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2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）本试卷共16页，共150分，考试时长120分钟。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：听力理解（共三节，30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，共7.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话或独白后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话或独白你将听一遍。
例：What is the man going to read?A. A newspaperB. A magazineC. A book答案是A。
1. Who answered the phone？A. MikeB. HenryC. Tom2. What’s the woman’s favourite food?A. Italian.B. Chinese.C. Indian3. When does the first flight arrive in Detroit?A. 5:18am.B.6:10amC.8:50am4. What is the woman looking for?A. ZooB. TelephoneC. Tennis court5. What will the weather be like at the weekend?A. Cloudy.B. Snowy.C. Sunny第二节（共10小题，每小题1.5分，共15分）听下面4段对话或独白，每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。
听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白你将听两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。
6. Where are the two speakers?A. In the hotel B In a shop C. In a restaurant7. How much did the man pay in the end?A. $115.B. $130C. $140听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。
2012年高考全国卷英语试题及答案第Ⅰ卷注意事项：1．答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0．5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将目己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2．短小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题：每小题1．5分，满分7．5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小脱．从题中所给的A．B．C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?A．￡19．15．B．￡9．15．C．￡9．18．答案是B。
1．Where does this conversation probably take place?A．In a bookstore．B．In a classroom．C．In a library．2．At what time will the film begin?A．7:20B．7:15C．7:003．What are the two speakers mainly talking about?A．Their friend Jane．B．A weekend trip．C．A radio programme．4．What will the woman probably do?A．Catch a train．B．See the man off．C．Go shopping．5．Why did the woman apologize?A．She made a late delivery．B．She went to the wrong place．C．She couldn't take the cake back．第二节（共15小题;每小题1．5分，满分22．5分）听下面5段对话。
2013年高考第二轮复习英语陕西版题型技法指导专题三单项填空真题试做1．（2012·陕西高考）As many as five courses are provided，and you are free to choose ______ suits you best.A．whatever B．whicheverC．whenever D．wherever2．（2012·陕西高考）______ in a long queue，we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad.A．Standing B．To standC．Stood D．Stand3．（2012·陕西高考）Hot ______ the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.A．although B．asC．while D．however4．（2012·天津高考）Everything was placed exactly ______ he wanted it for the graduation ceremony.A．while B．whenC．where D．though5．（2012·重庆高考）— Look，here comes your dream girl.Invite her to dance.— ______ What if she refuses me?A．I don't know.B．Why me?C．With pleasure.D．So what?6．（2012·浙江高考）Had they known what was coming next，they ______ second thoughts.A．may have B．could haveC．must have had D．might have had7．（2012·江苏高考）—Happy birthday!—Thank you！It's the best present I ______for.A．should have wished B．must have wishedC．may have wished D．could have wished考向分析2012年高考英语单项填空试题较好地体现了“注重基础、强调运用、突出能力”的命题指导思想，体现了高考命题“立足基础重应用”的原则，强化了对考生英语基础知识的考查。
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。
第I卷1至4页，第II卷5至11页。
考试结束后，将本试题卷和答题卡一并交回。
第I卷注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效．．．．．．．．．。
3.第I卷共21小题，每小题6分，共126分。
一下数据可供解题时参考：相对原子质量（原子量）：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 Cl 35.5 K 39 Fe 56 Cu64 Br 80 Ag 108一、选择题：本题共13小题。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
1.下列关于膝跳反射的叙述，错误的是A.反射活动由一点的刺激引起B.反射活动中兴奋在突触处双向传递C.反射活动的发生需要反射弧结构完整D.发射活动中需要神经递质参与兴奋的传递2.下列关于叶绿体和线粒体的叙述，正确的是A.线粒体和叶绿体均含有少量的DNAB.叶绿体在光下和黑暗中均能合成ATPC.细胞生命活动所需的ATP均来自线粒体D.线粒体基质和叶绿体基质所含酶的种类相同。
3.一块农田中有豌豆、杂草、田鼠和土壤微生物等生物，其中属于竞争关系的是A.田鼠和杂草B.豌豆和杂草C.豌豆和其根中的根瘤菌D.细菌和其细胞内的噬菌体4.下列关于森林群落垂直结构的叙述，错误的是A.群落中的植物具有垂直分层现象B.群落中的动物具有垂直分层现象C.动物在群落中的垂直分层与植物的分层有关D.乔木层的疏密程度不会影响草木层的水平结构5、下列关于细菌的叙述，正确的是A 不同种类细菌的生长均需要相同碳源B 常用液体培养基分离获得细菌单菌落C 细菌大量培养过程中，芽孢形成于细菌生长的调整期D 培养基中含有高浓度NaCl 有利于金黄色葡萄球菌的筛选6 、下列关于化学键的叙述，正确的一项是A 粒子化合物中一定含有离子键B 单质分子中均不存在化学键C 含有极性键的分子一定是极性分子D 含有共价键的化合物一定是共价化合物7 、能正确表示下列反应的离子方程式是A 硫酸铝溶液中加入过量氨水 3Al ++3OH=Al(OH)3 ↓B 碳酸钠溶液中加入澄清石灰水 Ca(OH) 2 +23CO -=CaCO 3 ↓ + 2OH -C 冷的氢氧化钠溶液中通入氯气 Cl 2 + 2OH -=Cl O - + Cl -+ H 2OD 稀硫酸中加入铁粉 2Fe + 6 H += 23Fe + + 3H 2 ↑ 8 、合成氨所需的氢气可用煤和水作原料经多步反映值得，其中的一步反应为CO （g ）+ H 2O(g) −−−→←−−−催化剂CO 2(g) + H 2(g) △H ＜0 反应达到平衡后，为提高CO 的转化率，下列措施中正确的是A 增加压强B 降低温度C 增大CO 的浓度D 更换催化剂9 、反应 A+B →C （△H ＜0）分两步进行 ① A+B →X （△H ＞0） ② X →C （△H ＜0）下列示意图中，能正确表示总反应过程中能量变化的是10 、 元素X 形成的离子与钙离子的核外电子排布相同，且X 的离子半径小于负二级硫的离子半径，X 元素为A AlB PC ArD K11、 ①②③④ 四种金属片两两相连浸入稀硫酸中都可组成原电池 ，①②相连时，外电路电流从②流向① ；①③相连时，③为正极，②④相连时，②有气泡逸出 ；③ ④ 相连时，③ 的质量减少 ，据此判断这四种金属活动性由大到小的顺序是A ①③②④B ①③④②C ③ ④ ②①D ③ ① ②④12.在常压和500℃条件下，等物质的量的A g2 ,F E (OH)3 ,NH 4HCO 3 ,N a HCO 3完全分解，所得气体体积依次是V 1\V 2\V 3\V 4.体积大小顺序正确的是A.V 3＞V 2＞V 4＞V 1B. V 3＞V 4＞V 2＞V 1C.V 3＞V 2＞V 1＞V 4D.V 2＞V 3＞V 1＞V 413.橙花醇具有玫瑰及苹果香气，可作为香料，其结构简式如下下列关于橙花醇的叙述，错误的是A ． 既能发生取代反应，也能发生加成反应B．在浓硫酸催化下加热脱水，可以生成不止一种四烯烃C．1mo1橙花醇在氧气中充分燃烧，需消耗470.4氧化（标准状况D．1mo1橙花醇在室温下与溴四氯化碳溶液反应，最多消耗240g溴二，选择题：本题共8题。
如何排除英语高考中的负迁移作者：赵斯明来源：《新高考·高三英语》2012年第03期负迁移是学习過程中出现的一种常见的知识干扰、知识混淆现象。
学习者受负迁移的影响会经常犯错，高考中也经常涉及负迁移的考题。
本文就同学们关心的问题谈谈如何排除英语高考中的负迁移。
学生：我们有时听到老师提及“负迁移”，老师您能讲讲什么叫“负迁移”吗？老师：好的。
负迁移指的是一种学习对另一种学习起干扰或者抑制作用。
具体表现为一种学习给另一种学习带来负面影响，从而使得学习时间增加，练习次数增多，甚至阻碍另一种学习的顺利进展。
我们以一道英语高考试题为例来说明。
（2011陕西卷）More highways have been built in China, it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.A. makingB. madeC. to makeD. having made本题考查的是现在分词作状语的用法。
现在分词作状语可以表示结果，往往是预料之中的或者是预期达到的结果，本题的选项中有两个现在分词的形式，一个是一般式making，另一个是完成式having made，你看选择哪一个？学生：题意是“在中国铺了更多的大路，使得人们到各地旅行更容易”。
已经导致了结果，肯定是完成式啊。
所以我选择having made。
老师：错了！你的错误很有代表性，你的错误就是英语学习中典型的负迁移现象。
因为我们之前学的现在完成时表示過去的动作对现在的影响，这种先前学习的知识导致你选择“完成式”。
要注意的是“现在分词的完成式”表示该动作先于句子的谓语发生，按照这样的要求，having made要比built先发生，很明显，“先使得更容易，后铺大路”这个逻辑颠倒了。
现在分词的一般式就可以表示之前的某个动作导致后来的影响，所以我们选择making就可以了。
学生：哦，我明白了我为什么经常在这个问题上犯错了，我把现在完成时和现在分词的完成式搞混淆了。
21. —Look at those clouds！—Don't worry。
______ it rains, we’ll still have a great time.A。
Even if B.As though C. In case D. If only22。
By the time you have finished this book, your meal ______ cold。
A。
gets B。
has got C。
will get D.is getting 23。
One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.A。
corrects B。
correct C。
to correct D. correcting24. Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ______ he could have expressed it differently。
A. why B。
how C。
that D. whether 25。
George said that he would come to school to see me the next day，but he ______。
A。
wouldn’t B. didn’t C。
hasn’t D. hadn’t 26。
When deeply absorbed in work，______ he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping。
A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when27. _______ with care，one tin will last for six weeks.A。
Use B。
Using C。
Used D。
To use 28. Many people have donated that type of blood; however，the blood bank needs _____。
2012年普通⾼等学校招⽣全国统⼀考试（重庆卷）英语试题卷英语试题卷共16页。
满分150分。
考试时间120分钟。
注意事项：1.答题前，务必将⾃⼰的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡规定的位置上。
2.答选择题时，必须使⽤2B铅笔将答题卡上对应题⽬的答案标号涂⿊。
如需改动⽤橡⽪擦⼲净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
3.答⾮选择题时，必须使⽤0.5毫⽶⿊⾊签字笔，将答案写在答题卡规定的位置上。
4.所有题⽬必须在答题卡上作答，在试题卷上答题⽆效。
5.考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡⼀并交回。
⼀、听⼒（共三节，满分30分）做题时，请先将答案划在试题卷上。
录⾳内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试题卷上的答案转涂或转填到答题卡上。
第⼀节（共5⼩题；每⼩题1.5分，满分7.5分）请听下⾯5段对话。
每段对话后有⼀个⼩题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关⼩题和阅读下⼀⼩题。
每段对话读⼀遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.£19.15B. £9.15C. £9.18答案是B。
1.How old is the girl?A.7B.8C.102 . Where does the conversation most probably take place ?A In a bankB In a storeC In a library.3. How will the two spekers travel ?A By busB By carC By train4. What are the two speakers talking about ?A Their workB Their managerC Their meeting5. What is the woman’s problem ?A She is thirsyB She is sickC She is tired第⼆节（共12⼩题；每⼩题1.5分，满分18分）请听下⾯4端对话或独⽩。
2012年高考英语试题（上海卷）第1卷（共105分）I . Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and VocabularySection ASection BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. maintainedB. seriousC. indicationsD. figuresE. anxiousF. concern G crisis H. decided I. available J. reversedFilmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made 41 , the nutrition inspector said.Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The 77mes that cinemas should help to deal with the country's overweight 42 ."There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a 43 to us," he said. "Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale."He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek 44 to put calorie counts on all their menus.A trial scheme（试行方案）with 21 food companies took place last summer, and 45 are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.A consultation(征询意见) on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is 46 to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.Government 47 suggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not 48 , this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at 49 risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fillin each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another 50 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble（绊脚）and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his 51 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely t0 52 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In 53 these and other research findings,two themes are 54 : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think _ 55 _ assistance.In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 56 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be 57 , but had apparently been "lost" . The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very 58 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 59 the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.The degree of _ 60 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important.For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) 61 T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.Whether a person receives help depends in part on the "worth" of the case. For example,shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone . 62 _ to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for 63 than cookies.Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 64 rather than drunk.50. A.study B.way C.word D.college51. A. hand B. arm C. face D. back52. A.refuse B.beg C.lose D.receive53. A. challenging B. recording C. understanding D. publishing54. A.important B. possible C. amusing D. missing55. A.seek B.deserve C.obtain D.accept56. A. At first B. Above all C. In addition D. For example57. A.printed B.mailed C.rewritten D.signed58. A. talented B. good-looking C. helpful D. hard-working59. A. send in B. throw away C. fill out D. turn down60. A. similarity B. friendship C. cooperation D. contact61. A.expensive B.plain C.cheap D.strange62. A.time B.instructions C.money D.chances63. A. shoppers B. research C. children D. health64. A. talkative B. handsome C. calm D. sickSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Phil White has just returned from an 18,OOO-mile, around-the-world bicycle trip. White had two reasons for making this epic journey. First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money for charity, which he did. He raised ~70,000 for the British charity, Oxfam. White's second reason for making the trip was to break the world record and become the fastest person to cycle around the world. He is still waiting to find out if he has broken the record or not.White set off from Trafalgar Square, in London, on 19th June 2004 and was back 299 days later. He spent more than l,300 hours in the saddle（车座）and destroyed four sets of tyres and three bikechains. He had the adventure of his life crossing Europe, the Middle East, India, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. Amazingly, he did all of this with absolutely no support team. No jeep carrying food, water and medicine. No doctor. Nothing! Just a bike and a very, very long road.The journey was lonely and desperate at times. He also had to fight his way across deserts, through jungles and over mountains. He cycled through heavy rains and temperatures of up t0 45 degrees, all to help people in need. There were other dangers along the road. In Iran, he was chased by armed robbers and was lucky to escape with his life and the little money he had. The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycle into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of Australia. For l,000 kilometres he battled against the wind that was constantly pushing him. This part of the trip was slow, hard work and depressing, but he made it in the end. Now Mr.White is back and intends to write a book about his adventures.65. When Phil White returned from his trip, he _.A. broke the world recordB. collected money for OxfamC. destroyed several bikesD. travelled about l,300 hours66. What does the word "epic" in Paragraph l most probably mean?A. Very slow but exciting.B. Very long and difficult.C. Very smooth but tiring.D. Very lonely and depressing.67. During his journey around the world, Phil White _ .A. fought heroically against robbers in IranB. experienced the extremes of heat and coldC. managed to ride against the wind in AustraliaD. had a team of people who travelled with him68. Which of the following words can best describe Phil White?A. Imaginative.B. Patriotic.C. Modest.D. Determined.(B)The value-packed, all-inclusivesight-seeing package thatcombines the best of Sydney'sharbour, city, bay and beachhighlights.A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the 'red' Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights wlrile the 'blue' Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbour cru/ses(游船). You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses,Sydney Ferries or CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, sampling the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.SydneyPasses are avai-lable for 3, 5 0r 7 days for use over a 7 calendar day period. With a 3 or 5 day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 0r 7 days, and Lhe return trip is valid (育效的)for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.SydneyPass Fares*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under ~6 ye rs. Children under 4 years travel free.**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.69. A SydneyPass doesn7t offer unlimited rides onA. the Explorer BusesB. the harbour cruisesC. regular Sydney BusesD. CityRail services70. With a SydneyPass, a traveller can _.A. save fares from and to the airportB. take the Sydney Explorer to beachesC. enjoy the famous seafood for freeD. reserve seats easily in a restaurant71. If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague andher children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be?A. $225.B. $300.C. $360.D. $420.(C)Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.Until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same "fight-or-flight" reaction to stress. In other words, individuals eicher react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict ("fight"), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation ("flight"). However, the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. While men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called "tend and befriend." That is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young ("tend"), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females 《'befriend").Scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones(澈素) released by the body. The UCLA research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. This hormone, called oxytocin,has been studied in the context of cFuldbirt.h, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. The principal investigator, Dr. Shelley E. Taylor,explained that "animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and lessanxious." While men also secrete【分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.In terms of everyday behavior, the UCLA study found that women are far. more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. They may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. For a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. The tend-and-befriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.72. The UCLA study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to .A. turn to friends for helpB. solve a conflict calmlyC. find an escape from realityD. seek comfort from children73. Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?A. Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.B. Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.C. Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.D. Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.74. What can be learned from the passage?A. Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.B. In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.C. Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.D. The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.75. Which of the following might be the best ti.tle of the passage?A. How men and women get over stressB. How men and women suffer from stressC. How researchers overcome stress problemsD. How researchers handle stress-related disordersSection CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.A. When a child should learn to readB. Why it is fun to teach a child readingC. What if a child has reading problemsD. How you prepare a young child for readingE. What is the best way to teach a child readingF. Whether reading early promises later achievements76.Learning to read early has become one of those indicators - in parents' minds at least – that theirchild is smart. In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically. Research has shown that difficulty with reading is often due not to inferior intelligence but to differences in the developmental wiring of each individual child. In some cases, there are neurological problems and developmental lags that can be overcome with proper training.77.Traditionally, American schools teach children at age six, but many schools begin teaching informally in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten. If parents start too early to encourage reading,and a child does not immediately succeed, the parent has a hard time relaxing and letting the child go at his or her own pace.78.Over the years, research has proved that the use of both the e&whole language" method and the "phonic" method works best for a child to master reading. While the whole language approach, which includes reading to children and getting them interested in both the activity of reading and the story they are reading, is helpful, phonics must be taught. Children must be taught that one of the squiggles they see is a "p" and another a "b". Getting the print off the page requires a different ability than being able to understand the meaning of what is written.79.You can start developing the skills needed in reading at a very young age without putting any pressure on children. Besides reading to them, parents can start "ear training" their child by playing thyme games. This develops the child's ability to recognize different sounds. In reading to children, parents also can point to words as they go, teaching the child that the funny lines on the page are the words you are saying. All this should be a fun activity.80.Once a child is in school, the learning of reading is inevitably more serious. For children who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis. While the teacher might say the child is merely disinterested but will get over it, disinterest or poor performance in reading can stem from a number of things, some being very specific learning disabilities that can be identified and worked on. But it is very tricky for parents to deal with their own child's learning disabilities.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.While contact between adolescents (between the ages of fifteen and nineteen) and their peers crd龄人) is a universal characteristic of all cultures, the nature and the degree of such contact vary a great deal. In American contemporary society, adolescents spend much more time with their peers than with younger children or adults.This pattern of age segregation(隔离) in American society did not become usual until the beginning of the industrialized society. Changes in the workplace separated children from adults,with adults worHng and children attending school. The dramatic increase of mothers in the workplace has further contributed to the reduction in the amount of time adolescents spend with adults. School reform efforts during the nineteenth century, which resulted in age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children.Finally, the changes in population are considered a factor that may have contributed to the emergence of adolescent peer culture. From 1955 t0 1975, the adolescent population increased dramatically,from 11 percent t0 20.9 percent. This increase in the number of adolescents might be a contributing factor to the increase in adolescent peer culture in terms of growth in size.Research supports the view that adolescents spend a great deal of time with their peers. Reed Larson and his colleagues examined adolescents' daily activities and found that they spend more time talking to their friends than engaging in any other activity. In a typical week, high school students will spend twice as much time with their peers as with adults. This gradual withdrawal from adults begins in early adolescence. Ln sixth grade, adults (excluding parents) account for only 25 percent of adolescent social networks. Another important characteristic of adolescent peer culture is its increasingly autonomous (白治的) function. While childhood peer groups are conducted under the close supervision of parents, adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to escape adult supervision and usually succeed in doing so.(Note: Answer the guenons or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81. "This pattern of age segregation" refers to the phenomenon that adolescents segregate themselves from82. Besides changes in the workplace, are the other two factors contributing to adolescent peer culture.83. When do adolescents start to spend less time with adults?84. How do adolescent peer groups differ from childhood peer groups?第II卷（共45分）I．TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．她五年前开始拉小提琴。
英语第一部分:英语知识运用（共四节,满分55分）第一节语音知识(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
1. regardA. designB. gentleC. collegeD. forget2. refuseA. discussB. rudeC. focusD. excuse3. chargeA. toothacheB. machine C search D. Christian4. fieldA. quietB. pieceC. friendD. experience5. tapesA. potatoesB. speechesC. cakesD. Bridges第二节情景对话(共5小題;每小题1分，满分5分)根据对话情景和内容，从对话后所给的选项中选出能填人每一空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
选项中有两个为多余选项。
Repairman: Good afternoon. 6Customer: Hello. My mobile phone isn’t working. Could you repair, please Repairman: 7Customer: It worked well yesterday, but I simply couldn’t tum it on this morning.Repairman: 8Customer: Here you are.Repairman: Well，I think we，11 be able to fix it. You can pick it up this Friday.Customer: Oh, no. That’s too long. 9 I need it as soon as possible.Repairman: 10 What time?Customer: Let me see. How about Wednesday afternoon?Repairman: After fi ve o’clockCustomer: Ok. Thank you.A. That’s great.B. I beg your pardon?C. Let me have a look.D. What’s the problem?E. Pm sorry to hear that.F. What can I do for you?G. I wonder if you could fix it earlier.第三节语法和词汇知识（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）从每小题的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并填在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
11．An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______________ it.A . against B. for C .to D. with12.The basketball coach, as well as his team , ______interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A. wereB. wasC. isD. are13. No matter where he is, he makes _____a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.A. him B this C. that D. it14. It is the third time that she has won the race, ______ has surprised us all.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. what15.________ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad .A. StandingB. To standC. StoodD. Stand16.—I’m sorry for being late. I should have phoned you earlier.--_________. I’ve just arrived.A. That’s no troubleB. You are welcomeC. That’s all rightD. You can never tell17. If may car _________more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.A. wasB. had beenC. should beD. would be18. Hot _______the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.A. althoughB. asC. whileD. however19. He had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead, because the air-conditioning system ______________.A. broke inB. broke upC. broke outD. broke down20. As many five courses are provided, and you are free to choose ______ suits you best.A whatever B. whichever C. whenever D. wherever21.—The trip shouldn’t take more than an hour.—_______.Tt is at least two hours.A. I guess soB. That’s itC. You must be jokingD. It depeds22.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ______ an even greater challenge.A. meetsB. meetingC. meetD. to meet23.I______ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.A. won’tB. can’tC. canD. will24.—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon?—I’m sorry, but by then I______ to Beijing. How about five?A. flyB. will flyC. will be flyingD. am flying25. All the photographs in this book, _______ stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.A. unlessB. untilC. onceD. if第四节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出适合填入对应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
One sunny afternoon, a seven-year-old girl went for a walk. She crossed a large area of grassland into the woods __26__ she realized that she was lost.Sitting on a rock and __27__ what to do, she began crying. After a while. She__28__ to walk along a wide path lined with tall trees and thick bushes. __29__ it was getting dark, she saw a small, dark wooden house. She opened the door and __30__ stepped in. Suddenly, she heard a strange noise, and she ran out the door and back to the __31__. Cold and tired, she fell asleep near a __32__.The girl’s parents were out and her dog, Laddy, was at home. Laddy __33__ that his mistrees（女主人）was in danger. He jumped __34__ a window, breaking the glass. He looked in the fields. But he couldn’t find his mistress anywhere. However, from the ground came a __35__ scent (气味) as he lowered his head. He __36__ the scent and walked across the grassland. Barking __37__ into the air, the dog __38__ through the woods until he found the __39__ . But the girl was not there, so he headed back to the woods. Much to his __40__ , he saw his mistress’blue shirt in the distance. He __41__ over some bushes and saw the little stream, where the girl was __42__. When she opened her eyes and 43 her dog standing beside her, the girl said, “you 44 me, Laddy,” and she kissed him several times. Seeing their daughter and dog coming back, the parents burst into tears of 45 . That night Laddy had a heror’s supper: a huge meal of steak26. A. before B. since C. while D. as27. A. wondering B. forgetting C. remembering D. regretting28. A. preferred B. expected C. failed D. decided29. A. When B. Until C. If D. Because30. A. carelessly B. cautiously C. hopelessly D. unwillingly31. A. trees B. bushes C. woods D. grasses32. A. stream B. rock C. tree D. house33. A. found B. sensed C. heard D. smelt34. A. at B. through C. in D. onto35. A. terrible B. strange C. pleasant D. familiar36. A. missed B. discovered C. followed D. ignored37. A. calmly B. loudly C. merrily D. gently38. A. searched B. wandered C. looked D. travelled39. A.window B. girl C. house D. hero40. A. satisfaction B. disappointment C. embarrassment D. delight41. A. jumped B. climbed C. walked D. flew42. A. awake B. abandoned C. available D. asleep43. A. spotted B. watched C. observed D. saw44. A. disturbed B. comforted C. rescued D. scared45. A. pain B. shock C. sorrow D. relief第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；毎小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答題卡上将该选项涂黑。
