is ready to deliver, otherwise the Carrier shall land the goods at the wharf at the Merchant’s risk and expense.18.TIMBER. Any statement in this Bill of Lading to the effect that timber has been shipped “Inapparent good order and condition” does not involve any admission by the Carrier as to theabsence of stains, shakes, splits holes or broken pieces, for which the Carrier accepts noresponsibility.19.IRON AND STEEL. Every piece of Iron and Steel is to be distinctly and permanently marked with oil paint and every bundle securely fastened, distinctly and permanently marked with oil paint and metal tagged, by the Merchant, so that each piece or bundle can be distinguished at port of discharge. If the Merchant fails to meet the aforesaid requirements, the Carrier, shall neither be responsiblefor correct delivery nor liable for expenses arising therefrom.20.BULK CARGO, GOODS TO MORE THAN ONE CONSIGNEE. (1) As the Carrier has noreasonable means of checking the weight of bulk cargo, any reference to such weight in this Bill of Lading shall be deemed to be for reference only, but shall constitute in no way evidence against the Carrier(2)Where bulk Cargo or goods without marks or cargo with the same marks are shipped to morethan one Consignee, the Consignees or owners of the goods shall jointly and severally bear any expense or loss in dividing the goods or parcels into pro rata quantities and any deficiency shall fall upon them in such proportion as the Carriers, his servants or agents shall decide.21.HEAVY LIFTS AND AWKWARD CARGO. Any one piece or package of cargo weighs 2000kilos or upwards and any awkward cargo with a length of 9 meters or upwards must be clearly andboldly marked with the weight and/or dimensions and/or length by the Shipper and shall be loaded and discharged by shore crane or otherwise at the ship’s option and at the risk and expense of theMerchant. If any damage, loss or liability to the ship, lighter, wharf, quay, cranes, hoisting tackle, or whatsoever or to whomsoever occurs owing to the lack of statement or mis – statement of weight,measurement or length, the Merchant shall be responsible for such damage, loss or liability.22.FUMIGATION. In the event of fumigation of goods on board for whatever reason, the Carrier shall not be liable for damage to goods wi thout actual proof of the Carrier’s negligence which shall not be presumed against him, and all expenses incurred are for Merchant’s account.23.OPTION. The port of discharge for optional goods must be declared to the vessel’s agents at thefirst of the optional ports named in the option not later than 48 hours before the vessel’s arrivalthere. In the absence of such declaration the Carrier may elect to discharge at the first or anyoptional port and the contract of carriage shall then be considered as having been fulfilled. Any option must be for the total quantity of goods under this Bill of Lading.24.GENERAL AVERAGE AND NEW JASON CLAUSE. (1)General average shall be adjusted.Stated and settled according to the York – Antwerp Rulos, 1974, at any port or place at thecarrier’s option. In the event of accident, danger, damage or disaster before or after thecommencement which, or for the consequence of which the Carrier is not responsible, by statutecontract or otherwise, the goods, Shippers, Consignees or Owners of the goods shall contribute with the Carrier in General Average to the payment of any sacrifices, losses or expenses of a GeneralAverage nature that may be made or incurred and shall pay salvage and special charges incurred in respect of the goods, If a salving ship is owned or operated by the Carrier, salvage shall be paid for as fully as if the said salving ship or ships belonged to strangers. Such deposit as the Carrier of his agents may deem sufficint to cover the estimated contribution of the goods, and any salvage andspecial charges thereon shall, if required, be made by the goods, Shippers, Consignees or Owners of the goods to the Carrier before delivery.25.BOTH TO BLAME COLLISION CLAUSE. If the vessel comes into collision with anothervessel as a result of the negligence of the other vessel and any act, neglect or default of the master,mariner, pilot or of the servants of the Carrier in the navigation or in the management of the vessel, the owners of the goods carried hereunder will indernmify the Carrier against all loss or liability to the other or non-carrying vessel or her Owners in so far as such loss or liability represents loss ofor damage to or any claim whatsoever of the Owners of said goods paid or payable by the other or non-carrying vessel or her Owners to the Owners of said goods and setoff, recouped or recoveredby the other or non-carrying vessel or her Owners as part of their claim against the carrying ship or Carrier. The forgoing provisions shall also apply where the Owners, operators or those in charge of any vessel or vessels or objects other than, or in addition to, the colliding vessels or objects are atfault in respect of a collision, contact stranding or other accident.26. WAR, QUARANTINE, ICE, STRIKES, CONGESTION ETC. Should it appear that war,blockade, pirate, epidemics, quarantine, ice, strikes, congestion and other causes beyond theCarrier’s control would prevent the vessel from safely reaching the port of destination and/ordischarging the goods thereat, the Carrier is entitled to discharge the goods at the port of loading or any other safe and convenient port and the contract of carriage shall be deemed to have beenfulfilled. Any extra expenses incurred under the oforasaid circumstances shall be borne by theMerchant.。
涉外经济合同法英文The Foreign Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China。
The Foreign Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, which was enacted on July 1, 1985, and revised on October 31, 1994, is an important legal framework for regulating foreign economic contracts in China. This law applies to contracts between Chinese and foreign enterprises, government agencies, and other economic organizations, as well as contracts between Chinese and foreign individuals.The Foreign Economic Contract Law covers a wide range of issues related to foreign economic contracts, including contract formation, performance, modification, assignment, and termination. It also addresses dispute resolution, liability for breach of contract, and the legal remedies available to parties in the event of a breach.One of the key features of the Foreign Economic Contract Law is its emphasis on the principle of equality and mutual benefit. This principle is reflected in the law's provisions on contract negotiation and performance, which require parties to adhere to the principles of fairness, reasonableness, and good faith. The law also prohibits discriminatory treatment based on nationality, and it encourages parties to resolve disputes through negotiation and consultation.In addition, the Foreign Economic Contract Law contains provisions aimed at protecting the legitimate rights and interests of both Chinese and foreign parties. For example, the law requires parties to fulfill their contractual obligations in accordancewith the terms of the contract and the relevant laws and regulations. It also provides for the protection of intellectual property rights and the confidentiality of proprietary information.The Foreign Economic Contract Law also addresses the issue of force majeure, which refers to unforeseeable circumstances that prevent parties from fulfilling their contractual obligations. In such cases, the law allows parties to be exempt from liabilityfor breach of contract if they can prove that the non-performance was due to force majeure.Furthermore, the Foreign Economic Contract Law includes provisions on the resolution of disputes arising from foreign economic contracts. Parties are encouraged to resolve their disputes through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration. If these methods fail, parties have the right to seek resolution through the courts.In conclusion, the Foreign Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China plays a crucial role in regulating foreign economic contracts and protecting the rights and interests of parties involved in such contracts. By promoting the principles of equality, mutual benefit, and good faith, this law provides a solid legal foundation for the conduct of foreign economic activities in China. It also contributes to the development of a fair and transparent business environment, which is essential for the healthy growth of China's economy and its integration into the global market.。
This Policy comprises mainly the Schedule, Scope of Cover, Exclusions, Treatment of Claim, Insured's Obligations, General Conditions and Special Provisions, including also the Proposal of Insurance together with its attachments as well as any additions to be made, from time to time, by the Company in the form of Endorsement.CLAUSESI. SCOPE OF COVERThe Company will indemnify the Insured in the manner and within the limit of liability specified in the Schedule against such sums as the Insured shall become legally liable to pay in respect of claims made against the Insured arising from bodily injury to or illness or death of or loss of or damage to property of one or more persons using, consuming or handing the insured products or goods, or of any other persons consequent upon an occurrence taking place in the territory of coverage within the period of insurance caused by products or goods manufactured or sold by the Insured stated in the Schedule.In respect of any claim covered under this Policy, the Company shall in addition indemnify the Insured against the relevant legal costs payable by the Insured and other expenses incurred in the above mentioned occurrence with the prior written consent of the Company, but the total liability of the Company for the sums of compensation and the legal costs and expenses shall in no way exceed the limit of indemnity stated in the Schedule.II. EXCLUSIONSThe Company shall not be liable for:1. liability assumed in accordance with any agreement between the Insured and otherparties, unless such liability would have been attached to the Insured notwithstanding such agreement;2. liability assumed by the Insured under any Labour Law or Workmen’s CompensationStatute;3. liability of the Insured to employees which is based on the relationship of Master andServant;4. loss of or damage to the insured products;5. costs arising out of replacement or recall of the insured products;6. loss of or damage to property belonging to or held in care, custody or control of theInsured;7. bodily injury, illness or death or damage to property sustained by any person causedby products or goods manufactured or sold by the Insured in willful violation of any law;8. liability arising out of pollution of any kind or description whatsoever such asatmosphere, land and water caused by the insured products;9. liability for loss of or damage to the aircrafts or ships caused by the insured products;10. liability for any consequence arising directly or indirectly from war, warlike operation,hostilities, armed conflicts, terrorism, c onspiracy insurrection, coup d’etat;11. liability for any consequence arising directly or indirectly from strike, riot, civilcommotion or malicious acts;12. liability arising directly or indirectly from nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, nuclearweapon, nuclear material, nuclear radiation and radioactive contamination;13. fines, penalties, punitive or exemplary indemnities;14. The deductibles stated in the Schedule or stipulated in the Policy to be borne by theInsured.III. TREATMENT OF CLAIM1. In the event of any claim recoverable under this Policy:1.1 no admission, rejection, offer, promise, payment or indemnity shall be made orgiven by or on behalf of the Insured or his representative without the written consent of the Company. And the Company shall be entitled, if it so desires, to take over and conduct in the name of the Insured the defense or settlement of any claim;1.2 the Company shall be entitled, at its own expense and for its own benefit, to lodgein the name of the Insured any claim for indemnity against any persons. Without the written consent of the Company, the Insured shall not accept the payment or arrangement of indemnity in respect of the loss or damage offered by any party held responsible for such loss or damage and shall not abandon the right of recovery from such party, otherwise, the Insured shall be liable for any consequence arising therefrom;1.3 the Company shall have full discretion the conduct any proceedings or settle anyclaim, and the Insured shall give all such information and assistance as the Company may require.2. Bodily injury to or illness or death of or damage to property of more than one personarising from same lot of products or goods manufactured, sold due to the same cause shall be considered as resulting from one occurrence.3. The time of validity of a claim under this insurance shall not exceed a period of twoyears counting from the date of loss.IV. INSURED’S OBLIGATIONSThe following Obligations shall be strictly fulfilled by the Insured and his representative: 1. The Insured and his representative, when applying for insurance shall make trueanswers or descriptions to the questions in the Proposal and Questionaire or to any other questions raised by the Company.2. The Insured and his representative shall pay to the Company in due course theagreed premium in the manner as provided in the Schedule and Endorsements.3. Upon expiration of this insurance, the Insured shall furnish in writing with a statementof actual gross receipts by products or goods manufactured, sold by the Insured during the currency of this insurance as basis for calculating the actual premium. In the event the actual premium is more than the deposit premium, the Insured shall pay the difference to the Company, if less, the Company will refund the difference to the Insured. But in no case the actual premium shall be less than the minimum premium as required.The Company shall have the right to require of the Insured at any time within the insurance period a statement of the entire amount of the total sales of products or goods manufactured, sold by the Insured during any specified part of the said period.The Company shall also have the right to authorize their representative to examine the books and records of the Insured and to verify the above relevant figures.4. In the event of any occurrence which gives or might give rise to a claim under thisPolicy, the Insured or his representative shall:4.1 notify the Company immediately and, within seven(7) days or any further periodas may be agreed by the Company in writing, furnish a written report to indicatethe course, probable reason and extent of loss or damage;4.2 immediately give notice to the Company in writing whenever having knowledgeof any impending prosecution in connection with any accident for which theremay be liability under this Policy, and forward to the Company every letter writ,summons or process or other court documents on receipt thereof;4.3 furnish all such information and documentary evidence as the Company mayrequire for supporting the claim.5. If discovery of a defect in any products or goods insured shall indicate or suggest thatsimilar defect exists in other products or goods insured, the Insured shall, at his own expenses, investigate and rectify forthwith the defect in such other products or goods.Otherwise, all loss or damage arising out of the said defect shall be borne by the Insured.V. GENERAL CONDITIONS1. Policy EffectThe due observance and fulfillment of the terms and conditions of this Policy in so far as they relate to anything to be done or complied with by the Insured shall be a condition precedent to any liability of the Company under this Policy.2. Policy voidanceThis Policy shall be voidable in the event of misrepresentation, misdescription or non-disclosure made by the Insured or his representative in any material particular in respect of this insurance.3. Risk Change3.1 In the event the Insured manufactures, and/or sells a new product or products orthere is any material change on chemical composition of any product or productsinsured hereunder during the period of insurance, the Insured shall give theCompany a notice in writing within ten(10) days from the date of manufactureand sale thereof to the Company, and a suitable additional premium shall bepaid at the request of the Company, otherwise this insurance shall not extend tocover such product or products.3.2 Unless its continuance be admitted by the Company in writing, this Policy shallbe automatically terminated if:3.2.1 the insurable interest of the Insured is lost;3.2.2 the risk of loss or damage is increased.After termination of the Policy, the premium shall be refunded to the Insured calculated on pro rata daily basis for the period from the date of termination to the date of expiry.4. Policy CancellationThis Policy may be canceled at any time at the request of the Insured in writing or at the option of the Company by giving a fifteen(15) days prior notice to the Insured. In the former case the Company shall retain a premium calculated on short term rate basis for the time the Policy has been in force while in the latter case such premium shall be calculated on pro rata daily basis.5. Forfeit of BenefitIf the claim is in any respect fraudulent, or if any fraudulent means or devices are used by the Insured or his representative to obtain any benefit under this Policy or if any loss or damage is occasioned by the intentional act or in the connivance of the Insured or his representative, then in any of these cases, all the rights and benefits of the Insured under this Policy shall be forfeited, and all consequent losses arising therefrom including the amount of claim paid by the Company shall be indemnified by the Insured.6. Reasonable InspectionThe representative of the Company shall at any suitable time be entitled to attend the site and inspect or examine the risk exposure of buildings, machinery, equipments, working process and products or goods of the Insured. For this purpose, the Insured shall provide full assistance and all details and information required by the Company as may be necessary for the assessment of the risk. The above mentioned inspection or examination shall in no circumstances be held as any admission to the Insured by the Company.In the event of any defect or danger being apparent to the Company’s inspector, the Company may give notice in writing to the Insured and thereupon all liability of the Company in respect thereof or arising therefrom shall be suspended until the same be cured or removed to the satisfaction of the Company.7. Double InsuranceShould any loss, damage, expenses or liability recoverable under the Policy be also covered by any other insurance, the Company shall only be liable to pay or contribute his proportion of the claim irrespective as to whether the other insurance is arranged by the Insured or others on his behalf, or whether any indemnification is obtainable under such other insurance.8. SubrogationWhere a third party shall be held responsible for the loss or damage covered under this Policy, the Insured shall, whether being indemnified by the Company or not, take all necessary measures to enforce or reserve the right of recovery against such third party, and upon being indemnified by the Company, subrogate to the Company all the right of recovery, transfer all necessary documents to and assist the Company in pursuing recovery from the responsible party.9. DisputeAll disputes under this insurance arising between the Insured and the Company shall be settled through friendly negotiations. Where the two parties fail to reach an agreement after negotiations, such dispute shall be submitted to arbitration or to court for legal actions. Unless otherwise agreed, such arbitration or legal action shall be carried out in the place where the defendant is domiciled.VI. SPECIAL PROVISIONSThe following provisions shall be applied to all parts of this Policy and shall override the other terms and conditions of this Policy if any conflict arises.1. Claim Made Basis ClauseIt is hereby agreed and amended:1) This insurance apply to “bodily injury” and “property damage” resulting from anoccurrence which first commences on and after the retroactive date designated in the schedule, only if:a) A claim for damage because of “bodily injury” and “property damage” is firstmade in writing against any insured during the policy period andb) Any insured did not know or could not have reasonably foreseen suchoccurrence at the effective date of this policy.。
5.1.4 Real estate investment through the ownership of securities ,or instruments securing both debt equity positions , represents an alternative to the direct ownership of property .Investors are able to own and trade shares of an interest in a property or pool of properties in the same way they would buy and sell shares of corporate stock.房地产投资通过对有价证券的所有权,或拥有同等债务地位的投资工具的保护,反映了与直接财产所有权的不同。
投资者能够拥有或者买卖一项财产或者合伙经营财产的股票所产生的利息而且用同样的方法他们可以买卖共同的股份。
5.1.4.1 The market for such securities includes both a private ,or institutional ,sector (partnerships ,corporations ,pension /superannuation funds ,and insurance companies ) and a public sector (individual investment who trade in a securities market).该类证券的市场包括私人,或机构、行业(合伙、公司、养老基金、保险、养老保险公司)和公用事业部门(个人投资在证券市场交易)。
5.1.4.2 Securitised investment instruments include real estate investment trusts(REITs)(property investment or unit trusts ), collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs),commercial mortgage –backed securities (CMBSs),real estate operating companies (REOCs),and separate and commingled accounts.证券投资工具包括房地产投资信托公司(物业投资或者单位信托基金)、抵押担保债券(CMOs)、商业抵押证券(CMBSs)、房地产经营公司(REOCs),分离和混合账户。
国际商法专业词汇中英文对照A Note on the Incoterms(国际贸易术语通则解释)Absolute Advantage(亚当.斯密的绝对优势理论)Acceptance with Modifications(对邀约做出修改、变更的承诺)Acceptance(承诺/受盘)Act of State Doctrine(国家行为主义)Act of the Parties (当事人的行为)Administrative Management (经营管理)Advising and Confirming Letters of Credit(信用证的通知和确认)Agent for International Settlements(国际结算代理人)Agreement of the Parties(协议选择原则)Agriculture(农业协定)Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR解决方式)Anticipatory Breach in Common Law (普通法上预期违约)Antidumping Authority(反倾销机构)Applicability of the CISG (CISG的适用范围)Application of Home State Labor LawsExtraterritorially(内国劳工法律域外适用)Applying for a Letter of Credit(信用证的申请)Approval of Foreign Investment Applications(外国投资申请的批准)Arbitrage(套汇)Arbitration Agreement and Arbitration Clauses(仲裁协议和合同中的仲裁条款)Arbitration Tribunals(仲裁机构)Artistic Property Agreements(保护文学艺术作品的协定)Artistic Property Agreements(文学艺术品产权协定)Assignment(合同权利转让)Attorney—General(法律总顾问)Automatic Dissolution (自动散伙)Average Clauses(海损条款)Avoidance(解除)Bank Deposits(银行储蓄)Bases of Income Taxation(所得税的征税依据/基础)Battle of the Forms(形式上的分歧/冲突)Bills of Lading (提单)Branch Banking(银行的分支机构)Business Form and Registered Capital (企业形式和注册资本)Business Forms(商业组织形式)Buyer’s Remedies(买方可以采取的救济措施)Carriage of Goods by Air(航空货物运输)Carriage of Goods by Sea and Marine CargoInsurance(海上货物运输及其保险)Carrier's Duties under a Bill of Lading(在提单运输方式下承运人的责任/义务)Carrier's Immunities(承运人责任/义务的豁免)Cartels (企业联合/卡特尔)Categories of Investment Projects (外国投资的项目类别)Charterparties (租船合同)Charterparties by Demise (光船出租合同)China's Fundamental Policies for Encouraging Foreign Investments(中国大陆鼓励外国投资的基本政策)Choosing the Governing Law(准据法的选择)CIF (cost, insurance and freight) (port ofdestination)(CIF成本\保险费加运费付至指定的目的港)Civil Law (民法法系)Clearance and Settlement Procedures(交换和转让程序)Collection of Documentary Bills Through Banks(银行跟单托收)Commercial Arbitration (国际商事仲裁)Commodity Arrangements(初级产品/农产品安排)Common Enterprise Liability(企业的一般责任)Common Law (普通法系)Common Procedures in Handling Bills ofExchange (汇票处理的一般程序)Common Stock (股票)Company Taxpayers(公司/法人企业纳税人)Comparative Advantage(大卫.李嘉图的比较优势理论)Comparison of Municipal Legal Systems(内国法系的比较研究)Compensation for Winding up (清算补偿)Comprehensive Agreements (综合性的协定)Compulsory Licenses(强制许可)Computation of Income(收入计算)Conformity of Goods(与合同约定相符合的货物)Consent to the Jurisdiction of the Host State(给予东道国管辖权的许可/同意)Consideration in Common Law(英美法上的对价)Contemporary International Trade Law(当代国际贸易法)Contract Law for the International Sale ofGoods(国际货物销售合同法)Contract Liability of the Agent (代理人的合同义务)Contract Liability of the Principal (委托人的合同义务)Contractual Issues Excluded from the Coverageof CISG(排除在CISG适用范围之外的合同问题)Copyrights (著作权/版权)Council for Trade—Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights(与知识产权有关的理事会)Coverage of Tax Treaties(税收条约的覆盖范围)Creation of Agency (代理创立)Creditors of Partners(合伙人的债权人)Currency Crises:The Role of Monetary Policy(金融危机:货币政策的作用与地位)Currency Exchange Obligations of IMF MemberStates(国际货币基金组织成员国在外汇交易中的义务)Currency Exchange(外汇交易)Currency Support(资金/财政援助)Custom(习惯)Customs Valuation(海关估价协定)Debt Securities (债券)Decision Making within the WTO(WTO内部决定作出机制)Deficiencies in the GATT 1947 Dispute Process(关税及贸易总协定1947争端解决程序的不足)Definite Sum of Money or Monetary Unit ofAccount(确定货币的总额或者计价的货币单位)Definition and Special Features(定义和特征)Delayed Bills of Lading(提单迟延)Denial of Justice(司法不公)Development Banks (发展银行)Direct Effect(直接效力)Direct Exporting(直接出口)Directors’ and Officer's Duties to theCorporation(董事和经理/首席执行官对公司的义务)Dispute Settlement(争端的解决)Dissolution by Agreement (协议解散)Dissolution by Court Order (依法院令状散伙)Dissolution of the Partnership (散伙)Distribution of Earnings and Recovery ofInvestments (收入分配和投资回收)Distribution to Shareholders (红利分配权)Doctrine of Imputability (归责原则)Documentary Formalities(文本格式要求)Double Taxation Provision(双重征税的规定)Double Taxation(双重征税)Duress (胁迫行为)Duties of Agent and Principal (代理人和委托人的义务)Duties of Agent to Principal (委托人的义务)Duties of Principal to Agent (代理人、的义务)Duty of Care in Partnership Business(对合伙事务尽心看护义务)Duty of Loyalty and Good Faith (忠诚和诚信义务)Effectiveness of an Offer(邀约/发盘的效力)Employment Laws in the European Union(欧洲联盟雇佣/劳工法)Employment Standards of the Organization forEconomic Cooperation and Development(经济合作与发展组织雇佣/劳工标准)Enforcement of Exchange Control Regulationsof IMF Member States(国际货币基金组织成员国对外汇交易管理规则的履行)Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in thePeople’s Republic of China (在中华人民共和国境内外国仲裁裁决的执行)Enforcement of Foreign Judgment (外国法院判决的执行)Enforcement of Partnership Rights andLiabilities(执行合伙事务的权利和责任)Enforcement of Securities RegulationsInternationally(国际证券规则的执行)Environmental Regulation(环境规则)Escape Clause(免责条款)Euro—currency Deposits(欧洲货币储蓄)European Communities - Regime for theImportation,Sale,and Distribution of Bananas(欧洲共同体对于香蕉的进口、销售和分销的管理) European Union Law on Trade in Services(欧洲联盟关于服务贸易的法律) Exceptio non Adimpleti Contractus in CivilLaw (大陆法上履行契约之抗辩权)Exceptions(例外)Exclusive Licenses(独占许可)Excuses for Non-performance (不履行的免责)Excuses for Nonperformance(不履行合同的抗辩/借口)Exemptions for New Members from IMF MemberState Currency Exchange Obligations(国际货币基金组织新成员国在外汇交易中义务的免除)Export Restrictions (出口限制)Exporting(出口)Expropriation(征收)Extraterritorial Application of U。
CONTENTS目录1General Provisions一般规定 (1)1.1Definitions定义 (1)1.2Interpretation解释 (7)1.3Communications通信交流 (7)1.4Law and Language法律和语言 (8)1.5Priority of Document文件优先次序 (8)1.6Contract Agreement合同协议书 (9)1.7Assignment权益转让 (9)1.8Care and Supply of Document文件的照管和提供 (9)1.9Confidentiality保密性 (10)1.10Employ er’s Use of Contractor’s Documents雇主使用承包商文件 (10)1.11Contractor’s Use of Employer’s Documents承包商使用雇主文件 (11)1.12Confidential Details保密事项 (11)1.13Compliance with Laws遵守法律 (11)1.14Joint and Several Liability共同的和各自的责任 (12)2The Employer雇主 (12)2.1Right of Access to the Site现场进入权 (13)2.2Permits, Licences or Approves许可、执照或批准 (14)2.3Employer’s personnel雇主人员 (14)2.4Employer’s Financial Arrangements雇主的资金安排 (15)2.5Employer’s Claims雇主的索赔 (15)3The Employer’s Administration雇主的管理 (16)3.1The Employer’s Representative雇主代表 (16)3.2The Employer’s personnel其他雇主人员 (16)3.3Delegated Persons受托人员 (17)3.4Instructions指示 (17)3.5Determinations确定 (18)4The Contractor承包商 (18)4.1The Contractor’s General Obligations承包商的一般义务 (18)4.2Performance security履约担保 (19)4.3Contractor’s Representative承包商代表 (20)4.4Subcontractors分包商 (21)4.5Nominated Subcontractors指定的分包商 (22)4.6Co-operation合作 (22)4.7Setting out放线 (23)4.8Safety procedures安全程序 (23)4.9Quality Assurance质量保证 (24)4.10Site Data现场数据 (24)4.11Sufficiency of the Contract Price合同价格 (25)4.12Unforeseeable Difficulties不可预见的困难 (25)4.13Rights of way and Facilities道路通行权于设施 (26)4.14Avoidance of Interference避免干扰 (26)4.15Access Route进场通路 (26)4.16Transport of Goods货物运输 (27)4.17Contractor’s Equipment承包商设备 (28)4.18Protection of the Environment环境保护 (28)4.19Electricity, Water and Gas电、水和燃气 (28)4.20Employer’s Equipment and Free-Issue Material雇主设备和免费供应的材料 (29)4.21Progress Reports进度报告 (30)4.22Security of the Site现场保安 (31)4.23Contractor’s Operations on Site承包商的现场作业 (31)4.24Fossils化石 (32)5Design设计 (33)5.1General Design Obligations设计义务一般要求 (33)5.2Contractor’s Documents承包商文件 (34)5.3Contractor’s Undertaking承包商的承诺 (35)5.4Technical Standards and Regulations技术标准和法规 (35)5.5Training培训 (36)5.6As-Built Documents竣工文件 (36)5.7Operation and Maintenance Manuals操作和维修手册 (37)5.8Design Error设计错误 (37)6Staff and Labour员工 (38)6.1Engagement of Staff and Labour员工的雇用 (38)6.2Rates of Wages and Conditions of Labour工资标准和劳动条件 (38)6.3Persons in the Service of Employer为雇主服务的人员 (38)6.4Labour Laws劳动法 (38)6.5Working Hours工作时间 (39)6.6Facilities for Staff and Labour为员工提供设施 (39)6.7Health and Safety健康和安全 (39)6.8Contractor’s Superintendence承包商的监督 (40)6.9Contractor’s Personnel承包商人员 (40)6.10Records of contractor’s Personnel and Equipment承包商人员和设备的记录 (41)6.11Disorderly Conduct无序行为 (41)7Plant, Materials and Workmanship生产设备、材料和工艺 (42)7.1Manner of Execution实施方法 (42)7.2Samples样品 (42)7.3Inspection检验 (42)7.4Testing试验 (43)7.5Rejection拒收 (44)7.6Remedial Work修补工作 (45)7.7Ownership of Plant and Materials生产设备和材料的所有权 (45)7.8Royalties土地(矿区)使用费 (46)8Commencement,Delays and Suspension开工、延误和暂停 (46)8.1Commencement of Works工程的开工 (46)8.2Time for Completion竣工时间 (47)8.3Programme进度计划 (47)8.4Extension of Time for Completion竣工时间延长 (48)8.5Delays Caused by Authorities当局造成的延误 (49)8.6Rate of Progress工程进度 (49)8.7Delay Damages误期损害赔偿费 (50)8.8Suspension of Work暂时停工 (50)8.9Consequences of Suspension暂停的后果 (51)8.10Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of Suspension暂停时对生产设备和材料的付款 (51)8.11Prolonged Suspension托长的暂停 (52)8.12Resumption of Work复工 (52)9Tests on Completion竣工试验 (52)9.1Contractor’s Obligations承包商的义务 (52)9.2Delayed Tests延误的试验 (54)9.3Retesting重新试验 (54)9.4Failure to Pass Tests on Completion未能通过竣工试验 (54)10Employer’s Taking Over雇主的接收 (55)10.1Taking Over of the Works and Sections工程和分项工程的接收 (55)10.2Taking Over of Parts of the Works部分工程的接收 (56)10.3Interference with Tests on Completion对竣工试验的干扰 (56)11Defects Liability缺陷责任 (57)11.1Completion of Outstanding Work and Remedying Defects完成扫尾工作和修补缺陷 (57)11.2Cost of Remedying Defects修补缺陷的费用 (58)11.3Extension of Defects Notification Period缺陷通知期的延长 (58)11.4Failure to Remedy Defects未能修补的缺陷 (59)11.5Removal of Defective Work移出有缺陷的工程 (60)11.6Further Tests进一步试验 (60)11.7Right of Access进入权 (60)11.8Contractor to Search承包商调查 (60)11.9Performance Certificate履约证书 (61)11.10Unfulfilled Obligations未履行的义务 (61)11.11Clearance of Site现场清理 (62)12Tests after Completion竣工后试验 (62)12.1Procedure for Tests after Completion竣工后试验的程序 (62)12.2Delayed Tests延误的试验 (63)12.3Retesting重新试验 (64)12.4Failure to Pass Tests after Completion未能通过的竣工后试验 (64)13Variations and Adjustments变更和调整 (65)13.1Right to V ary变更权 (65)13.2V alue Engineering价值工程 (66)13.3V ariation Procedure变更程序 (66)13.4Payment in Applicable Currencies以适用货币支付 (67)13.5Provisional Sums暂列金额 (67)13.6Daywork计日工作 (68)13.7Adjustments for Changes in Legislation因法律改变的调整 (69)13.8Adjustments for Changes in Cost因成本改变的调整 (69)14Contract price and Payment合同价格和支付 (70)14.1The Contract Price合同价格 (70)14.2Advance payment预付款 (70)14.3Application for Interim Payments期中付款的申请 (71)14.4Schedule of Payments付款价格表 (72)14.5Plant and Materials intended for the Works拟用于工程的生产设备和材料 (73)14.6Interim Payments期中付款 (74)14.7Timing of Payments付款的时间安排 (74)14.8Delayed Payment延误的付款 (75)14.9Payment of Retention Money保留金支付 (75)14.10Statement at Completion施工报表 (76)14.11Application for Final Payment最终付款的申请 (77)14.12Discharge结清证明 (77)14.13Final Payment最终付款 (78)14.14Cessation of Employer’s Liability雇主责任的中止 (78)14.15Currencies of Payment支付的货币 (78)15Termination by Employer由雇主终止 (79)15.1Notice to Correct通知改正 (80)15.2Termination by Employer由雇主终止 (80)15.3V aluation at Date of Termination终止日期时的估价 (82)15.4Payment after Termination终止后的付款 (82)15.5Employer’s Entitlement to Termination雇主终止的权利 (82)16Suspension and ter mination by Contracto r由承包商暂停和终止 (83)16.1Contractor’s Entitlement to Suspend Work承包商暂停工作的权利 (83)16.2Termination by Contractor由承包商终止 (84)16.3Cessation of Work and Removal of Contractor’s Equipment停止工作和承包商设备的撤离 (85)16.4Payment on Termination终止时的付款 (85)17Risk and Responsibility风险和职责 (86)17.1Indemnities保障 (86)17.2Contractor’s Care of the Works承包商对工程的照管 (87)17.3Employer’s Risks雇主的风险 (88)17.4Consequence of Employer’s Risks雇主风险的后果 (88)17.5Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights知识产权和工业产权 (89)17.6Limitation of Liability责任限度 (90)18Insurance保险 (91)18.1General Requirements for Insurances有关保险的一般要求 (91)18.2Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipmen t工程和承包商设备的保险 (93)18.3Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property人身伤害和财产损害险 (95)18.4Insurance for Contractor’s Personnel承包商人员的保险 (96)19Force Majeure不可抗力 (96)19.1Definition of Force Majeure不可抗力的定义 (96)19.2Notice of Force Majeure不可抗力的通知 (97)19.3Duty to Minimise Delay将延误减至最小的义务 (98)19.4Consequences of Force Majeure不可抗力的后果 (98)19.5Force Majeure Affecting Subcontractor不可抗力影响分包商 (99)19.6Optional Termination, Payment and Release自主选择终止、支付和解除 (99)19.7Release from Performance under the Law根据法律解除履约 (100)20Claims, Disputes and Arbitration索赔、争端和仲裁 (100)20.1Contractor’s Claims承包商的索赔 (100)20.2Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board争端裁决委员会的任命 (102)20.3Failure to Agreement Dispute Adjudication Board对争端裁决委员会未能取得一致时 (104)20.4Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision取得争端裁决委员会的决定 (104)20.5Amicable Settlement友好解决 (106)20.6Arbitration仲裁 (106)20.7Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision未能遵守争端裁决委员会的决定 (107)20.8Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board’s Appointment争端裁决委员会任命期满 (107)1General Provisions一般规定1.1Definitions定义In the Conditions of Contract (“these Conditions”), which include Particular Conditions and these General Conditions, the following words and expressions shall have the meaning stated. Words indicating persons or parties include corporation and other legal entities, except where the context requires otherwise.在合同条件(“本条件”),包括专用条件和通用条件中,下列词语和措辞应具有以下所述的含义.除上下文另有要求外,文中人员或当事各方等词语包括公司和其他合法实体.1.1.1The Contract合同1.1.1.1“Contract”means the Contract Agreement, these Conditions, theEmployer’s Requirement, the Tender, and further document (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement.“合同”系指合同协议书、本条件、雇主要求、投标书和合同协议书列出的其他文件(如果有).1.1.1.2“Contract Agreement”means the contract agreement referred to inSub-Clause 1.6 [Contract Agreement], including any annexed memoranda.“合同协议书”系指第1.6款[合同协议书]中所述的合同协议书及所附各项备忘录.1.1.1.3“Employer’s requirements”means the document entitled employer’srequirements, as included in the Contract, and any additions and modifications to such document in accordance with the Contract. Such document specifies the purpose, scope, and/or design and/or other technical criteria, for the Works.“雇主要求”系指合同中包括的,题为雇主要求的文件,其中列明工程的目标、范围、和(或)设计和(或)其他技术标准,以及按合同对此项文件所作的任何补充和修改.1.1.1.4“T ender”means the Contractor’s signed offer for the Works and all otherdocuments which the Contractor submitted therewith (other than these Conditions and Employer’s Requirements, if so submitted), as included in the Contract.“投标书”系指包含在合同中的由承包商提交的为完成工程签署的报价,以及随同提交的所有其他文件(本条件和雇主要求除外,如同时提交).1.1.1.5“Performance Guarantees”and “Schedule of payments”mean thedocuments so named (if any), as included in the Contract.“履约保证”和“付款计划表”系指合同中包括的具有上述名称的文件(如果有).1.1.2Parties and Persons各方和人员1.1.2.1“Party” means the Employer or the Contractor, as the context requires.“当事方(或一方)”根据上下文需要,或指雇主,或指承包商。
附件一:国际保理业务通用规则(2004年7月出版)目录第一节总则第一条保理协议与应收帐款第二条参与国际双保理业务的当事方第三条所涵盖的应收帐款第四条通用语言第五条期限第六条书面第七条与本规则有所抵触的协议第八条代码系统第九条佣金/酬金第十条出口保理商与进口保理商间纠纷的解决第十一条善意及互助的原则第二节应收帐款的转让第十二条转让第十三条转让的有效性第十四条应收帐款的有效性第十五条应收帐款的反转让第三节信用风险第十六条信用风险的定义第十七条核准与申请核准第十八条缩减与撤消第十九条出口保理商转让的义务第四节应收帐款的催收第二十条进口保理商的权利第二十一条催收第二十二条未核准应收帐款第五节资金的划拨第二十三条付款的划拨第二十四条担保付款第二十五条禁止转让第二十六条迟付第六节争议第二十七条争议第七节陈述、保证与承诺第二十八条陈述、保证与承诺第八节杂项第二十九条通讯与电子数据交换第三十条帐务与报告第三十一条补偿第三十二条对本规则条款的违犯第一节总则第一条保理协议与应收帐款保理协议意指供应商与保理商间存在的一种契约关系,根据该契约,供应商可能或将要将应收帐款(本规则中亦称为“帐款”,该词视上下文不同,有时亦指应收帐款的部分)转让给保理商,其目的可能为获取融资,或为获得保理商提供的下述服务中的至少一种:—分户帐管理—帐款催收—坏帐担保第二条参与国际双保理业务的当事方参与国际双保理业务的当事方为:(i)供应商(通常亦称客户或供应商):对所供应的货物或所提供的服务出具发票的一方;(ii)债务人(通常亦称买方或顾客):对由所供应的货物或所提供的服务而产生的应收帐款负有付款责任的一方;(iii)出口保理商:根据保理协议接受供应商转让帐款的一方;(iv)进口保理商:根据本规则接受出口保理商转让帐款的一方。
第三条所涵盖的帐款本规则所涵盖的帐款应限于与出口保理商签有协议的供应商以信用方式向债务人销售货物或提供服务所产生的应收帐款。
XXX2013级专业基本能力训练报告失误是其破产的真正原因。
Root通过对美国保险公司的全面内部控制实施情况进行分析,发现企业内部控制的制定人员明确内部控制的实践意义,熟悉企业内部控制的层级,明确公司内部控制的不确定因素,只有这样内部控制才能起到有效作用。
(二)国内研究状况在资金的运用方面,主要研究了一下四个点:1、新的运用方式王姝(2013)提出遵循流动性、收益性和安全性三原则的基础上,可以考虑适当拓宽保险资金运用渠道。
可以考虑寿险资金以适当形式投向住房抵押贷款,也可以考虑有限度增加股票、黄金和海外证券等方面的投资,以抵御通胀和分享经济增长成果。
还可以结合国家发展需要适当扩大保险机构对铁路、高速公路和能源项目等基础设施的投资规模,不仅可以取得良好的社会效益,还可以获得一定的经济效益。
宫一非(2012)可以初步有步骤的放开保险资金参与风险投资的市场。
张昭熙(2015)提出可开辟贷款、国外投资和公开市场业务等多种渠道。
谭谟晓(2016)保险举牌可能成为资金入市的新通道保险公司重仓持股,可以对上市公司有更多话语权、知情权,也可以对上市公司分红、经营管理等提出明确要求,强化自身权益保障,降低投资风险。
但许闲(2016)认为保险公司的资金运用,最终还是应该回到稳健经营上来。
2、最优投资组合杨枫、薛逢源(2014)通过建立多期的保险资金最优配置模型,分析在不同的监管限制下最优投资组合的构成,认为投资监管的放松将带来最优投资组合的改进。
企业债券、基础设施债权以及房地产这三类资产的投资配置监管比例有进一步放松的空间。
曾庆久(2007)采取多元化投资组合的资金管理模式,在确保资金安全性和流动性的前提下追求投资收益.万方晨(2014)比较了发达国家的资产分布,认为需要继续减少银行存款投资比例,加大债券投资比例,不动产投资可作为未来保险资金运用考虑的主要方向。
邹琪慧(2015)相比于实证分析得出的最优投资组合,在保险资金运用实行大类监管,监管比例进一步放开的背景下,未来保险资金投资银行存款、债券、股票基金的比重会有减少,而以保险债权投资计划为代表的另类投资与境外投资比重会有所增长。
财产保险合同格式(涉外英文)Property Insurance Contract (International Version)This Property Insurance Contract is entered into by and between the Insurance Company (hereinafter referred to as "the Company") and the Insured (hereinafter referred to as "the Customer"), upon the terms and conditions agreed upon below.Definitions and InterpretationThis Contract shall be interpreted in accordance with its plain language, and all terms and conditions shall be defined as intended in their plain meanings unless otherwise stated or defined in this Contract.Parties and Coverage1. The Company: The insurance company authorized to provide property insurance services under the laws of its country of incorporation.2. The Customer: The party seeking insurance coverage for property under the terms and conditions of this Contract.Policy InformationThe policy number, policy start date, policy expiry date, property location, property description, insured value, and any other relevant information shall be clearly stated in this Contract.Scope of CoverageThe Company agrees to cover the property listed in this Contract against risks such as fire, theft, natural disasters, and other risks specified in this Contract. The specific scope of coverage shall be defined in this Contract.ExclusionsThis Contract does not cover any loss or damage caused by war, nuclear reaction, radioactivity, or other excluded risks stated in this Contract. The Company shall not be liable for any claims arising from excluded risks.Premium PaymentThe Customer shall pay the premium specified in this Contract to the Company in a timely manner. Failure to pay the premium shall result in the cancellation of this Contract.Claims SettlementIf a claim arises under this Contract, the Customer shall provide necessary documents and evidence to support the claim. The Company shall promptly investigate and settle the claim in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Contract.IndemnificationThe Company shall indemnify the Customer for any loss or damage covered by this Contract, up to the insured value specified in this Contract. The Company shall not be liable for any loss or damage exceeding the insured value.TerminationThis Contract may be terminated by either party giving written notice to the other party prior to the expiry date of the policy. In case of default by the Customer, the Company may terminate this Contract immediately without giving any notice.Miscellaneous1. This Contract shall be governed by the laws of the country where the Company is incorporated. Any dispute arising from this Contract shall be settled in accordance with such laws.2. This Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and no modifications shall be made unless agreed upon by both parties in writing.。
S hipping、Trading and Chartering and TermsDefinitions国际贸易、航运、租船和保险缩略语Abbreviation MeaningI (Inc-Isb)-inclusive 包含的,包括的-income 收入,收益,所得-incoming 进来的,新来的-incorporated company 股份有限公司-incomplete 未完成的-(inc) increase/increasing 增加(的)INCD,INCDG included/including 包括(的),包含(的)INCDT,INCID incident 事件INCL,INCLD,INCLN include/included/inclusion 包括,包含INCOT Including Over Time 包括加班时间INCLOT including overtime 包括加班费INCOMP incomplete 不完全,未完成INCUR,INCRCT incorrect 不正确的,错误的INCOTERMS International Codes for Trade Terms《国际贸易术语解释通则》INCPEN International Commercial Terms《国际商业条款》IND-indorse(ment) 背书,签名,担保,承认,认可-indication 指出,指示,暗示-index 指数INDEF indefinite 无限期的,不定期的INEV inevitable 不可避免的INF inform/information 通知,信息INFL-inflammable 易燃的-influence 影响INFM Information 消息INH inland haulage 内陆拖运费INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite (Organization) 国际海事卫星(组织)IN &/OR OVER goods carried below and/or on deck货物装载于舱内和/或舱面(甲板上)INP if not possible 如果不可能INQ, INQR, INQY inquiry/inquiry 询问,询价,询盘IN RE in regard to 关于INS—insurance 保险—Insurance Fee免保险费,保险免费INSCE rate insurance 运费保险INSP inspection/inspector 检验/检验员INST instant 立即的,(运费)本月(有效)的INSTL Installation 装置INT intention 意下,企图/intended 有意向的INTASAFCON -International Tanker Safety Conference国际油船安全会议-Intasacale-International T anker Normal Freight Scale Association 国际油轮标准运费协会INTCL intercoastal海岸之间的,近岸航行的INT.DP intermediate depot 中间仓库INTERCARGOInternational Association of Dry Cargo Shipowner国际干货船东协会INTERCONSEC International Association of Independent TankerOwners T anker Consecutive Voyage Charter Party独立油轮船东协会油轮连续航次租船合同INTERTANKO International Association of Independent TankerOwners 国际(独立)油轮船东协会INTN intenting/intention 适合装载/有意、打算装载INTRM intermediate point 中转点,中途点INV invoice 发票,装货清单INV.DOC invoice with documents 附凭证的发票,跟单发票IO-inspection Officer 检查官(员)-in order 整齐,状况良好,可用状态-Incumbent operator 主导运营商I/O, i/o -inspection order 检查程序,商品检验目录-in/out 进/出-in and/or over (stowage of cargo under or ondeck) 舱内和/或甲板上-input/output 输入/输出,投入/产出-instead of 代替,代表,而不是IOC indirect operating costs 间接操作费IOCC identity of carrier clause 承运人责任条款I/OF instead of 代替,而不是IOF inspection of cargo 载货检验,商品检验IOMMP International Organizztion of Master, Mates, and Pilots国际船长、驾驶员及引水员组织IOP inrespective of percentage无免赔率,免赔额不适用条款,不计免赔率,全部赔偿I/OPN in operation 操作中,运转中,实施中IOPP Internatinal Oil Pollution Prevention 国际防油污公约IOS inland overweight surcharge温哥华中转至美中西部超重附加费IOT -international oil tanker 国际油轮-invitation of tender 招标IOT in order to 为了…,以….为目的IOTTSG International oil tankers & terminal safety guide 《国际油船及其码头安全指南》IOU I owe you 借据,欠条,欠单,签认单IOV inter-office voucher 到账通知传票IOW in other words 换言之,换句话说IP-identification point 识别点-ignition point 燃点,着火点-important person 重要人物,要人-import permit 进口许可(证)-initial point 初始点-Initial premium 初期保险费-initial price 原始价,开盘价-in passing 顺便,附带地-input 输入-installment paid 每期应付款项付讫-insufficient packing 包装不足-insurance premium 保险费-interim provision 临时规定-internet protocol “国际协议”电话卡,IP卡I/P insurance policy 保险单I.P.A. including particular average 水渍险,包括单独海损在内IPA Indonesian Port Additional 印尼港口费IPD -individual package delivery 分别包装交货-international preferential duty 国际特惠关税IPF -intanken piled fathom (Timer Trade)(木材交易)装船英丈=216立方英尺,造纸木材运费单位-inspection fees 集装箱检查费IPI interior point intermodel内陆共通点多式联运IPIR inland point intermodal rate内陆点转运费(一般从美西转)IPO Initial Public Offerings 首次公开募股IPPC International Oil Prevention Certificate国际防油污证书i.q. idem quod (same as) (拉)与…同IQ -import quota (system) 进口配额制度-important question 重要问题-import quarantine 进口检疫-inquiry 询盘-intelligence quotient 智商,智力商数IR -immediate rebate 直接回扣-incident report 事故报告-inspection record/report 检验记录/报告IRA Informal Rate Agreement 非正式运价协议组织IRC International Red Cross 国际红十字会IRD inland rail depot 内陆(铁路集装箱)货运站IRFTM International Regulation for Tonnage Measurement 《国际船舶吨位丈量规则》IRI —international registries Inc. 国际注册公司—Irish Arbitrary Surcharge爱尔兰特别附加费IRISL Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines伊朗国营航运公司IRN internal reference number 内部参考文献号IRRESP irrespective (of) 不考虑的IRS Indian Register of Shipping 印度船级社IS -ice surcharge 冰冻附加费-inside sales 内销-international standard 国际标准-immediate shipment 立即装运ISA International Shipping Agency国际航运公司(波多黎哥)1SB one safe Berth 一个安全泊位。
金融业中英文对照表第一篇:金融业中英文对照表2M method 2M法 3M method 3M法A scores A值Accounting convention 会计惯例Accounting for acquisitions 购并的会计处理Accounting for debtors 应收账款核算 Accounting for depreciation 折旧核算Accounting for foreign currencies 外汇核算Accounting for goodwill 商誉核算Accounting for stocks 存货核算Accounting policies 会计政策Accounting standards 会计准则Accruals concept 权责发生原则Achieving credit control 实现信用控制Acid test ratio 酸性测试比率 Actual cash flow 实际现金流量Adjusting company profits 企业利润调整Advance payment guarantee 提前偿还保金Adverse trading 不利交易Advertising budget 广告预算Advising bank 通告银行Age analysis 账龄分析Aged debtors analysis 逾期账款分析Aged debtors'exception report 逾期应收款的特殊报告Aged debtors'exception report 逾期账款特别报告Aged debtors'report 逾期应收款报告 Aged debtors'report 逾期账款报告All—monies clause 全额支付条款 Amortization 摊销Analytical questionnaire 调查表分析 Analytical skills 分析技巧Analyzing financial risk 财务风险分析Analyzing financial statements 财务报表分析Analyzing liquidity 流动性分析Analyzing profitability 盈利能力分析Analyzing workingcapital 营运资本分析 Annual expenditure 年度支出Anticipating future income 预估未来收入Areas of financial ratios 财务比率分析的对象 Articles of incorporation 合并条款Asian crisis 亚洲(金融)危机Assessing companies 企业评估Assessing country risk 国家风险评估 Assessing credit risks 信用风险评估 Assessing strategic power 战略地位评估 Assessment of banks 银行的评估Asset conversion lending 资产转换贷款Asset protection lending 资产担保贷款Asset sale 资产出售Asset turnover 资产周转率Assets 资产Association of British Factors and Discounters 英国代理人与贴现商协会Auditor's report 审计报告 Aval 物权担保 Bad debt 坏账Bad debt level 坏账等级 Bad debt risk 坏账风险Bad debts performance 坏账发生情况 Bad loans 坏账Balance sheet 资产负债表Balance sheet structure 资产负债表结构Bank credit 银行信贷Bank failures 银行破产Bank loans.availability 银行贷款的可获得性Bank status reports 银行状况报告 Bankruptcy 破产Bankruptcy code 破产法Bankruptcy petition 破产申请书Basle agreement 塞尔协议Basle Agreement 《巴塞尔协议》 Behavorial scoring 行为评分Bill of exchange 汇票 Bill of lading 提单 BIS 国际清算银行BIS agreement 国际清算银行协定Blue chip 蓝筹股 Bonds 债券Book receivables 账面应收账款 Borrowing money 借人资金Borrowing proposition 借款申请 Breakthrough products 创新产品Budgets 预算Building company profiles 勾画企业轮廓Bureaux(信用咨询)公司Business development loan 商业开发贷款 Business failure 破产Business plan 经营计划 Business risk 经营风险 Buyer credits 买方信贷 Buyer power 购买方力量Buyer risks 买方风险CAMPARI 优质贷款原则Canons of lending 贷款原则 Capex 资本支出Capital adequacy 资本充足性Capital adequacy rules 资本充足性原则 Capital commitments 资本承付款项 Capital expenditure 资本支出 Capital funding 资本融资 Capital investment 资本投资 Capital strength 资本实力 Capital structure 资本结构Capitalization of interest 利息资本化Capitalizing development costs 研发费用资本化Capitalizing development expenditures 研发费用资本化Capitalizing interest costs 利息成本资本化 Cascade effect 瀑布效应Cash assets 现金资产Cash collection targets 现金托收目标 Cash cycle 现金循环周期Cash cycle ratios 现金循环周期比率Cash cycle times 现金循环周期时间 Cash deposit 现金储蓄Cash flow adjustments 现金流调整 Cash flow analysis 现金流量分析 Cash flow crisis 现金流危机 Cash flow cycle 现金流量周期Cash flow forecasts 现金流量预测 Cash flow lending 现金流贷出 Cash flow profile 现金流概况 Cash flow projections 现金流预测Cash flow statements 现金流量表Cash flows 现金流量Cash position 现金头寸Cash positive JE现金流量Cash rich companies 现金充足的企业Cash surplus 现金盈余Cash tank 现金水槽Cash-in-advance 预付现金Categorized cash flow 现金流量分类CE 优质贷款原则CEO 首席执行官Chairman 董事长,总裁 Chapter 11 rules 第十一章条款 Charge 抵押Charged assets 抵押资产Chief executive officer 首席执行官 Collateral security 抵押证券Collecting payments 收取付款Collection activitv 收款活动Collection cycle 收款环节Collection procedures 收款程序Collective credit risks 集合信用风险Comfortable liquidity positi9n 适当的流动性水平Commercial mortgage 商业抵押 Commercial paper 商业票据 Commission 佣金Commitment fees 承诺费 Common stock 普通股Common stockholders 普通股股东Company and its industry 企业与所处行业 Company assets 企业资产 Company liabilities 企业负债 Company loans 企业借款Competitive advantage 竞争优势Competitive forces 竞争力Competitive products 竞争产品 Complaint procedures 申诉程序Computerized credit information 计算机化信用信息Computerized diaries 计算机化日志 Confirmed letter of credit 承兑信用证Confirmed letters of credit 保兑信用证 Confirming bank 确认银行 Conservatism concept 谨慎原则 Consistency concept 一贯性原则 Consolidated accounts 合并报表Consolidated balance sheets 合并资产负债表Contingent liabilities 或有负债Continuing security clause 连续抵押条款Contractual payments 合同规定支出 Control limits 控制限度Control of credit activities 信用活动控制 Controlling credit 控制信贷Controlling credit risk 控制信用风险 Corporate credit analysis 企业信用分析Corporate credit controller 企业信用控制人员Corporate credit risk analysis 企业信用风险分析 Corporate customer 企业客户Corporate failure prediction models 企业破产预测模型Corporate lending 企业贷款Cost leadership 成本领先型Cost of sales 销售成本 Costs 成本Country limit 国家限额Country risk 国家风险Court judgments 法院判决 Covenant 贷款保证契约 Covenants 保证契约Creative accounting 寻机性会计 Credit analysis 信用分析Credit analysis of customers 客户信用分析Credit analysis of suppliers 供应商的信用分析Credit analysis on banks 银行信用分析 Credit analysts 信用分析 Credit assessment 信用评估Credit bureau reports 信用咨询公司报告 Credit bureaux 信用机构 Credit control 信贷控制Credit control activities 信贷控制活动Credit control performance reports 信贷控制绩效报告 Credit controllers 信贷控制人员Credit cycle 信用循环Credit decisions 信贷决策Creditdeterioration 信用恶化 Credit exposure 信用敞口Credit granting process 授信程序 Credit information 信用信息Credit information agency 信用信息机构 Credit insurance 信贷保险Credit insurance advantages 信贷保险的优势 Credit insurance brokers 信贷保险经纪人 Credit insurance limitations 信贷保险的局限Credit limits 信贷限额Credit limits for currency blocs 货币集团国家信贷限额 Credit limits for individual countries 国家信贷限额 Credit management 信贷管理 Credit managers 信贷经理Credit monitoring 信贷监控Credit notes 欠款单据 Credit period 信用期 Credit planning 信用计划 Credit policy 信用政策Credit policy issues 信用政策发布 Credit proposals 信用申请Credit protection 信贷保护Credit quality 信贷质量Credit rating 信用评级Credit rating agencies 信用评级机构 Credit rating process 信用评级程序Credit rating system 信用评级系统 Credit reference 信用咨询Credit reference agencies 信用评级机构 Credit risk 信用风险Credit risk assessment 信用风险评估 Credit risk exposure 信用风险敞口 Credit risk insurance 信用风险保险Credit risk.individual customers 个体信用风险Credit risk:bank credit 信用风险:银行信用 Credit risk:trade credit 信用风险:商业信用 Credit scoring 信用风险评分Credit scoring model 信用评分模型 Credit scoring system 信用评分系统Credit squeeze 信贷压缩Credit taken ratio 受信比率Credit terms 信贷条款Credit utilization reports 信贷利用报告 Credit vetting 信用审查Credit watch 信用观察 Credit worthiness 信誉Creditor days 应付账款天数Cross-default clause 交叉违约条款Currency risk 货币风险 Current assets 流动资产 Current debts 流动负债Current ratio requirement 流动比率要求Current ratios 流动比率 Customer care 客户关注Customer credit ratings 客户信用评级Customer liaison 客户联络Customer risks 客户风险Cut-off scores 及格线Cycle of credit monitoring 信用监督循环Cyclical business 周期性行业 Daily operating expenses 经营费用Day’s sales outstanding 收回应收账款的平均天数 Debentures 债券 Debt capital 债务资本Debt collection agency 债务托收机构Debt issuer 债券发行人Debt protection levels 债券保护级别Debt ratio 负债比率 Debt securities 债券Debt service ratio 还债率 Debtor days 应收账款天数 Debtor's assets 债权人的资产Default 违约Deferred payments 延期付款Definition of leverage 财务杠杆率定义 Deposit limits 储蓄限额Depositing money 储蓄资金Depreciation 折旧Depreciation policies 折旧政策Development budget 研发预算 Differentiation 差别化 Direct loss 直接损失Directors salaries 董事薪酬Discretionary cash flows 自决性现金流量Discretionary outflows 自决性现金流出 Distribution costs 分销成本Dividend cover 股息保障倍数Dividend payout ratio 股息支付率Dividends 股利Documentary credit 跟单信用证DSO 应收账款的平均回收期Duration of credit risk 信用风险期 Eastern bloc countries 东方集团国家EBITDA 扣除利息、税收、折旧和摊销之前的收益ECGD 出口信贷担保局Economic conditions 经济环境Economic cycles 经济周期Economic depression 经济萧条Economic growth 经济增长Economic risk 经济风险Electronic data interchange(EDI)电子数据交换 Environmental factors 环境因素Equity capital 权益资本 Equity finance 权益融资Equity stake 股权EU countries 欧盟国家 EU directives 欧盟法规 EUlaw 欧盟法律Eurobonds 欧洲债券European parliament 欧洲议会European Union 欧盟Evergreen loan 常年贷款Exceptional item 例外项目Excessive capital commitments 过多的资本承付款项Exchange controls 外汇管制Exchange-control regulations 外汇管制条例Exhaust method 排空法Existing competitors 现有竞争对手 Existing debt 未清偿债务Export credit agencies 出口信贷代理机构Export credit insurance 出口信贷保险 Export factoring 出口代理Export sales 出口额Exports Credit Guarantee Department 出口信贷担保局Extending credit 信贷展期 External agency 外部机构External assessment methods 外部评估方式External assessments 外部评估External information sources 外部信息来源Extraordinary items 非经常性项目Extras 附加条件 Facility account 便利账户 Factoring 代理Factoring debts 代理收账Factoring discounting 代理折扣Factors Chain International 国际代理连锁Failure prediction scores 财务恶化预测分值FASB(美国)财务会计准则委员会 Faulty credit analysis 破产信用分析 Fees 费用Finance,new business ventures 为新兴业务融资Finance,repay existing debt 为偿还现有债务融资Finance,working capital 为营运资金融资Financial assessment 财务评估Financial cash flows 融资性现金流量Financial collapse 财务危机Financial flexibility 财务弹性Financial forecast 财务预测Financial instability 财务的不稳定性Financial rating analysis 财务评级分析 Financial ratios 财务比率 Financial risk 财务风险Financial risk ratios 财务风险比率 Fitch IBCA 惠誉评级Fitch IBCA ratings 惠誉评级Fixed assets 固定资产Fixed charge 固定费用Fixed charge cover 固定费用保障倍数Fixed costs 固定成本Floating assets 浮动资产 Floating charge 浮动抵押 Floor planning 底价协议 Focus 聚焦Forced sale risk 强制出售风险Foreign exchange markets 外汇市场 Forfaiting 福费廷Formal credit rating 正式信用评级 Forward rate agreements 远期利率协议 FRAs 远期利率协议 Fund managers 基金经理FX transaction 外汇交易GAAP 公认会计准则 Gearing 财务杠杆率Geographical spread of markets 市场的地理扩展Global target 全球目标Going concern concept 持续经营原则Good lending 优质贷款Good times 良好时期Government agencies 政府机构 Government interference 政府干预 Gross income 总收入Guarantee of payment 支付担保Guaranteed loans 担保贷款Guarantees 担保High credit quality 高信贷质量High credit risks 高信贷风险High default risk 高违约风险 High interest rates 高利率High risk regions 高风险区域Highly speculative 高度投机High-risk loan 高风险贷款High-value loan 高价值贷款Historical accounting 历史会计处理Historical cost 历史成本 IAS 国际会计准则IASC 国际会计准则委员会IBTT 息税前利润ICE 优质贷款原则Idealliquidity ratios 理想的流动性比率Implied debt rating 隐含债务评级Importance of credit control 信贷控制的重要性Improved products 改进的产品I Improving reported asset values 改善资产账面价值In house assessment 内部评估In house credit analysis 内部信用分析In house credit assessments 内部信用评估In house credit ratings 内部信用评级Income bonds 收入债券 Income statement 损益表Increasing profits 提高利润Increasing reported profits 提高账面利润Indemnity clause 赔偿条款Indicators of credit deterioration 信用恶化征兆 Indirect loss 间接损失Individual credit transactions 个人信用交易 Individual rating 个体评级Industrial reports 行业报告Industrial unrest 行业动荡Industry limit 行业限额 Industry risk 行业风险Industry risk analysis 行业风险分析 Inflow 现金流入Information in financial statements 财务报表中的信息In-house credit ratings 内部信用评级 Initial payment 初始支付Insolvencies 破产Institutional investors 机构投资者Insured debt 投保债务Intangible fixed asset 无形固定资产Inter-company comparisons 企业间比较 Inter-company loans 企业间借款 Interest 利息Interest cost 利息成本Interest cover ratio 利息保障倍数Interest cover test 利息保障倍数测试 Interest holiday 免息期Interest payments 利息支付 Interest rates 利率Interim statements 中报(中期报表)Internal assessment methods 内部评估方法 Internal financing ratio 内部融资率Internal Revenue Service 美国国税局International Accounting Standards Committee 国际会计准则委员会International Accounting Standards(IAS)国际会计准则International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会 International credit ratings 国际信用评级International Factoring Association 国际代理商协会International settlements 国际结算 Inventory 存货Inverse of current ratio 反转流动比率Investment analysts 投资分析人员 Investment policy 投资政策Investment risk 投资风险Investment spending 投资支出Invoice discounting 发票贴现 Issue of bonds 债券的发行Issued debt capital 发行债务资本 Junk bond status 垃圾债券状况Just-in-time system(JIT)适时系统Key cash flow ratios 主要现金流量指标Labor unrest 劳动力市场动荡Large.scale borrower 大额借贷者 Legal guarantee 法律担保Legal insolvency 法律破产Lending agreements 贷款合约 Lending covenants 贷款保证契约Lending decisions 贷款决策Lending proposals 贷款申请Lending proposition 贷款申请Lending transactions 贷款交易Letters of credit 信用证Leverage 财务杠杆率LIBOR 伦敦同业拆借利率 Lien 留置Liquid assets 速动资产 Liquidation 清算Liquidation expenses 清算费 Liquidity 流动性Liquidity and working capital 流动性与营运资金Liquidity ratios 流动比率 Liquidity run 流动性危机Liquidity shortage 流动性短缺 Loan covenants 贷款合约 Loan guarantees 贷款担保 Loan principal 贷款本金Loan principal repayments 贷款本金偿还 Loan review 贷款审查London Inter-bank Offered Rate 伦敦同业拆借利率Long’term debt 长期负债 Long-term funding 长期融资Long-term risk 长期风险Management 管理层Marginal lending 边际贷款Marginal trade credit 边际交易信贷 Market surveys 市场调查Marketing 市场营销 Markets 市场Matching concept 配比原则Material adverse-change clause 重大不利变动条款 Maximum leverage level 最高财务杠杆率限制 Measurement and judgment 计量与判断 Measuring risk 风险计量 Medium-term loan 中期贷款Microcomputer modelling 计算机建模Minimum current ratio requirement 最低流动比率要求Minimum leverage ratio 最低举债比率 Minimum net worth 最低净值Minimum net-worth requirement 最低净值要求 Minimum risk asset ratio 最低风险资产比率Monitoring activity 监管活动Monitoring credit 信用监控Monitoring customer credit limits 监管客户信贷限额Monitoring risks 监管风险Monitoring total credit limits 监管全部信贷限额Monthly reports 月报Moody's debt rating 穆迪债券评级 Mortgage 抵押mpr’oving balance she et 改善资产负债表Multiple discriminate analysis 多元分析National debt 国家债务 NCI 无信贷间隔天数Near-cash assets近似于现金的资产 Negative cash flow 负现金流量Negative net cash flow 负净现金流量Negative operational cash flows 负的经营性现金流量Negative pledge 限制抵押Net book value 净账面价值Net cash flow 净现金流量Net worth test 净值测试New entrants 新的市场进人者 No credit interval 无信贷间隔天数 Non-cash items 非现金项目 Non-core business 非核心业务Non-operational items 非经营性项目Obtaining payment 获得支付One-man rule 一人原则Open account terms 无担保条款Operating leases 经营租赁 Operating profit 营业利润Operational cash flow 营性现金流量 Operational flexibility ~营弹性 Optimal credit 最佳信贷 Order cycle 订货环节Ordinary dividend payments 普通股股利支付 Organization of credit activities 信贷活动的组织 Overdue payments 逾期支付 Over-trading 过度交易Overview of accounts 财务报表概览·Parent company 母公司PAT 税后利润Payment in advance 提前付款 Payment obligations 付款义务Payment records 付款记录 Payment score 还款评分 PBIT 息税前利润 PBT 息后税前利润Percentage change 百分比变动 Performance bonds 履约保证Personal guarantees 个人担保Planning systems 计划系统Pledge 典押Points-scoring system 评分系统 Policy setting 政策制定Political risk 政治风险Potential bad debt 潜在坏账Potential credit risk 潜在信用风险 Potential value 潜在价值Predicting corporate failures 企业破产预测Preference dividends 优先股股息Preferred stockholders 优先股股东Preliminary assessment 预备评估 Premiums 溢价Primary ratios 基础比率Prior charge capital 优先偿付资本 Priority cash flows 优先性现金流量 Priority for creditors 债权人的清偿顺序 Priority payments 优先支付Product life cycle 产品生命周期Product market analysis 产品市场分析 Product range 产品范围Products 产品 Professional fees 专业费用 Profit 利润Profit and loss account 损益账户Profit margin 利润率Profitability 盈利能力Profitability management 盈利能力管理 Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率 Promissory notes 本票Property values 所有权价值Providers of credit 授信者Provision accounting 准备金会计处理 Prudence concept 谨慎原则 Public information 公共信息 Public relations 公共关系Purpose of credit ratings 信用评级的目的 Purpose of ratios 计算比率的目的 Qualitative covenants 定性条款Quantitative covenants 定量条款Query control 质疑控制Quick ratio 速动比率Rating exercise 评级实践 Rating process for a company 企业评级程序 Ratio analysis 比率分析Ratio analyst weaknesses ~L率分析的缺陷 Real insolvency 真实破产Real sales growth 实际销售收入增长率 Realization concept 实现原则 Receivables 应收账款 Recession 衰退Reducing debtors 冲减应收账款 Reducing profits 冲减利润Reducing provisions 冲减准备金Reducing reported profits 冲减账面利润 Reducing stocks 减少存货Registrar of Companies 企业监管局 Regulatory risk 监管风险Releasing provisions 冲回准备金 Relocation expenses 费用再分配 Reminder letters 催缴单Repayment on demand clause 即期偿还条款Replacement of principal 偿还本金 Report of chairman 总裁/董事长报告 Reserve accounting 准备金核算 Residual cash flows 剩余现金流量 Restricting bad debts 限制坏账 Restrictions on secured borrowing 担保借款限制 Retention-of-title clauses 所有权保留条款Revenues 总收入Risk analysis reports 风险分析报告 Risk and banks 风险与银行Risk and companies 风险与企业 Risk and Return 风险与回报 Risk capital 风险资本Risk-reward 风险回报Risk-weighted assets 风险加权资产 ROCE 资本收益率Romapla clauses “一手交钱一手交货”条款Sales 销售额Secondary ratios 分解比率Secure methods of payment 付款的担保方式Secured assets 担保资产Secured creditors 有担保债权人 Secured loans 担保贷款Securities and Exchange Commission(美国)证券交易委员会Security guarantees 抵押担保Security of payment 付款担保Security general principles 担保的一般原则 Segmentation 细分Setting and policing credit limits 信用限额的设定与政策制定Settlement discount(提前)结算折扣Settlement terms 结算条款Share price 股价Short-term borrowing 短期借款Short-term creditors 短期负债 Short-term liabilities 短期债务Short-termism 短期化 SIC 常务诠释委员会Significance of working capital 营运资金的重要性 Single credit customer 单一信用客户Single ratio analysis 单一比率分析 Size of credit risk 信用风险的大小Slow stock turnover 较低的存货周转率Sources of assessments 评估信息来源Sources of credit information 信用信息来源 Sources of risk 风险来源Sovereign rating 主权评级Specialist agencies 专业机构Specific debt issue 特别债券发行 Speculative 投机性Speculative grades 投机性评级 Split rating 分割评级Spot rate 现价(即期比率)Spreadsheets 电子数据表Staff redundancies 员工遣散费Standard and Poor 标准普尔Standard security clauses 标准担保条款Standard&Poor's 标准普尔 Standby credits 备用信用证Standing Interpretations Committee 证券交易委员会Standing starting credit limits 持续更新信用限额Statistical analysis 统计分析Statistical techniques 统计技巧Status reports(企业)状况报告Stock valuations 存货核算Stocks 股票Straight line depreciation method 直线折旧法Strategic positioning 战略定位Suplus assets 盈余资产 Suplus rating 盈余评级Supplier power 供应商的力量Supply chain 供应链Support rating 支持评级 Swap agreement 换合约Swaps 互换SWOT analysis SWOT分析Symptoms of failure questionnaires 企业破产征兆调查表Takeovers 收购Tax payments 税务支付Technical insolvency 技术破产Technology and change 技术进步Term loan 定期贷款Term of borrowing 借款期限Third party guarantees 第三方担保Tier 1 capital 一类资本 Tier 2 capital 二类资本Total credit limit 整体信用限额 T otal current assets 流动资产总额Trade companies 贸易企业 Trade credit 商业信用Trade creditors 应付账款Trade cycle 商业循环Trade cycle times 商业循环周期Trade debt 应收账款Trade debtors 贸易债权人Trade Indemnity 贸易赔偿Trade references 贸易参考 Trade-off 协定Trading outlook 交易概况 Trading profit 营业利润Traditional cash flow 传统现金流量Triple A 三AUCP 跟单信用证统一惯例Uncovered dividend 未保障的股利Uniform Customs&Practice 跟单信用证统一惯例Unpaid invoices 未付款发票Unsecured creditors 未担保的债权人Usefulness of liquidity ratios 流动性比率的作用Uses of cash 现金的使用Using bank risk information 使用银行风险信息 Using financialassessments 使用财务评估 Using ratios 财务比率的运用Using retention-of-title clauses 使用所有权保留条款Value chain 价值链 Value of Z scores Z值模型的价值Variable costs 变动成本 Variable interest 可变利息Variety of financial ratios 财务比率的种类Vetting procedures 审查程序Volatitle revenue dynamic 收益波动Volume of sales 销售量Warning signs of credit risk 信用风险的警示 Working assets 营运资产 working capital 营运资本Working capital changes 营运资本变化额Working capital management 营运资本管理 working capitalratios 营运资本比率Write-downs 资产减值Write-offs 勾销Z score assessments Z值评估 z score models z值模型Z scores z值Z scoring Z值评分系统第二篇:乐器中英文对照表Woodwinds: 木管乐器Brass:铜管乐器 1.Piccolo 短笛 2.Flute 长笛3.Soprano Recorder 高音竖笛4.Oboe 双簧管5.English Horn 英国管6.Bassoon 大管7.Contrabassoon 低音巴松8.Clarinet in Eb 降E调单簧管(小黑管)9.Clarinet in A A调单簧管10.Clarinet in Bb 降B调单簧管11.Bass Clarinet 低音单簧管12.Soprano Saxophone 高音萨克斯 13.ALto Saxophone 中音萨克斯 14.Tenor Saxophone 次中音萨克斯 15.Baritone Saxophone 上低音萨克斯 16.Alto Flute 中音长笛* 17.Bass Flute 低音长笛 18.Oboe d' Amore 双簧管的一种 19.Piccolo Clarinet 高音单簧管*20.Alto Clarinet 中音单簧管(Eb调的,属于低音单簧管)21.Contrabass Clarinet 倍低音单簧管 22.Descant Recorder 高音竖笛23.Alto Recorder 中音竖笛24.Tenor Recorder 次中音竖笛25.Bass Recorder 低音竖笛 26.Bagpipes 风笛27.Basset Horn 巴赛管(单簧管)28.Panpipes 排萧Organ(风琴)Church Organ 教堂管风琴Draw Organ 拉杆式舌风琴Percussion Organ 敲击试管风琴Pipe Organ 管风琴Reed Organ 簧风琴Rock Organ 摇滚管风琴1.Cornet 短号2.Trumpet in Bb 降B调小号3.Trumpet in C C调小号4.Flugelhorn 夫吕号(行进乐队常用)5.Horn in F F调圆号6.Trombone 长号7.Tenor Trombone 次中音长号8.Bass Tromone 低音长号9.Baritone(T.C.)次中音号 10.Baritone 次中音 11.Euphonium 小低音号 12.Tuba 大号13.Bass Tuba 低音大号 14.Piccolo Cornet 高音短号15.Piccolo Trumpet in A A调高音小号 16.Bass Trumpet in C C 调低音小号 17.Alto Trombone 中音长号 18.Contrabass Trombone 倍低音长号Drums: 鼓 1.Drum Set 架子鼓2.Bongo Drums 邦加鼓(用手指敲的小鼓,夹在两腿间)3.Timbales 蒂姆巴尔鼓4.Conga Drums 康加鼓(橄榄型)5.Snare Drum 小军鼓6.Quad Toms 4组鼓筒鼓7.Quint T oms 五组筒鼓8.Tenor Drum 次高音鼓9.T om Toms 筒鼓 10.Roto T oms 轮鼓 11.Bass Drum 低音鼓12.Aerial Tom-T oms 悬空通通鼓13.Floor Tom-T om/Tom-T om/T enor Drum 落地通通鼓/中鼓14.Hi-Hat Cymbal 脚钹 15.Side Cymbal 小钹 16.Top Cymbal 大钹 17.Side Drum 击边Ethnic and Other Instrument 民族乐器Accordion 手风琴Agogo bell 阿哥哥铃Alpine Herd Cowbell牧牛铃Angklung 摇竹Appalachian Dulcimer 阿帕拉契扬琴(美国的民族乐器)Autoharp ***齐特琴Bagpipe 风笛(苏格兰民俗乐器)Balalaika 巴拉拉卡琴(俄国的弦乐器之一,琴身呈三角形)Bamboo chime 竹风铃Bandurria 墨西哥传统吉他Banjo 班左琴/五弦琴(相传源起於西非,以手指奏鸣的五弦或六弦的乐器)Bell plate 铁片Bell tree 树铃Bongos 邦哥小对鼓/曼波鼓(拉丁音乐)Boobam 火箭筒鼓Bouzouki 布祖基琴(一种形状似曼陀林的希腊弦乐器)Cabasa 椰予沙铃/卡巴沙铃/串珠沙铃Castanets 响板(常用於西班牙佛们哥舞曲)Caxixi 编织摇铃Charango 夏朗哥吉他/小型八弦(盛行於中南美)Chinese hand drum 手摇鼓Chinese temple bell 中国钵Citterns 西特恩(类似吉他的梨形古乐器,流行於十五至十八世纪) Concertina 六角形手风琴(用於阿根廷探戈曲)Conga 康加鼓/细长型大手鼓/墨西哥鼓(拉丁音乐)Cowbell 牛铃Crumhorn 克鲁姆管/钩形管/J形管(流行於15世纪末叶)Cuica 锯加鼓Darabucca 土耳其手鼓Didgeridoo 澳洲土著的吹管乐器Djembe 非洲鼓(源起於非洲之肯亚部落,属於原住民型之乐器) Domra 苏俄传统乐器(状似吉他,三或四弦)Fiddle 古提琴Fife 横笛Flageolet 六孔的竖笛Flexatone 弹音器Frame drum 手鼓Gadulka 一种保加利亚传统的弦乐器Gaida 风笛(保加利亚的传统乐器)Gamelan 木琴(印尼的一种竹制打击乐器)Glass chime 玻璃风铃Guiro 葫芦锯琴/刮胡/刮葫(拉丁音乐)Gusli 古斯里琴(一种俄国古代的弦乐器)Harmonica/Mouth-Organ 口琴Hurdy-Gurdy 绞弦琴/手摇风琴(18世纪流行於法国社交界)Japanese temple bell 日本钵Jew’s Harp 口拨琴/单簧口琴Kalimba 卡林巴琴Kantele 齐特琴(芬兰)Kaval 长笛/牧羊人的笛子(保加利亚的传统乐器)Kazoo 卡祖笛(一种木制或金属制玩具笛子)Kokiriko 鼓牌板Koto 科多琴Lithophone 石板琴Lute 诗琴/鲁特琴(最古老的乐器之一)Lyre 七弦竖琴(古希腊)Mark tree / Wind chime 风铃Mirliton 膜笛Nefer 古埃及吉他Ocarina 亚卡利那笛/陶制甘薯形笛/小鹅笛(17世纪后半源於义大利)Ocean drum 波浪鼓Panpipe 排笛/牧神笛Pifano 印地安鼓Quena 八孔木笛(安第斯山脉民族的乐器,声音浑厚)Ratchet 辣齿/嘎嘎器Roarer/Barker 吼声器Saltepry 萨泰里琴(上古及中古的乐器,可能源自伊朗、印度)Shaker 金属沙铃Shamisen 三弦琴(日本)Shanai 山奈琴Sistrum 叉铃/ㄙㄙ铃(古埃及)Sitar 锡他琴/西塔琴/西他琴(形似吉他的北印度民族弦乐器)Slit drum 非洲裂缝鼓Steel Drum 钢鼓(来自於加勒比海的千里达)Surdo 印地安笛Symphonle 三弦共鸣弦乐器(约十三世纪前出现)Tablas 塔布拉鼓/印度鼓(印度的一种手敲小鼓)TaikoDrum/Kodo 太鼓(日本)Talking drum 讯息鼓Tambura 冬不拉(保加利亚的民俗弦乐器)Thunder sheet 雷板Timbales 天巴鼓/廷巴鼓Tin Whistle / Penny Whistle 六孔小笛/锡笛(镀锡铁皮所制造的玩具笛)Tub Fiddle 金盆琴Tupan 牛皮鼓Ukulele/Ukelele 尤库里里琴(源於葡萄牙,形如小吉他的弦乐器) Vibra-slap 震荡器/震音板Vihuela 古吉他(源起於墨西哥)Viola da Gamba 古大提琴Waterphone 水琴Whistle 哨子Wind machine 风声器Zither 齐特琴(欧洲的一种扁形弦乐琴)Dulcimer 扬琴Crotales/Antique cymbal 古钹 Temple block 西洋木鱼Electric Instrument 电子乐器Clavinova 数位钢琴/数位化电子琴Double-Neck Guitar 双颈吉他Electone 电子琴Electric Guitar 电吉他Electric Organ 电子琴Electric Piano 电钢琴Electronic Piano 电子钢琴Pedal Steel Guitar/Hawaiian Guitar 立式电吉他/夏威夷式电吉他Portatone keyboards 手提电子琴Synthesizer 电子合成器Percussion: 小打击乐器1.Percussion 小打击乐器组2.Wind Chimes3.Bell Tree 音树 4.Triangle 三角铁 5.Crotales 响板6.Finger Cymbals 手指小镲7.Sleigh Bells 马铃8.Cymbals 大镲9.Cowbell 牛铃10.Agogo Bells(由两个锥型铁筒组成,比牛玲音高)11.Flexatone12.Musical Saw 乐锯 13.Brake Drum 闸鼓 14.Tam Tam 大锣15.Gong 锣16.Claves 响棒17.Slapstick 击板18.VibraSlap19.Sand Block 沙轮20.Ratchet 齿轮剐响器21.Guiro (木制,用铁棍剐)22.Cuica(发出的声音象狗叫的拉丁乐器)23.Maracas 沙槌24.Castanets 响板25.Wood Blocks 盒棒26.Temple Blocks 木鱼27.Log Drum 木鼓 28.Tambourine 铃鼓 29.Whistle 哨 30.Siren 汽笛 31.Jawbone32.Anvil 乐钻 33.Bar Chimes 风铃 34.Crash cymbal 双面钹 35.Finger Cymbal 手指钹 36.Gong 锣37.Jingle-ring 铃环38.Maracas 响葫芦/沙球/沙铃39.Rotary Tom 轮旋鼓 40.Sleighbells 雪铃 41.Suspended Cymbal 吊钹Plucked Strings: 弹拨乐 1.Harp 竖琴 2.Guitar 吉他 3.Scoustic Guitar4.electric Guitar 电吉他 5.Banjo 班卓6.Bass 贝司7.Acoustic Bass 非电贝斯 8.Electric Bass 电贝司 9.String Bass 弦贝司 10.Mandolin 曼陀林 11.Lute 琉特琴ulele 夏威夷四弦琴 13.Zither 齐特尔琴 14.Sitar 锡塔尔琴Keybords: 键盘 1.Piano 钢琴 an 管风琴 3.Harpsichord 大键琴4.Celesta 钢片琴5.Accordion 手风琴6.Clavichord 古钢琴7.Harmonium 脚踏式风琴 8.Synthesizer 电子合成器Chorus: 合唱 1.Soprano 女高2.Soprano Ⅰ 女高1 3.Soprano Ⅱ 女高2 4.Mezzo-Soprano 女次高5.Contralto 女低6.Alto 女低7.Counter-Tenor8.T enor 男高9.Tenor Ⅰ 男高1 10.Tenor Ⅱ 男高2 11.Baritone 男中 12.Bass 男低13.Bass Ⅰ 男低1 14.Bass Ⅱ 男低2 15.Voice 人声 16.Vocals 元音Strings: 弦乐 1.Violin 小提琴2.Violin Ⅰ 小提琴1 3.Violin Ⅱ 小提琴2 4.Viola 中提琴 5.Cello 大提琴6.Violoncello 低音提琴7.Contrabass 低音提琴8.Double Bass 倍低音提琴9.Solo Violin 独奏小提琴10.Solo VIola 独奏中提琴11.Solo Cello 独奏大提琴12.Solo Bass 独奏低音提琴13.Viola d' AmoreHandbells: 手铃 1.Handbells 手铃2.Handbells(T.C)手铃(中音)钢琴0 Acoustic Grand Piano 大钢琴(声学钢琴)1 Bright Acoustic Piano 明亮的钢琴2 Electric Grand Piano 电钢琴3 Honky-tonk Piano 酒吧钢琴4 Rhodes Piano 柔和的电钢琴5 Chorused Piano 加合唱效果的电钢琴 6 Harpsichord 羽管键琴(拨弦古钢琴)7 Clavichord 科拉维科特琴(击弦古钢琴)色彩打击乐器8 Celesta 钢片琴9 Glockenspiel 钟琴10 Music box 八音盒11 Vibraphone 颤音琴12 Marimba 马林巴13 Xylophone 木琴14 Tubular Bells 管钟15 Dulcimer 大扬琴风琴Hammond Organ 击杆风琴17 Percussive Organ 打击式风琴18 Rock Organ 摇滚风琴19 Church Organ 教堂风琴20 Reed Organ 簧管风琴21 Accordian 手风琴22 Harmonica 口琴Tango Accordian 探戈手风琴吉他Acoustic Guitar(nylon)尼龙弦吉他25 Acoustic Guitar(steel)钢弦吉他26 Electric Guitar(jazz)爵士电吉他27 Electric Guitar(clean)清音电吉他28 Electric Guitar(muted)闷音电吉他29 Overdriven Guitar 加驱动效果的电吉他30 Distortion。
财产保险合同格式(涉外英文)5篇全文共5篇示例,供读者参考篇1Property Insurance Contract Format (Foreign-Related)This Property Insurance Contract is made and entered into by and between [Name of Insurer], a company duly registered and operating under the laws of [Country], and [Name of Insured], a company registered and operating under the laws of [Country], hereinafter referred to as the Parties.1. Insured PropertyThe Insured hereby agrees to insure the following property against risks of loss or damage:- Buildings located at [Address]- Equipment and machinery located at [Address]- Inventory and stock located at [Address]- Other property as agreed upon by the Parties2. CoverageThe Insurer undertakes to provide coverage for loss or damage to the Insured property resulting from the following perils:- Fire- Theft- Flood- Explosion- Riot or civil commotion- Earthquake- Breakage of glass- Damage caused by aircraft or vehicles- Damage caused by malicious acts3. Premium and PaymentThe Insured shall pay the premium amount of [Amount] to the Insurer in consideration for the coverage provided under this Contract. The premium shall be paid in [Currency] on a [Monthly/Quarterly/Annual] basis.4. Term of ContractThis Contract shall be in effect for a period of [Number] years, commencing on [Date] and ending on [Date]. The Parties may renew this Contract upon mutual agreement.5. Claims ProcessIn the event of loss or damage to the Insured property, the Insured shall notify the Insurer immediately and provide all necessary documentation to support the claim. The Insurer shall assess the claim and provide compensation within [Number] days of receiving all required documentation.6. TerminationEither Party may terminate this Contract by providing [Number] days' written notice to the other Party. Upon termination, the Insurer shall provide a pro-rata refund of the premium to the Insured.7. Jurisdiction and Governing LawThis Contract shall be governed by the laws of [Country]. Any disputes arising out of or in connection with this Contract shall be resolved through arbitration in accordance with the rules of [Arbitration Institution].In witness whereof, the Parties hereto have caused this Contract to be executed on the date first above written.[Signature of Insurer] [Signature of Insured][Name and Title of Signatory] [Name and Title of Signatory][Date] [Date]This Property Insurance Contract is hereby accepted by the Parties and shall be in effect as of the date of execution.篇2Property Insurance Contract FormatThis Property Insurance Contract ("Contract") is entered into on [Date] between [Insurer], a [Country] corporation with its principal place of business at [Address], and [Insured], a [Country] corporation with its principal place of business at [Address].1. Insured PropertyThe Insured property covered under this Contract includes but is not limited to:- [Description of Property]- [Description of Property]- [Description of Property]2. CoverageThe Insurer agrees to provide coverage for the Insured property against risks of loss or damage such as fire, theft, vandalism, natural disasters, and other perils as specified in the Policy.3. Policy PeriodThis Contract is effective from [Start Date] and will remain in force for a period of [Number] years, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the Contract.4. PremiumThe Insured agrees to pay a premium of [Amount] to the Insurer in consideration for the coverage provided under this Contract. The premium is to be paid annually in advance.5. ClaimsIn the event of a loss or damage to the Insured property, the Insured shall promptly notify the Insurer and provide all necessary documentation to support the claim. The Insurer shall process the claim within a reasonable time frame in accordance with the terms of the Contract.6. TerminationThis Contract may be terminated by either party upon [Number] days' written notice to the other party. In the event of termination, the Insurer shall refund any unearned premium to the Insured.7. Governing LawThis Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Country]. Any disputes arising under this Contract shall be resolved through arbitration in [City], [Country].8. Entire AgreementThis Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersedes all prior agreements, understandings, and representations, whether oral or written.In witness whereof, the parties have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.[Insurer]Name: [Name]Title: [Title][Insured]Name: [Name]Title: [Title]篇3Property Insurance Contract Format (Foreign-Related English)Contract Number: XXXX-XXXX-XXXXThis Property Insurance Contract (hereinafter referred to as the "Contract") is made and entered into by and between the Insured and the Insurer on (date).I. Parties to the Contract1. Insurer: XYZ Insurance Company2. Insured: (Name of the Insured)3. Insurance Agent: (Name of the Insurance Agent)II. Coverage1. This Contract provides coverage for the following types of property:- Residential properties- Commercial properties- Industrial properties2. The coverage includes but is not limited to:- Fire insurance- Theft insurance- Water damage insurance- Natural disaster insuranceIII. Term of Contract1. The term of this Contract shall be from (start date) to (end date).2. The Insured has the right to renew the Contract upon expiration.IV. Premium1. The premium for this Contract shall be paid by the Insured in the amount of (amount) annually.2. The Insurer reserves the right to adjust the premium rates upon renewal of the Contract.V. Coverage Limits1. The coverage limits for this Contract shall be as follows:- Maximum coverage amount for residential properties: $XXXXX- Maximum coverage amount for commercial properties: $XXXXX- Maximum coverage amount for industrial properties: $XXXXX2. The Insurer shall not be liable for any claims that exceed the coverage limits specified in this Contract.VI. Claims Procedure1. In the event of a claim, the Insured shall notify the Insurer immediately and provide all necessary documentation to support the claim.2. The Insurer shall investigate the claim within (number) days and provide a decision on the claim within (number) days.VII. Termination of Contract1. Either party may terminate this Contract by providing written notice to the other party at least (number) days in advance.2. Upon termination of the Contract, the Insurer shall refund any remaining premium to the Insured.VIII. Governing Law1. This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of (Country).2. Any disputes arising from this Contract shall be settled through arbitration in (City).In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have executed this Property Insurance Contract as of the date first above written.Insurer: Insured:XYZ Insurance Company (Name of the Insured)Insurance Agent: Date:(Name of the Insurance Agent)(Date)This is the standard format for a Property Insurance Contract in English for foreign-related transactions. It is important for both parties to understand the terms and conditions of the Contract before signing.篇4Property Insurance Contract Template (Foreign Trade)This Property Insurance Contract (Foreign Trade) is entered into by and between the Insurer and the Insured on this [Date], regarding the insurance coverage for the insured property as listed in Schedule A. This Contract outlines the terms and conditions governing the insurance coverage, including the premium amount, coverage period, liabilities, and claims procedures.1. Definitions:- Insurer: [Insurance Company Name]- Insured: [Name of the Insured]- Policy Number: [Policy Number]- Coverage Period: [Start Date] to [End Date]- Insured Property: [List of Insured Properties as per Schedule A]2. Coverage:The Insurer agrees to provide insurance coverage for the Insured Property against risks such as fire, theft, natural disasters, vandalism, and other perils as stated in the Policy. The coverage includes the replacement cost or actual cash value of the insured property, subject to the terms and conditions of the Policy.3. Premium:The Insured agrees to pay the premium amount of [Premium Amount] for the coverage period, as agreed upon by both parties. The premium payment shall be made in [Currency] to the Insurer on or before the due date specified in the Policy.4. Liabilities:The Insurer shall not be liable for any losses or damages caused by the acts of war, terrorism, nuclear disasters, intentional acts by the Insured, wear and tear, and other excluded perils as outlined in the Policy. The Insured shall take reasonable precautions to safeguard the insured property to prevent losses or damages.5. Claims Procedures:In the event of a loss or damage to the insured property, the Insured shall notify the Insurer immediately and provide all necessary details and documentation to support the claim. The Insurer shall conduct an investigation into the claim and make a determination on the coverage amount within a reasonable time frame. The Insured shall cooperate with the Insurer during the claims process and provide any additional information or assistance as required.6. Termination:This Contract shall be terminated upon the expiry of the coverage period or upon the payment of the insurance claim, whichever comes first. The Insurer reserves the right to terminate the Contract in case of non-payment of the premium or breach of the terms and conditions outlined in the Policy.7. Governing Law:This Contract shall be governed by the laws of [Jurisdiction], and any disputes arising from the interpretation or enforcement of the Contract shall be resolved through arbitration in accordance with the rules of [Arbitration Forum].In witness thereof, the parties hereto have executed this Property Insurance Contract on this [Date].Insurer: Insured:[Signature] [Signature][Printed Name] [Printed Name]Schedule A:[List of Insured Properties]This Property Insurance Contract Template (Foreign Trade) is for reference purposes only and may be subject to customization based on the specific requirements of the parties involved. It is recommended to seek legal advice before entering into any insurance contract.篇5Property Insurance Contract Format (Foreign English)This Property Insurance Contract (hereinafter referred to as “the Contract”) is made and entered into by and between the Insurer and the Insured, based on mutual agreement on the following terms and conditions:1. Subject Matter of InsuranceThe Insurer agrees to provide insurance coverage to the Insured for the property described in the Schedule attached hereto and made a part hereof.2. Scope of CoverageThe insurance coverage provided under this Contract shall be for loss or damage to the insured property due to perils such as fire, theft, flood, vandalism, and other covered risks as specified in the policy document.3. PremiumThe Insured agrees to pay the premium specified in the Schedule attached hereto in consideration for the insurance coverage provided by the Insurer. The premium shall be paid in full and on time as specified in the payment terms.4. Coverage LimitsThe maximum liability of the Insurer under this Contract shall be limited to the sum insured specified in the Schedule attached hereto. Any claim exceeding this limit shall not be the responsibility of the Insurer.5. ExclusionsThe Insurer shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by war, nuclear hazards, wear and tear, gradual deterioration, or any other exclusions as specified in the policy document.6. Claims ProcedureIn the event of a claim, the Insured shall notify the Insurer immediately and provide all necessary documentation to support the claim. The Insurer shall investigate the claim and make a decision on the coverage within a reasonable period.7. RenewalThis Contract shall be valid for the period specified in the Schedule attached hereto. The Insured may request a renewal of the Contract by paying the premium for the subsequent period as specified by the Insurer.8. TerminationEither party may terminate this Contract by giving written notice to the other party. In the event of termination, the Insured shall be entitled to a refund of the premium paid for the remaining period of coverage.9. Governing LawThis Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction specified in the Schedule attached hereto.In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have executed this Contract as of the date first above written.Insurer:Signature: __________________Name: _____________________Title: ______________________Insured:Signature: __________________ Name: _____________________ Title: ______________________ Schedule:Property Description: _________ Sum Insured: _________ Premium: _________ Coverage Period: _________。
International Property-Liability Insurance Consumptionby Mark J. Browne, JaeWook Chung, Edward W. Frees | March, 2000 ABSTRACTDuring the 1980s and early 1990s, the world insurance market grew substantially. World insurance premiums in 1993 accounted for about 8 percent of world gross domestic product (GDP), compared to 4 percent in 1984.This article explains a substantial proportion of the variation in property-liability insurance consumption across countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The study focuses on two lines of insurance: motor vehicle and general liability. The authors' analysis indicates that economic conditions affect the demand for insurance differently across lines of coverage. In particular, the authors' results suggest that income has a far greater effect on motor vehicle insurance consumption than on general liability insurance consumption. The authors find evidence that several factors are important in explaining the purchase of both kinds of insurance. These factors include income, wealth, the percent of a country's insurance market controlled by foreign firms, and the form of the legal system in the country.INTRODUCTIONAdvances in technology have spurred significant growth in international trade during the past 30 years. National economies have become increasingly intertwined as evidenced by world trade dependency [1] that reached 32 percent in 1991 (Human Development Report, 1994). In 1969, total world exports and imports were approximately $256 billion and $268 billion, respectively. By 1998, total world exports and imports had grown to $5,445 billion and $5,534 billion, respectively (International Monetary Fund, 1999).The world gross national product (GNP) has also grown significantly during this time period. In 1991, world GNP per capita was $4,010, compared to $810 in 1970 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1993). The service sector has continued to expand and accounted for 63.4 percent of world gross domestic product (GDP) in 1991, compared to 50.4 percent in 1960 (United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment, 1993). The world insurance business, which constitutes a significant portion of the service sector, has grown at a rate of 10 percent annually since 1950. This growth rate has far exceeded that of overall world economic development.Table 1 reports that in recent years, the world insurance business has grown even more rapidly; it grew at an average annual growth rate of 26 percent from 1984 to 1993 (Swiss Reinsurance Company, 1986 and 1995). Data also show that during the same period, the non-life insurance business grew at a rate of 18 percent annually while the life insurance business grew at a rate of 36 percent annually. In 1993, world insurance premium volume was approximately $1.8 trillion and accounted for about 8 percent of world GDP, compared to 4 percent in 1984 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1995). These statistics indicate that the insurance business has become increasingly important in the world economy.The market share of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has been fairly consistent over the period 1988 through 1993. Table 2 provides a summary of non-life insurance business of OECD member countries in terms of premium volume, world market share, insurance density, and insurance penetration for the year 1993. Premium volume represents total non-life insurance premiums written in the reporting country and is a major indicator of the importance of the insurance industry in the economy of that country. The world market share of a country is the ratio of that country's premiums to total world premiums. Insurance density is calculated by dividing direct gross premiums by the population and represents average insurance spending per capita in a given country. Insurance penetration is the ratio of direct gross premiums to GDP and indicates the relative importance of the insurance business in the domestic economy.The United States ranked first in 1993 in premium volume with 41.52 percent of the world share, followed by Japan (14.74 percent) and Germany (8.86 percent), respectively. The top ten countries in premium volume all belong to the OECD. Together they accounted for approximately 85 percent of the world non-life insurance premium volume.Among OECD member countries, in 1993 the United States ranked first in insurance density ($1,276.8), followed by Switzerland ($1,249.7) and Luxembourg ($1,113.2), respectively. In insurance penetration, in 1993 the United States ranked first (5.18), followed by Luxembourg (4.21) and the United Kingdom (4.18), respectively.Not surprisingly, the growth in the international insurance business has led to an increasingly competitive market. Skipper (1994) indicates that currently, one-tenth of U.S. premium dollars are paid to non-U.S. insurance companies. This proportion is expected to double by the year 2000.The purpose of this article is to explain the difference inproperty-liability insurance consumption across countries. The current analysis differs from previous studies of the purchase ofproperty-liability insurance in several important ways. First, the article employs disaggregated insurance data. Unlike prior studies that grouped together insurance purchases across all lines ofproperty-casualty insurance, the authors' analysis is coverage-specific. In particular, the authors focus on motor vehicle insurance, a coverage purchased primarily by households, and general liability insurance, a coverage purchased predominantly by businesses. The disaggregated data allow us to test whether country-specific factors, such as income and the average educational attainment of the population, affect household and business purchases of insurance differently. Prior research at this level of analysis is not known to have been done.Second, the data are more recent and more representative than data used in prior research. The data in this article span the period 1987 through 1993. The cross-sectional, time series nature of the data permits panel data analysis. Panel data methods provide efficient economic estimates by using information on both the intertemporal dynamics and the individuality of the entities, in this case countries, being investigated. The data provide information on the OECD member countries. Collectively, OECD member countries accounted for approximately 90 percent of the world non-life insurance business during the data period.FACTORS AFFECTING PROPERTY-LIABILITY INSURANCE CONSUMPTIONInsurance demand theory based on the expected utility paradigm [see for instance, Mossin (1968) and Szpiro (1985)] suggests that an individual's purchase of insurance depends on a number of different factors. These factors include the individual's income and wealth, the price of insurance, the individual's degree of risk aversion, and the probability of loss. The corporate demand for insurance is driven by the maximization of current shareholder value [see, for instance, MacMinn (1987)]. Nonetheless, in a corporate insurance market with transaction costs, the same set of factors--income, the price of insurance, risk aversion, and the probability of loss--are hypothesized to be important determinants of insurance consumption by businesses. [2]IncomeIncome level is hypothesized to positively affect insurance consumption in a nation. Beenstock, Dickinson, and Khajuria (1988) find a positive relationship between income and spending on property-liability insurance. Outreville (1990, 1992) finds a positive relationship betweenproperty-liability insurance consumption and a nation's economic development. In this article, the income level is measured by GNP per capita.WealthArrow (1965) shows that the demand for insurance increases with wealth when individuals are characterized by increasing relative risk aversion. In contrast, Mossin (1968) postulates conditions under which the optimal level of insurance coverage decreases with increases in wealth. Which theory is more consistent with actual insurance-purchasing behavior is an empirical question.The data that the authors employ on national wealth come from the World Bank (Monitoring Environmental Progress, 1995). The World Bank's measure of wealth takes into account both natural (i.e., land and crops) and mineral resources of a country as well as human and social resources. Because information on wealth is available for only one year, it is a time-invariant variable in this article's analysis.Price of InsuranceThe market share held by foreign insurers in a country during a year is used as a proxy for the price of insurance. [3] Skipper (1987) states that many countries impose trade barriers that are designed to protect their local insurance industry, and consumers, from foreign competition. Economic theory holds that trade restrictions result in higher market prices. Kim (1992) contends that the exclusion of competitive foreign firms from a market typically results in lower-quality goods and higher prices in the domestic market.Because protective measures may reduce competition and thus raise prices, a negative relationship is expected between the price of insurance and the market share of foreign insurers. Consequently, a positive relationship is anticipated between the market share of foreign insurers and property-liability insurance consumption. This study defines the market share of foreign insurers to include the branches and agencies of foreign undertakings in the total domestic non-life insurance market. This proxy for price is based on the assumption that the market share offoreign insurers correlates with price in the market. To the degree that the market share held by foreign insurers does not correlate with the stringency of trade barriers and therefore does not influence price, the proxy will suffer. For instance, if a country has a highly competitive market internally, foreign companies may not be attracted to it. Thus, a lower market share of foreign companies may represent a highly competitive market in a host countr y, which in turn results in a higher consumption of insurance. If this effect dominates, it is expected that the proxy will have a negative relationship with property-liability insurance consumption.Risk AversionThe level of risk aversion is hypothesized to be positively correlated with insurance consumption in a nation. Pratt (1964), Arrow (1965), and Szpiro (1985) show that in theory the more risk averse an individual is, the higher the amount insured. Schlesinger (1981) demonstrates that an optimal insurance decision is directly related to the insured's degree of risk aversion. He shows, under various assumptions, that an individual with a higher loss probability, a higher degree of risk aversion, or a lower level of initial wealth will purchase more insurance.For closely held firms and partnerships, risk aversion by owners may play an important role in their insurance purchasing decisions. Mayers and Smith (1990) argue that closely held firms are more likely to purchase insurance than firms with less-concentrated ownership for the same reason that an individual purchases insurance--risk aversion. This is true because, according to Arrow (1974), insurance contracts allow owners of closely held firms to specialize in risk bearing only in dimensions in which they have expertise and thus a comparative advantage.Mayers and Smith (1990) contend that it is inappropriate to assume that corporations are risk averse. Nonetheless, they argue that corporate purchases of insurance will be made if the purchase is consistent with profit maximization. In their analysis, utility maximization by corporate stakeholders--lenders, customers, employees, and suppliers--coupled with the profit maximization goal of business might result in a business purchasing insurance. For instance, a lender might be willing to lend to a corporation at an interest rate lower than usual if the business has acquired insurance coverage against risks that may imperil its ability to repay the loan. The profit-maximizing business would purchase insurance if the cost of insurance were less than the increased cost of borrowing if it did not buy the insurance. Risk aversion on the part of lenders and other stakeholders of the corporation can thus be an important determinant of corporate insurance purchases. Corporate insurancepurchases are also explained by the fact that corporations seeking to maximize shareholder value can mitigate risk-shifting, underinvestment, and other agency problems through the purchase of insurance.In this article, the level of education in a country is used as a proxy for risk aversion. This education level is measured by the enrollment ratio of third-level education, defined by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as the ratio of total enrollment in third-level educational institutions to the total population age 20 to 24. Education at the third level is provided by different types of institutions, including universities,teacher-training institutions, and technical institutes.Browne and Kim (1993) argue that, in general, a higher level of education may lead to a greater degree of risk aversion and greater awareness of the necessity of insurance. Outreville and Szpiro, however, provide evidence that aversion toward risk is negatively correlated with higher education. They argue that higher education leads to lower risk aversion that in turn leads to more risk-taking by skilled and well-educated people.Loss ProbabilityThe probability of loss is hypothesized to positively affect insurance consumption in a nation. Mossin (1968) shows that the maximum premium that an individual is willing to pay for full property insurance coverage increases with the probability of loss and amount of loss. Smith (1968) demonstrates that the optimal amount of property-liability insurance depends on the probability of loss. Schlesinger (1981) shows that an individual with a high loss probability will purchase more insurance. According to Barro (1993), this relationship is expected to hold for any organization because an organization bases its utility (or profit) maximization decisions partly on the same economic factors--for instance, probability of loss, price, chance of loss, and attitude toward risk--as do individual consumers.In this article, loss probability is proxied by urbanization and the form of legal system in the country. Urbanization is the proportion of a country's population living in urban areas. Prior studies have suggested that the frequency of losses is greater in areas with higher rates of urbanization, as a higher rate of interaction exists among individuals. Danzon (1986a, b) uses urbanization in her analysis of medical malpractice litigation and finds that it is significantly, positively related to the frequency of claims.The legal system in place in a country ascribes responsibility to those deemed at fault. In this article, two broad categories of legal systems are considered: common-law systems and statutory-law systems. Syverud, Bovbjerg, Pottier, and Witt (1994) contend that the common-law system of the United States is a factor in its leading the world in per capita consumption of liability insurance. They argue that insurers and attorneys, with the cooperation and encouragement of legal and political institutions, have successfully driven Americans to overconsume liability insurance. The authors hypothesize that insurance consumption is greater, other things being equal, in common-law countries than in statutory-law countries. Because there were no changes in the legal system in the authors' sample, it is a time-invariant variable in the analysis.EMPIRICAL ANALYSISData Sources and CharacteristicsInsurance consumption in a society consists of the sum of demands from both individual households and firms. Assuming that the inhabitants of a nation are homogeneous relative to those of other countries, per capita values of non-life insurance premiums represent a country's insurance consumption. In this article, therefore, property-liability insurance consumption is measured by premium density of each of two lines of non-life insurance: motor vehicle and general liability. Because of the growing awareness of the importance of world insurance markets and the internationalization of the insurance business, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recently began publishing the Insurance Statistics Yearbook. This compilation has been prepared by the Directorate for Financial, Fiscal, and Enterprise of Affairs and is issued under the responsibility of the Secretary General of the OECD. A recent publication contains time series data of internationalproperty-liability insurance, which are compiled over the period 1987 through 1993. Available data include the number of insurance companies and employees, premium density, market penetration, productivity, and insurance premiums by line of property-liability insurance.For the empirical analysis in this article, observations consist of both time series and cross-sectional data. This unique data set makes possible, for the first time, the analysis of factors believed to lead to variations in insurance consumption by line of property-liability insurance across OECD member countries. In 1993, OECD member countries accounted for approximately 92 percent of the world insurance premium volume: 90 percent of world non-life and 93 percent of world life insurance premium volume, respectively. A list of the data sources used in this article appears in Appendix Table B.1.As shown in Table 4, the average premium density of motor vehicle insurance was $172.70 per capita during the period 1987 through 1993. This number represents approximately 21 percent of the average non-life premium density ($819 per capita) of the OECD member countries. Table 3 shows the growth in premium density over the period studied. For comparison, average premium density of general liability insurance was $34.23 per capita during the period 1987 through 1993. This number accounts for approximately 4 percent of the average non-life premium density of the OECD member countries.A list of the independent variables motivated by the section entitled "Factors Affecting Property-Liability Insurance Consumption" appears in Table 4. The average income (GNP per capita) among the OECD member countries was $15,342 per capita. The average protective measures (percentage of market share of foreign insurers) was 8.01 percent with Ireland ranked first with 37.88 percent in 1988, New Zealand ranked second with 30.09 percent in 1990, and Canada ranked third with 27.54 percent in 1988. The average risk aversion (enrollment ratio of third-level education) was 40.33 percent, with Canada ranked first in 1992 in this category at 98.8 percent, the United States ranked second with 80.6 percent in 1993, and New Zealand ranked third with 57.5 percent in 1993. Lastly, the average urbanization (percentage of population living in metropolitan areas) was 72.28 percent. Countries that ranked highly include Belgium, Iceland, and the Netherlands.Model EstimationTo test the preceding hypotheses, we use both a fixed-effects panel data model and a pooled cross-sectional model. By including country-specific intercept terms, the fixed-effects model controls for differences between countries that are otherwise not accounted for by other independent variables in the model. See, for example, Greene (1993), Hsiao (1986), and Baltagi (1995) for a description of fixed-effects models. The fixed-effects model does not include the time-invariant variables, wealth and legal system (see Appendix A). Coefficients cannot be estimated for time-invariant variables in a fixed-effects model (Hausman and Taylor, 1981). In contrast, the pooled cross-sectional model does not include the country-specific intercept terms of the fixed-effects model.The specification of the fixed-effects model is as follows:[y.sub.it] = [[alpha].sub.i] [[beta].sub.1] [INCOME.sub.i,t][[beta].sub.2] [LOG(MARKET SHARE OF FOREIGN INSURERS).sub.it][[beta].sub.3] LOG[(ENROLLMENT RATIO OF THIRD-LEVEL EDUCATION).sub.it][[beta].sub.4] LOG[(URBANIZATION).sub.it] [[epsilon].sub.it]Here, the subscript i represents the country, with i = 1, ... ,22; the subscript t represents time, with t = 1, ... ,7; [y.sub.it] represents premium density for country i at time t; [[alpha].sub.i], arecountry-specific intercept terms; [[beta].sub.1], ... ,[[beta].sub.4] are the slope parameters; and [[epsilon].sub.it] are the random error terms. The model was estimated separately for motor vehicle and general liability premium densities as dependent variables. [4] These estimated models are reported in Figure 5.The country-specific intercept terms in the fixed-effects model control for differences that are not otherwise controlled for by other variables in the model. Although the model does not explicitly control for factors influencing insurance cost, such as accident rates, motorization rates, alcohol consumption, capital stock, and attitudes toward litigation, the country-specific intercept terms in the fixed-effects model implicitly control for these effects.Several diagnostic tests were performed to validate these models. Scatter plots of standardized residuals versus fitted values from both models showed no serious heteroscedasticity problems. Further, recalculating standard errors using empirical estimates for heteroscedasticity correction due to Huber (1967) and White (1980) did not change the results substantially. Normal probability plots and related normality tests support the assumption that the residuals in each model are approximately normally distributed. Tests for autocorrelation suggested that both models were free of autocorrelation. As shown in Table 1, not all combinations of countries and time periods above are available, causing the panel to be unbalanced. This imbalance does not pose a problem with least squares estimation, although it can lead to missing data biases. See, for example, Frees (1996) for a discussion of this source of bias. Because of the nature of the sample selection, the authors do not anticipate this source of bias to be a pr oblem. As another sensitivity test, the authors also fit a random effects model, whereby one treats the country-specific intercepts, [[alpha].sub.i], as random variables. However, there was little difference in the estimation of the slope coefficients, [[beta].sup.j], between the two types of estimation methods. Further, the Hausman test statistic (see, for example, Hsiao, 1986, for a description) indicated that the difference between fixed and random effects estimates was not statistically significant.Discussion of the relationships found between the insurance measures and each of the independent variables follows. As suggested by the coefficient of determination [R.sup.2] in Table 4, partial F (Chow) tests indicate that the fixed-effects models dominate the pooled cross-sectional models. Thus, the discussion focuses on results obtained from the fixed-effects models. The pooled cross-sectional models, plus technical details described in Appendix A, provide the basis for discussion of ourtime-invariant variables, wealth and legal systems.IncomeAs reported in Table 5, the relationship between premium density and the independent variable INCOME (GNP per capita in U.S. dollars) is positive and statistically significant in all models. This is consistent with the findings from previous studies that income is positively correlated with insurance consumption. Although income is significant in both models, the coefficient estimates suggest that changes in income have a more pronounced effect on motor vehicle insurance consumption than on general liability insurance consumption.Market Share of Foreign InsurersThe relationship between the market share of foreign insurers variable and motor vehicle premium density is negative and statistically significant. This result is interesting in that it seems to contradict competitive economic theory and Kim's (1992) open market argument. A possible explanation of this finding is that if a country has a highly competitive market internally, then the market is not attractive to foreign insurance companies. Thus, a low market share of foreign companies may represent a highly competitive domestic market, which in turn induces higher insurance consumption.The relationship between the market share of foreign insurers and general liability premium density is positive and statistically significant. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the consumption of insurance is greater in markets in which foreign insurers have a greater market share, presumably because of greater price and quality competition.The contrast in findings between the motor vehicle insurance line and the general liability insurance line may result from differences in skill needed to write the two types of insurance. Competition between domestic insurers to write motor vehicle insurance may be much greater in many countries than competition between domestic insurers to write general liability insurance. As a result, insurers may be more likely to enterforeign markets to pursue profits writing general liability coverage rather than motor vehicle insurance.Risk AversionThe risk-aversion measure used in this article, the third-level education enrollment percentage, is statistically insignificant in the motor vehicle insurance model. The result is surprising in that it contradicts Browne and Kim's (1993) findings regarding life insurance consumption and contradicts the economic theory that risk aversion is one of the main reasons that individuals purchase insurance. Possibly education is not an adequate proxy for risk aversion. Contrary to Browne and Kim's (1993) hypothesis that education is positively related to risk aversion, Outreville and Szpiro (working paper) argue that higher education leads to lower risk aversion, which in turn leads to more risk-taking by skilled and well-educated people. The literature on the effects of education on risk aversion is inconclusive.In the general liability insurance pooled cross-sectional analysis, the proxy for risk aversion is negatively related to premium density. The relationship is statistically significant. This finding provides support for Outreville and Szpiro's contention that higher education is associated with lower risk aversion.UrbanizationThe relationship between urbanization and premium density is statistically insignificant in all but the general liability pooled cross-sectional model. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, this result suggests that general liability insurance consumption is greater in countries with lower urbanization rates. This finding needs to be treated with caution, as the variable is not also significant in the general liability fixed-effects model.WealthThe wealth variable is negative and statistically significant in both the motor vehicle and general liability ordinary least squares regression models. The results are consistent with Mossin (1968) and the contention that wealth is a substitute for insurance.Legal SystemThe legal system variable is strongly statistically significant in both the motor vehicle and general liability least squares regression models.These findings suggest that, other things being equal, insurance consumption is greater in common-law countries than in statutory-law countries.CONCLUSIONSignificant growth has occurred in the world insurance market since 1950. This article provides information on the amount of property-liability insurance purchased in each of the OECD countries. As of 1993, the leading purchasers of insurance are the United States, Japan, and Germany.Prior research on insurance consumption has been based on data that are aggregated across all lines of non-life insurance. This prevented detection of differential effects across individual lines of coverage. In the current article, disaggregated data are used to analyze the consumption of motor vehicle insurance and general liability insurance. Households purchase the majority of motor vehicle insurance. In contrast, businesses purchase the majority of general liability insurance.The current article indicates that the use of disaggregated data is preferred when one attempts to explain variations in the international consumption of insurance. The analysis reveals that the purchase of different lines of insurance is influenced differently by various economic and demographic conditions. The authors find that income is positively correlated with the purchase of both lines of insurance. However, income has a much greater effect on the purchase of motor vehicle insurance than on the purchase of general liability insurance. The market share of foreign insurers is negatively related to motor vehicle insurance consumption. The relationship is statistically significant. In contrast, the relationship between this variable and general liability insurance consumption is positive and statistically significant. The difference in technical ability required to write these two lines of insurance may explain these contrasting results.The authors include two time-invariant variables, national wealth and the form of the legal system in a country, in the analysis. Although the findings in regard to these variables must be interpreted with caution (see Appendix A), both variables are significantly related to insurance purchases in directions consistent with theory.Mark J. Browne is associate professor of business at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. JaeWook Chung is a research fellow at the Korea Institute of Finance, Seoul, Korea. Edward W. Frees is Time Professor of Actuarial Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.。