Anticipation and the Non-linear Dynamics of Meaning-Processing in Social Systems
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写一篇关于自己未来职业规划的英语小作文As I contemplate my future career path, I am filled with a sense of excitement and anticipation. The prospect of shaping my own professional destiny is both empowering and daunting, as I am faced with a myriad of possibilities and decisions to make. In this essay, I will delve into my aspirations and plans for my future career, exploring the historical context, various perspectives, and potential implications of my chosen path.The concept of career planning has evolved significantly over the years, reflecting the changing dynamics of the global economy and the shifting demands of the workforce. In the past, individuals often pursued lifelong careers within a single company or industry, seeking stability and advancement within a specific field. However, with the advent of technology and globalization, the traditional notion of a linear career trajectory has been disrupted. Today, professionals are encouraged to embrace flexibility and adaptability, as they navigate through diverse opportunities and challenges.In considering my own future career, I am mindful of the need to remain agile and open-minded, recognizing that the job market is constantly evolving. While I am drawn to the field of marketing and communications, I am aware of the need to cultivate a versatile skill set that extends beyond my immediate area of interest. By honing my abilities in areas such as digital marketing, data analysis, and strategic planning, I hope to position myself as a well-rounded professional capable of thriving in an ever-changing landscape.From a broader perspective, the topic of career planning elicits a range of opinions and viewpoints. Some argue that traditional career paths are becoming obsolete, advocating for a more fluid and non-linear approach to professional development. Others emphasize the importance of specialization and expertise, cautioning against the risk of spreading oneself too thin. These contrasting perspectives underscore the complexity of career planning, as individuals must navigate through competing ideologies and advice.To illustrate the significance of strategic career planning, I will share the example of a close friend who pursued a career in finance. Initially, he was singularly focused on climbing the corporate ladder within a prestigious investment firm, believing that this would guarantee financial success and stability. However, as he progressed in his career, he realized that his passion lay in social impact investing and sustainable finance. This realization prompted him to recalibrate his career goals, eventually leading him to a role that aligned with his values and interests. His journey serves as a compelling case study of the importance of introspection and adaptability in career planning.As I reflect on the benefits and drawbacks of my chosen career path, I am cognizant of the potential rewards and challenges that lie ahead. On one hand, a career in marketing and communications offers the opportunity for creativity, innovation, and impact. I am excited about the prospect of crafting compelling narratives and engaging with diverse audiences through strategic messaging. On the other hand, I recognize the competitive nature of the industry and the need to continuously upskill and differentiate myself from my peers. Moreover, the fast-paced nature of marketing demands resilience and adaptability, as professionals must navigate through rapid changes in consumer behavior and market trends.Looking ahead, I am mindful of the implications of my career choices on both a personal and societal level. As I pursue my aspirations in marketing and communications, I am committed to contributing meaningfully to the organizations I work with, while also striving to uphold ethical standards and social responsibility. Additionally, I recognize the importance of mentorship and knowledge sharing, and hope to one day pay it forward by supporting aspiring professionals in their own career journeys.In conclusion, my future career planning is a dynamic and ongoing process, shaped by a combination of personal aspirations, external influences, and societal trends. By embracing adaptability, seeking diverse perspectives, and remaining true to my values, I am confident in my ability to navigate through thecomplexities of the job market and make a meaningful impact in my chosen field. As I embark on this journey, I am excited about the opportunities that lie ahead and remain open to the possibilities that may unfold.。
不对称自由基反应英文Asymmetric Radical Reactions: An Insight into Their Mechanism and Applications.Introduction.Asymmetric radical reactions have emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis, enabling the synthesis of chiral compounds with high enantiomeric purity. These reactions differ significantly from their symmetric counterparts, as they involve the generation and utilization of chiral radicals. These chiral radicals can undergo a range of reactions, including substitution, addition, and cyclization, leading to the formation of enantiomerically enriched products.Mechanism of Asymmetric Radical Reactions.The mechanism of asymmetric radical reactions typically involves three key steps: radical generation, chiralitytransfer, and radical termination.Radical Generation.The first step involves the generation of a radical species. This can be achieved through various methods, such as photolysis, thermal decomposition, or redox reactions. The generated radical can be chiral or achiral, depending on the starting materials and the conditions used.Chirality Transfer.The second step involves the transfer of chirality from a chiral auxiliary or catalyst to the radical species. This chirality transfer can occur through covalent or non-covalent interactions between the catalyst/auxiliary and the radical. The nature of these interactions determines the stereoselectivity of the reaction.Radical Termination.The final step involves the termination of the radicalspecies, leading to the formation of the desired product. This termination can occur through various mechanisms, such as coupling with another radical species, hydrogen atom abstraction, or disproportionation.Applications of Asymmetric Radical Reactions.Asymmetric radical reactions have found widespread applications in various fields of organic synthesis, including the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials.Synthesis of Natural Products.Natural products often possess complex chiral structures, making their synthesis challenging. Asymmetric radical reactions have proven to be effective tools for the synthesis of such chiral natural products. For example, the use of chiral radicals generated from appropriate precursors has enabled the enantioselective synthesis of alkaloids, terpenes, and amino acids.Pharmaceutical Applications.The enantiomers of chiral drugs often differ significantly in their biological activities, making it crucial to control their enantiomeric purity. Asymmetric radical reactions can be used to synthesize enantiomerically enriched chiral drugs with high selectivity. This approach has been successfully applied to the synthesis of various drugs, including anti-inflammatory agents, anticancer agents, and antiviral agents.Functional Materials.Chiral materials possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them useful in various applications, such as displays, sensors, and catalysts. Asymmetricradical reactions can be used to synthesize chiral building blocks for the preparation of such materials. For instance, chiral polymers can be synthesized by utilizing asymmetric radical polymerization reactions, leading to the formation of materials with controlled chirality and tailored properties.Conclusion.Asymmetric radical reactions have emerged as powerful tools for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched chiral compounds. Their unique mechanism, involving chirality transfer from a chiral catalyst/auxiliary to the radical species, enables high selectivity and enantiopurity in the product. The widespread applications of asymmetric radical reactions in organic synthesis, particularly in the synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials, highlight their importance in modern chemistry.Future Perspectives.Despite the significant progress made in the field of asymmetric radical reactions, there are still numerous challenges and opportunities for further exploration.Improving Selectivity and Efficiency.One of the key challenges in asymmetric radical reactions is achieving high selectivity and efficiency. While significant progress has been made in this area, there is still room for improvement. Future research could focus on developing new chiral catalysts/auxiliaries that can promote asymmetric radical reactions with higher selectivity and efficiency.Expanding the Scope of Reactions.Currently, the scope of asymmetric radical reactions is limited by the availability of suitable precursors and the reactivity of the generated radicals. Future research could aim to expand the scope of these reactions by developing new methods for generating radicals with desired functionalities and reactivities.Applications in Sustainable Chemistry.In the context of sustainable chemistry, asymmetric radical reactions offer an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic methods. By utilizing renewableresources and mild reaction conditions, asymmetric radical reactions could contribute to the development of more sustainable synthetic routes for the preparation of chiral compounds.Integration with Other Techniques.The integration of asymmetric radical reactions with other techniques, such as photocatalysis, electrochemistry, and microfluidics, could lead to the development of new and innovative synthetic methods. By combining the advantages of these techniques, it may be possible to achieve even higher selectivity, efficiency, and scalability in asymmetric radical reactions.In conclusion, asymmetric radical reactions have emerged as powerful tools for the synthesis of enantiomerically enriched chiral compounds. While significant progress has been made in this area, there are still numerous opportunities for further exploration and development. Future research in this field could lead tothe discovery of new and innovative synthetic methods with improved selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability.。
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反向叙述的例子英文作文Title: Exploring the Art of Reverse Narration: An English Composition。
Introduction。
Reverse narration, an intriguing literary technique, presents a narrative in a backward sequence, challenging traditional storytelling conventions. Through this unconventional approach, writers captivate readers by unraveling events in reverse chronological order, stimulating curiosity and engaging the audience in a unique storytelling experience. In this essay, we delve into the art of reverse narration, exploring its significance, techniques, and providing examples to illustrate its effectiveness in literature.Significance of Reverse Narration。
Reverse narration offers writers a fresh perspective toexplore themes such as memory, regret, and the passage of time. By beginning with the conclusion and gradually moving backward, writers can effectively build suspense and intrigue, encouraging readers to piece together the narrative puzzle. This technique also allows for the exploration of character development in a non-linear fashion, revealing insights into the characters' motivations and actions as the story unfolds in reverse.Techniques of Reverse Narration。
关于始和末作文素材英文回答:The beginning and the end are two inseparable concepts that define the nature of existence. Every journey, every story, every life has a commencement and a conclusion, shaping the path we traverse and the legacy we leave behind. The relationship between the start and the finish is a complex and multifaceted interplay, offering profound insights into our human experience.The beginning marks the inception of something new, a moment of potential and possibility. It is often characterized by excitement, anticipation, and a sense of boundless opportunities. The initial steps we take on any endeavor define the trajectory we will follow, setting the stage for the challenges and triumphs that lie ahead.As we progress through life, the beginning gradually transforms into the present, where we navigate thecomplexities of everyday existence. The decisions we make, the experiences we encounter, and the relationships weforge all contribute to shaping our path. The presentserves as a bridge between the past and the future, connecting our beginnings to our ultimate destination.Ultimately, every journey leads to an end, a point of closure and reflection. The conclusion may be defined by success or failure, fulfillment or regret. It is a time to assess our accomplishments, learn from our mistakes, and contemplate the legacy we will leave behind. The end, like the beginning, holds its own unique significance, shaping the overall narrative of our lives.The relationship between the start and the finish isnot always linear. Sometimes, endings can serve as new beginnings, opening up unforeseen possibilities and leading us down unexpected paths. Conversely, beginnings can be mired in the shadows of past failures or lost opportunities, casting a long shadow over our present.The understanding of beginnings and endings isessential for a meaningful life. By embracing both the promise of new ventures and the inevitability of conclusions, we can cultivate a sense of purpose and fulfillment. The beginning reminds us of the potential we possess, while the end encourages us to make the most of our present moments.Recognizing the interconnectedness of beginnings and endings empowers us to live our lives with intention and gratitude. We can approach each new day with the enthusiasm of a fresh start, while also acknowledging the lessons learned from past experiences. By embracing the cyclical nature of existence, we embrace the beauty and the challenges that both the start and the end have to offer.中文回答:始和末,是事物存在本质上不可分离的概念。
黑布林英语外星邻居读后感The day I first met my alien neighbor, Black Burlin, was a day I will never forget. I had just moved into my new home on the outskirts of the city, eager to start a new chapter in my life. Little did I know that my new neighbor would turn out to be an extraterrestrial being, and our encounter would forever change my perspective on the universe.As I was unpacking my belongings, I noticed a peculiar-looking figure in the distance, seemingly observing me from the adjacent property. Curiosity got the better of me, and I decided to introduce myself. Approaching the fence that separated our homes, I was struck by the sheer otherworldliness of this individual. Their skin was a deep, inky black, and their eyes were large and expressive, conveying a sense of both intelligence and wonder.To my surprise, Black Burlin spoke perfect English, and we engaged in a captivating conversation. They explained that they had come from a distant planet, drawn to Earth by the rich diversity of life and the intriguing cultures of its inhabitants. I was both fascinated and slightly apprehensive, as the idea of an extraterrestrial living so closeto me was both thrilling and unnerving.Over the following weeks, Black Burlin and I developed a unique friendship. They shared stories of their home planet, describing a world vastly different from our own, yet with many parallels. They spoke of advanced technologies, complex social structures, and a deep reverence for the natural world. In turn, I shared with them the wonders of human civilization, from our rich history and vibrant cultures to our scientific and technological advancements.One of the most remarkable aspects of our relationship was the ease with which we communicated. Despite our vastly different backgrounds, we found common ground in our shared curiosity and desire to learn from one another. Black Burlin's keen intellect and insightful perspectives challenged me to rethink many of my own preconceptions about the universe and our place within it.As our friendship deepened, I began to see the world through a new lens. Black Burlin's stories of their home planet and the civilizations they had encountered on their journeys sparked my imagination and broadened my understanding of the vast expanse of the cosmos. They spoke of the interconnectedness of all living beings, of the delicate balance that sustains life, and of the importance of preserving the fragile ecosystems that we all depend on.In many ways, Black Burlin's presence in my life served as a constant reminder of the vastness and complexity of the universe. They reminded me that our planet, for all its diversity and wonder, is but a tiny speck in the grand scheme of things. This realization, both humbling and empowering, encouraged me to approach the world with a greater sense of wonder, compassion, and responsibility.As our friendship grew, Black Burlin and I would often engage in deep discussions about the nature of existence, the origins of life, and the future of our respective civilizations. They shared insights that challenged my understanding of science, philosophy, and the very fabric of reality. I found myself captivated by their unique perspectives, which seemed to transcend the boundaries of human knowledge and experience.One particularly memorable conversation revolved around the concept of time. Black Burlin explained that in their culture, time was not perceived as a linear progression, but rather as a complex, multidimensional tapestry. They spoke of the ability to perceive and interact with different timelines simultaneously, a concept that was both mind-boggling and profoundly intriguing.Through these exchanges, I gained a newfound appreciation for the diversity of intelligent life in the universe. Black Burlin's very existence shattered the notion that humanity was alone in thecosmos, and I found myself filled with a sense of excitement and anticipation for the possibilities that lay ahead.As our friendship continued to blossom, Black Burlin and I faced a number of challenges. There were times when our cultural differences seemed insurmountable, and we had to navigate complex issues of trust, understanding, and acceptance. However, through open and honest communication, we were able to overcome these obstacles and deepen our bond.One of the most significant challenges we faced was the realization that Black Burlin's time on Earth was limited. Their species, while capable of interstellar travel, could not remain on our planet indefinitely. The thought of losing my dear friend was deeply saddening, and I found myself grappling with the impermanence of our connection.As the day of Black Burlin's departure drew near, we spent countless hours reflecting on the lessons we had learned from one another. They imparted to me a profound sense of the interconnectedness of all life, and the importance of preserving the delicate balance of our shared universe. In turn, I shared with them my hopes and dreams for the future of humanity, and my desire to use the knowledge and insights they had provided to make a positive impact on the world.On the day of their departure, Black Burlin and I shared a bittersweet farewell. Though I knew our physical paths would diverge, I felt a deep and abiding connection that would transcend the boundaries of space and time. As they boarded their spacecraft and disappeared into the night sky, I was left with a profound sense of gratitude and a renewed determination to live my life in a way that would honor the lessons I had learned from my extraordinary alien neighbor.The experience of knowing Black Burlin has forever changed me. Their presence in my life has opened my eyes to the wonders of the universe, the diversity of intelligent life, and the profound interconnectedness of all things. Though they may be gone, their influence will continue to shape my worldview and inspire me to be a better steward of our shared planet. In the end, my friendship with Black Burlin has taught me that the true measure of our humanity lies not in our differences, but in our ability to embrace the unknown, to learn from one another, and to work towards a future where all life can thrive in harmony.。
走廊里面都有什么英语作文题目,What Can Be Found in a Corridor。
A corridor is not merely a passage connecting one place to another; it's a microcosm of life, housing various elements that reflect the essence of the surroundings it serves. From bustling office corridors to serene school hallways, each corridor tells its unique story. Let's explore what can be found in a corridor.Introduction:Corridors are the veins of any building, facilitating movement and serving as witness to countless interactions. They are not just spaces; they are narratives waiting to unfold.1. The Pulse of Movement:Corridors are pathways of movement, resonating with thehurried steps of commuters, the purposeful strides of professionals, or the playful skips of children. The rhythm of life echoes in their every corner.2. Architectural Expressions:Every corridor bears the architectural signature of its building. Whether adorned with ornate pillars and intricate moldings or boasting minimalist design and sleek finishes, corridors reflect the ethos and aesthetic preferences of their creators.3. Human Connections:Corridors are conduits of human interaction. Here, colleagues exchange greetings, students huddle for impromptu discussions, and strangers share fleeting smiles. These moments of connection, though brief, enrich the tapestry of daily life.4. Functional Elements:Corridors are not devoid of utility; they harbor a myriad of functional elements. Fire extinguishers stand sentinel, emergency exit signs offer guidance, and notice boards disseminate information. Even mundane fixtures like benches or water fountains serve a vital purpose in enhancing user experience.5. Artistic Touches:Corridors often serve as galleries for artistic expression. Adorned with paintings, photographs, or murals, they infuse color and vitality into otherwise nondescript spaces. Art in corridors transcends mere decoration; it fosters inspiration and contemplation.6. Acoustic Ambiance:Corridors possess their unique acoustic footprint. The clamor of footsteps reverberates against walls, whispered conversations create pockets of intimacy, and occasional laughter injects levity into the ambient noise. The acoustic signature of a corridor contributes to itsatmosphere.7. Temporal Transitions:Corridors mark transitions in time and space. They bridge the gap between past and present, childhood and adulthood, anticipation and fulfillment. Each step taken within a corridor is a journey through moments bothfleeting and eternal.8. Symbolism and Metaphor:Corridors serve as metaphors for life's journey. They symbolize progress, transition, and the inevitability of change. The twists and turns of a corridor mirror thetwists and turns of fate, reminding us that the path forward is seldom linear.Conclusion:In the labyrinthine network of corridors, lies a mosaic of experiences, emotions, and aspirations. They are morethan mere passageways; they are conduits of life itself, where the mundane meets the profound, and the ordinary becomes extraordinary. As we traverse these corridors, let us pause to appreciate the richness they offer, for within their walls, lies the essence of our shared humanity.。
电影的叙事结构英文作文"英文," 。
Narrative structure in movies is a fundamental aspect that shapes our viewing experience. It determines how the story unfolds, engages the audience, and delivers its message. There are several common narrative structures used in films, each with its own characteristics and impact on storytelling.One of the most traditional narrative structures is the linear structure, where the events of the story unfold chronologically from beginning to end. This structure is straightforward and easy to follow, making it suitable for many types of films, especially those with a clear cause-and-effect progression. For example, in the movie "Forrest Gump," the story is told in a linear fashion, following Forrest's life from childhood to adulthood in a chronological order.Another popular narrative structure is the nonlinear structure, where the events are presented out of chronological order. This structure can create a sense of mystery and intrigue as the audience pieces together the story. A famous example of a nonlinear narrative is "Pulp Fiction" directed by Quentin Tarantino. The movie jumps back and forth in time, presenting different storylinesthat eventually converge, keeping the audience engaged and guessing.In addition to linear and nonlinear structures, there are also other narrative techniques such as flashback and flashforward. Flashbacks are scenes that depict events that occurred before the current time frame of the story, providing context or insight into the characters' motivations. On the other hand, flashforwards show events that will happen in the future, building anticipation and suspense.Furthermore, some films employ a circular narrative structure, where the story ends where it began, creating a sense of closure and symmetry. This structure is often usedto convey themes of fate or destiny. An example of a circular narrative is "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," where the protagonist's life unfolds in reverse chronological order, eventually returning to the starting point.Each narrative structure has its own advantages and challenges. Linear structures are easy to follow but may lack complexity, while nonlinear structures can be more engaging but may confuse some viewers. Flashbacks and flashforwards add depth to the story but must be used judiciously to avoid disrupting the narrative flow. Circular structures offer closure but may feel predictable if not executed creatively.Overall, the choice of narrative structure depends on the filmmaker's vision, the story being told, and the intended impact on the audience. By understanding the different narrative techniques and how they influence storytelling, filmmakers can create more compelling and memorable movies.---。
我惊人的中国农历经验英语作文The Chinese lunar calendar is a fascinating and intricate system that has captivated me since I first learned about it. As someone who has always been intrigued by the interplay between culture, history, and timekeeping, the Chinese lunar calendar has provided me with a rich and multifaceted exploration of these interconnected realms.My journey with the Chinese lunar calendar began several years ago when I had the opportunity to travel to China. During my time there, I was struck by the deep reverence and importance placed on this ancient system of timekeeping. From the elaborate celebrations surrounding the Lunar New Year to the subtle ways in which the calendar permeated daily life, I was quickly drawn into the fascinating world of the Chinese lunar calendar.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Chinese lunar calendar is its deep roots in Chinese philosophy and cosmology. The calendar is not merely a practical tool for tracking the passage of time, but rather a reflection of the Chinese worldview, which emphasizes the harmonious relationship between humanity and the natural world.The calendar's cycles are closely tied to the phases of the moon and the changing of the seasons, serving as a tangible representation of the cyclical nature of existence.As I delved deeper into the intricacies of the Chinese lunar calendar, I was struck by the incredible level of precision and sophistication that underpins its design. The calendar is meticulously calculated to account for the subtle variations in the length of the lunar month and the relationship between the solar and lunar cycles. This level of astronomical knowledge and mathematical prowess is a testament to the intellectual achievements of the ancient Chinese scholars and astronomers who developed and refined the calendar over the course of centuries.One of the most fascinating aspects of the Chinese lunar calendar is the way in which it is integrated into the fabric of Chinese culture and society. The calendar not only serves as a means of timekeeping, but also as a framework for the observance of important festivals and rituals. The Lunar New Year, for example, is a time of great celebration and reflection, with families gathering together to honor their ancestors, exchange gifts, and partake in traditional customs and activities.As I immersed myself in the study of the Chinese lunar calendar, I was struck by the deep sense of connection and continuity that itfosters within Chinese culture. The calendar serves as a tangible link between the present and the past, allowing individuals to situate themselves within a broader historical and cultural context. The observance of festivals and rituals tied to the calendar helps to reinforce a sense of collective identity and shared heritage, fostering a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of Chinese civilization.Moreover, the Chinese lunar calendar has also had a profound impact on the way in which time is conceptualized and experienced within Chinese culture. Unlike the Gregorian calendar, which is based on the solar year, the Chinese lunar calendar is attuned to the rhythms of the moon and the changing of the seasons. This has resulted in a fundamentally different understanding of time, one that is more cyclical and organic in nature, rather than linear and rigidly structured.This shift in temporal perspective has had far-reaching implications, influencing everything from the way in which important decisions are made to the manner in which everyday activities are structured and prioritized. The Chinese lunar calendar has also had a significant impact on the arts, with the changing of the seasons and the phases of the moon serving as a source of inspiration for poets, painters, and musicians.As I reflect on my experiences with the Chinese lunar calendar, I am struck by the profound sense of wonder and appreciation that it has instilled within me. The calendar is not simply a tool for timekeeping, but rather a window into the rich and complex tapestry of Chinese culture and history. It is a testament to the enduring power of human ingenuity and the capacity of the human mind to grapple with the mysteries of the natural world.In conclusion, my exploration of the Chinese lunar calendar has been a truly remarkable and transformative experience. It has opened my eyes to the incredible depth and diversity of human civilization, and has fostered a deep appreciation for the ways in which culture, history, and timekeeping are inextricably linked. As I continue to delve deeper into this fascinating subject, I am filled with a sense of excitement and anticipation, eager to uncover the many layers of meaning and significance that lie within the intricate workings of the Chinese lunar calendar.。
Anticipation and the Non-linear Dynamics ofMeaning-Processing in Social SystemsPaper to be presented at the World Congress of Sociology, Durban, July 2006Loet LeydesdorffAmsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.loet@ ; AbstractSocial order does not exist as a stable phenomenon, but can be considered as “an order of reproduced expectations.” When anticipations operate upon one another, they can generate a non-linear dynamics which processes meaning. Although specific meanings can be stabilized, for example in social institutions, all meaning arises from a global horizon of possible meanings. Using Luhmann’s (1984) social systems theory and Rosen’s (1985) theory of anticipatory systems, I submit algorithms for modeling the non-linear dynamics of meaning in social systems. First, a self-referential system can use a model of itself for the anticipation. Under the condition of functional differentiation, the social system can be expected to entertain a set of models; each model can also contain a model of the other models. Two anticipatory mechanismsare then possible: a transversal one between the models, and a longitudinal one providing the system with a variety of meanings. A system containing two anticipatory mechanisms can become hyper-incursive. Without making decisions, however, a hyper-incursive system would be overloaded with uncertainty. Under this pressure, informed decisions tend to replace the “natural preferences” of agents and a knowledge-based order can increasingly be shaped.Keywords: anticipation, social system, meaning, incursion, globalization1. IntroductionThe social phenomenon of meaning can be modeled. Meaning can be understood as holding current value as well as an anticipation of possible futures. Rosen (1985) defined anticipatory systems as systems that contain a model of themselves. The modeling part advances on the modeled one and provides meaning to the latter from the perspective of hindsight. The time axis of the historical process can thus locally be inverted within a system (Dubois, 1998).The modeling system can also be considered as a semantic domain in which historical developments can be appreciated and provided with value. From a biological perspective, Maturana (1978) distinguished between a first-order “consensual” domain in which organisms interact recursively, and a second-order one “within the confines of a consensual domain” in which organisms are additionally able to observe one another and provide one another’s actions with interpretations. Such a domain would be “indistinguishable from a semantic domain” (Ibid., p. 49). From this (biological) perspective, “language” would make it possible to recombine components of historically generated consensual behaviour into the generation of new consensual behaviour. Meaning would in this case be constituted by the exchange, and a next-order social system with its own dynamics would be shaped (Maturana, 2000).Luhmann (1984) built his sociological theory on this next step by considering the communication of meaning as the operator of social systems: meaning is the medium of social systems and communication the operator. Meaning is selectively used and reproduced by communication. Thus, meaning is not merely generated and positionedas in a semantic domain, but can again be communicated using a dynamics which is proper to the social system and potentially different from those of individuals (Schutz, 1932; Berger & Luckman, 1966). The social system not only contains a model of itself, but the model can also be entertained within the system, for example, in a discourse (Leydesdorff, 2006).1In biological systems, meaning is processed as wear and tear along the time axis in accordance with the “natural” (life-)cycle of the system. In social systems, specific meanings can be stabilized, for example in social institutions (Laland et al., 2000), but all meaning generated in inter-human communication arises with reference to a global horizon of possible meanings (Husserl, 1929). These cultural horizons of meaning can also change historically, as Weber noted in 1904:At one moment or another, the colour will change: the meaning of the perspectivewhich was used without reflection will become uncertain; the road seems now to lead into zones of twilight. The light of the important problems of culture has gone beyond.(…) Science follows the constellations which make it a meaningful enterprise.(Weber, 1968, at p. 214).Whereas this selection between the system and its environment is determined and therefore fixed in biological systems (e.g., by assuming natural selection), a non-linear dynamics of meaning-processing can be generated when this selection mechanism is considered as another degree of freedom in the communications between the system and its environment. Selections from global horizons of meaning 1 A reflexive individual can learn to handle these distinctions among different kinds of meaning (e.g., situational meaning, private meaning, etc.) and thus is able to develop communicative competencies (Leydesdorff, 2000).add a third (globalizing) selection mechanism to momentary selections from historical events in the present and stabilizations of meaning over time.When three subdynamics operate upon one another, all kinds of chaotic behaviour can be generated (Li & Yorke, 1975; May & Leonard, 1975). Thus, the emergence of social order can no longer be taken for granted, but needs always to be explained (Hobbes, 1651; Luhmann, 1995a). In other words, the social system can be expected to evolve as a non-trivial machine because it contains a non-linear dynamics of meaning (Baecker, 2002).time/ probabilisticentropy flowFigure 1: Three selections cycle in the case of processing meaning on top of the information flow.The dashed arrow in Figure 1 indicates the resulting dynamics. The cycle may have a direction feeding backward or forward on the time axis, since the three selections can be expected to operate without a priori coordination. For example, selections in the present on the variation operate at the same time as selections from global horizons of meaning. However, one can expect that the results of the three subdynamics will be different, since selections operate asymmetrically.Furthermore, the selections can operate upon each other: some selections can be mad for stabilization, while other are selected for globalization. Aelection mechanisms may thus co-evolve in a process of “mutual shaping.” A third selection mechanism can be expected to disturb such mutual shaping by adding another source of uncertainty. In the case of biological systems, this third selection mechanism is determined as “natural” selection, and thus would drive the aging of the system. In Luhmann’s social systems theory, the globalizing horizons of meaning tend to remain unspecified otherwise than with reference to Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology (e.g., Luhmann, 1995b).The three selection mechanisms have in common that meaning is provided from the perspective of hindsight and can therefore be modeled using incursive equations (Dubois, 1998; Leydesdorff, 2005). Incursive equations—to be explained below—invert the time axis by appreciating the past from the perspective of the present. Leydesdorff & Dubois (2004) have shown that the incursive formulation of the logistic equation can be used to model interaction and aggregation in inter-human communication. Interaction and aggregation can be considered as the building blocks of social systems of communication because (1) interaction is recursive (that is, interactions can operate on previous interactions), (2) interactive processes can be aggregated, and (3) aggregations can interact (Leydesdorff, 2003).In this paper, I attempt to formulate how these building blocks can be organized into the architecture of a social system. How can the cycle of meaning processing—indicated in Figure 1—be closed as a feedback loop upon the linear movement of theentropy flux? First, I generalize the model—that is, the incursive formulation of the logistic equation—for the case of differentiated structures of meaning-processing at the supra-individual level. Secondly, I specify a hyper-incursive mechanism of anticipation as yet another possibility in a system which contains more than a single mechanism for anticipation. The hyper-incursive mechanism interacts with the incursive anticipations and makes historical decisions unavoidable. One can expect the resulting system to be strongly anticipatory (Dubois, 2000). Unlike weakly anticipatory systems—which entertain a model of themselves—strongly anticipatory ones cannot provide predictions because these systems use expectations for the construction of their future states (Collier, 2005).22. IncursionA self-referential system can be considered as a function of itself and its environment. Baecker (2002, at p. 86) proposed modeling such a system using the following equation:S=(1)Sf),(EHowever, the environment is only relevant for a self-referential system as its carrying capacity; the environment sets limits to growth. This specific relation between the development of a system and its environment can be modeled using the logistic equation as follows (Devaney, 2003):2 Dubois (2003, at p. 114) defined hyper-incursion as an incursion that generates multiple future states.)1(1t t t x ax x −=+(2)The carrying capacity of the selection environment (1 – x t ) inhibits further growth of the system as a feedback term. For relatively small values of the parameter a (1 < a <3), this generates the well-known sigmoid curves of systems which grow and undergo transitions. For larger values of a , the model bifurcates into an oscillation (at a ≥ 3) or increasingly generates chaos (3.57 < a < 4).Unlike this biological (e.g., population-dynamic) model which operates with the arrow of time pointing forward, meaning is provided in the present with hindsight. This can be modeled using the same equation, but with different time parameters as follows (Dubois, 1998):)1(11++−=t t t x ax x(3)In this case, the system builds on its previous state, but the current state provides the selection environment. Without any addition, Equation 3 can analytically be reorganized into Equation 4 as follows:)1/(1t t t x ax x +=+(4)This system cannot generate chaotic phenomena because it converges into a stable state for all values of the parameter (a ). Because incursion provides us with a model of a historically developing system, one is able to generate an observer in the simulation who reflexively follows the development of the observed system(Leydesdorff, 2005). The challenge, however, remains the construction of an observing system which is able to predict developments in the complex system under observation (Dubois, 2002).3. Longitudinal and transversal incursionAll systems which entertain a model of themselves can provide meaning to the modeled system with hindsight, that is, by inverting the time axis locally. I shall call this the “longitudinal” generation of meaning, which will be distinguished below from the “transversal” generation of meaning. Transversal meaning can only be generated by systems which stabilize different codes for providing meaning. Thus, these systems can be expected to contain more than a single meaning. Furthermore, transversally generated meaning can again be provided with longitudinally generated meaning: the time axis stands perpendicular to the differentiation. In other words, the system spans a multi-dimensional space that develops over time.Meanings may vary at each moment of time, but differently codified meanings can be stabilized only in systems that are functionally differentiated in terms of the codes of communication. The functionality of the differentiation means that the system is able to use the differentiation among the codes for its reproduction. By using the codes, events can then be appreciated differently within the system. Here, Luhmann’s (1984) contribution becomes particularly valuable because he argued—following Parsons (1951)—that functional differentiation is prevailent in modern societies. He added that the differentiation should be considered as a differentiation of the symbolicallygeneralized media of communication, that is, of next-order codification structures (Künzler, 1987).Parsons (1967a and b) introduced “symbolic generalization” to explain the sometimes binding character of collective action. His concept remained close to Weber’s concept of values, except that the values are not given; symbolic generalization would function as a mechanism to integrate the social system despite the structural differences within it (caused by functional differentiation). Using money as the model of an exchange medium, Parsons (1967a and b) extended this concept to include power and influence as other exchange media that can be generalized symbolically.Luhmann (1975) elaborated on Parsons’s concept by considering power, etc., as codes of communication, each of which can be generalized under the condition of functional differentiation. In a previous, hierarchical, order the different media were subsumed under each other: for example, the Holy Roman Emperor had to go to Canossa because the Pope had eventually the power to “excommunicate” him. Under the condition of modernity, exchange systems can develop according to their own logic, and thus science, politics, the economy, affection, etc., can further develop their specific codes of communication along (nearly) orthogonal axes. Symbolic generalization implies that every event can be assessed from the specific perspective of each code of communication. For example, everything can be assessed in terms of its economic value or its esthetic beauty, and these assessments do not have to correspond because they are coded differently.Assessments using codes can be considered as events that can be assessed using a different perspectives. How do the assessments assess one another using different codes? For example, technologies which develop in generations over time have to compete for markets in the present. The markets code the technologies in terms of prices or price/performance relations, while engineers code the technologiesaccording to professional standards. Thus, two codes of communication are operating simulataneously: the prices on markets and the professional coding expressed in engineering textbooks. The markets select in the present among the technologies which are developing over time. This can again be modeled using the incursive formulation of the logistic equation (Equation 3 above) because the development of the technology contains both a reference to a previous state of this technology (i ) and a reference to a current state, but in a different subsystem of society (e.g., the market j ). The corresponding equation can be formulated as follows:)1(11j t i t i t x ax x ++−=(3)These transversal selections among subsystems are additional to the longitudinal development of meaning at all levels within self-referential systems. Note that the longitudinal selection is hierarchical, while the transversal one changes with the nature of the differentiation. The two axes stand orthogonally under the condition of functional differentiation. In other words, the longitudinal generation of meaning was already available as an incursive mechanism in pre-modern societies, while the transversal updates provide modern societies with an analytically independent mechanism for organizing communications.4. Functional differentiationLet us return to Equation 1 to understand what functional differentiation means for a system that can operate both incursively (that is, against the axis of time) andrecursively (that is, historically). Adding the time subscripts, one can first reformulate Equation 1 for the (more general) recursive case:),(1t t t E S f S =+(5)When functionality of the differentiation prevails, the external environment E is decomposed for each subsystem in other subsystems (with a remaining term ε as a representation of the residual environment). This can modeled at the subsystems level—let me use the lower-case s for this level—as follows:),...,,,,(1t l t k t j t i t i t s s s s f s ε=+ (6)In a functionally differentiated system, the windowing of the subsystems upon each other becomes horizontal. A biological system, however, would remain alsointegrated also for the sake of survival. A communication system can also develop in terms of differentiated fluxes that are integrated by being organized historically.How might functional differentiation in the communication take control over development away from the historical organization of a social system? Luhmann (1997, 2000) distinguished between the self-organization of the differentiated fluxesof communication and their integration into organizations. The organization of interfaces is historical, while the self-organization of the differentiatedcommunication operates evolutionarily, that is, by providing meaning to the events with hindsight and by using potentially different codes. The social system would thus be able to entertain a set of models of itself. In other words, an additional equation can be formulated for each subsystem given selections by the others from the perspective of hindsight:),...,,,,(1111t l t k t j t i t i t s s s s f s ε++++=(7)Note that all systems and subsystems continue to operate historically, and thus provide meaning to their own development along the longitudinal axis at the same time as they provide meanings to one another. The relations between subsystems can be expected to function to variable degrees both incursively and recursively because Equation 6 and Equation 7 are both operational. However, the functionallydifferentiated system contains an additional ∆t at each interface within the system. This ∆t can be used for a local reversal of the time axis and thus generate a transversal incursion which stands orthogonally to the longitudinal incursions.The two types of incursion—the transversal and the longitudinal ones—standorthogonally, but they can interact in systems that are able to process meaning. This interaction can perhaps be considered as the crucial difference between biological and social systems. Differentiated biological systems can hold different meanings, but are not supposed to vary them over time for reasons other than natural one (that is,survival purposes). The integrity of these systems would be endangered if the codeswere varied, that is, by entertaining them playfully. Social systems, however, allow for this type of (potentially innovative!) processing and recombination of meanings. Interactions among differently codified meanings over time provide us with other combinations in a horizon of possible meanings.Using the logistic equation, one can formulate Equation 7 for the case where other subsystems provide relevant environments for the development of subsystem i , as follows:ε)...1)(1)(1(1111l t k t j t i t i t x x x ax x ++++−−−= (8)Each subsystem (i ) develops with reference to its own previous state, but one can expect that all other subsystems feedback upon this development by entertaining a model of the reference system in the present using their respective codes. Since each meaning-providing subsystem (i ) also provides meaning to its own development longitudinally, and the two types of meaning-providing can interact, one can generalize Equation 8 as follows:ε.)1(111∏++−=n n t i t i t x ax x(9)In this formula n represents the number of subsystems of the functionallydifferentiated system. While this number was analytically restricted in Parsons’sstructural-functionalism—using his so-called four-function paradigm—the number of subsystems can vary in Luhmann’s (1997) theory with the historical development ofthe media of communication and their symbolic generalization into codes. When the subsystems use different frequencies for their updates, parameters have to be added to the corresponding selection mechanisms.5. Stabilization, Meta-stabilization, and GlobalizationLet us now turn to the question of what one can expect when one type of meaning operates upon a differently codified meaning at one or more interfaces. I mentioned above that the operation of two differently codified incursions upon each other may lead to “mutual shaping” and the consequent stabilization of a co-evolution along a trajectory. The formalization will enable us to distinguish between stabilization in a co-evolution between two subdynamics and the possibility of globalization in the case of three subdynamics.When selection is represented by the feedback term of the logistic equation, that is, by (1 – x), two selections of the same system operating on a variation a would result at the systems level in a quadratic expression of the following form:f(x) = a (1 – x) ( 1 – x)= a (x2 – 2x + 1) (10)This function is represented by the solid line in Figure 2a (on the left side): a system with two selections can be stabilized at the minimum of a quadratic curve. When this minimum is extended along the time dimension, a valley is shaped in which the system can follow a trajectory (Sahal, 1985; Waddington, 1957).Figure 2a:f(x) = x2 – 2x + 1 (stabilized)f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1 (globalized) Figure 2b: Globalization and stabilization are no longer harmonized; a local optimumcan be sustained temporarily.Adding one more selection term leads analogously to the following equation:f(x) = a (1 – x) (1 – x) (1 – x)= – a (x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1) (11)This latter function is represented as the dotted line in Figure 2a. As long as the selections operate with the same parameters, the global and the stable points of inflection coincide (in a so-called “saddle point”). The historically stabilized system can then be identical with the global one. Perhaps such a harmonized system can be said to have an identity, since the global optimum coincides with the localized one.Figure 2b shows the resulting configuration when stabilization and globalization no longer operate with the same parameter values. In this (more general) case, one would expect the curve to show both a maximum and a minimum. At the minimum the system is stabilized, but at the maximum it can be considered as meta-stable. A bifurcation is thus induced because the system can go backward (to the stabilization of an identity) or forward (to globalization into a next-order regime). As long as the system remains stable (that is, at the minimum), it can develop along a trajectory. However, the flux tends to move the system towards the other basin of attraction. This attraction is caused by the possibility to communicate in an additional dimension, and thus to process more complexity in the newly emerging configuration (Turing, 1942).The sign of the equations merits further attention. Equation 10 has a positive sign if one assumes the logistic equation as the basic format for the selection. If this sign is reversed, another subdynamic has to play a role because this inversion cannot be endogenous to the mutual selections that co-evolutionarily stabilized the system. The third (sub)dynamic may either reinforce the prevailing equilibrium and make the system hyper-stable, or invert the sign and make the system meta-stable (Figure 3). Thus, both meta-stability and hyper-stability indicate that a third subdynamic is operating (but not yet necessarily manifest).meta-stable system is hyper-stabilized by using the third term as a feedback which reinforces the co-evolution between the two other subdynamics (Leydesdorff & Meyer, forthcoming).Figure 2b above provided the full picture with both a positive and a negative inflection point in the case of three interacting subdynamics. Stabilization can be considered as a result of integration (e.g., by organization), while differentiation among the self-organizing fluxes can be expected to prevail when the system is less organized. However, the distinction between these two subdynamics—integration and differentiation—remains analytical; in the social system they can be expected to concur, since the global system cannot be historically manifest without some form ofstabilization occurring at the same time. The interactions between the various subdynamics make the system complex and result in the expectation of continuous transitions between provisional (that is, local) stabilizations versus globalizations at the systems level. How would these subdynamics of stabilization and globalization operate in the case of a meaning-processing system?6. Hyper-incursionThe historical realization of meaningful information by the first incursion at each moment (Selection 1 in Figure 1) remains a necessary condition for the development of the social system, but this operation does not have to be attended by the other two selection mechanisms continuously. The other two selection mechanisms can also be expected to interact. A third incursive mechanism can interact with the interaction term between two incursive selections, and this can generate a next-order selection or hyper-incursivity. A hyper-incursive equation no longer refers necessarily to a historical realization because it can interact with the interaction term between the two anticipatory mechanisms which refer to the new state.The most radical of the hyper-incursive equations reflects this orientation to the future as follows:x t = a x t+1 (1 – x t+1) (12)This system no longer contains any reference to its previous state x t-1 or its current state x t (at t = t), but the emerging state is considered as a function of differentexpectations about the future. Note that both expectations interfaced in this equation can only be based on previous incursions (Figure 4). When incursions are interfaced recursively , only a historical variation can be produced (Leydesdorff, in print).However, when the two incursions are interfaced incursively , hyper-incursion can also be expected.Selection 3:F Incursion 1 as selection on the variation at each moment of time, and Incursion stabilization with reference to change over time.igure 4: Hyper-incursivity at the interface between two incursive selections:2 as While each incursion generates meaningful information and thus becomes organized both historically (with reference to t = t) and reflexively (with reference to t = (t + 1)), hyper-incursion is by itself not yet organized at t = t because it contains only a reference to t = (t + 1). An additional subdynamic, therefore, would be needed in order to make the results of this hyper-incursion again organized in historical time. Luhmann (2000) hypothesized that self-organization among the (differently coded) fluxes of communication—which generate only expectations—is brought underorganizational control by making decisions. Let us first see how this works in terms of the equations. t = t + 1Incursion 2referential to Hyper-incursion with two references to t = t + 1referential to t = tEquation 12 can be rewritten as follows:x t = a x t+1 (1 – x t+1)(12)(13) or a = 4, x t+1 is defined as a function of x t as follows:x t+1 = ½ ± ½ √ (1 – x t ) (14) epending on the plus or the minus sign in the equation, two future states aree states ubois (2003, at p. 115) specified a decision function u(t) that can be added for u(t) = 2 d(t) – 1 (15)here u = +1 for the decision d = 1 (true) and u = –1 for the decision d = 0 (false). Inx t = a x t+1 – a x t+12a x t+12 – a x t+1 + x t = 0x t+12 – x t+1 + (x t /a ) = 0FD generated at each time step. Since this formula is iterative, the number of futur doubles with each next time step. After N time steps, 2N future states would be possible. (For N = 10, the number of options is already more than a thousand.)D making a choice between two options:w a social system, however, more choices than these two extremes are possible. Social systems operate in a distributed mode, and therefore one would expect a probability distribution of preferences. This distribution contains an uncertainty. In distributed。