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The Business as a Hunting GroundEsther Vilar There are many women who take their place in the working world of today. Secretaries and shop assistants,factory workers and stewardesses —not to mention those countless hearty young women who populate the colleges and universities in ever-increasing numbers. One might even get the impression that woman’s nature had undergonea radical change in the last twenty years. Today’s young women appear to be less unfair than their mothers. They seem to have decided — perhaps out of pity for their victims — not to exploit men any more, but to become, in truth, their partners.The impression is deceptive. The only truly important act in any woman’s life is the selection of the right partner. In any other choice she can afford to make a mistake. Consequently, she will look for a man where he works or studies and where she can best observe and judge the necessary masculine qualities she values. Offices, factories, colleges, and universities are, to her, nothing but gigantic marriage markets.The particular field chosen by any young woman as a hunting ground will depend to a large extent on the level of income of the man who has previously been her slave, in other words, her father. The daughters of men in the upper income brackets will choose colleges or universities. These offer the best chances of capturing a man who will earn enough to maintain the standards she has already acquired. Besides, a period of study for form’s sake is much more convenient than a temporary employm ent. Girls from less-well-off homes will have to go into factories, shops, offices, or hospitals for a time — but again with the same purpose in mind. None of them intend to stay in these jobs for long. They will continue only until marriage — or, incases of hardship, till pregnancy. This offers woman one important advantage, any woman who marries nowadays has given up her studies or her job “for the sake of the man of her choice” —and “sacrifices” of this nature create obligations.Therefore, when women work and study, it merely serves to falsify statistics and furthermore to enslave men more hopelessly than ever, because education and the professions mean something very different when applied to women as opposed to men.When a man works it is a matter of life and death, and, as a rule, the first years of his life are decisive. Any man of twenty-five who is not well on his way up the ladder can beconsidered, to all intents and purposes, a hopeless case. At this stage, all his faculties are being developed, and the fight with his competitors is a fight to the death. Behind a mask of business friendship, he is constantly on the watch for anysign of superiority in one of his associates, and he will note its appearance with anxiety. If this same associate shows signs of weakness or indecision, it must be taken advantage of at once. Yet man is only a tiny cog in a gigantic business machine, he himself being in effect exploited at every turn.When he drives others, he drives himself most of all. His orders are really orders from above, passed on by him. If the men at the top occasionally take time to praise him, it is not in order tomake him happy; it is only to spur him on, to stimulate him to greater effort. For man, who was brought up to be proud and honorable, every working day is merely an endless series of humiliations. He shows enthusiasm for products he finds useless, he laughs at jokes he finds tasteless, he expresses opinions which are not his own.Not for a moment is he allowed to forget that the merest oversight may meandemotion, that one slip of the tongue may spell the end of his career.Yet woman, who is the prime cause of all these struggles, and under whose very eyes these fights take place, just stands aside and watches. Going to work means to her flirting and dates, teasing and banter, with the odd bit of “labor” done for the sake of appearances — work for which, as a rule, she has no responsibility. She knows that she is only marking time, and even if she does have to go on working for one reason or another, at least she has had years of pleasant dreams. She watches men's battles from a safe distance, occasionally applauding one of the contestants, encouraging or scolding, and while she makes their coffee, opens their mail, or listens to their telephone conversations, she is cold-bloodedly taking her pick. The moment she has found “Mr. Right,” she retires gracefully, leaving the field open to her successor.The same applies to university education. American colleges admit more and more women, but the percentage who actually complete their courses is less than before the SecondW orld War. They sit happily in lectures designing their spring wardrobe and between classes flirt with the boys. With their scarlet nails carefully protected by transparent rubber gloves, they play around with corpses in the dissecting rooms, while their male colleagues realize their whole future is at stake. If a woman leaves the university with an engagement ring on her finger, she has earned her degree; man has hardly begun when he obtains his diploma. Degrees are, after all, easy to come by —you have only to memorize. How many examiners can tell the difference between real knowledge and bluff? Man, however, has to understand his subject as well. His later success will depend on whether his knowledge is well-founded; his later prestige will be built on this, and often other people’s lives are dependent on it.None of these battles exists for woman.If she breaks off her studies and marries a university lecturer, she has achieved the same level as he has without exerting herself. As the wife of a factory owner she is treated with greater respect than he is (and not as somebody who at best would be employable on the assembly line in the same factory). As a wife she always has the same standard of living and social prestige and has to do nothing to maintain them — as he does. For this reason the quickest way to succeed is always to marry a successful man. She does not win him by her industry, ambition, or perseverance —but simply through an attractive appearance.We have already seen what demands the well-trained man makes on a woman’s appearance. The best women trainers — without the least effort — catch the most successful fighters among men. The so-called “beautiful” women are usually those who have had an easy life from their childhood days and therefore have less reason than others to develop their intellectual gifts (intelligence is developed only through competition); it follows as a logical consequence that very successful men usually have abysmally stupid wives ( unless, of course, one considers woman’s skill at transforming herself into bait for man a feat of intelligence). It has almost become a commonplace that a really successful man, be he a company director, financier, shipping magnate, or orchestra conductor, will, when he reaches the zenith of his career, marry a beautiful model usually his second or third wife. Men who have inherited money often take such a supergirl as their first wife although she will be exchanged over the years for another. Yet, as a rule, models are women of little education who have not even finished school and who have nothing to do until they marry but look beautiful and pose becomingly in front of a camera. But they are “beautiful” —and that makes them potentiallyrich.A small percentage (ten to twenty percent) of women students in industrial countries of the West do, in fact, obtain their degrees before they get married. Despite occasionalexceptions, they are, as a rule, less attractive and have failed to catch a suitable provider while still in school. But then, this degree will automatically raise their market value, for there are certain types of men who feel bolstered if their wife has a degree —providing they have one themselves. It is clear evidence of his own cleverness if such a highly educated woman is interested in him. If by chance this female mastermind happens to be sexy, he will be beside himself with joy.But not for long. Even women doctors, women sociologists, and women lawyers “sacrifice” their careers for their men, or at least set them aside. They withdraw into suburban ranch houses, have children, plant flower beds and fill their homes with the usual trash. Within a few years these new entertainments obliterate the small amount of “expert knowledge,” learned by rote, of course, and they become exactly like their female neighbors.。
新世纪研究生综合英语u n i t8Unit8Power to the peopleAlmost a century has gone by since humans began exploiting a compelling new way to power the global economy. The switch to fossil fuels prompted促使 an explosion innovation either side of the 1900s.including creations such as the internal combustion engine. Such technologies have since provided the means to drive our thirsty, energy-intensive modern societies.Today we stand at a similar turning point. Solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power--- the preserve of visionaries 有预见的人and enthusiasts little more than a decade ago--- are now poised on the brink of the mainstream, helped in no small part by the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels. The need to create clean energy has become a pressing concern for policy makers and big business--- not to mention the consumer.Such thinking is fuelled by the growing realization that all along nature has provided ready-made means to power modern civilizations, namely through the elements. Crucial advances in new technology have these inexhaustible sources cheaper to use with, for example, the cost of solar energy plunging by up to 98 percent over the past 20 years.In theory, these renewable energy resources are incongruous large. The sun alone provides the means to deliver 7,000times our own energy consumption; blanking just 2.6 percent of the Sahara desert with solar cells could supply our entire needs. Yet for all this impressive potential, renewable energy currently produces just two percent of our total energy output.However, as the computer industry discovered in the 1980s, rapid growth can swiftly transform a minority sector into a giant capable of dominating our lives. Already companies across the globe are scrambling征服争夺 to become the next Intel or Microsoft of the new energy revolution. Our homes, cities, and workplaces--- our lives--- may be reshaped in ways we can only begin to guess at the solar cell, the wind farm and the electric car enter larger sectors of the marketplace.Blazing a trailThe sun’s capability to power the planet is phenomenal杰出的. Already a billion-pound business, projections indicate an annual growth rate for the next decade of 14 percent. But the price of solar technology has always been its biggest sticking point, and the cost of solar cells will need to fall by up to 50 percent in order to fully competitive with coal-fired electricity.Several companies are currently developing a new generation of wafer-thin photovoltaic光电的 solar panels that will slash大量削减 costs still further. Photovoltaics(pv) convert the sun’s heat into electricity, silently and without pollution. They use semi-conductors that send out electrons the instant sunlight reaches them, triggering使触发引起 the flow of electricity. The greater the volume of sunlight, the more electrons are emitted发射或发射出.Solar power could provide thousands of times more energy than we world currently uses, the earth receiving an unimaginably huge amount of energy way beyond the capabilities of fossil fuels or nuclear fission. In figures, the sun’s continuous power input stands数据 at 200 watts followed by 15 zeros.Its uses are impressively varied. Solar cells now power satellites, mobilephones, television sets, highway signals and water pumps. Last year the Dutch solar car Nuna broke the world record--- with an average speed of 91 km/h--- in the world Solar challenge, a 3,010-kilometer race across Australia for cars powered by the sun.A look at the planet’s most conspicuous明显的 consumers reveals that solar energy is finally beginning to make real inroads as an alternative energy. The USA’s Million Solar Roofs Initiative aims to put a million solar systems on the roofs of commercial and residential building by 2010. In addition, 30 states now have official policies encouraging the development of solar energy with financial incentives for investment in the use of PV modules and cells.Advocates believe that PV could claim to be the simplest and most elegant technology to harness the power of the sun, being easy to install and requiring minimal maintenance. Given this advantages, the future of solar photovoltaics appears bright.Tapping into waterHarnessing the power of moving water, whether through the natural rhythems of the tide and ocean waves or by means of massive artificial dams, offers another renewable energy source with a major future. Wave power alone has the potential to provide enough power to supply an estimated 1.4 million households in an industrial society.However, the intrinsic difficulties in harnessing开发 the strength of rough seas have created major headaches for engineers; two wave-power stations in Scotland and Norway have already fallen victim to the sea. Once again though, the biggest hurdle is financial, with construction of turbines at sea expensive, despite the actual energy being plentiful and free.Further difficulties are caused by the fact that waves refuse to flow in one direction. One solution to this problem has been to fit turbines in a chimney-type seabed structure that can be oriented to face the direction of energy-giving waves.By contrast, hydroelectric power is well established, producing almost a quarter of the world’s electricity and supplying more than one billion people with power. Hydropower produces energy equivalent to 3.6 billion barrels of oil a year. Electricity is produced by falling water passing through a turbine; dams are often used to ensure water supply can be controlled depending on the demand for power.However the construction of mighty dams often has huge environmental impacts caused by having to flood large areas, triggering acute damage existing habitats--- the three gorges dam currently under construction in china will see 632 square kilometers inundated洪水泛滥 and1.1 million people facing resettlement. Such obvious deficiencies 缺点aside, hydropower offers a clean, renewable source of energy that offers cheap electricity.Blowing hot and coldWonderfully simple in concept, perfectly practical in reality, wind power has been on the drawing board of energy providers for centuries. Yet its potential has long been hamstrung 不起作用by opponents claiming wind farms spoil the beauty of the landscape. This is compounded加重 by year of under-investment and a lack of political support.Power is generated by the wind turning massive blades that in turn drive turbines, with the ensuing energy piped to the national grid. Simple. And there are absolutely no destructive by-products. What’s more, vast swathes 长条形地带of the globe provide idol conditions to harness开发 wind power, though of course most coastal and mountainous regions experience enough of the resource to make it visible, at least locally.In China, estimates place its wind resource at 350,000 megawatts, sufficient to provide the world’s largest national population with electricity today. Britain, the windiest country in Europe, itself endures sufficient brisk breezes to serve its electricity generation three times over. Offshore plants are favoured where the wind is stronger and no one can complain at the intrusion into their environment.However, as well as the visual impact of wind-farms, some local residents have complained about levels of noise from the turbine gearing systems and blades. Some people are particularly sensitive to low level noise and there is evidence that in certain sites, like Landdinam in Wales, the sound is amplified by some sort of resonance within the valley. Other objects include interference with television and radio reception, negative impacts on local tourism and property values, and the potential disruption扰乱 to wildlife, especially birds.Hydrogen time-bombHigh hopes are pinned or the fuel cell, a technology forecast to reshape the world energy economy, and adds-on to power transport-systems of tomorrow by replacingpetro. Again, its green credentials证书 are indisputable: fuel cells release nothing more damaging into the atmosphere than water vapour. Onlike oil, gas and coal it does not produce carbon dioxide, and has the advantage of being twice as efficient as conventional engines in converting chemical fuels into power.Fuel cells also hold potential for developing nations because they are almost as economical on a small-scale as a large one, require little maintenance and no recharging. In simple terms, fuel cells work using a chemical reaction to produce electricity from hydrogen, which can be derived from such sources as natural gas and methanol甲醇. Governments are understandably keen on a technology that offers the possibility of true”zero emission” energy.With the cost of power failures to it economies greater than ever, off-grid sources such as stationary fuel cells could soon become commercial necessities.Be oriented to调整适应Be pinned on 信赖，附属于Blaze a trail 开路先锋，带头Blow hot and cold犹豫不决Convert into 变换转变Make inroads 涉足另一个新领域On the drawing board在设计阶段Solar panel 太阳能电池板Tap into开发着手Zero emission 零排放选择题1、At the press conference, they were scrambling攀登 to give the impressionthat the situation was in control.A/searching B/struggling C/crowding D/exiting2、Written off again and again, he has proved phenomenon in resilience andpolitical craftiness.A/notable B/tangible C/extraordinary D/sensible3、This news has sent a wave of panic through the world which to me seemsway out of proportion.A/ far B/mean C/simply D/away4、Downtown business owners say that they want the city’s homeless sheltermoved to a conspicuous location.A/confronted B/ fantastic C/confident D/noticeable5、Over the past year, Linux has significant inroads into embedded designsrequiring rich, high performance networking.A/ Made money B/made achievement C/ made advances D/ madeprogress6、The important thing is to harness growth to self-knowledge, a readyacceptance of change, swift-moving business practice and sound judgment.A/ make use control produce escape7、We are the ones willing and able to run an obstacle course filled with hurdlesthat we must complete before anyone else.Barriers bless reports handouts8、I haven’t been able to orient my ideas to the new conditions since I workedabroad three months.Change adjust direct organize9、The company office was inundated with telegrams of congratulations on thetenth anniversary of its foundation.Overjoyed flooded crowded satisfied10、He had draw a contradictory conclusion in his thesis because he pinned hisfaith on an absurdity.Decided practiced depended placed。
综合英语Unit8教案《新世纪英语专业综合教程》（Unit 5, Book 1）教案Unit 8 My Forever ValentineTeaching objectives:Students will be able to:Language knowledge (认知目标)1.Grasp the main idea and general structure of Text A;2.Master the key language points and learn how to use them in context.Language skills (技能目标)1.Appreciate the narrative skills demostrated in Text A (selection of details, coherence, etc.);2.Express themselves more freely on the theme of My Valentine after doing a series of theme-related listening, reading, and speaking activitiesCulture awareness (文化目标)Understand the cultural background related to the content Affects (情感目标)1.Be encouraged to cherish the profound relationship with their fathers;2.Learn to obtain a forever valentine by mutual respect and love ;3.Take an affectionate or grateful attitude towards the people around themStrategies （策略目标）1.Memorize the meaning and use of key expressions through learning the lexical collocations and guessing the meaning in the context/doc/df8072536.html,municate and expressthemselves freely and smoothly in the relevant topic with the text by means of thecommunicative strategies.Teaching important and difficult points:1. Important points:1) Key words & Expressions2) Sentence Interpretation3) Summarization of the main ideas in each paragraphs2.Difficult points:Firstly, how to make clear the main idea and the structure of the whole essay is one difficult point in my teaching. Secondly, how to paraphrase the key and difficult sentences is another one. Lastly, it can not be missed how to guide the Ss understand the meaning of the wole text comprehensively.Teaching Time Allotment:Pre-reading activities& Global reading (2课时）Detailed reading (4课时)Consolidation activities(4课时)Teaching Methods：Use task-based language teaching method, reading approach, communicative approach and total physical response method. Teaching procedures:Period 1&2Time required: 90 minutesTeaching objectivesAfter learning these two periods, students should be able to1. get familiarized with the theme or topic of the unit;2. grasp the main idea and general structure of the text.Teaching focusCultural information on the text, the audiovisualsupplements of the text and the main idea and structure of the text Teaching difficultiesNaturally lead in to the topic of the textThe structure and main idea of the textTeaching Procedures:Step 1 Pre-reading activities (45 mins)1. Warming-up: reading aloud2. Provision of the cultural information on the text3. Audiovisual supplements and answer the topic-related questionsStep 2 Global reading——skimming & scanning (45 mins)1. Teacher asks students to go through the text again within 5 minutes, then try to answer two questions, to guide the Ss to summarize the main idea of the text;2. Teacher initially gives the hints indicating the development of the whole text and asks students to go through the whole text within 5 minutes, then divide it into several parts and summarize the main idea of each part with the help of the clues given above.Period 3-6Time required: 180 minutesTeaching objectivesAfter learning these two periods, students should be able to1.Master the meaning and usage of new vocabularies and useful expressions in the text;/doc/df8072536.html,prehend the meaning of each sentence in the text;3. Grasp the main idea of each paragraph in the text.Teaching focus and difficultiesThe new words and expressions in the textThe sentences difficult to be understoodThe main ideas of each paragraphTeaching proceduresStep 1 Review (3 mins)Teacher reviews what have been learned last time by asking students the main idea and structure of the textStep 2 Detailed reading ——language study (177 mins)1. The traditional holidays in our house when I was a child were spent timing elaborate meals around football games. Explanation: Some of the traditional holidays in the United States are Valentine’s Day (February 14); St. Patrick’ Day (March 17); and Halloween (October 31). In some states, Arbor Day（tree planting day）, Bird Day(for bird conservation), and Flag Day are school holidays. Child Health Day (the first Monday in October) is widely observed in schools. Many schools and some businesses close on Good Friday（耶稣受难日）Translation:小时候，我们家的传统节日总是根据足球比赛的时间来准备精美的饭菜。
unit8课程设计一、教学目标本节课的教学目标是让学生掌握Unit8中的核心词汇和句型，能够运用所学知识进行简单的日常交流。
具体来说，知识目标包括：1.掌握 Unit8 中的 15 个核心词汇。
2.理解并能够运用本单元的主要句型进行表达。
技能目标则要求学生能够：1.听懂并能够正确回答与 Unit8 相关的问题。
2.能够用英语进行简单的对话，运用所学词汇和句型进行表达。
情感态度价值观目标则是培养学生的团队合作意识，鼓励他们在课堂上积极发言，提高他们的自信心。
二、教学内容本节课的教学内容主要来自于教材 Unit8，包括以下几个部分：1.Unit8 的单词表，共计 15 个单词。
2.Unit8 的主要句型，包括疑问句、否定句和一般现在时等。
3.Unit8 的对话内容，涵盖了日常交流的各个方面。
三、教学方法为了提高学生的学习兴趣和主动性，本节课将采用多种教学方法，包括：1.讲授法：用于讲解单词和句型的用法。
2.讨论法：鼓励学生就对话内容进行讨论，提高他们的口语表达能力。
3.案例分析法：通过分析实际案例，让学生更好地理解单词和句型的运用。
4.实验法：学生进行小组活动，运用所学知识进行实际操作。
四、教学资源为了支持教学内容和教学方法的实施，丰富学生的学习体验，我们将准备以下教学资源：1.教材：Unit8 的课本和相关练习册。
2.参考书：提供相关的阅读材料，帮助学生拓展知识。
3.多媒体资料：包括图片、视频等，用于辅助教学。
4.实验设备：如有需要，准备相关的实验器材，让学生进行实际操作。
五、教学评估为了全面反映学生的学习成果，我们将采用多种评估方式，包括：1.平时表现：通过观察学生在课堂上的参与程度、发言积极性等，了解他们的学习状态。
2.作业：布置与 Unit8 相关的作业，如练习题、写作等，检查学生对知识的掌握程度。
3.考试：定期进行单元测试，评估学生对 Unit8 单词、句型和对话的掌握情况。
评估方式应客观、公正，能够全面反映学生的学习成果。
Unit 8 Teaching Objective Master the key words and structures, and understand the story about the antique Chinese Chinese Bowl. Bowl. Bowl. Students Students should also also learn learn something about antiques and auctions. Vocabulary antique confirm fetch fragment identical inspect intrigue novel pension property provide some stick sufficient agree to sth. clear out date back to decide on sth. earn a living in position send off to the annoyance of sb. / to sb.’s annoyanceStructure it is… that (emphatic structure); so… thatSkills How to locate specific information rapidly by scanning Teaching Procedures Lead Lead In In In Activity; Activity; Activity; Study Study Study of of of the the the Text; Text; Text; Study Study Study of of of Words Words Words and and and Phrases; Phrases; Phrases; Study Study Study of of Reading Skills; Study of Practical Reading; Study of Practical Writing I. Lead in 1. Antique An antique is an object, often furniture or any other domestic item, that is highly valued because of its age, or because it belongs to a specific time period.Formerly, it referred only to the remains of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome; Rome; gradually, gradually, decorative decorative arts arts arts of of of all all all past past past eras eras eras and and and places places places came came came to to to be be considered antiques. The The collecting collecting collecting of of of antiques antiques antiques goes goes goes back back back almost almost almost as as as far far far as as as history, history, history, beginning beginning with with the the the preservation preservation preservation of of of temple temple temple treasures. treasures. treasures. It It It was was was in in in the the the 20th 20th 20th century century century that that collecting antiques became a truly popular pursuit. 2. AuctionAn auction is the process of buying and selling things by offering them up for bid (出价), taking bids, and then selling the item to the highest bidder. Auctions are publicly seen in several contexts: in the antique business, in the sale of collectibles, in thoroughbred horseracing, and in legal contexts. The The world's world's world's two two largest largest auction houses auction houses are are Christie's Christie's Christie's and Sotheby's. and Sotheby's. The world's largest online auction site is eBay. 3. Sotheby’sSotheby's is a noted auction house founded by Samuel Baker in London in 1744 and acquired by A. Alfred Taubman, an American businessman and art patron patron in in in 1983. 1983. 1983. Throughout Throughout Throughout the the the 19th 19th 19th and and and early early early 20th 20th 20th centuries, centuries, centuries, Sotheby’s Sotheby’s concentrated chiefly on auctioning books, manuscripts, and prints; though other collectibles were occasionally offered for sale, paintings and other works of art did not begin to dominate Sotheby’s sales until after World Wa r I. Today, the firm has a turnover of approximately $2 billion per annum. Its main offices are in New York City and London, supplemented by other sales offices and auction rooms worldwide. Paragraphs Main Ideas Para. 1 What Mr. Fox did after retirement. Para. 2 When and where Mr. Fox found the fragments of the antique bowl and what he did with them. Para. 3 When When and and and where where where Mr. Mr. Mr. Fox Fox Fox found found found the the the two two two missing missing missing pieces pieces pieces and and where he displayed the now repaired bowl. Para. 4-6 A stranger’s call at Mr. Fox’s house. Para. 7-8 What the st ranger’s visit led Mr. Fox to do. Para. 9 Sotheby’s Sotheby’s agreeing agreeing agreeing to to to put put put the the the bowl bowl bowl up up up to to to auction auction auction after after after an an Para. 10-15 The visit by two detectives and the true story of the bowl. Para. 16 Where the antique bowl finally went. 1.Some: Related words and phrases: approximately, about, around, more or less Paraphrase: Actually his pension changed according to the general level of the provide for:4. Clear out:: make sth. empty or tidy by removing what is inside itParaphrase: 6. intrigue: 7. stick: 8. in preparation for (sth): getting prepared for (sth)9. in position:10. to tell (you) the truth: used to introduce a confession or an admission Paraphrase:12. decide on:13. send off:: send by postParaphrase:15. date back to:: have existed since16. novel: Paraphrase:。
IntroductionWith the globalization of education and the increasing number of English learners around the world, it is essential for English teachers to improve students' language skills not only in grammar but also in listening and speaking. The teaching of integrated skills in English allows students to develop language proficiency through engaging activities and authentic contexts. In this article, we will design a public English lesson focusing on improving students' listening and speaking abilities for Unit 8 of Comprehensive English Teacher.OverviewThis lesson is designed for a Grade 7 Comprehensive English class with a total of 45 students. The lesson aims to improve students' listening and speaking abilities by engaging them in different activities such as interactive conversations, role-plays, video watching, and group discussions. The lesson follows three phases: pre-listening, while-listening, and post-listening. The lesson will last for 60 minutes, and it is divided as follows:I – Pre-Listening Phase (15 minutes)In this phase, the teacher will activate students' prior knowledge on the topic of communication. The teacher will elicit students' experiences of communication problems they encounter in their daily lives. Then, the teacher will introduce the objectives of the lesson and demonstrate the use of some useful language that students can use while communicating.II – While-Listening Phase (30 minutes)In this phase, the teacher will prepare a video from "TED Talks" that demonstrates how language can be a barrier to communication. The video will feature two people speaking different languages trying to communicate, and the students will be asked to watch the video and write down what barriers to communication they notice. After the video, the students will come up with some strategies that can be used to overcome language barriers and communicate effectively.III – Post-Listening Phase (15 minutes)In the post-listening phase, the teacher will divide the class into small groups of five students each. Each groupwill be given a task to create a real-life situation wherethey can practice using the strategies they learned in the while-listening phase. The teacher will monitor the groups to ensure that each student gets an opportunity to speak.ConclusionIn conclusion, teaching integrated skills in English is crucial for students' language development, especially in the areas of listening and speaking. This lesson plan has been designed to improve students' abilities in this area and features interactive and engaging activities that make the lesson enjoyable and memorable. In conclusion, the teacher should always aim to help students' language development in a fun and engaging way.。
Unit 8Text AIII. Key to the exercises1. Reading comprehension(1) People’s frequent use of automobiles lead to the use of non-renewable fuels, a dramaticincrease in the rate of accidental death, social isolation and the disconnection of community, rise in obesity, the generation of air and noise pollution, the facilitation of urban sprawl and urban decay.(2) First, increased road-building exerts negative effects on the habitat for wildlife, primarilythrough habitat fragmentation and surface runoff alteration. Second, new roads built through sensitive habitats can cause the loss or degradation of ecosystems, and the materials required for roads come from large-scale rock quarrying and gravel extraction, which sometimes occurs in sensitive ecological areas. What’s more, road construction also alters the water table, increases surface runoff, and increases the risk of flooding. All these threaten the existence of wildlife.(3) Automobiles are a major source of air pollution and noise pollution. They contributegreatly to the global climate warming by emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.What’s more, the increased road-building exerts negative effects on wildlife habitat. (4) Automobiles brought about changes to urban society. First, streetcars, cable cars, and otherforms of light rail in the urban areas are replaced by coaches or buses. Second, it’s more dangerous for pedestrians to walk. Third, people have less contact with their neighbors and become more disconnected.(5) Until the advent of the automobile, factory workers lived either close to the factory or inhigh density communities farther away, connected to the factory by streetcar or rail. The automobile and the federal subsidies for roads and suburban development that supported car culture allowed people to live in low density communities far from the city center and integrated city neighborhoods. The outward growth of cities accelerated. The suburban society came.2. VocabularySection A(1) favorable (2) sprawl (3) proliferation (4) fragmentation (5) manure72(6) sanitation (7) diesel (8) integrate (9) ideology (10) solidifySection B(1) A (2) D (3) B (4) C (5) D (6) B (7) A (8) C (9) B (10) D3. Cloze(1) emphasizing (2) particularly (3) brought (4) alternative (5) moves(6) reliance (7) least (8) sure (9) intact (10) as(11) shadow (12) prospect (13) cigarettes (14) doubt (15) vast(16) suburban (17) mean (18) abandoned (19) right (20) purchasing4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English.(1) The two countries should initiate bilateral dialogues and cooperation on the basis of mutualrespect and equality, which will be beneficial to the economic development of both sides.(2) Unless we take all factors into account, we shall be faced for a long time with the socialproblem of insufficient employment, which is one element that causes social instability. (3) In this century, our country will continue to accelerate the strategic adjustment of theeconomic structure in an attempt to seize every opportunity to develop.(4) With the advent of biological economic era, many countries put a high value on developingbiotechnology industry.(5) The rampant deforestation has broken the panda habitat into isolated areas, which isespecially da ngerous for pandas’ existence.(6) Action, gesture, eye, and voice contribute to the greater effectiveness of drama ascompared with the novel.(7) Aside from wealth, potential moon travelers will need time to train for the mission andmust meet health requirements.(8) In response to an epidemic reported in the area, the government authorities immediatelydecided to fly in doctors and medical supplies to ease difficulties of the affected areas.2) Translate the following paragraph into English.At a time when most carmakers are struggling to cope with the worst crisis the industry has experienced in living memory, the ambitions of Geely, China’s biggest privately owned car firm, are breathtaking. The company is simultaneously developing six modern platforms—an astonishing number even for a global giant such as Toyota—and is committed to launching nine new cars in the next 18 months and up to 42 new models by 2015. Its technical director, Frank Zhao, claims that Geely will have the capacity to make 2m cars a year by then.B. English to ChineseUnit 8 731) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.汽车对于中产阶级的文化有着重要的影响，汽车融入到了从音乐到书籍到电影的各个生活层面。
新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程第8册课程设计1. 课程简介本课程是针对大学英语专业的学生开设的，主要涵盖英语听、说、读、写等方面的内容，旨在帮助学生全面提高英语综合能力。
课程基于新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程第8册，教学内容主要包括课文解析、语法讲解、实践活动和阅读材料等。
2. 课程目标本课程的目标是帮助学生：1.提高英语听、说、读、写能力；2.培养独立思考、自主学习和解决问题的能力；3.掌握具有实际应用价值的词汇、语法和表达方式；4.培养跨文化交流能力，了解不同国家和地区的文化差异。
3. 课程大纲章节主要内容第一章课文解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动第二章课文解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动第三章课文解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动第四章课文解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动第五章课文解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动第六章阅读材料解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动第七章阅读材料解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动章节主要内容第八章阅读材料解析、词汇讲解、语法解析、口语训练、实践活动4. 教学方法本课程采用多种教学方法，包括：1.授课讲解：教师讲解教材中的课文、语法和词汇等知识点；2.个案讨论：教师引导学生对特定话题进行探讨，启发学生思考、分析和解决问题的能力；3.交互式教学：教师和学生之间进行双向、互动性强的教学，创造积极、主动的学习氛围；4.实践活动：教师组织多种形式的实践活动，如听力训练、口语练习、写作任务等；5.小组讨论：教师将学生分为小组，让学生相互合作，交流、分享、探讨自己的想法和成果。
5. 考核方式本课程的考核方式包括：1.期中考试：考核学生在前半学期所学内容的掌握情况，占总成绩40%；2.期末考试：考核学生在整个学期所学内容的掌握情况，占总成绩60%；3.日常表现：考核学生上课态度、参与度、课堂表现等，作为评价学生成绩的参考因素。
1. 生活的艺术就是要懂得何时紧抓、何时放手，因为人生就是个矛盾：在令我们依恋于它所赋予的种种恩赐的同时，它也注定我们最终得放弃这些恩赐。
正如古代的犹太学者们所言：“人降世时拳头紧握，但离世时还得松手。
”2. 我们当然要紧抓生命，不仅因为它奇妙无比，而且因为它所蕴含的美已散布到了地球的每个角落。
其实，我们都懂得这个道理，然而我们往往只有在回首过去时才会明白这一点，只是在记起它往昔的美丽时，我们却突然发现已时过境迁了。
3. 我们铭记褪色的美、消逝的爱。
但是这种记忆却饱含着苦涩，我们痛惜没有在美丽绽放的时候注意它，没有在爱情到来的时候回应它。
4. 最近的一次经历再次使我明白了这个道理。
一次严重的心脏病发作之后，我在重症监护病房住了几天。
那不是个令人愉快的地方。
5. 一天上午，我得接受几项额外的检查。
由于所需的检查器械在医院另一头的一幢建筑里，所以我得躺在轮床上被推着穿过院落。
6. 在我们从病房出来的瞬间，阳光洒在我的身上，我所感觉到的就只有这阳光。
它是多么美丽，多么温暖，多么闪耀，多么辉煌啊！7. 我环视四周，看看是否还有其他人也在享受这金色的阳光，然而所有的人都是来去匆匆，且大多数人眼睛只顾盯着地面。
继而我便想到，我也常常陷于琐事，有时甚至陷入俗物之中，对身边每天的美景也是视而不见。
8. 我从这次经历所洞悉的灼见，其实与这次经历本身一样平淡无奇：生命的恩赐是珍贵的——只是我们对此从未留心罢了。
9. 因此，对我们有着自相矛盾的要求的人生一方面要求我们：不要过于忙碌而错失生活中的美好和庄严; 虔诚地迎接每个黎明的到来；拥抱每一个时辰，抓住珍贵的每一分钟。
10. 紧紧把握人生……但又不能抓得过死，松不开手。
这是人生这枚硬币的另一面，也正是其矛盾的另一面：我们必须接受失去的现实，学会如何放手。
11. 要学会这点并非易事。
尤其当我们年轻时，以为世界在我们的掌控之中，但凡激情满怀的我们一心想得到的东西，都将属于我们。
New Century College English (Book II)Unit 8: AdversityText A: Did You Have a Tough Childhood?I. Teaching Objectives:1. To make clear the writer’s purpose to write the text and the ideas about how adversity might contribute to achievement and success.2. To grasp the key words and phrases.3. To master the skills of writing and reading in this unit.1)To read between the lines.2)To understand idiomatic expressions.II. Teaching Content1. Lead-in Activities2. Text Organization3. Skill Learning in Writing and Reading4. Language Points( key words, phrases and difficult sentences)5. Grammar Focus (the agreement of the subject and the verb)6. Guided Practice (exercises, oral practice and group work)III. Teaching Process1. Warm-up Questions1)Have you ever experienced any intense difficulties, hardships or major obstacles in your life?2)How do you usually deal with adversity?3)Do you think adversity can make you grow better and stronger?2. A brief appreciation of the following quotes about adversity1) Smooth seas do not make skillful sailors--- African proverb2) When it is dark enough, you can see the stars.--- Ralph Waldo Emerson3) Adversity is the first path to truth.--- Lord Byron4) If we had no winter, the spring would not be so pleasant; if we did not sometimes taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.--- Anne Bradstreet3. Text OrganizationPart I (Paras.1) Difficulties and obstacles in one’s childhood may not necessarily mean problems or failures over one’s entire lifetime.Part II (Paras.2-11) The author cites some examples of successful people who overcame various difficulties and obstacles and fully developed their potential..Part III (Para.12) The author calls on readers to adopt a positive attitude toward hardship and take action to develop their true potential.4. Language Points1. (Para. 1) claim: v. state that sth. is true, even though it has not been provedThe company claims that their product “makes you thin without dieting”.(=After the battle both sides claimed victory.)2. (序言) hardship: n.sth. that makes your life difficult or unpleasant, especially a lack of money, or the condition of having a difficult lifeMany students are suffering severe financial hardship.磨难接踵而来。
Unit8教案Title: Unit 8 Lesson PlanIntroduction:In this lesson, we will explore the key concepts and skills related to Unit 8. The lesson plan aims to provide a structured and efficient learning experience for students. Through engaging activities and clear objectives, students will gain a firm understanding of the unit topics.Objective:By the end of this lesson, students will be able to:- Understand the main themes and concepts covered in Unit 8- Apply critical thinking skills to analyze and discuss the unit topics- Demonstrate their understanding through group activities and individual tasksMaterials:- Textbook and related materials- Whiteboard or blackboard- Projector (optional)- Handouts- Markers and pensProcedure:1. Warm-up Activity (5 minutes)- Begin the lesson with a brief discussion on the previous unit to activate prior knowledge.- Ask students a set of questions related to the previous unit to engage their thinking.2. Introduction to Unit 8 (10 minutes)- Provide an overview of Unit 8 and its objectives.- Introduce the key topics that will be covered in this unit.- Use visual aids or examples to facilitate understanding.3. Vocabulary (15 minutes)- Present a list of vocabulary words related to Unit 8.- Discuss the meanings and provide examples for each word.- Engage students in activities that reinforce their understanding of the vocabulary (e.g., matching exercises, sentence completion).4. Reading Comprehension (20 minutes)- Assign a text or passage from the unit's reading material.- Have students read the text individually and highlight the main ideas.- Discuss the text as a class, encouraging students to share their interpretations and ask questions.5. Group Discussion (15 minutes)- Divide students into small groups.- Assign discussion topics related to Unit 8.- Encourage open dialogue and critical thinking within the groups.- Rotate among groups to facilitate and guide the discussions.6. Class Activity (20 minutes)- Conduct a class activity related to the unit's theme.- It could be a role-playing scenario or a problem-solving exercise.- Provide clear instructions and ensure participation from all students.7. Individual Task (15 minutes)- Assign an individual task that assesses students' understanding of Unit 8.- This could be a written assignment or a short quiz.- Provide feedback and address any questions or misconceptions.8. Summary and Closure (5 minutes)- Summarize the main points covered in the lesson.- Allow students to ask final questions or share their reflections.- Provide a brief preview of the next lesson in Unit 8.Conclusion:This lesson plan provides a comprehensive framework for teaching Unit 8 effectively. By incorporating various activities and assessments, studentscan engage with the material in a meaningful way. Remember to adapt and modify the plan based on the specific needs of your students, ensuring an enjoyable and impactful learning experience.。
unit8课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 学生能掌握Unit 8的核心词汇和基础语法结构，如：时态、被动语态等。
2. 学生能理解并运用课文中的关键句型进行日常交流。
3. 学生能了解并描述与本单元主题相关的社会文化现象。
技能目标：1. 学生具备通过听力、阅读等方式获取信息，提炼关键信息的能力。
2. 学生能够运用所学词汇、语法进行口头表达和书面写作。
3. 学生能够通过小组讨论、发表观点等方式，提高解决问题的能力。
情感态度价值观目标：1. 学生培养对英语学习的兴趣和自信心，树立积极的学习态度。
2. 学生学会尊重不同文化背景，增强跨文化交际意识。
3. 学生通过学习本单元内容，培养合作精神，提高团队协作能力。
课程性质：本课程以英语学科为基础，结合学生实际生活，注重培养学生的语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力。
学生特点：学生处于中学阶段，具有一定的英语基础，求知欲强，喜欢互动式的学习方式。
教学要求：教师应注重启发式教学，激发学生的学习兴趣，引导他们主动参与课堂活动，提高语言实践能力。
同时，关注学生的个体差异，实施分层教学，使每个学生都能在课堂上获得成就感。
通过本课程的学习，使学生达到预期设定的学习成果，为后续学习奠定坚实基础。
二、教学内容本单元教学内容主要包括以下几部分：1. 词汇：本单元的核心词汇，如：……（列举与课本相关词汇），以及与主题相关的扩展词汇。
2. 语法：本单元的语法重点，如：一般现在时、一般过去时、被动语态等。
3. 句型：课文中的关键句型，如：……（列举与课本相关句型），以及日常交流中常用的句型。
4. 阅读理解：课文内容的理解和分析，以及与主题相关的阅读材料。
5. 口语表达：运用所学词汇、语法进行日常交流，如：自我介绍、描述事物、表达观点等。
6. 写作：结合本单元主题，进行书面表达，如：书信、日记、小短文等。
教学大纲安排如下：第一课时：导入新课，学习词汇和语法，进行课堂互动。
第二课时：深入学习课文，分析课文结构，提炼关键信息。
Book 4 Unit 8教案Focus on Global Warning1.Teaching ObjectivesTo help the studentsA.To get students know the causes and effects of global warming so as to improve theirawareness of environmental protection for survival.B.To understand the purpose of writing and organization of the text.C.To reinforce some basic linguistic knowledge by doing various types of exercises2. Lead-in Questions2.1. What do you know about global warming? What is the cause of global warming?Global warming is caused by an increased emission of greenhouse gases which results from fuels, industry, and agricultural processes caused by human and nature.2.2 What do you think greenhouse gases do?They trap the heat of the sun and cause the gradual rise in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, which means greenhouse effect.2.3 What changes could the greenhouse effect create in the Earth’s climate?A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would likely spark an increase invector-borne diseases such as malaria. Even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the coastlines of low-lying islands such as Maldives.3. Global Reading3.1 About the textThis text is to curb increasing global warming which is one of the most urgent tasks in environmental protection and is no longer confined to the interest of academic research. The text addresses the issue from three perspectives---the general public concern,its causes and consequences, and practical actions to tackle the problem.3.2 Structure of the textPart I (par. 1-2): The author tells how global warming has become a matter of increasing public concern.Part II (pars. 3-7): It tells us the serious situation of global warming with detailed facts and the horrible results of continuing global warming.Part III (pars. 8-10): The author puts forward some suggestions on what to be done.PartⅣ(par. 11): The author invites the participation of everybody to combat global warming and to “make a real difference”.4. Detailed Analysis4.1 Part 1 (Pars.1-2)Q1. Why have people shown increasing concern about global warming? (Paragraph 1-2) The answer lies in the second paragraph: it is a harbinger of what is to come—the threat to low-lying nations, change of rain and drought patterns, frequent hurricanes and intense EL Nino.peruse v. read through carefullye.g. Please peruse this report at your leisure.Comparison:skip v. to leave out sth. that would normally be the next thing that you would do, read, etc.e.g. You can skip the next chapter if you have covered the topic in class.skip it: used to tell sb. rudely that you do not want to talk about sth. or repeat what you have said.periodical n.a regularly published magazine, esp. one of a serious kind published at regular intervals.e.g. The quarterly magazine is a periodical published every three months.Comparison:magazine n. a type of large thin book with a paper cover that you can buy every week or month, often on a particular topice.g. She sued the magazine for defamation of her charactersection n. sth. or a group of things, that forms part of a larger groupe.g. A section of the city was destroyed during a war.Comparison:part n. some but not all of a thinge.g. We spent part of the time in the museum.the best/better part of sth.: most of sth., especially a period of time; more than half of sth.abstract n. short piece of writing that summarizes the main points of an article, speech, document, etc.e.g. He made an abstract of a long article.hardcore a. (often derogate.贬义) very strongly following a particular belief.e.g. Hardcore gamers constitute one of the most idiosyncratic communities on the Net.journal n. a serious magazine, usu. produced by a specialist society.e.g. He got a job as editor of a trade journal.Comparison:magazine n. a type of large thin book with a paper cover that you can buy every week or month, often on a particular topice.g. I picked up a magazine and flicked through it.the Wall Street Journal: a famous newspaper in USAblurb n. a short description of the contents of a book printed on the cover or in the advertisemente.g. In the blurb I couldn't see anything about thinking at all.esoteric a. known only by a few peoplee.g. Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary.How we regulate insurance is not an esoteric issue.geopolitical a. of or relating to politics, esp. international relations, as influenced by geographical factorse.g.Hungary and Poland have suffered before because of their unfortunate geopoliticalposition on the European map.attest v. demonstratee.g.The perfection of their design is attested by the fact that they have survived for thousands ofyears.consciousness n. the condition of being awake and understanding what is happeninge.g. The wounded soldier opened his eyes once, but lost consciousness again immediately. microwave n. a machine that cooks food very quickly, using electric waves instead of heate.g. Reheat the soup in the microwave.deserve v. be worth ofe.g. He has been so awful that he deserves whatever he gets.The money is only given to the most deserving cases---to people who need it most. Derivation:deserving a. that deserves help, praise, a reward, etcwith the exception of except, not includinge.g. I think every student, with the possible exception of Fauzi, will pass the exam.asteroid n. any one of many small planets between Mars and Jupitere.g. There are many small planets between Mars and Jupiter.threat n. a strong possibility that sth. very bad will happene.g. The concentration of too many jobless illegal immigrants was regarded by the residents of the community as a possible threat to their securityDerivation:threaten v. to say that you will cause trouble, hurt sb., etc. if you do not get what you want threatening a. expressing a threat of harm or violencespew v. flow out or make sth. flow out with a lot of forcee.g. Leaking oil spewed from the tanker.Comparison:spout v. to send out sth., especially a liquid, in a stream with great forcee.g. The wound was still spouting blood.spout (off/on) (about sth.): to speak a lot about sthgreenhouse n. a glass building used for growing plants that need to be protected from the weathere.g. The tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse.harbinger n. a sign that shows that sth. is going to happen soon, often sth. bade.g. The thing is a harbinger of his failure.curb v. stop sth. that is harmfule.g. A man must decide either curb to his appetites or to surrender to them.emission n. the act of sending forth; gas that is sent to aire.g. The government is pledged to clean up industrial emissions.low-lying a. (of land) not much above the level of the seae.g. Sea walls collapsed, and low-lying areas were flooded.Comparison:nether a. lowere.g. He’s between the upper and nether millstone.low-level: close to the groundawash a. (not before noun) covered or flooded with water esp. seawater or raine.g. The ship's deck was awash in the storm.The low-lying areas are awash with water after a hurricanes.Collocation:awash with sth. having sth. In large quantitiese.g. The city is awash with drugs.hurricane n. a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy raine.g. This movement carried all before it like a hurricane.comparison:tornado n. a violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circlee.g. A tornado whirled into the town last week.hurricane lamp: a type of lamp with glass sides to protect the flame inside from the windSentence Paraphrase:1) As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in ourpublic consciousness as Madonna or microwave cooking. (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase: An Internet search on global warming proves that the subject has got fixed in people’s mind, just like Madonna or microwave cooking.2) With the possible exception of another world war, a giant asteroid, or an incurable plague,global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet. (Paragraph 2)Paraphrase: Global warming will probably be the most serious threat to our Earth, if we do not take into account some other possible incidents, such as another world war, collision of our Earth with some large orbiting planets, or spread of incurable diseases.Summary of Part 1:These two paragraphs（1-2）make up the first part, which serves as the introduction to the whole passage. In this part the author mentions how global warming, which used to be a topic of academic journals, has become a matter of increasing public concern.4.2 Part 2 (pars. 3-7)Q1. Where do these greenhouse gases come from? (Paragraph3)We can include emission of carbon dioxides from our power plants and cars, production of methane from our trash decomposition and cattle-breeding, and release of nitrogen oxide from our fertilizers.concentration n. the relative amount of a particular substance within a solution or mixture or in a particular volume of spacee.g. The pesticide has reached a dangerous concentration in the lake water.gasoline n. petrol; a liquid used for producing power in car enginese.g.There is still some gasoline left in the tank.spit out make sth. flow out suddenly or violentlye.g. The nurse told the child to spit out the stone.Comparison:disgorge v. to pour sth. out in large quantitiese.g. The pipe disgorges sewage into the sea.pour sth. out: to serve a drink by letting it flow from a container into a cup or glasscarbon dioxide: a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds e.g.Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to the greenhouse effect.methane n. a colorless, odorless flammable gas which is the main constituent of natural gaspounds such as methane can be cleaved to carbon and hydrogen.trash n. sth. of extremely low quality or valuee.g. Pop music doesn’t have to be trash, it can be art.Comparison:litter n. small pieces of rubbish such as paper that people have left lying in a public placee.g. There will be fines for people who drop litter.litter lout : a person who leaves litter in public placesdecompose v. (cause to) decaye.g. The eggs began to decompose after a day in the sun.Most animals decompose very quickly after death.Collocation:decompose (sth.) (into sth.) : to divide sth. into smaller partsDerivation:decomposition n. the process of decomposinglandfill n. a large deep hole in which large quantities of rubbish are disposed ofe.g.Environmentalists say there is a high risk of pollution from the landfill site.breed v. develop (a variety of animals or plants) for a particular purpose or qualitye.g. Many animals breed only at certain times of the year.belch v. send out gas noisily from the stomach through the mouthe.g. He wiped his hand across his mouth, then belched loudly.Comparison:burp v. to let out air from the stomach through the mouth, making a noisee.g. Charlie burped loudlyfertilizer n. any substance to make the soil more productivee.g.artificial/chemical fertilizersnitrogen n. the chemical element of atomic number 7, a colourless, odourless, unreactive gas that forms about 78 percent of the Earth’s atmospherenitrogen oxide a binary compound of oxygen with nitrogene.g. The discharge amount of nitrogen oxide can reduce 30%.Summary:As the beginning of the second part (3-7), this paragraph introduces a number of causes that lead to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases.IPCC was established in 1988, which is open to all members of the UNEP and WMO. The role ofthe IPCC is to assess the scientific technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. It does not carry out research, nor does it monitor climate-related data or other relevant parameters. It bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed and published scientific/technical literature.The Industrial Revolution : the change in social and economic organization resulting from the replacement of hand tools by machines and development of large-scale industrial production in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries.Q2: How does the rising concentration of greenhouse gases cause the change in climate?（Paragraph 4）The rising concentration of greenhouse gases, which is primarily caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, is trapping excess heat (from the sun) and preventing it from leaving the Earth, hence creating global warming.paleoclimate n. a climate prevalent at a particular time in the geological paste.g. Pollen analysis helped to find out the paleoclimate information.fossil n.1) remains of an animal or plant that lived thousands of years ago, or its shape preserved in rocke.g. At this distance of time it is difficult to date the fossil.2) an old person, especially one who is unable to accept new ideas or adapt to changese.g. The man is a fossil.abundant a. more than enoughe.g. There is abundant evidence of continuing racial prejudice in societyDerivation:abundance n. a large quantity that is more than enoughe.g. The country has an abundance of skilled workers, but not enough jobs.Collocation:in abundance: in large quantitiesthermal a. (only before noun)of or caused by heate.g. They will build another thermal power station.thermals n.[pl.] (especially BrE) warm underwear that prevents heat from escaping from the body radiation n. energy in the form of heat or light sent out as beams that you cannot seee.g. In the accident, the workers received a heavy dose of radiation.Comparison:radiator n. a hollow metal device for heating roomse.g. There is a central heating system with a radiator in each room.radiation therapy: the treatment of cancer and other diseases using radiationin essence: what is the most important feature of sth.e.g.What is she saying, in essence, is that the law does not protect against this type of abuse excess a. more than is usual or allowede.g. Excess food is stored as fat.excess baggage: bags, cases, etc. taken on to a plane that weigh more than the amount each passenger is allowed to carry without paying extrawindshield n. the glass window of a car or other vehicle at the front through which the driverlookse.g. A sheet of frost covers the windshield.roughly ad. almost, approximatelye.g. There are, roughly speaking, three possible solutions to our problem.recession n. (of water, glacier, etc.) the process of moving back from an area that it was coveringe.g.A rise in interest rates plunged Britain deeper into recession.Summary:Paragraph 4 explains how the rising concentration of greenhouse gases results in climate change. To support his explanation, the author cites some records and information from the IPCC and paleoclimatic readings.speculate v. to form an opinion about sth. without knowing all the details or factse.g. On the way home, they’d speculate and wonder about the treasure.Comparison:guess v. to try and give an answer or make a judgment about sth. without being sure of all the facts e.g. I don’t really know. I’m just guessing.keep sb. guessing : to not tell sb. about your plans or what is going to happen nextresult in have as a result, lead to, causee.g.A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence.latitude n. the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator, usu. expressed in degreese.g.The latitude of the island is 20 degrees south.hemisphere n.1) a half of the Earth, especially the half above or below the EQUA TORe.g.This animal is to be found only in the Southern Hemisphere.2) either half of the braine.g. the left/right cerebral hemisphereexceed v.1) be greater than, as in quantity or degreee.g. The sales exceeded my expectation.2) to do more than the law or an order, etc. allow you to doe.g. He was taken to the police box for exceeding the speed limit.fund n. amount of money that are available to be spent, esp. that is given to an organization for a particular purpose.e.g. They are raising funds for a new laboratory.Congress has cut back on the funds for the program.They have spent their scarce funds on expensive housingfend v.1) to defend oneself from a blow, attack, or attackere.g. He managed to fend off the attacker with a stick.2) to protect yourself from difficult questions, criticisms, etc., especially by avoiding theme.g. She managed to fend off questions about new tax increases.equatorial a. near or at the equatore.g. Too much rain is the problem of the equatorial lands in the Amazon and Congo basins.This country has an equatorial climate.spark v. stimulate or activatee.g. The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country.Comparison:flash v. to shine very brightly for a short timee.g. Lightning flashed in the distance.flash sth. around: to show sth. to other people in order to impress them.vector n. an insect that causes disease by carrying a germ of parasite from one person to anothere.g. People should pay attention to the vector which can cause disease.malaria n. a disease common in hot countries that is often spread by mosquitoese.g.Malaria is a kind of serious malady.moderate a. neither very great nor very small in strength or degreee.g. He became the official mouthpiece of the moderate leadership.Comparison:temperate a. behaving in a calm and controlled waye.g. He is temperate in his habits.moderator: a person whose job is to help the two sides in a dispute to reach an agreement coastline n. the edge of the coast; the land along a coast, especially when you are thinking of its shape or appearancee.g. We should protect the coastline from oil spillage.Maldives n. a republic consisting of over a thousand coral islands in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lankae.g.Diving in the Maldives have to issue a PADI diving licenseheatstroke n. a sometimes severe condition of fever and weakness caused by too much heate.g. You should be careful not to heatstroke when traveling in summer.vulnerable a. weak and easily affected by illnesse.g. People with high blood pressure are especially vulnerable to diabetes.ozone n. a poisonous blue gas that is a type of oxygene.g. They will press for international action to safeguard the ozone layer.ozone hole : an area in the ozone layer where the amount of ozone has been very much reduced so that harmful rays from the sun can pass through itozone layer: a layer of ozone high above the earth’s surface that helps to protect the earth from the sun’s harmful raysperilous a. very dangerouse.g. The journey through the jungle was perilous.Comparison:risky a. involving the possibility of sth. bad happeninge.g. Investing in airlines is a very risky business.do sth. at your (own) peril: used to warn sb. that if they do sth. it may be dangerous or cause them problemsadmission n. permission to enter [U] [C] [(+ to/into)]e.g. She has the qualifications for admission to the college.The cinema owners have the right to refuse admission to anyone under seventeen years of age.respiratory a. connected with breathinge.g. The old man suffers from respiratory diseases.Comparison:breathable a. allowing air to pass throughe.g. Breathable, waterproof clothing is essential for most outdoor sportsbreathalyzer: a device used by the police to measure the amount of alcohol in a driver’s breath Sentence Paraphrase:As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate. (Paragraph 7) Paraphrase: In terms of human health, it is those who live in the poorer countries that will suffer most, because they do not have money to protect themselves against climate changes.Complete the following table by matching damages or diseases with climate changes: (ParagraphIn Paragraph 6 the author depicts the variation of climate changes in different geographic areas. Then in Paragraph 7 he pinpoints one of the consequences of global warming: the threat to human health. Many health problems would occur according to the degrees of climate change varying from slight increase in heat and rain to intense rain and hurricanes.4.3 Part 3 (pars.8-10)Q3. What are the immediate actions that we should take? (Paragraph 8)We should take such immediate actions as a) cutting our consumption of fossil fuels, b) using technologies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, and c) protecting our forests.Q4: What does “adapt to those most likely to occur” mean? (Paragraph 9)It means “do things to get ourselves prepared for the situations that are most likely to occur.”Q5: What are the long-term policies that should be worked out? (Paragraph 10) We should encourage people to use environmentally clean fuels and technologies, and stop the clear-cutting of forests.take action: begin to acte.g. We have to take action to stop them.The government was already taking action to stop the strike.The medicine will not take action for two hours.result from: happen as a result ofe.g. Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar sign andsymbol of social intercourse.Nothing will result from their airy plans.These two phrases are kind of opposites; we use result from to express the cause and result in to express the result.result in = lead to result from = because ofFor examples：Tom's lie resulted from his lack of confidence.Tom's lie resulted in his dismissal from his job.Exercise :Hard work result in his success.His success result from hard work.release v. let a substance spread into atmosphere, esp. as part of a chemical reactione.g. Oxygen from the water is released into the atmosphere.Cooing the grain will release the starch from the outside coating.particle n. an extremely small piece or amount of sth.e.g. There is not a particle of truth in what you said.molecule n. the smallest amount of a chemical substance which can exist by itselfe.g. A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. deforestation n. the progress of removing the trees from an area of lande.g. One percent of Brazil's total forest cover is being lost every year to deforestation consumption n. the action of using up a resourcee.g. Consumption of oil has declined in recent years.The meat was condemned as unfit for human consumptionmitigate v. make an unpleasant situation or its effect less serious and less difficult to beare.g. Do our successes mitigate our failures?Comparison:relieve v. to remove or reduce an unpleasant feeling or paine.g. Being able to tell the truth at last seemed to relieve her.relieve yourself: a polite way of referring to going to the toiletimpact n. a strong influence or effect produced by an idea invention, etc.e.g.The computer had made a great impact on modernlife.adapt to: change in order to deal with a new situation.e.g. We want the imagination necessary to better adapt to changes in circumstance.advocate v. support [+n/v-ing]e.g. Some extremists are now openly advocating violence.n. [C] supporter [(+of)]e.g. They are advocates of free trade.combat v. fight (against)e.g. The president emphasized the importance of combating international terrorism. alternative a. other, different from the usuale.g. Electricity companies were criticized for failing to develop alternative energy sources.4.4 Part 4 (par.11)The last paragraph (11) is the conclusion in which the author invites the participation of everybody to combat global warming and to “make a real difference.”5. Grammar Work1) The present perfect tense vs. the simple past tense2) Connectives (because, as, since, seeing that, for, because of)6. Drills on Language Skills7.1 Drills on vocabulary and grammar7.2 Drills on listening and speaking7.3 Drills on translation and writing7.4 Drills on reading7. Emphasis and difficultiesEmphasisA. Usages of the key words and expressionsB. Usages of The present perfect tense vs. the simple past tense and Connectives (because,as, since, seeing that, for, because of)C. Paragraph development---grouping details;DifficultiesA. Some difficult sentence.B. The use of nonfinite clauses, personal pronouns;8. ReferencesA. Random House.Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dic of English Language. Grameercy,New York.1994B. M.H. Abrams, ed. The Norton Anthology of English literature, Sixth Edition. New York,London: W.W.Norton&Company.1962.。
新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程教材讲解资料unit8book3competitionUnit 8 Book 3petition and CooperationI. Difficult Sentences1. “Dog-eat-dog” rivalries are fueled by “greedy self-interests”operating according to “the law of the jungle” in which“survival of the fittest” is the only rule.(1)What do the phrases “the law of the jungle” and “survival ofthe fittest” mean?(=a. “The law of the jungle” means everyone cares for himself only.b. “Survival of the fittest” means only the strongest creatureswill stay alive.(2)Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=“贪婪的私利”遵循“丛林法则”中“适者生存”这唯一的一条定律，使“互相倾轧”的竞争变本加厉。
)2. But those who deplore free-market petition simply do not understandit.What is the author’s att itude toward the people who are strongly against free-market petition?(=In the author’s opinion, they don’t really know what petition means.)3. petitive markets excel at promoting cooperation.Paraphrase the sentence.(=petitive markets do quite well in encouraging people to cooperate.)4. petition and cooperation exist side by side.(1) Translate the sentence.(=竞争与合作并存。
新世纪研究生综合英语u n i t8Unit8Power to the peopleAlmost a century has gone by since humans began exploiting a compelling new way to power the global economy. The switch to fossil fuels prompted促使 an explosion innovation either side of the 1900s.including creations such as the internal combustion engine. Such technologies have since provided the means to drive our thirsty, energy-intensive modern societies.Today we stand at a similar turning point. Solar power, wind turbines and other sources of clean power--- the preserve of visionaries 有预见的人and enthusiasts little more than a decade ago--- are now poised on the brink of the mainstream, helped in no small part by the environmental deficiencies of fossil fuels. The need to create clean energy has become a pressing concern for policy makers and big business--- not to mention the consumer.Such thinking is fuelled by the growing realization that all along nature has provided ready-made means to power modern civilizations, namely through the elements. Crucial advances in new technology have these inexhaustible sources cheaper to use with, for example, the cost of solar energy plunging by up to 98 percent over the past 20 years.In theory, these renewable energy resources are incongruous large. The sun alone provides the means to deliver 7,000times our own energy consumption; blanking just 2.6 percent of the Sahara desert with solar cells could supply our entire needs. Yet for all this impressive potential, renewable energy currently produces just two percent of our total energy output.However, as the computer industry discovered in the 1980s, rapid growth can swiftly transform a minority sector into a giant capable of dominating our lives. Already companies across the globe are scrambling征服争夺 to become the next Intel or Microsoft of the new energy revolution. Our homes, cities, and workplaces--- our lives--- may be reshaped in ways we can only begin to guess at the solar cell, the wind farm and the electric car enter larger sectors of the marketplace.Blazing a trailThe sun’s capability to power the planet is phenomenal杰出的. Already a billion-pound business, projections indicate an annual growth rate for the next decade of 14 percent. But the price of solar technology has always been its biggest sticking point, and the cost of solar cells will need to fall by up to 50 percent in order to fully competitive with coal-fired electricity.Several companies are currently developing a new generation of wafer-thin photovoltaic光电的 solar panels that will slash大量削减 costs still further. Photovoltaics(pv) convert the sun’s heat into electricity, silently and without pollution. They use semi-conductors that send out electrons the instant sunlight reaches them, triggering使触发引起 the flow of electricity. The greater the volume of sunlight, the more electrons are emitted发射或发射出.Solar power could provide thousands of times more energy than we world currently uses, the earth receiving an unimaginably huge amount of energy way beyond the capabilities of fossil fuels or nuclear fission. In figures, the sun’s continuous power input stands数据 at 200 watts followed by 15 zeros.Its uses are impressively varied. Solar cells now power satellites, mobilephones, television sets, highway signals and water pumps. Last year the Dutch solar car Nuna broke the world record--- with an average speed of 91 km/h--- in the world Solar challenge, a 3,010-kilometer race across Australia for cars powered by the sun.A look at the planet’s most conspicuous明显的 consumers reveals that solar energy is finally beginning to make real inroads as an alternative energy. The USA’s Million Solar Roofs Initiative aims to put a million solar systems on the roofs of commercial and residential building by 2010. In addition, 30 states now have official policies encouraging the development of solar energy with financial incentives for investment in the use of PV modules and cells.Advocates believe that PV could claim to be the simplest and most elegant technology to harness the power of the sun, being easy to install and requiring minimal maintenance. Given this advantages, the future of solar photovoltaics appears bright.Tapping into waterHarnessing the power of moving water, whether through the natural rhythems of the tide and ocean waves or by means of massive artificial dams, offers another renewable energy source with a major future. Wave power alone has the potential to provide enough power to supply an estimated 1.4 million households in an industrial society.However, the intrinsic difficulties in harnessing开发 the strength of rough seas have created major headaches for engineers; two wave-power stations in Scotland and Norway have already fallen victim to the sea. Once again though, the biggest hurdle is financial, with construction of turbines at sea expensive, despite the actual energy being plentiful and free.Further difficulties are caused by the fact that waves refuse to flow in one direction. One solution to this problem has been to fit turbines in a chimney-type seabed structure that can be oriented to face the direction of energy-giving waves.By contrast, hydroelectric power is well established, producing almost a quarter of the world’s electricity and supplying more than one billion people with power. Hydropower produces energy equivalent to 3.6 billion barrels of oil a year. Electricity is produced by falling water passing through a turbine; dams are often used to ensure water supply can be controlled depending on the demand for power.However the construction of mighty dams often has huge environmental impacts caused by having to flood large areas, triggering acute damage existing habitats--- the three gorges dam currently under construction in china will see 632 square kilometers inundated洪水泛滥 and1.1 million people facing resettlement. Such obvious deficiencies 缺点aside, hydropower offers a clean, renewable source of energy that offers cheap electricity.Blowing hot and coldWonderfully simple in concept, perfectly practical in reality, wind power has been on the drawing board of energy providers for centuries. Yet its potential has long been hamstrung 不起作用by opponents claiming wind farms spoil the beauty of the landscape. This is compounded加重 by year of under-investment and a lack of political support.Power is generated by the wind turning massive blades that in turn drive turbines, with the ensuing energy piped to the national grid. Simple. And there are absolutely no destructive by-products. What’s more, vast swathes 长条形地带of the globe provide idol conditions to harness开发 wind power, though of course most coastal and mountainous regions experience enough of the resource to make it visible, at least locally.In China, estimates place its wind resource at 350,000 megawatts, sufficient to provide the world’s largest national population with electricity today. Britain, the windiest country in Europe, itself endures sufficient brisk breezes to serve its electricity generation three times over. Offshore plants are favoured where the wind is stronger and no one can complain at the intrusion into their environment.However, as well as the visual impact of wind-farms, some local residents have complained about levels of noise from the turbine gearing systems and blades. Some people are particularly sensitive to low level noise and there is evidence that in certain sites, like Landdinam in Wales, the sound is amplified by some sort of resonance within the valley. Other objects include interference with television and radio reception, negative impacts on local tourism and property values, and the potential disruption扰乱 to wildlife, especially birds.Hydrogen time-bombHigh hopes are pinned or the fuel cell, a technology forecast to reshape the world energy economy, and adds-on to power transport-systems of tomorrow by replacingpetro. Again, its green credentials证书 are indisputable: fuel cells release nothing more damaging into the atmosphere than water vapour. Onlike oil, gas and coal it does not produce carbon dioxide, and has the advantage of being twice as efficient as conventional engines in converting chemical fuels into power.Fuel cells also hold potential for developing nations because they are almost as economical on a small-scale as a large one, require little maintenance and no recharging. In simple terms, fuel cells work using a chemical reaction to produce electricity from hydrogen, which can be derived from such sources as natural gas and methanol甲醇. Governments are understandably keen on a technology that offers the possibility of true”zero emission” energy.With the cost of power failures to it economies greater than ever, off-grid sources such as stationary fuel cells could soon become commercial necessities.Be oriented to调整适应Be pinned on 信赖，附属于Blaze a trail 开路先锋，带头Blow hot and cold犹豫不决Convert into 变换转变Make inroads 涉足另一个新领域On the drawing board在设计阶段Solar panel 太阳能电池板Tap into开发着手Zero emission 零排放选择题1、At the press conference, they were scrambling攀登 to give the impressionthat the situation was in control.A/searching B/struggling C/crowding D/exiting2、Written off again and again, he has proved phenomenon in resilience andpolitical craftiness.A/notable B/tangible C/extraordinary D/sensible3、This news has sent a wave of panic through the world which to me seemsway out of proportion.A/ far B/mean C/simply D/away4、Downtown business owners say that they want the city’s homeless sheltermoved to a conspicuous location.A/confronted B/ fantastic C/confident D/noticeable5、Over the past year, Linux has significant inroads into embedded designsrequiring rich, high performance networking.A/ Made money B/made achievement C/ made advances D/ madeprogress6、The important thing is to harness growth to self-knowledge, a readyacceptance of change, swift-moving business practice and sound judgment.A/ make use control produce escape7、We are the ones willing and able to run an obstacle course filled with hurdlesthat we must complete before anyone else.Barriers bless reports handouts8、I haven’t been able to orient my ideas to the new conditions since I workedabroad three months.Change adjust direct organize9、The company office was inundated with telegrams of congratulations on thetenth anniversary of its foundation.Overjoyed flooded crowded satisfied10、He had draw a contradictory conclusion in his thesis because he pinned hisfaith on an absurdity.Decided practiced depended placed。
