学术英语综合Unit10-译文

《学术英语综合》课文翻译为了让大家更好的理解并学习《学术英语综合》，下面店铺给大家带来了《学术英语综合》课文翻译，希望能帮到大家！《学术英语综合》课文翻译篇1感谢全能的上帝是感恩节的主题，并自清教徒带来在他们的第一个丰收的朝圣者…直到今天，在全国各地的数以百万计的家庭，上帝会感谢许多礼物，桌上的盛宴和亲人的公司，健康和好运，在过去的一年，和平时期的家庭，为无数特权出生或成为-美国人。

但这可能不会发生在我们太多的感谢的事实，本周当地超市有大量的火鸡出售。

即使不虔诚感谢上帝的航班安排，使得某些亲人飞回家过感恩节。

或为当地的电影院在周末的时间掌握和（电影名）到来。

或者是报纸上伟大的越橘苹果派食谱的食品部分。

这些东西我们采取更多或更少的理所当然。

这几乎不需要一个奇迹来解释为什么杂货店的股票在感恩节前火鸡的股票，或者为什么好莱坞电影在大假期的时间释放。

这就是他们所做的。

上帝在哪里，然而，在那里，没有什么奇妙的东西-几乎是无法解释的-在你的感恩节周末的方式是可能的技能和劳动力的大量的陌生人把火鸡的餐桌，例如，需要成千上万的人努力的家禽农户养的鸟，当然，也提供营养，谁把它带到农场的卡车司机的饲料经销商，更不用说建筑师设计的孵化场，工人建造它，并保持它的运行技术人员。

这只鸟已经被宰杀、拔毛和检查运输和卸载包售价并显示。

完成这些任务的人是由其他人的军队来完成的，其他人完成了其他的任务--从精炼的汽油，燃料的卡车，制造塑料的肉类包装。

无数的活动遥远的男人和女人经过结婚几个月必须精心设计和精确定时，使v'nen结果你买新鲜的感恩节火鸡，会有一个或更多的可能，几十个等待。

协调水平，需要把它关闭是令人难以置信的。

但更令人难以置信的是：没有一个协调。

没有火鸡沙皇坐在指挥所的地方，咨询硕士计划。

发号施令。

没有人骑着所有的人，迫使他们合作，为你的利益。

然而他们合作。

当你到达超市的时候，四只火鸡在那里。

你不必做任何事情，但如果出现买thatisrit，奇迹。

战争怎样结束与战争为何发生或是如何进行是同等重要的。

换句话说，纵观历史，有太多的内战结局极为糟糕。

想想北爱尔兰，内战已进行了200多年。

想想黎巴嫩、卢旺达、柬埔寨。

再想想今天中东和巴尔干地区内战的惨状。

我们的内战本来也可能是那样结束，带来同样可怕、悲惨的后果，但我们的内战结局并非如此。

为什么呢？这是我曾经想回答的问题，也是我在《1865年4月》一书中回答的问题。

在《1865年4月》中，我没有揭示一些事件发生的必然性，因此不以战争发生136年或140年后的认识心安理得地看待这场内战，而是以处在内战时期的人们的眼光去看那些事件、那些决策、那些关键时刻，这样你会发现那些事件很可能会有两种完全不同的结局。

我想呈现给读者的便是这段历史蕴藏的丰富内涵。

罗伯特.E.李是南方道德良知的象征，他手下的高级将领怀斯将军曾这么对他说。

战争快结束时，他们两人谈论着战争会如何发展。

那天怀斯骑马穿越前线，路上曾掉进弗吉尼亚流沙，下马时他全身沾满红泥，模样十分滑稽。

他们俩相互开了一番玩笑，然后谈起战争结束的话题。

李提起他极不愿提及的投降设想，问道：“我们国家会怎么看？”怀斯看了看李，说：”国家？天啊，对这些当兵的来说，你就代表国家。

"因此，换句话说，对南方人而言，李就等于国家。

无论他决定以荣誉和尊严应对北方人，然后再当个好公民，还是愤怒地继续打下去，继续以暴力对付北方，都取决于他。

城角镇位于弗吉尼亚州，这里设有联邦军队主将尤利西斯.S.格兰特的一个流动堡垒。

实际上，城角镇是北方军包围驻守在彼得斯堡和里士满的李的军队时的一个武装指挥所。

林肯于3月24日在此会见了格兰特，林肯来此是想视察前线并与将领们进行商谈。

就是这次在城角镇的会见中，林肯谈到他担心南方军可能打游击队，他担心最后会有一场血腥大决战。

林肯作出了非凡之举。

亚伯拉罕.林肯说：“这场战争结束时，决不允许有绞刑，决不允许有血腥之举。

”法国大革命的恐怖阴影笼罩在他的心头，因为这也是所有美国人所担心、害怕的。

Unit 10 Text A美国医疗保健体系美国是地球上最大、最具多样性的国家，我们的医疗体系反映了这一点。

每年我们在健康保健上支付了近2万亿美元，这一数字几乎是我们国民经济的七分之一。

尽管如此，我们仍是世界上为数不多并非所有公民都享受医保的国家之一。

对许多美国人来说，健康保险最常见的是与工作绑定的福利，或是来自政府的项目，如联邦医疗保险和联邦医疗补助等。

具有讽刺意味的是，尽管美国是世界上人均在健康保健方面投入最多的国家，尽管美国拥有世界上技术最先进的医疗体系，美国却不是世界上最健康的国家。

当然，这并不能完全归咎于医疗体制。

我们的健康保健成效甚微是由公共卫生和社会问题造成的。

纵观美国社会，我们比其他国家的人相比身体更胖、承受的压力更大、生活里更缺少运动；我们的医疗体系不得不应对根源于美国人核心生活方式的公共卫生和文化问题。

也许我们早该选择欧洲模式：多假期，少聚财，但我们没有。

于是我们的生活就出现了一些问题。

但让我把这些先放在一边，回到真正的健康保健问题，即：美国的医疗保健专业人士知道如何让我们保持健康，但因为医疗体系的羁绊，他们经常不能为病人所需的关怀。

美国的医疗体系支离破碎，制度复杂（州有州规，市有市政，各自为政），私人和公共官僚机构沆瀣一气，决定着病人可以得到的治疗。

美国医生必须是天才才能了解在治疗和照顾每个病人时所要遵守的规则，不然会受到保险公司或其他机构的质疑。

但是，相对于其他国家的人民，美国人对这种支离破碎的体制更加心安理得。

纵观整个国家，我们对任何“单一”的东西持怀疑的态度：单一的健康保险支付体系即为一例。

我们国家急需找到一个让所有人都享受医保的方法，钱是症结之一。

这很简单：如果政府有足够的钱，我们就可以补贴那些没有医保的群体，让他们享受医保。

如果我们没有足够的钱，这就办不到。

目前，一个四口之家平均需要花费12,000美元来购买医疗保险。

如果要使购买医疗保险的费用变得合情合理，所需的收入要远远高于美国家庭的平均工资。

研究生学术英语读写教程unit10Unit 10: Writing a Research Paper IntroductionIntroduction:In this unit, we will focus on writing the introductory section of a research paper. The introduction is an important part of a research paper because it provides background information on the topic being studied, explains the significance of the research, and outlines the objectives or hypotheses of the study.1. Background InformationThe first part of the introduction should provide some background information on the topic being studied. This can include a brief history of the subject, a description of previous research on the topic, or an overview of the current state of knowledge in the field.Example: "Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the use of mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of mental health disorders. Mindfulness involves paying attention to one"s thoughts, feelings, and sensations in the present moment, without judgment or distraction. Previous studies have shown promising results for the use of mindfulness-basedinterventions in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders."2. Significance of the ResearchThe second part of the introduction should explain why the research is important and significant. This can include discussing the practical or theoretical implications of the research, outlining any gaps in knowledge that the research aims to fill, or explaining how the research willcontribute to the field.Example: "Despite the growing interest in mindfulness-based interventions, there is still much to learn about their effectiveness, particularly in the context ofspecific mental health disorders. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of a mindfulness-basedintervention for individuals with social anxiety disorder, with the goal of improving our understanding of the potential benefits of mindfulness-based treatments for this population."3. Objectives or HypothesesThe final part of the introduction should outline the objectives or hypotheses of the study. This can include stating the research questions that the study aims toanswer, outlining the specific goals of the research, or presenting the hypotheses that the study will test.Example: "The primary objective of this study is to determine whether a mindfulness-based intervention is effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Secondary objectives include examining the relationship between adherence to the intervention and treatment outcomes, and exploring potential mediators or moderators of treatment effects. We hypothesize that participants who receive the mindfulness-based intervention will demonstrate significant reductions in social anxiety symptoms compared to those in a waitlist control group."Conclusion:In this unit, we have discussed the key components of an introduction for a research paper. By providing background information, explaining the significance of the research, and outlining the objectives or hypotheses, the introduction sets the stage for the rest of the paper and helps to engage the reader. Remember to keep your introduction concise and focused, and to use clear and precise language to convey your ideas.。

Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。

我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。

事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。

[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。

第十单元你将工作视为负担还是机会?你是那种想尽办法保存精力的人还是发觉消耗精力令人满足的人?人们为什么喜欢抱怨工作?在下文中寻找答案吧。

人为什么工作伦纳德·R·塞尔斯到的要多得多。

我们都习惯于认为工作为人生提供物质的东西——提供使我们的现代文明成为可能的商品和服务。

但是我们对工作在促进精神生活方面所起的作用则知之甚少。

这方面的作用难以捉摸，却更加至关重要，它是人生过得充实还是空虚的决定性因素。

到那些老一套的怨言：“我巴不得早点放假”，“今天我要是呆在家里该多好”，“我的老板待我不好”，“我的事情多得来不及做”等等。

在这种情况下，当你得悉心理学家们以及其他的行为科学家们都认为，工作对个人幸福和个人成就起着积极作用时，你很可能会感到惊奇。

对大多数人来说，工作不仅仅是一种必需，它还是人们生活的焦点，是他们的个性和创造性的源泉。

精神病诊所的主治医生观察到工作的治疗作用。

许许多多在诊所里显得精神抑郁的病人，一旦受聘从事有一定收益的工作时，便重新获得自信，并失去部分(如果不是全部的话)最严重的症状。

越来越多的处理精神病问题的机构建立起工场，病情过重在“外面的”工厂里找不到工作的病人，可以在那里工作。

与此同时，这些机构还竭尽全力为那些身体条件尚可在外面工作的人，安排“真正的”工作。

即使没有引起经济上的忧虑，也常常带来“今后我该怎样生活才好?”之类的许多问题。

许多人一到周末因为不上班而必须自行安排生活便产生头痛及其他不适。

人们还观察到，失业除了产生经济压力之外，还造成许多心理上的病痛，很多人一旦失业，身体便迅速恶化。

?为什么工作竟然是人们获得满足的如此重要的源泉呢?最主要的答案就在于，工作和通过工作所取得的成就，能激起一种自豪感。

对成就的自豪办成事情。

我们每个人都希望自己能够做出有意义、并能显示出自己天赋的事来。

他深情地将某一种价值不高的材料做成一件或是有用，或是美观，或是两者兼备的东西。

你可以看到木匠或砖瓦匠常站到一边，欣赏自己的产品。

Unit 10Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.它们不辨身份，不分阶级：唯一的标签就是美国。

2. 一到美国，Levi 就发现，他的两个兄弟所说的那些“遍地机会，生计容易”言过其实。

3. Levi’s牛仔裤被引入东部显然是在20世纪30年代去西部牧场度假的热潮中开始的，当时许多度假回来的东部人口口相传，宣传了这种打着铆钉的神奇裤子。

4. 这些裤子演变成了一种传统，同时还获得了自己独特的历史——以至于后来公司在旧金山设了一座博物馆。

Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given in brackets.1.He can’t enen draw a distinction between French and Spanish , not to say speaking them .2.In a craze for cultural relics un the 1990s , old chinaware , such as those handed down from the Ming and Qing Dynasties , were much sougut after by collectors .3.Despite the opposition of most of his advisors ,the general decided to take his chances on the battle and suffered a total defeat in the end .4.The Chinese nation has stood up to the vicissitudes of thousands of years and is now in the process of rejuvenation .5.I wish you would confine your talk to the facts rather than spread wordabout the biased report in that newspaper .6.The first thing he did atfer his arrival in paris was to convert all his money into euros .7. That Shakespearean play was tailored to the taste of the Chinese audience when it was put on the Chinese stage ,so much so that it was more like a Chinese play than an English one .8.You must abandon your native language for some time , if you really want to acquire a good compertence in English.。

第十单元 An Instinct to Acquire an Art(中文翻译）习得艺术的本能史蒂芬•平克当你在阅读这些文字时，便已经置身于自然界的一大奇观之中，因为你我都同属于这个拥有非凡能力的物种：我们能够精确无误地在彼此的大脑中塑造事件。

在这里，我并不是在谈论心灵感应，精神控制或者边缘科学所沉迷的事件；甚至根据它的信仰者所描述的，如果与每个人身上都拥有的无可争议的那些能力相比，它像是一把钝器。

我所谈论的就是，语言。

只是通过动动嘴巴和发出声音，我们就能够让他人的脑海中涌现清晰表达的各种新想法。

因为这种能力是与生俱来的，所以人们常常会忘记它是多么的神奇。

近年来人们对语言能力的研究在人类对语言的理解，它在人类世界中的角色，以及人类对人性的看法这三方面都产生了革命性的影响。

很多受过教育的人都知道语言是人类最重要的文化产物，是人类可以运用符号的典型例证，也是人类在生理上不可逆转地区别于其他动物的前所未有的大事件。

这些人也知道语言总是与思想相伴，使用不同的语言能够使说话者从不同角度来解读现实。

他们还知道孩子们从他们的榜样和看护者那里学习说话。

学校里曾经教授复杂的语法规则，但是由于教育水平以及大众文化水准的不断下降，普通人构造语法句子的能力已经出现了可怕的下滑。

他们还知道英语这种语言充满了滑稽以及不符合逻辑的现象，就像是开车开在绿化带，停车停在行驶道，在朗诵会上演奏，在演奏会上朗诵一般可笑。

英语的拼写更是把这种不可理喻上升到了更高的高度——萧伯纳曾经抱怨说鱼类—fish[fɪʃ]这个单词完全可以拼写成ghoti（gh是来自tough的[f]，o来自women的[ɪ]，ti来自nation的[ʃ]），他认为这也是讲得通的——而正是这种语言制度的惰性阻碍了英语采用“一种拼写配一种发音”的更加合理的系统。

而我要说服你们的是，以上这些他们所知道的常识都是错的！这种错误都可以归结为一个原因，那就是，语言并非文化的产物。

昆工学术英语第10单元译文加课后答案（推荐）第一篇：昆工学术英语第10单元译文加课后答案（推荐）Unit 10Mechanical EngineeringSection A Pre-reading activities I.Skimming and Scanning.Before class, read Text A quickly and find answers to the following questions.1.What does CNC stand for? And what is it? CNC is the acronym for Computer Numerical Control.It refers to the idea of controlling machine tools programmatically via computer.2.What is the difference between CNC and NC? There is no computer involved in NC.3.What are the key ingredients for the growth of CNC? Standard G-Code language for parts program, CAD and minicomputers.4.Which countries are mentioned in the text to show the development of CNC?US, Germany and Japanese.5.What makes CNC controls cheaper ?Microprocessors have made CNC controls cheaper, culminating with the availability of CNC for the hobby and personal CNC market.6.How many kinds of CNC are listed in the text?Three kinds of CNC are listed including CNC machine lathes, CNC milling machines and CNC routers.Text A 参考译文计算机数控机床概述及计算机数控史什么叫计算机数控技术? CNC是计算机数字控制技术的简称，由较早的“NC”发展而来，NC 仅仅表示数字控制。

Unit 10The Idiocy of Urban LifeHenry Fairlie1 Between about 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. the life of the city is civil. Occasionally the lonefootsteps of someone walking to or from work echo along the sidewalk. All work that has to be done at those hours is useful －in bakeries, for example. Even the newspaper presses stop turning forests into lies. Now and then a car comes out of the silence and cruises easily through the blinking traffic lights. The natural inhabitants of the city come out from damp basements and cellars. With their pink ears and paws, sleek, well-groomed, their whiskers combed, rats are true city dwellers. Urban life, during the hours when they reign, is urbane.2 These rats are social creatures, as you can tell if you look out on the city streetduring an insomniac night. But after 6 a.m., the two-legged, daytime creatures of the city begin to stir; and it is they, not the rats, who bring the rat race. You might think that human beings congregate in large cities because they are gregarious. The opposite is true. Urban life today is aggressively individualistic and atomized. Cities are not social places.3 The lunacy of modern city life lies first in the fact that most city dwellers try tolive outside the city boundaries. So the two-legged creatures have created suburbs, exurbs, and finally rururbs (rubs to some). Disdaining rural life, they try to create simulations of it. No effort is spared to let city dwellers imagine they are living anywhere but in a city: patches of grass in the more modest suburbs, broader spreads in the richer ones further out; prim new trees planted along the streets; at the foot of the larger backyards, a pretense to bosky woodlands.4 The professional people buy second homes in the country as soon as they canafford them, and as early as possible on Friday head out of the city they have created.The New York intellectuals and artists quaintly say they are “going to the country”for the weekend or the summer, but in fact they have created a little Manhattan-by-the-Sea around the Hamptons, spreading over the Long Island6 potato fields whose earlier solitude was presumably the reason why they first went there. City dwellers take the city with them to the country, for they will not live without its pamperings. The main streets of America’s small towns, which used to have hardware and dry goods stores, are now strips of boutiques. Old-fashionedbarbers become unisex hairdressing salons. The brown rats stay in the cities because of the filth the humans leave during the day. The rats clean it up at night. Soon the countryside will be just as nourishing to them, as the city dwellers take their filth with them.5 Work still gives meaning to rural life, the family, and churches. But in the citytoday work and home, family and church, are separated. What the office workers do for a living is not part of their home life. At the same time they maintain the pointless frenzy of their work hours in their hours off. They rush from the office to jog, to the gym or the YMCA pool, to work at their play with the same joylessness.6 Even though the offices of today’s businesses in the city are themselves movingout to the suburbs, this does not necessarily bring the workers back closer to their workplace. It merely means that to the rush-hour traffic into the city there is now added a rush-hour traffic out to the suburbs in the morning, and back around and across the city in the evening. As the farmer walks down to his farm in the morning, the city dweller is dressing for the first idiocy of his day, which he not only accepts but even seeks －the journey to work.7 In the modern office building in the city there are windows that don’t open. Thisis perhaps the most symbolic lunacy of all. Outdoors is something you can look at through glass but not to touch or hear. These windows are a scandal because they endanger the lives of office workers in case of fire. But no less grievous, even on the fairest spring or fall day the workers cannot put their heads outside. Thus it is not surprising that the urban worker has no knowledge of the seasons. He is aware simply that in some months there is air conditioning, and in others through the same vents come fetid central heating. Even outside at home in their suburbs the city dwellers may know that sometimes it’s hot, and sometimes it’s cold, but no true sense of the rhythms of the seasons is to be had from a lawn in the backyard and a few spindly trees struggling to survive.8 The city dweller reels from unreality to unreality through each day, alwaystrying to recover the rural life that has been surrendered for the city lights. No city dweller, even in the suburbs, knows the wonder of a pitch-dark country lane at night.Nor does he naturally get any exercise from his work.9 Every European points out that Americans are the most round-shoulderedpeople in the world. Few of them carry themselves with an upright stance, althougha correct stance is the first precondition of letting your lungs breathe naturally anddeeply. Electric typewriters cut down the amount of physical exertion needed to hit the keys; the buttons of a word processor need even less effort, as you can tell from the posture of those who use them. They rush out to jog or otherwise Fonda-ize their leisure to try to repair the damage done during the day.10 Everything in urban life is an effort either to simulate rural life or to compensatefor its loss by artificial means. It is from this day-to-day existence of unreality, pretence, and idiocy that the city people, slumping along their streets even when scurrying, never looking up at their buildings, far less the sky, have the insolence to disdain and mock the useful and rewarding life of the country people who support them. Now go out and carry home a Douglas fir, call it a Christmas tree, and enjoy 12 days of con tact with nature. Of course city dwellers don’t know it once had roots.城市生活之蠢行亨利·费尔利1 每天凌晨3点到6点，城市生活文明有礼。

Unit10，task 3.The moral imperative begins by considering the value of educationg which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cationg is what takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.道德要求首先考虑教育的价值，这比赚取潜力或建立人力资本要深刻得多。

教育是引领更丰富的生活，为我们的国家和世界做出贡献所需要的。

Higher educationg in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history,debate important issues,and discover their passiong and potential.特别是高等教育为学生提供了探索历史、讨论重要问题、发现自己的激情和潜力的机会。

our founders understand how important education is to the idea of America as a just,equitable,and productive society.A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions,from government ,to business to our schools they rely upon.我们的开国元勋明白，教育对美国成为一个公正、公平和富有成效的社会的理念有多么重要。

一个由受过教育的人组成的国家更有可能加强他们所依赖的体制，从政府、企业到学校。

Unit 10Almost all of us have heard about General Motors trying to sell their Nova model in Latin America and finding out that “no va” in Spanish literally means “it doesn’t go”. And of course, there was the famous first try of Coca Cola in China,when the translation of the soft drink’s name read “bite the wax tadpole”.1我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型，结果发现在西班牙语中，“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。

当然，同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时，这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。

But cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation. There are subtleties and nuances to every culture, and there are just plain tablls. Although most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when those rules are violated. Our own culture tendd to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or extrotic. So how much more difficult it to discern the unwritten rules of another country?2但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。

Unit Ten Submitting PaperObjectives- Know the paper processing procedures- Become aware of politeness in letter writing- Write a submission cover letter and reply to the decision letterContents- Reading and discussion: A submission cover letter and a decision letter.- Language focus: politeness- Writing practice: submission cover letter; reply to a decision letter; inquiry letter 1.Reading ActivityYour research paper is finished. The next step is to submit the paper to a suitable academic journal. This unit aims to show you the review procedure, hopefully bring you an awareness of two language features of academic writing, and finally help you correspond with the edit-in-chief on your own.1.1 Pre-reading TaskBefore you learn the detailed information, please discuss the following questions.What should you consider about the journal you are going to submit the paper to?What should you do to your paper before submission?What should be included in your submission E-mail?How can we sound polite when we write the submission cover letter and reply to the decision letter?1.2 Reading PassagesLetter 1--A submission cover letterDear Dr. James Joyce,This is a manuscript entitled "A NOVEL ROOT-END FILLING MATERIAL BASED ON HYDROXYAPATITE, TETRACALCIUM PHOSPHATE ANDPOLYACRYLIC ACID " by Ling Huchong and Qiao Feng from State KeyLaboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and MedicalEngineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. It is submitted to beconsidered for publication as an "Original Article" in your journal.No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. I would like to declare on behalf of my co-authors that the work described was original research that has not been published previously, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part.In this work, we developed a novel filling materialhydroxyapatite/tetracalcium phosphate/polyacrylic acid cement (HA/TTCP/PAA), and further examined its chemical composition, physical properties andcytotoxicity in comparison with glass ionomer cement (GIC) and Portland cement (PC). I hope this paper is suitable for “INTERNATIONAL ENDODONTICJOURNAL”.The following is a list of possible reviewers for your consideration:1) Professor Duan Yu E-mail: duanyu@2) Professor Shi Tai E-mail: shitai@We deeply appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers. If you have any queries,please don’t hesitate to contact me at the address below.Enclosed please find the paper.Thank you and best regards.Yours sincerely,Ling HuchongCorresponding author:Prof. Dr. Qiao FengState Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210096P.R. ChinaTel: (+8625) 12345678Fax: (+8625) 12345678E-mail: qiaofeng@1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1List the contents that should be included in letter 1.①___________________________________________________________________②___________________________________________________________________③___________________________________________________________________④___________________________________________________________________⑤___________________________________________________________________3⑥___________________________________________________________________Letter 2----A decision letterFrom:iejeditor@To:Qiao Feng@CC:Ling Huchong@Subject:Manuscript ID IEJ-12-00123, International Endodontic JournalBody:Dear Dr. Qiao,Manuscript ID: IEJ-12-00123Manuscript Title: Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement:Chemical-Physical Properties and CytotoxicityI have received the comments of the referees(s) and decided that your manuscript requiresmajor changes and then go through the refereeing process again. However, please note thatresubmitting your manuscript does not guarantee eventual acceptance.Should you wish to revise and resubmit your manuscript, please revise your paper takinginto account any points they have raised - their comments can be found at the end of thisemail. Also double check that in the body of the text and in the Reference section thenames of authors are spelt correctly including any non-English characters whereappropriate.You will be unable to make your revisions online using the originally submitted version ofthe manuscript. Instead, revise your manuscript on your PC/MAC using your wordprocessing programme and save it on your computer. Please highlight the changes to yourmanuscript within the document by using the "track changes" mode in MS Word orequivalent.To upload your revised manuscript, log on to /iej andenter your Author Centre, where you will find your original manuscript title listed under "Manuscripts with Decisions". Under "Actions," click on "Create a Revision". Your manuscript number has been appended to denote a revision.When submitting your revised manuscript, you will be able to respond to the comments made by the referees(s) in the space provided. You can use this space to document any changes you have made to the original manuscript. Please be as specific as possible in your response to the referee(s).I look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.Kind regardsPaul DummerEditor-in-Chief,International Endodontic Journaliejeditor@Editor comments to authors:EditorComments to the Author:(There are no comments.)Referee(s) comments to authors:Referee: 1Comments to AuthorTitle: Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement:Chemical-Physical Properties and CytotoxicityThis manuscript introduces the reader to a new retrograde filling material and describes the tests that were conducted and the comparison to currently used materials. The section Discussion was well done and discussed the relevance of each test to published research as well as relevant clinical applications.It would be helpful if the title would reflect that this report is on a root end filling material.General comment. The entire manuscript needs to be edited for proper use of the English language and syntax.IntroductionThe sentence: “However, its defects prohibit clinical applications…..”. The word “defect” is an odd choice. “shortcomings” would be more appropriate.5The sentence: “To overcome these disadvantages, a new material, hydroxyapatite/tetracalciumphosphate/polyacrylic acid cement (HA/TTCP/PAA), with optimum properties, has been developed.”Authors you are reporting on your findings of your novel cement but already conclude in this Introduction that it has “optimum properties”. At best you can state that it was your intent to develop a material with optimum or improved properties.Authors: Check instructions for authors for the required journal format for referring to the published literature.Materials and MethodsThe sentence: “The HA/TTCP/PAA paste was mixed….and the mixed with distilled water…” Authors, after you have crushed the powders it makes no sense to describe the HA/TTCP/PAA as a paste.“The paste of HA/TTCP/PAA, GIC and GPC were placed into a plastic plate… 37°C in 100%” Authors, use better description than “plastic plate”.“The final setting time was the average result of five sample specimens.” The words sample and specimens are synonymous.“Compressive strength was calculated from the mean value of five samples of each group”. You probably mean to say that the mean value for each group was derived from the 5 samples.“The materials were set in the molds for 24 h at 37°C in 100%humidity”. The meaning the materials were set is not clear. Please explain this method better.“The HA/TTCP/PAA, GIC and GPC pastes were manually shaped separately into an 8 mm diameter ball within 1 min….” Authors, it would be better to describe this as follows: At standard liquid/powder ratios each material was mixed and immediately, but within 1 min, manipulated into a ball.Although the test that was described lacks any scientific foundation, the figures were convincing.“The unreactive supernatants in the well were carefully sucked off, and 600 μL ….” Authors, use a better word than “sucked off” to remove the supernatants.Washout resistance test“The washout resistance result for the HA/TTCP/PAA showed no noticeable disintegration (figure 4); however, GIC paste balls had a large amount of debris…”Replace the word “debris”. The actual release of particles or dissolution of the GIC cannot be called debris.“Different from HA/TTCP/PAA, GIC was water sensitive during setting phase, which was supported in the present study by a large sum of debris around its paste ball in PBS, and suggested in Earl and Ibbetson’s study by its easy damage in the early moist setting (Bodrumlu 2008)”. This reviewer does not understand the connection between Earl and Ibbetson’s study and the reference made to Bodrumlu. Please clarify.The figures have no numbers. See pages 19-23 of the pdf.Referee: 2Comments to AuthorMarch 24, 2012Title: Hydroxyapatite/Tetracalcium Phosphate/Polyacrylic Acid Cement:Chemical-Physical Properties and CytotoxicityMs. #: IEJ-12-00-00123GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS:Writing: Word use and grammar are at journal standards and need to be improved throughout.Organization: GoodOther: Avoid the use of +/- to express variation. The preferred method is mean (stdev). For example: 11.0 (0.8) min. The discussion is too long and over-zealous relative to the experimental data (see specifics below).CONTENTTitle1. OKAbstract71. The conclusion statement should be modified to say that it has low cytotoxicity. Biocompatibility was not adequately evaluated to make the current statement. Also should say it IS promising, not MAYBE promising. The latter makes no sense.Introduction1. OK, except for the writing inadequacies.Methods1. p. 5, ll. 22: It is unclear how the washout test was quantified. Please describe more thoroughly.2. p. 5, ll. 11: How do the authors know that the Et2O treatment didn't affect the biological properites of the the materials? It seems it would have been better3. p. 5, MTT assay. The 5 mg/mL concentration exposed to L929 for 4 h can be cytotoxic by itself. How did the authors control for this potential problem?Results1. Fig, p. 20 (pH). Statistical analyses need to be shown on this graph.2. Fig. p. 22 (cytotoxicity). These figures are too small for me to really evaluate thoroughly.3. Table 1: heading suggests that setting times are compare, but I believe this is an error. It seems that only CS is compared. Please check.Discussion/Conclusions1. First paragraph, p. 8 (setting). This paragraph seems speculative and askance of the experimental data for the most part. Please rewrite to relate more specifically to the XRD and IR data.2. Paragraph , p. 9 (washout). This paragraph also is speculative and the analysis exceeds the experimental data. The best that can be said here is that the HA/TTCP/PAA cement shows promised in terms of its relative wash-out resistance.3. Paragraph, p. 9/10 (pH). This text cannot be evaluated without statistical analysis of the data.4. Biocompatibility (p. 10). The authors have done 2 tests, but they are really measuring the same thing they way they were performed (both assess the cell mass). Thus the discussion claims are overstated in terms of the utility of these two tests. A moreconvincing story would be to evaluate the materials much longer-term (say after 4 weeksor longer). This should be mentioned in the discussion-- many individual have publishedresults with longer terms.5. Conclusions: are overstated. The authors should restrict their claims to say that the newmaterial shows promise relative to GIC and GPC. Little is possible to conclude beyondthat!References1. OKIllustrations (and Tables)Table 1: eliminate +/- signs and replace as suggested above. Transpose table to put thetimes along the top and the materials down the side. More effective.Fig 1: Helpful to vertically spread out the figure so that there is more space between tracesat different times.Fig 2: wavenumber labels are too crowded to bottom curve. Add space.Fig. 3: Add stats to graph. I suggest that this would be better plotted as a line graph (pH vs.time), and avoid all the different column fills and crowded legend, which are verydistracting.Fig. 4. Unclear what the top vs. bottom rows are without looking at caption. Please label.Fig. 5 ab. Separate these into separate figures. Make them bigger, please. Complete thegraph frame. Eliminate box around the legend. Space between numbers and units on thex-axes. (e.g. 48 h, not 48h). Use of lowercase letter labels would be more effective than allthe lines to show statistical differences.Date Sent:03-Apr-20121.3.2Understanding letter 2Main idea:____________________________________________________________ The author should9①___________________________________________________________________②___________________________________________________________________③___________________________________________________________________④___________________________________________________________________nguage Focus：Politeness2.1 Highlight the polite expressions in the two letters.2.2 Make a response to the reviewer's comments in a polite way. The following sentence patterns are only for reference.We are very sorry for our negligence of ………We are very sorry for our incorrect writing ………It is really true as Reviewer suggested that……We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments.We have re-written this part according to the Reviewer’s suggestionAs Reviewer suggested that……Considering the Reviewer’s suggestion, we have ……Special thanks to you for your good comments.1. The entire manuscript needs to be edited for proper use of the English language and syntax._____________________________________________________________________2. Check instructions for authors for the required journal format for referring to the published literature._____________________________________________________________________3. Avoid the use of +/- to express variation.__________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Writing project3.1 The following is a cover letter template for submission of new manuscripts.Please write a cover letter for submission of your own research paper with this template.A cover letter template for submission of new manuscriptsDear Dr. Kravitz and Dr. Feldman,Paragraph 1: Overview (Article title, type, design, major finding)“We are pleased to submit our manuscript entitled: “XXX”, for consideration as a [journal article type – for instance, original article or systematic review]. [Include one sentence on study design, where relevant. Example follows]. “This study is a retrospective cohort study, comparing X outcomes of Y patients from Z health systems, from 19XX to 20XX. We found/illustrate [major finding or conclusion].”Paragraph 2: Context: Some authors will not need this paragraph.Ask yourself, what information would aid the editors in their decision-making process? Are there contextual factors that might inform the editors? Items for this paragraph might include potential conflicts, concurrent submissions from the same dataset, interestedgroups/history, and what this manuscript contributes to the field beyond work published, submitted, or in preparation by your group.Examples:∙Manuscripts from the same data set being submitted somewhere else, or you are planning to submit a related article elsewhere (all media types). This helps us think about your study in context.“This manuscript is one of three papers describing the major findings of our study on XXXX outcomes in HIV populations. One paper on biologic outcomes XXX is under review at XXX journal, while another qualitative paper describing the experience of men and women undergoing XXX treatment is under preparation for submission to XXX. The XXX funder’s website has published an abstract with preliminary data from our annual report.”∙How work was developed (i.e. an organization encouraged project for a specific purpose].11“This secondary data analysis is culled from a prior study of quality of XXX care [reference] . . . and was triggered by work I had done for the Department of Health. They wanted to put navigators in place to reduce delays in XXX process in state hospitals but had no recent data about actual times to treatment. When we looked at our data, we were surprised to find that women with Medicaid did not receive worse care than women with commercial or Medicare insurance...”Appendices that you have included for online publication only.“Given space restrictions, we have included our survey instruments and an extended set of blinded qualitative comments for inclusion as online appendices. Additionally, I’m enclosing a multi-media DVD that can be uploaded to the publisher’s website. The login and password for this curriculum are….”Paragraph 3: ImportanceWhy should this manuscript be published in ***? Why will our readers be interested? What is the potential impact of your work (don’t overstate it)? What is the unique contribution of your work to what is known about this topic? This should be 1-4 sentences. All authors should include this information.Paragraph 4: Current submission and prior presentation disclosure“This manuscript has not been previously published and is not under consideration in the same or substantially similar form in any other peer-reviewed media.” If relevant: “We presented an earlier version of the manuscript as a poster/plenary/workshop at the [conference name] in [location], in 20XX.”Paragraph 5: Authorship and conflictsAcknowledge authorship and conflicts appropriately. From the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (): Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.“All authors listed have contributed sufficiently to the project to be included as authors, and all those who are qualified to be authors are listed in the author byline. To the best of our knowledge, no conflict of interest, financial or other, exists. We have included acknowledgements, conflicts of interest, and funding sources after the discussion. [Where relevant, include your NIH study registry number.] Our NIH study registry number is XXX.”Sincerely,。