研究生新阶英语阅读教程_(1-9)参考译文

第三课 A焦虑的另一个名字就是挑战詹姆斯林肯克利尔（1）在大二结束、升大三之前的那年暑假，我有个机会可以到阿根廷的一个大牧场去打工。

我的室友 Ted 的爸爸是做养牛生意的，他想让 Ted 去学学。

Ted 说如果能让他带一个朋友去，他就去。

他选择了我。

一想到能到南美洲阿根廷的大平原去度过两个月传奇式的生活就让人兴奋。

可是我转念又一想，我从未远离过新英格兰地区（在美国的东北部），而且我刚上大学时前几周还想家呢。

如果到了一个陌生的国家会怎么样呢？语言不通怎么办？另外，我已经答应我弟弟，暑假的时候要教他开帆船。

我越想越沮丧。

晚上睡觉醒来时浑身冒冷汗。

（2）最后我拒绝了 Ted 的邀请。

可是当 Ted 邀请别人去的时候，我又追悔莫及。

两周后我回到了家还是干我以前暑假打工的工作——在当地的超市里开货箱上货，我感到心情很不好。

我因为害怕，拒绝了我想干的工作，结果感到很郁闷。

有好长一段时间我都缓不过劲来。

等秋季开学时，听说 Ted 和他的朋友暑假过得非常开心，我心里还是不高兴。

（3）这个不愉快的夏天最终给了我一个非常有意义的教训，后来我把它当作生活的一个原则，那就是宁可做使你害怕的事，也不要做那些让你抑郁的事。

（4）当然，我这里指的不是严重的焦虑和抑郁状态，因为严重的焦虑和抑郁状态是需要治疗的。

我这里指的是我们一般称之为怯场，心里不踏实或神经非常紧张的那种状态，比如说我们找工作面试时、我们要组织一次大型的晚会时、或我们必须在办公室做重要报告时的那种感觉。

我指的这种郁闷就是心情不好，感觉很沮丧，对什么事也不感兴趣，什么事也干不进去、也没精力去干。

（5）在我大学四年级快结束时，也遇到了这种情况。

因为毕业临近，我开始尝试考虑把写作作为我的终生职业。

但是我的一个教授极力劝我考研究生，目的是今后可以以教书为职业。

我踌躇了。

一想到以写作为生就使人感到害怕，我想比暑假到阿根廷大平原上打工还可怕。

我想来想去，做了决定又放弃。

突然我意识到每次我想放弃写作，心情都会特别沉重，很沮丧。

研究生新阶英语阅读unit9参考译文Text A单项计时和多项计时1多年接触外国文化使我发现，复杂的社会在组织时间上至少有两种不同的方式：一种是根据不同时段安排不同任务，一次干一件事，这种计时制多见于北欧地区；另一种是在一个时段同时进行多项任务。

这两种系统在逻辑上和实际操作上都迥然不同，因此就像油和水，无法互融，各自既有优点也有缺点。

我把同时做多项事情称为多项计时或P-time,而把北欧系统——一次做一件事——称为单项计时或M-time。

多项计时强调的是人员的参与以及任务的完成，而不是强调对事前计划的执行。

对待预约时间也并不很认真，因此，食言是常有的事。

同时，多项计时也不像单项计时那样明确。

多项计时的人们很少感觉时间“被浪费了”。

时间通常被看作是一个点而不是一条丝带或一段路，但这个点一般却是很郑重和严肃的。

例如，如果一个阿拉伯人说：“我一个小时左右会见你”或者“我两天后见你”。

第一句话意味着他（她）会在一个小时之内见你。

第二句话意味着至少两天之后才会见你。

身处多项计时模式的社会里，人们严肃认真地对待这些承诺。

2尽管单项计时文化中的人恪守时间的安排，但是有时事情的发生却不像单时制预料地那么好。

因为我们的生活在很多时候都是难以预料的，谁能准确无误的预言某一客户、病人或多宗交易将要进行的时间。

这些都是人生交往中无法估量的因素。

也许今天十分钟能完成的事，明天得需要二十分钟才行。

有时人们有拼命还赶不完的任务，而过几天却又有剩余时间，所以说他们“浪费了”剩余的时间。

3北美人在拉美和中东经常会感到心情郁闷。

因为不论在地中海和阿拉伯国家的市场、商店还是集市，他们都处在多项计时的大环境中，周围到处是购物付款的顾客，但只有一位收银员，大家都争着吸引收银员的注意，收银员也恨不得一次就让所有人付完帐。

由于没有公认的秩序确定谁先谁后，也没有排队一说，因此也就不清楚到底谁来得最早。

对北欧或美国人来说，周围似乎充斥着混乱和喧嚣。

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读A第1-9单元答案+课文翻译(全)Unit 1A Young Boy’s AmbitionVocabulary Study：1.permanent永恒的2.had assembled 集合3.discharging卸货4.meekly温和/胆怯5.apprentice 学徒6.partiality 偏爱偏见7.obscure 默默无闻的8.exalted 提升提拔某人9.intruding 闯入打扰10.cordially 热情的热忱的11.ambition雄心12.gallantly勇敢的CLOZE：BDCAB ADABB DBDAA CCDCB、Ⅳ. Translation1.他想当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。

His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by.2.一架波音747飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山，转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。

机上无人生还。

A Boeing 747 aircraft didn’t gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident.3.学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源，所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。

Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it.4.当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山，结果轮船沉没在大西洋中，成百上千的人死于这场海难。

Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time, hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck.5. 每年夏天，游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。

研究生新阶英语阅读教程（unit 1-4）参考译文unit oneText A 如何变‚末流‛为‚一流‛：哈佛对捐赠大户的回报1 初春的一个夜晚，暖意融融。

一群公司执行官、律师、石油巨子、理财经纪人、身价不菲的咨询师以及巨额财产继承人，悄然走出查尔斯宾馆和哈佛饭店的套房。

这些商界显要，男的个个头发花白，身着灰色西装──有的拄着手杖，有的则由于长期在哈佛运动队或网球队锻炼，一副运动员身材，充满活力、脸色红润；女的戴着丝巾，身穿苗条的黑色长裤，但其中几乎没有一张黑人和拉美人的面孔，他们穿过一道普通的门，走进安尼博格餐厅。

此次聚会，校内没有通报，媒体也不得报道。

２平常简朴的新生餐厅今天用连翘花和郁金香装点一新，客人们品尝着鸡尾酒、葡萄酒和牛柳、蟹黄蛋糕、芦笋尖等开胃小菜，享受着时任哈佛校长劳伦斯〃撒莫斯的殷勤。

有几位客人谈论着海斯特布丁俱乐部最近的那场演出，这个俱乐部是一个学生戏剧协会，每年春天都要上演一场音乐滑稽戏，由哈佛的男生男扮女装参加表演。

３过了一会儿，布臵在二楼阳台的哈佛乐队开始演奏‚万名哈佛人‛，客人们各自入席，烛光晚宴开始。

酒足饭饱之后，客人们兴高采烈，对撒莫斯校长的餐后致词报以阵阵掌声。

唯一例外的是，撒莫斯校长简要介绍学校计划扩大低收入家庭子女的招生，为年收入低于四万美元家庭的子女上哈佛提供免费教育，此时，校长似乎在等待在场贵宾们赞许的掌声，但竟然没有掌声。

我分析，这种令人尴尬的沉默传递了一个信号，甚至可称为威胁：你要是扩大招收低收入家庭的子女而将我们这些人的孩子拒之门外，我们就会停止数以百万计的捐款。

４4月8日的这顿晚宴，拉开了哈佛大学学校资源委员会（COUR）2005年年会的序幕。

该委员会或许是高等学校里一个最具财力的顾问团，但鲜为人知，媒体亦少有提及。

实际上COUR不是一般意义上的委员会──它并不正式制定学校政策或发表正式意见──但撒莫斯同其他任何一任哈佛校长一样，离不开COUR的支持。

Lesson 11.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。

2.佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯·费格里说：“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。

”他还说：“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。

”3.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼里闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。

其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。

许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。

4.报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。

与那些不得不在暴力中学习如何生存的国家不同，“我们是新手”曾在南斯拉夫训练过创伤急救队的项目负责人费格里博士说：“我所担心的是惩罚，报复，种族主义和排斥少数民族的举动会过于偏激，适得其反。

”5.对于恐怖主义的恐惧会使美国人接受比现在更多的来自政府的监控，例如在运动竞赛场上高架的摄象机。

哈佛大学法学院教授威廉姆斯·斯汤资说：“经过目前这些事件，我们将发现，无论是公众’还是法庭，都会在更大程度上接受某些警察的策略。

”Lesson 51.戴维先到一步，事后他气愤地向我发难说当他告诉领班准备和谁一起吃饭时，领班的语气骤然逆转。

一瞬间就从“这是个什么人？”变成“这边有请，先生。

”当我们赶到时，拍照的人已经在饭店外忙个不停了。

戴维开始嘲笑我是伦敦这家高级饭店里的知名人物。

这时，我俩向屋内望去并同时看到了我们的偶像。

2.我的生活中——与维多利亚一起的生活中——一件美好的事情就是有时那些让我在见面之前紧张不安，在见面时张口结舌的人，最终却成为我的朋友。

3.他们非常慷慨：我在意大利见到埃尔顿的那个下午，几乎他所做的第一件事就是把他们在法国南部的住处提供给维多利亚和我以便我们一旦需要远离烦乱的生活时有个落脚的地方。

Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

第一课 A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。

在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。

但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。

英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来十分危险。

（第 141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。

在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。

他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。

在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。

英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。

和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。

在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。

第一个群体是 ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是 ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。

二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。

从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。

（3）从来没有像英语这样的语言，这既有利也有弊。

曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。

总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。

环境意识世界上拥有着60亿人口且有逐日增多的趋势，地球正面临着人口增长的十字路口。

人类已经在地球上生活了大约50000年，生命是脆弱的也是艰难的。

无论何时人类在进步的时候，饥荒和流行病似乎都会使人类社会倒退。

战争带来了更多不幸。

然而，随着人类的发展，在这最近的500年里，世界改变了。

灾难不断减少，收获颇多。

在法国的乡镇和英国的郡县里，人们开始控制他们的环境和生活.这样导致的结果是世界范围内人口爆炸引起社会改变、耗尽资源和改变了历史进程。

不管接下来会发生什么,这消逝的一千年，特别是20世纪，将被记住为人类历史上独一无二的。

由于在大众传媒、避孕科技和女权方面大致同时发生了几项现代改革，在过去的五百年里，全球人口暴增在人类历史上是一种独特的现象。

如果说过去一千年中以人口统计学为中心的一个主题，那就是人类增加了客服夭折的能力。

在公元1000年，自然的力量占上风。

农作物欠收会触发饥荒。

传染病会造成大量人死亡。

即使在最好的环境下，生育仍然会给孕妇和新生儿带来生命危险。

在这过去的一千年里人口都没有太大的变动，在公元元年，世界人口大约在三亿。

在那之后，人口增长率有了较小的提高。

但是在14世纪，一系列的瘟疫袭击了欧洲和中国，使得他们的人口减少了三分之一。

据大多数估计认为，1400年的世界总人口数少于1250年。

黑死病具有毁坏性，它标志着自然灾难阻止世界人口增长的结束，17世纪，农业发展，像农作物轮种技术和施肥技术，和最基本的健康保障措施，都照亮了人类的前途，从此欧洲人口开始增加了。

由于收入的提高和食物获取更为容易，工业革命加速了人口增长的进程。

即便是某个地区遭遇饥荒，火车也能够往其输送多余的粮食——而这在中世纪，通过马车驮运是非常昂贵的。

伴随着城市采用诸如污水处理和提供清洁的饮用水的基本卫生措施后,死亡率下降的更快了。

同时，人人买得起香皂，企业生产的棉衣也比工业化前的毛织品更为容易清洁。

路易•巴斯德和其他科学家的卫生保健理论传播到了发达国家，最终也传播到了整个世界，为发生在20世纪的死亡率的显著下降创造了条件。

Lesson 1√1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。

2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,”said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。

”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。

”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。

Unit 5Text A〓我辉煌的临时工作〓１克里斯汀·伯吉文推迟寻找工作并为此感到骄傲。

1996年，从南加州大学毕业时，她不想身穿套装、脚蹬高跟鞋成为公司的奴隶。

相反，她花了200美元购买了赴英国工作的许可证和一张飞机票，在国外辛苦工作了六个月。

她先是在伦敦的塞尔弗里吉百货公司销售高科技小装置，然后在爱丁堡的一家酒馆当了一段酒吧侍者。

“起初我很担心我会把工作搞砸”，伯吉文说，“但是我发现我几乎可以应付一切，甚至于做外币预算。

从此以后，在这儿找工作就易如反掌了。

”2 大约有十分之一的应届毕业生会推迟“真正”的工作而寻找一个临时的职位。

最近几年，这些数字变化不大，但原因却改变了很多。

不久前，由于经济衰退，这些延期找工作的学生只是短时间地干一段临时性工作。

现在大多数人故意推迟几个月甚至两三年才开始工作的磨炼。

他们充满自信，认为等他们准备好时就业市场会欢迎他们, 因此他们会找有吸引力的临时工作来做。

大约有60%的大学生毕业时都背负着学生贷款，因此10年借款偿还开始前的6个月的时间给许多人提供了“最后一次游乐的时机”。

《忙里偷闲》的合著者之一朗·莱伯这样写道。

这里，机遇向你招手，危险也潜伏其中。

3 遗憾的是，你来晚了。

首先是不好的消息。

大学毕业后延期找工作会产生严重后果，而这不只是影响到你的父母。

在商业和金融领域，延期找工作的学生也许会失去那些受尊敬的并且报酬丰厚的工作。

北卡罗来纳州立大学教会山分校的就业服务中心主任玛西亚·哈里斯提醒说，比如经纪公司的初级金融分析师的职位是专为应届毕业生预留的。

六个月的拖延完全可能把申请人从此淘汰出局。

或许，在你离开时，工作机会比比皆是；但当你回来时，就业市场却冷冷清清。

力求追上别人可能是延期找工作的同学的另一种困境。

临时酒吧招待，现年24岁的洛杉矶公关职员伯吉文估计在薪金和工作职责方面都落后于她的同学一年左右的时间。

4 最高尚的延期方式是拯救世界。